{ "title": "Osage Language and Lifeways", "subtitle": "Interactive Course based on Pratt, Rapp, Haag & Herrick (2025)", "chapters": [ { "id": "intro", "title": "Introduction", "page": 3, "sections": [ { "title": "Stephanie Rapp", "explanation": "Growing up in the 1960s and attending our dances and dinners, I was fortunate to hear the Osage language spoken by those who heard and learned the language from first-language speakers. I did not know or understand what was being said by our elders, but I did know that I wanted to learn and someday speak ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ. Like most young people I did not realize how precious our language was and what it might mean to lose it. When I became an adult, I began to study the language and attend whatever", "page": 3 }, { "title": "Marcia Haag and Dylan Herrick", "explanation": "We met Cameron Pratt when he was an undergraduate at the University of Oklahoma majoring in linguistics. Cameron was an older student with four children who commuted from Pawhuska to Norman, a round trip of over five hours. We were impressed with his determination to learn linguistics so that he could understand his birth language, Osage, with the goal of teaching it, analyzing it, writing about it, and collaborating with everyone from community members to linguists. Naturally, a few years after", "page": 4 }, { "title": "How to Use This Book", "explanation": "We have designed this book with three different groups in mind: teachers and their students, those who want (or need) to study Osage on their own, and linguists, particularly those who are interested in Native American languages. For teachers, we have designed a book with carefully ordered topics that lead quickly to knowing how pronounce Osage, how to create and understand full sentences, and how to read and write in the Osage alphabet. Our intent is to provide enough material for at least the ", "page": 5 }, { "title": "Osage pronunciation", "explanation": "When we hear people talk, one of the first things we notice is their accent and dialect. Do they use different words from us (e.g., soda vs. pop)? Do they pronounce things differently (pie vs. CHAPTER 1", "page": 17 } ], "examples": [], "exercises": [], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜", "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ , Mary ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃฬ อ˜๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 17, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p08czcr.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ", "osage": "", "apa": "hawรฉ, Mary ลพรกลพe abrรญฬจe", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "Girl", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜", "osage": "John ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ โ€Š.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ", "osage": "", "apa": "John ลพรกลพe abrรญฬจ", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "Boy", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "My name is John.", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜", "osage": "๐“‚๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ", "osage": "", "apa": "owรญhkie รฐรกalฤฏ akxa", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "Girl", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜", "osage": "๐’น๐“ช๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ , ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 17, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“ช๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/yes_man_hl.mp3" } } ], "stats": { "rules": 4, "examples": 0, "exercises": 0, "dialogues": 12 } }, { "id": "sounds", "title": "The Sounds and Spelling of Osage", "page": 9, "sections": [ { "title": "Writing and pronouncing Osage vowels", "explanation": "Osage has three different types of vowels: regular vowels, long vowels, and nasal vowels. In addition, vowels may be accented or unaccented. The best way to learn the Osage sounds is to imitate your teacher, an experienced Osage speaker, or recordings of the language. If that is not possible, the pronunciation guide presented here provides a solid introduction to the sounds of Osage and how to write them in the Osage Alphabet.", "page": 9 }, { "title": "Regular vowels", "explanation": "The regular vowels are written and pronounced as follows: ๐’ป like the ea in heat, ๐“Ž like the ou in soup, ๐’ท like the e in beg, ๐“‚ like the o in hope, ๐’ฐ like the a in father, and ๐’ฑ like the i in hi. To get a sense of these sounds, try saying the English words heat or feet, soup or Susan, egg or eight, hope or go, father or nod, and hi or buy, and then repeating the underlined vowel sound. In the pronunciation guide below, the first column is labeled ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [waลพรกลพe รญe] Osage language, and it l", "page": 9 }, { "title": "Pronunciation guide for the regular vowels", "explanation": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\t Sounds like ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ word\t English meaning APA ๐’ป ๐“ฃ ea in heat ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [รญe] word [ i ] 10 Chapter 1 ๐“Ž ๐“ถ ou in soup ๐“ธ๐“ถฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [xรบรฐa] eagle [ u ] ๐’ท ๐“Ÿ e in beg ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [รฉtฤ…] therefore [ e ] ๐“‚ ๐“ช o in hope ๐“ต๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“ช [รฐรณรฐo] greasy [ o ] ๐’ฐ ๐“˜ a in father ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ [hรกpa] corn [ a ] ๐’ฑ ๐“™ i in hi ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™ฬ [akxรกi] aspect (see chapter 2) [ ai ] Note that the bolded vowel in each of these examples is written with an accent mark ( ฬ ) like the ๐“ฃฬ in ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [รญe], to show that it is an accented vowel. We discus", "page": 9 }, { "title": "Long vowels", "explanation": "The next set of words illustrate the long vowels, which are written with the same basic letters as above, but include a length mark ( ฬ„ ) over the vowel. In Osage, the long vowels typically sound very similar to the regular vowels, but the length mark indicates that the vowel is pronounced for a longer amount of time than the regular vowel. This is different from English, where long and short vowels sound different, for example, in seed (long) and in said (short). The Osage long vowels are writt", "page": 10 }, { "title": "Pronunciation guide for the long vowels", "explanation": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\t Sounds like ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ word English meaning APA ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฃฬ„ e in he ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชฬ [รฐiihรณฬจ] your mother [ ii ] ๐“Žฬ„ ๐“ถฬ„ ue in Sue ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ [รฐuuลพรก] wash [ uu ] ๐’ทฬ„ ๐“Ÿฬ„ ey in they ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ [hceehรญฬจฤฏ] yarn belt [ ee ] ๐“‚ฬ„ ๐“ชฬ„ o in so ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ [oohรณฬจ] cook [ oo ] ๐’ฐฬ„ ๐“˜ฬ„ a in pa ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ธ๐“ชฬ [paaxรณ] hill, mountain [ aa ]", "page": 10 }, { "title": "Nasal vowels", "explanation": "Osage also has another group of vowels, called nasal vowels, and they can be either regular (short) or long. These vowels are similar to the sounds above, but they have a clear nasal twang and are written with a small dot ( อ˜ ) and pronounced as follows: ๐’ฐอ˜ like the o in on or Tom, ๐’ปอ˜ like the ee in seen or seem, ๐“‚อ˜ like the o in tone or home, ๐’ฒ like the i in sign or time, and ๐“ƒ like the oi in coin or join. Again, these vowels can also use the marks for being accented or long. To help familiariz", "page": 10 }, { "title": "Pronunciation guide for the nasal vowels", "explanation": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\t Sounds like ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ word English meaning APA ๐’ปอ˜ ๐“ฃอ˜ ee in green ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ [mรญฬจฤฏ] sun [ ฤฏ ] ๐“‚อ˜ ๐“ชอ˜ o in tone ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ [รฐวซวซpรก] two [ วซ ] ๐’ฐอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜ o in on ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ [hรกฬจฤ…pa] day [ ฤ… ] ๐’ฒ ๐“š i in sign ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ [howรกฬจฤฏki] where? [ ฤ…ฤฏ ] ๐“ƒ ๐“ซ oi as in coin ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ [sitรณฬจฤฏ] yesterday [ วซฤฏ ] Nasal vowels, although they exist in English, are often tricky for us to hear and pronounce when we need to. Try practicing these sounds by repeating the words in the pronunciation guide. Exercise 1, at the end o", "page": 11 }, { "title": "Spelling the Osage vowel sounds", "explanation": "Because Osage has regular, long, and nasal vowels, and because these vowels can be either accented or not accented, each vowel can be spelled a number of ways (sixteen ways, actu- ally, if we include both uppercase and lowercase letters). A vowel like ๐’ป can be regular and accented ๐’ปฬ , regular but not accented ๐’ป, long and accented ๐’ปฬ‹ , long but not accented ๐’ปฬ„ , nasal and accented ๐’ปอ˜ฬ , nasal but not accented ๐’ปอ˜, long nasal and accented ๐’ปอ˜ฬ‹ , and finally, long nasal but not accented ๐’ปอ˜ฬ„ . This i", "page": 11 }, { "title": "More about writing accents, nasal vowels, and long vowels", "explanation": "This book views the Osage alphabetโ€™s accent marks, nasal vowels, and long vowels as essential tools for studying Osage. While a native speaker knows intuitively how to pronounce each word, a learner does not. Thus, as students of the language, we must memorize how each vowel is pronounced, and the accent marks play a crucial role in allowing us to do this successfully. There are, however, two cases where we will not use accent marks. The first is with words that have only a single short vowel su", "page": 11 }, { "title": "Writing and pronouncing Osage consonants", "explanation": "Osage has many consonants, and several of them are very similar to English. In order to make this introduction a bit more manageable, we have broken the consonant sounds into four groups: m-n-l-w sounds, p-t-k sounds, s-z-h sounds, and combined sounds. Of these, the com- bined sounds are the most different from English, so we have left those for the end.", "page": 12 }, { "title": "Pronunciation guide for group one consonants (m-n-l-w)", "explanation": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\t Sounds like ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ word English meaning APA ๐“€ ๐“จ m in me ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [mรญฬจฤฏวซpa] moon [ m ] ๐“ ๐“ฉ n in neat ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจake] run [ n ] ๐’ฟ ๐“ง l in leek ๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“œ๐“˜อ˜ [lรฉbrฤ…] ten [ l ] ๐“ ๐“ท w in we ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“บ๐“Ÿ [wakรณฬจze] teacher [ w ] The sounds m-n-l-w require little explanation. If you pronounce them as you do in English, you will be doing a very good job.", "page": 12 }, { "title": "Pronunciation guide for group two consonants (p-t-k)", "explanation": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\t Sounds like ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ word English meaning APA ๐“„ ๐“ฌ p in spy ๐“ฌ๐“˜ [pa] snow [ p ] ๐“ˆ ๐“ฐ t in sty ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ [tรณopa] four [ t ] ๐’ผ ๐“ค k in sky ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“˜ [kรกxa] creek [ k ] ๐’ต ๐“ ch in chip ๐“๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ [ฤรณopa] a small amount, few [ ฤ ] ๐“Š ๐“ฒ ts in its ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ [cรฉษฃe] bucket, kettle, pot [ c ] ๐’ด ๐“œ br in breeze ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ [brรกaska] flat [ br ] The p-t-k sounds are both easy and difficult at the same time. While they are similar to English sounds, they have been described as medial sounds, halfway between p~b", "page": 12 }, { "title": "Pronunciation guide for group three consonants (s-z-h)", "explanation": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\t Sounds like ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ word English meaning APA ๐“ ๐“ต th in they ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [รฐiรฐรกce] your father [ รฐ ] ๐“† ๐“ฎ s in say ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [sรกpe] black [ s ] ๐“’ ๐“บ z in zoo ๐“บ๐“ฃ [zi] yellow [ z ] ๐“‡ ๐“ฏ sh in shoe ๐“ฏ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ [ลกรกhpe] six [ ลก ] ๐““ ๐“ป g in beige ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ / ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ [ลพฤฏ] / [ลพรญฬจka] little, small [ ลพ ] ๐“ ๐“ธ (heavy h) ๐“ธ๐“ถฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [xรบรฐa] eagle [ x ] ๐“‘ ๐“น (soft g) ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจษฃe] ice [ ษฃ ] ๐’น ๐“ก h in hello ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ [hawรฉ] hello [ h ] Among this third group, most of the sounds should be familiar to us, but there are thre", "page": 13 }, { "title": "Pronunciation guide for group four sounds (sound combinations)", "explanation": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\t Sounds like ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ word English meaning APA ๐“… ๐“ญ h + p ๐“ฏ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ [ลกรกhpe] six [ hp ] ๐“‰ ๐“ฑ h + t ๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ [hรณohtฤ…] animal noise, thunder [ ht ] ๐’ฝ ๐“ฅ h + k ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ [hรญihkฤ…] ankle [ hk ] ๐“‹ ๐“ณ h + ts ๐“ช๐“ป๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ [oลพรฉhci] bathroom [ hc ] ๐“Œ ๐“ด ts + h ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ [achรญ] arrive here [ ch ] ๐“„โ€™ ๐“ฌโ€™ p + โ€™ ๐“ช๐“ฌโ€™๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [opโ€™รกฬจรฐa] steam, fog on water [ pโ€™ ] ๐’ผโ€™ ๐“คโ€™ k + โ€™ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ [wakโ€™รณ] woman [ kโ€™ ] ๐“Šโ€™ ๐“ฒโ€™ ts + โ€™ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฒโ€™๐“˜ [wรฉcโ€™a] snake [ cโ€™ ] ๐“„๐“ฏ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ p + sh ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“˜ [pลกa] pound it! [ pลก ] ๐’ผ๐“ฏ ๐“ค๐“ฏ k + sh ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ [kลกรณฬจka] seco", "page": 13 }, { "title": "Quick guide to APA pronunciation", "explanation": "APA Sounds like ๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [ a ] a in father ๐’ฐ ๐“˜ [ aa ] a in pa ๐’ฐฬ„ ๐“˜ฬ„ [ ฤ… ] o in on ๐’ฐอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜ [ ai ] i in hi ๐’ฑ ๐“™ [ ฤ…ฤฏ ] i in sign ๐’ฒ ๐“š [ br ] br in breeze ๐’ด ๐“œ [ c ] ts in its ๐“Š ๐“ฒ [ cโ€™ ] ts + โ€™ ๐“Šโ€™ ๐“ฒโ€™ [ ch ] ts + h ๐“Œ ๐“ด [ ฤ ] ch in chip ๐’ต ๐“ [ รฐ ] th in they ๐“ ๐“ต [ e ] e in beg ๐’ท ๐“Ÿ [ ee ] ey in they ๐’ทฬ„ ๐“Ÿฬ„ [ h ] h in hello ๐’น ๐“ก [ hc ] h + ts ๐“‹ ๐“ณ [ hk ] h + k ๐’ฝ ๐“ฅ [ hp ] h + p ๐“… ๐“ญ The Sounds and Spelling of Osage 15 [ ht ] h + t ๐“‰ ๐“ฑ [ i ] e in heat ๐’ป ๐“ฃ [ ii ] e in he ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฃฬ„ [ ฤฏ ] ee in green ๐’ปอ˜ ๐“ฃอ˜ [ k ] k i", "page": 14 }, { "title": "A. Spelling", "explanation": "Where possible, we have followed the spelling system in Carolyn Quinteroโ€™s Osage Dictionary. Her dictionary is written using the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet (APA). One area where we differ slightly from the Osage Dictionary is in our use of accents. We do not use accent marks on words with a single short vowel or on short two-syllable words that play a grammatical role. This second group includes words such as the subject markers like ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa] and ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa], aspect markers like ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe], ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ", "page": 19 }, { "title": "B. Spelling vowels in the APA", "explanation": "Note that in the APA system, long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel: [i] is regular, and [ii] is long. Nasal vowels such as ๐“‚อ˜ are spelled with a small hook, written like this ( ย ฬจ ), under the vowel; [วซ] is a nasal vowel, [o] is not a nasal vowel. The diphthongs ๐’ฑ [ai], ๐’ฒ [ฤ…ฤฏ], and ๐“ƒ [วซฤฏ] can be spelled by combining [a], [ฤ…], or [วซ] with [i] or [ฤฏ]. Since the APA is a spell- ing system for sounds, we do not capitalize or use punctuation marks like commas or periods. 20 Chapter 1 Finall", "page": 19 }, { "title": "C. Notes about the sounds of Osage", "explanation": "We follow Quintero in using the sound [u], but this sound is better described as a high central vowel that often alternates with a front rounded, or even unrounded, vowel or diphthong. At times, this makes spelling challenging since, for example, the [u] in a word like [kรบวซ] come here might be pronounced often with a sound like [i], [รผ], or [y]. This makes it sound much more like [kyรณฬจ] than [kรบวซ]. In cases like these, we have tried to spell words as they appear in the dictionary, unless the alt", "page": 20 } ], "examples": [], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Pronouncing nasal vowels", "content": "For many of us, the nasal vowels ๐“ฃอ˜, ๐“ชอ˜, and ๐“˜อ˜ are a bit tricky to hear and pronounce, but there\nis a simple exercise to help us hear and feel the difference between the nasal vowels and the\nregular vowels. Again, try saying the English example words above, but this time, pinch your\nnose shut as yo", "page": 17 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Spelling vowels", "content": "Look at the table illustrating the eight ways to spell ๐’ป. Practice writing these out by hand. Now\ntry spelling ๐’ฐ in these eight different ways. Next try this with the vowel ๐“‚.", "page": 17 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Practicing the Osage alphabet", "content": "Handwrite each Osage letter on the left edge of a page. Practice saying the sound out loud and\nwrite the Osage letter as you pronounce the sound. Do this at least three times. Practice this\neach day until you feel comfortable writing the Osage letters. If you want, you can do this with\nthe APA symbo", "page": 17 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Spelling and vocabulary", "content": "Go through each pronunciation guide one by one. Practice pronouncing the words. Start slowly\nand repeat each word a few times until you can pronounce them smoothly. Then, practice spell-\ning the words. You can start with the APA if you find that helpful at first but be sure to also\npractice writing ", "page": 17 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Vocabulary and pronunciation A", "content": "In this exercise, person A asks how to say an English word in Osage, and person B responds\nwith the Osage word. Try this with a classmate, or if you are not in a class, read both parts.\nA:\n๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ___ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ?\nhรกakวซ ลกtรกace nฤ…pe ___ waลพรกลพe รญe\nHow do you say ___ in Osage?\nB:\n____.\n_", "page": 17 }, { "number": 6, "title": "Vocabulary and pronunciation B", "content": "In this exercise, the languages are reversed, and you are given an Osage word and asked what\nit means in English. Note that the word for English could be either ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [ฤฏฤฏลกtรกxฤฏ รญe] or\n๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [hรบhaska รญe], and we have only used ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ here.\nA:\n๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ____ ๐“ฃ", "page": 18 }, { "number": 7, "title": "Vocabulary and pronunciation C", "content": "In this exercise, instead of asking a question, a teacher is telling a student to say an Osage word\nin English.\nTeacher:\n____ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜.\t ____ waลพรกลพe รญa\nSay _____ in Osage.\nStudent:\n_____.\n_____.\nFor example:\nTeacher:\nCorn ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜.\t corn waลพรกลพe รญa\nSay corn in Osage.\nStudent:\n๐’น๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜.\nhรกpa\nC", "page": 18 }, { "number": 8, "title": "Whatโ€™s your name?", "content": "Follow the pattern in the dialogue below and ask others what their name is. Note that where\nsome speakers use ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ [ลพรกลพe], others prefer ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃ [ลพรกลพi], and we have included both options\nin the dialogue below.\nA:\n_____ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ.\n_____ ลพรกลพe abrรญฬจe\nMy name is _____.\n๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ?\t tรก", "page": 19 }, { "number": 9, "title": "Whatโ€™s his/her name?", "content": "Now try asking about someone elseโ€™s name following the dialogue below.\nA:\n๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ?\t tรกatฤ… ลพรกลพe aรฐรญฬจe\nWhatโ€™s his (or her) name?\nB:\n_____ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ .\n_____ ลพรกลพe aรฐรญฬจ\nHis (or her) name is _____.\nNotes for Chapter 1\nA. Spelling\nWhere possible, we have followed the spelling system in Ca", "page": 19 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "groups", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 12 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 17 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 18 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 18 }, { "speaker": "For example", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 18 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 18 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 18 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 18 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 18 } ], "stats": { "rules": 18, "examples": 0, "exercises": 9, "dialogues": 42 } }, { "id": "basic_sentence", "title": "The Basic Sentence", "page": 22, "sections": [ { "title": "the physical position of the subject", "explanation": "The first thing an Osage speaker must determine is whether the subject of the sentence is pres- ent or distant, whether it is stationary or moving. These physical positions are marked with what we call subject markers. The two most important subject markers in Osage are ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa] and ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa]. These are used when the subject is third-person. (In grammatical terms, first-person refers to I or we, second-person refers to singular and plural you, and third-person refers to someone or something e", "page": 22, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "My father sang. (My father is present and stationary, while Iโ€™m talking.)", "page": 22, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "My father sang. (My father is not present, while Iโ€™m talking.)", "page": 22, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hcรฉe akxa nรกฬจฤ…ka pe", "english": "The buffalo ran.", "page": 23, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Aspect: the way an event unfolds in time", "explanation": "The next important thing an Osage speaker must mark is the way something occurs. Has it been completed? Is it ongoing? Does it happen all at once? Does it happen over and over? The grammar term for this is aspect, and the Osage language indicates aspect with small words, or aspect mark- ers, that come at the end of the sentence. The two most important aspects in Osage are completive and continuous, which we introduce below. Later chapters will introduce other aspect markers. The Basic Sentence 2", "page": 22, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "My father sang. (My father is present and stationary, while Iโ€™m talking.)", "page": 22, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "My father sang. (My father is not present, while Iโ€™m talking.)", "page": 22, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hcรฉe akxa nรกฬจฤ…ka pe", "english": "The buffalo ran.", "page": 23, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "The continuous aspect", "explanation": "The continuous aspect is somewhat more complicated than the completive aspect, and it has many more forms. It is used to show that an action continues, whether it is in the present or the past, as in the birds are flying or the birds were flying. It may also be used to state a general fact, such as birds fly. 24 Chapter 2 The forms of the two major continuous aspect markers are very much the same as those of the subject markers. They have an interesting history, which is worth pointing out here ", "page": 23, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "My father sang. (My father is present and stationary, while Iโ€™m talking.)", "page": 22, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "My father sang. (My father is not present, while Iโ€™m talking.)", "page": 22, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hcรฉe akxa nรกฬจฤ…ka pe", "english": "The buffalo ran.", "page": 23, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Evidentials: confidence in the message", "explanation": "The third important thing in an Osage sentence has to do with how much confidence the speaker has in the truth of what he or she says. This is common in many languages of the world. Does the speaker know something because he did it? Because she heard it from some- one else? Because itโ€™s common knowledge? Because he suspects itโ€™s true but canโ€™t be sure? Osage grammars call markers that show this judgment evidentials. 26 Chapter 2 The most frequent Osage evidential marker is what the grammars call", "page": 25, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "My father sang. (My father is present and stationary, while Iโ€™m talking.)", "page": 22, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "My father sang. (My father is not present, while Iโ€™m talking.)", "page": 22, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hcรฉe akxa nรกฬจฤ…ka pe", "english": "The buffalo ran.", "page": 23, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ hรกpa corn ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ cat ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ hkรกwa horse ๐“ฅ๐“Ÿฬ‹ hkรฉe turtle ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ mรญฬจฤฏ sun ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ mรญฬจฤฏวซpa moon ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ nรญhka man ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ รณohวซ a cook ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ธ๐“ชฬ paaxรณ hill, mountain ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ girl ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ boy ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ลกรณฬจke dog ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ htรกa deer or meat ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ cรฉษฃe bucket, pail, kettle, pot ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ‹ hcรฉe buffalo ๐“ท๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ wakโ€™รณ woman ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ wakรณฬจze teacher ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ wanรณฬจbre dinner, a meal ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ waachรญ a dance ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ\t waรฐรญopxaรฐe student ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“™ waรฐรญopxai student (variant) ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "page": 28, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Today the cat jumped. or Today the cat has jumped. (Today the cat is present and no longer jumping.)", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ apa owรญsi apai", "english": "Today the cat is jumping.", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ apa owรญsi apai", "english": "\u0007Yesterday, the cat was jumping. (Yesterday, the cat somewhere continued to jump.) We could also say this sentence using the aspect marker ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa]. The meaning would be", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "In Osage, verbs belong to different verb classes. We explain the most common classes, called a-รฐa and brush (br-ลกc), in chapter 5 and other verb classes in later chapters. In the vocabulary section, we include the verb class, in parentheses, with the APA form of each verb. ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ hiiรฐรก (br-ลกc) swim, bathe ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ รญe (a-รฐa) talk, speak ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ nรกฬจฤ…ke (a-รฐa) run ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ owรญsi (a-รฐa) jump ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ wakรกaลพi (a-รฐa) drive ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ wanรณฬจbre (a-รฐa) dine ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ waachรญ (a-รฐa) dance ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ waaรฐรณฬจ (br-ลกc) ", "page": 28, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Today the cat jumped. or Today the cat has jumped. (Today the cat is present and no longer jumping.)", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ apa owรญsi apai", "english": "Today the cat is jumping.", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ apa owรญsi apai", "english": "\u0007Yesterday, the cat was jumping. (Yesterday, the cat somewhere continued to jump.) We could also say this sentence using the aspect marker ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa]. The meaning would be", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ รฐรกalฤฏ good The Basic Sentence 29", "page": 28, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Today the cat jumped. or Today the cat has jumped. (Today the cat is present and no longer jumping.)", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ apa owรญsi apai", "english": "Today the cat is jumping.", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ apa owรญsi apai", "english": "\u0007Yesterday, the cat was jumping. (Yesterday, the cat somewhere continued to jump.) We could also say this sentence using the aspect marker ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa]. The meaning would be", "page": 25, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Other Words", "explanation": "๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ รกฬจฤ… yes (used by women) ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“šฬ ฤ…hฤ…ฬฤฏ yes (used by women) ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ hรกฬจฤ…hkaลพi no (used by both men and women) ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe today ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ hawรฉ hello ๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹ hรณo yes (used by men) ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ howรฉ yes (used by men) ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ sitรณฬจฤฏ yesterday", "page": 29, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ„๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ waรฐรญopxaรฐe apa hiiรฐรก รฐe", "english": "(Itโ€™s true that) the student swam yesterday. an emphasis to what the speaker is saying. A second important evidential is one that indicates that the speaker has evidence that", "page": 26, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ„๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ด๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ waรฐรญopxaรฐe apa hiiรฐรก che", "english": "(I have evidence that) the student swam yesterday.", "page": 26, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ„๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ waรฐรญopxaรฐe apa hiiรฐรก pe", "english": "The student swam yesterday.", "page": 26, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฝ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hkรกwa apa nรกฬจฤ…ke apai", "english": "\u0007The horse is running. (The horse is either out of view or moving, and it is running.)", "page": 24, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/run_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa waaรฐรณฬจ akxai", "english": "The woman is singing. (The woman who is present is continuing to sing.)", "page": 24, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav", "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa waaรฐรณฬจ akxa", "english": "\u0007The woman sings. (The woman who is present sings but may or may not be singing The Basic Sentence she is continuing to sing but not move, we use the aspect marker ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™ [akxai]. If the singing", "page": 24, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav", "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "How do you say this?", "content": "In this chapter, we introduced how to use the subject and aspect markers ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa], ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™\n[akxai], ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa], and ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ [apai]. Look at the sentences below and state what they mean.\nThere may be different ways to say them in English.\nThe Basic Sentence\n27\n1.\t ๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.\nลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ apa", "page": 26 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Subject and aspect markers", "content": "Go through the sentences in exercise 1, change the subject and aspect markers, and say what the\nnew sentences mean. If a sentence uses ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa], change it to use ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa] or ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™ [akxai].\nIf it uses ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa], change it to use ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa] or ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ [apai]. The examples below illustrate\nhow to do th", "page": 27 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Evidentials", "content": "Use the sentences in exercise 1 and replace the aspect or evidential marker with ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che],\nthen do this with the declarative marker (remember that the declarative marker is built into\n๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe], ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa], ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa]) and state how the meaning changes.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ [รญe] Vocabulary\nWords from the dialogue wil", "page": 27 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Aspect", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "the way an event unfolds in time", "page": 22 }, { "speaker": "past tense", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 25 }, { "speaker": "Evidentials", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 25 }, { "speaker": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜", "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ„ ๐“‰๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ„ อ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .\t \u0007ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ: htaasรญlee htรกฬจwฤ… รกลกka ci", "apa": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ„ ๐“‰๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ„ อ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .\t \u0007ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ: htaasรญlee htรกฬจwฤ… รกลกka ci", "english": "", "page": 39, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav" } }, { "speaker": "Girl", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "I live near Tulsa.", "page": 39 }, { "speaker": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜", "osage": "๐“…๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 39 }, { "speaker": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ", "osage": "", "apa": "hpรณฬจhka htรกฬจwฤ… oรกlฤฏฤฏ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 39 }, { "speaker": "Boy", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "I live in Ponca City.", "page": 39 }, { "speaker": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜", "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 39 }, { "speaker": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ", "osage": "", "apa": "waลพรกลพe brรญฬจe", "english": "", "page": 39 } ], "stats": { "rules": 8, "examples": 15, "exercises": 3, "dialogues": 17 } }, { "id": "objects_adjectives", "title": "Adding Objects and Adjectives", "page": 31, "sections": [ { "title": "Adding an object", "explanation": "In chapter 2, we learned about the most basic elements of a sentence. These include subject markers (like ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa] and ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa]), aspect markers, and evidentials. Now we will add another important thingโ€”an object. Consider the following sentence:", "page": 31, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze akxa ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "The teacher helped a child. the teacher is present, and ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] is an aspect marker that indicates that the helping action is", "page": 31, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa รฐiihรณฬจ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "My father helped your mother. This sentence uses ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa] as the subject marker to indicate that the subject is out of", "page": 31 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wihcรญmi apa รฐiลพรณฬจke รณhkฤ… apai", "english": "My aunt is helping your daughter. This sentence uses ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ [apai] as the aspect marker to indicate that the action is ongoing.", "page": 31 } ] }, { "title": "Adding adjectives to phrases", "explanation": "Another way to make longer and more descriptive phrases is by modifying a noun with an adjective (e.g., white cat, big man, bad dog). In Osage, we put the adjective after the noun, literally cat white, man big, dog bad. Examples 9โ€“14 use the adjectives ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ [ska] white, ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [lรกฬจฤ…รฐe] big, ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ [hpรญiลพi] bad, ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [ลพรบuce] red, ๐“บ๐“ฃ [zi] yellow, ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ ๐“ก๐“ช [htรณho] blue, and ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ [dรกalฤฏ] good. Notice how in each case, the adjective comes after the noun.", "page": 32, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze akxa ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "The teacher helped a child. the teacher is present, and ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] is an aspect marker that indicates that the helping action is", "page": 31, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa รฐiihรณฬจ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "My father helped your mother. This sentence uses ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa] as the subject marker to indicate that the subject is out of", "page": 31 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wihcรญmi apa รฐiลพรณฬจke รณhkฤ… apai", "english": "My aunt is helping your daughter. This sentence uses ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ [apai] as the aspect marker to indicate that the action is ongoing.", "page": 31 } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives as predicates", "explanation": "In most sentences, there is a subject and a predicate, and the predicate is usually a verb, such as the buffalo runs, where runs is the predicate. In English, many sentences have an adjective as the predicate of a sentence. For instance, the man is good or my horse is black. When we use an adjective as a predicate in English, we need to include some form of the verb be (like is or was). In Osage, adjectives that are the predicate of a sentence do not need be. Instead, we only need to use a subje", "page": 33, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze akxa ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "The teacher helped a child. the teacher is present, and ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] is an aspect marker that indicates that the helping action is", "page": 31, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa รฐiihรณฬจ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "My father helped your mother. This sentence uses ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa] as the subject marker to indicate that the subject is out of", "page": 31 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wihcรญmi apa รฐiลพรณฬจke รณhkฤ… apai", "english": "My aunt is helping your daughter. This sentence uses ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ [apai] as the aspect marker to indicate that the action is ongoing.", "page": 31 } ] }, { "title": "Adding adverbs", "explanation": "Adverbs are words like ๐“ง๐“ถฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃ [lรบลพi] slowly that modify the meaning of verbs. In Osage, we put adverbs right before the verb.", "page": 35, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa htรกa cโ€™รฉรฐa pe", "english": "The man killed the deer.", "page": 32 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka apa htรกa cโ€™รฉรฐe apai", "english": "The man is killing the deer.", "page": 32 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa htรกa cโ€™รฉรฐe akxai", "english": "The man is killing the deer.", "page": 32 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ haxรญฬจ blanket ๐“ก๐“ช ho fish ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ iihkรณ my (also his/her) grandmother (any side) ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ฤฏhtรกci (our) father ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ mฤ…ลกcรญฬจka rabbit ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ mฤ…ลกcรญฬจkaลพฤฏ bunny ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถ รณoลพu bowl ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ htanรกฬจkโ€™a รญpukxa paper napkin ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ รฐiihรณฬจ your mother ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ รฐiลพรญฬจke your son (any; general term) ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ รฐiลพรณฬจke your daughter (any; general term) ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ waลพรญฬจka bird ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ wฤฏcรฉki my uncle (motherโ€™s brother) ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃ wihcรญmi my aunt (fatherโ€™s sister; any)", "page": 37, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa lรกฬจฤ…รฐa pe", "english": "The man is big. When we choose the subject marker ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa], we mean the subject is moving, at a dis-", "page": 34 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka apa lรกฬจฤ…รฐe apai", "english": "The man is big.", "page": 34 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "mฤ…ลกcรญฬจka akxa ska akxa", "english": "The rabbit is white. The rabbit is here, and we are commenting on its being white.", "page": 34, "word_audio": { "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Col16_2261.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รญiรฐe (i-stem) see, find ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ป๐“ฃฬ kaaลพรญ (a-รฐa) drive (something, e.g., a car) ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ รณhkฤ… (a-รฐa) help ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ oรฐรญฬจฤฏke (br-ลกc) catch, hug ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ cโ€™รฉรฐe (รฐe-causative) kill ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ รฐuuลพรก (br-ลกc) wash (dishes, a car, etc.; not oneโ€™s own) Note, we explain the verb classes a-รฐa and brush in chapter 5, i-stem verbs in chapter 8, and รฐe-causatives in chapter 19.", "page": 37, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa lรกฬจฤ…รฐa pe", "english": "The man is big. When we choose the subject marker ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa], we mean the subject is moving, at a dis-", "page": 34 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka apa lรกฬจฤ…รฐe apai", "english": "The man is big.", "page": 34 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "mฤ…ลกcรญฬจka akxa ska akxa", "english": "The rabbit is white. The rabbit is here, and we are commenting on its being white.", "page": 34, "word_audio": { "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Col16_2261.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ brรกaska flat ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ lรกฬจฤ…รฐe big ๐“ง๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃฬ‹ อ˜ laลพรญฬจฤฏ thin, skinny, slender ๐“ช๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“˜ ohtรกza pretty, beautiful ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ hpรญiลพi bad ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ sรกpe black ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ska white ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ ๐“ก๐“ช htรณho blue ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ wasรญsi energetic, strong ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ wasรบhu clean 38 Chapter 3 ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ป๐“ฃ wasรบhuลพi dirty ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ waลกรณลกe brave ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ wรกwalฤฏ stingy ๐“บ๐“ฃ zi yellow ๐“บ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ zรญลพuuce รฉkวซ orange ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ลพฤฏkรก (often ลพฤฏ) small ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ลพรบuce red", "page": 37, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa lรกฬจฤ…รฐa pe", "english": "The man is big. When we choose the subject marker ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa], we mean the subject is moving, at a dis-", "page": 34 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka apa lรกฬจฤ…รฐe apai", "english": "The man is big.", "page": 34 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "mฤ…ลกcรญฬจka akxa ska akxa", "english": "The rabbit is white. The rabbit is here, and we are commenting on its being white.", "page": 34, "word_audio": { "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Col16_2261.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Father: Good.", "explanation": "For family or people you live with, you might greet them with a simple ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ [hawรฉ] or ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ [howรฉ]. They would typically respond with ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ [hawรฉ] or ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ [howรฉ]. ๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [รญe wahkรญlaace] In this chapter, we will learn how to add expressions of time, locations, and destinations to make more natural and complete sentences.", "page": 48 }, { "title": "Adding expressions of time", "explanation": "In chapter 2, we introduced time expressions like ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe] today and ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ [sitรณฬจฤฏ] yesterday. In Osage, we almost always put time expressions like this at the beginning of the sentence. Here are some more sentences with time expressions. Chapter 4", "page": 48 } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka lรกฬจฤ…รฐe akxa waลพฤฏka ลพรบuce รญiรฐa pe", "english": "The big man saw the red bird.", "page": 33 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke hpรญiลพi apa ho htรณho oรฐรญฬจฤฏka pe", "english": "The bad dog caught the blue fish.", "page": 33, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3", "๐“ก๐“ช": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ani2_0561.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke akxa hpรญiลพi akxa", "english": "The dog is bad.", "page": 33, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke akxa hpรญiลพi pe", "english": "The dog is bad.", "page": 33, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa lรกฬจฤ…รฐe akxa", "english": "The man is big.", "page": 33 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรณ akxa htรณho pe", "english": "The fish is blue.", "page": 35 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ apa รฐรกalฤฏ apai", "english": "The woman is good.", "page": 35, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav", "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/good_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“ถฬ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ ska apa lรบลพi mฤ…รฐรญฬจ apai", "english": "The white cat was walking slowly. We have learned that we do not have to use a special word for the in Osage. When we want to", "page": 35, "word_audio": { "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3", "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Col16_2261.wav", "๐“ง๐“ถฬ๐“ป๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/slow_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe wasรกpe akxa sรกpe akxa", "english": "That bear is black.", "page": 35, "word_audio": { "๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/black_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "wasรกpe รฐe akxa sรกpe akxa", "english": "That bear is black.", "page": 35, "word_audio": { "๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/black_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐe ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ hpรญiลพi apa nรกฬจฤ…ke apai", "english": "That bad cat is running.", "page": 35, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/run_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ hpรญiลพi รฐe apa nรกฬจฤ…ke apai", "english": "That bad cat is running.", "page": 35, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/run_sr.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Modifying nouns with adjectives", "content": "Here is a list of Osage nouns and another of adjectives. Make as many noun phrases as you can\nwith the words on these lists. Make sure they make sense!\n36\nChapter 3\nExample: ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ปu ๐“บ๐“ฃฬ [รณoลพu zรญ] yellow bowl\nNouns\nAdjectives\n๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ‹\nhcรฉe\n๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜\nรฐรกalฤฏ\n๐“ก๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜\nhรกpa\n๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ ๐“ก๐“ช\nhtรณho\n๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถ\nรณoลพu\n๐“ง๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹\nlaลพรญฬจฤฏ\n๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ", "page": 35 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Adjectives as predicates", "content": "Use the phrases you created with nouns and adjectives in exercise 1 to create sentences\nby adding a subject marker (like ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa]) and an aspect marker (like ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™ [akxai] or\n๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe]).\nExample:\n๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“บ๐“ฃฬ [รณoลพu zรญ] yellow bowl becomes\n๐“‚ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“บ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™. [รณoลพu akxa zรญ akxai] The bowl is yellow.", "page": 36 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Sentence practiceโ€”adding objects", "content": "Replace the object noun, underlined, in the examples below with a different noun to make new\nsentences. Write out at least ten new sentences and choose words so that the new meanings\nmake sense! Go to the vocabulary sections and the glossary to find nouns to use.\n1.\t ๐“๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "page": 36 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Objects and adjectives", "content": "Start with the sentences you made in exercise 3, and modify the nouns with adjectives, like you\ndid in exercise 1.\nAdding Objects and Adjectives\n37\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ\nhaxรญฬจ\nblanket\n๐“ก๐“ช\nho\nfish\n๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ\niihkรณ\nmy (also his/her) grandmother (any side)\n๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ\nฤฏhtรกci\n(our) father\n๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜\nmฤ…ลกcรญฬจka\nrabbi", "page": 36 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Example", "osage": "๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ปu ๐“บ๐“ฃฬ [รณoลพu zรญ] yellow bowl", "apa": "๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ปu ๐“บ๐“ฃฬ [รณoลพu zรญ] yellow bowl", "english": "", "page": 36 }, { "speaker": "Example", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 36 }, { "speaker": "๐’ป๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ! ๐’ผ๐“ถ๐“ชอ˜ฬ !", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 48 }, { "speaker": "iรฐรกce", "osage": "", "apa": "wiลพรญฬจke kuรณฬจ", "english": "", "page": 48 }, { "speaker": "Father", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 48 }, { "speaker": "๐’ป๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ , ๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ. ๐“๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 48, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p08czcr.mp3", "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav" } }, { "speaker": "iลพฤฏke", "osage": "", "apa": "hawรฉ ฤฏhtรกci รฐรกalฤฏ รฐachรญ che", "english": "", "page": 48 }, { "speaker": "Son", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 48 }, { "speaker": "๐’ป๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ด๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 48, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "iรฐรกce", "osage": "", "apa": "รฐiihรณฬจ chi รฐe", "english": "", "page": 48 } ], "stats": { "rules": 9, "examples": 31, "exercises": 4, "dialogues": 17 } }, { "id": "expressions_locations", "title": "Expressions and Locations", "page": 40, "sections": [ { "title": "The child ran toward the school.", "explanation": "If the sentence has both an object and a place, we can choose to put either the object or the place closest to the verb. In 7a the place, in the forest (๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [ลพรกฬจฤ… ci]), comes immediately before the verb (๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [cโ€™รฉรฐa pe]) and after the object (the deer). In 7b the object (๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ [htรกa] the deer) appears closest to the verb. We see the same thing with toward the river in sentences 8a and 8b.", "page": 40, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฅ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ„๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ hkรฉe akxa hiiรฐรก pe", "english": "Yesterday, the turtle swam.", "page": 40, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe htรกa apa owรญsi che", "english": "Today, the deer jumped. (I have evidence that it did.)", "page": 40, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce nรญhka apa sรบhka cโ€™รฉรฐe apai", "english": "Now, the man is killing a chicken.", "page": 40 } ] }, { "title": "Yes-no questions", "explanation": "Yes-no questions in Osage rely heavily on context. Often a yes-no question in completive aspect replaces ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] with the evidential marker ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]. The subject marker is also often left out of questions.", "page": 43, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฅ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ„๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ hkรฉe akxa hiiรฐรก pe", "english": "Yesterday, the turtle swam.", "page": 40, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe htรกa apa owรญsi che", "english": "Today, the deer jumped. (I have evidence that it did.)", "page": 40, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce nรญhka apa sรบhka cโ€™รฉรฐe apai", "english": "Now, the man is killing a chicken.", "page": 40 } ] }, { "title": "Numbers", "explanation": "Here are the numbers one through ten. ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ wรญฬจxce one ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ รฐวซวซpรก two ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ รฐรกabrฤฏ three ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ tรณopa four ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ sรกhtฤ… five ๐“ฏ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ ลกรกhpe six ๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ hpรฉeรฐวซวซpa seven ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ hkietรณopa eight ๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“œ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ lรฉbrฤ… hce wรญฬจฤฏke nine (ten minus one) ๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“œ๐“˜อ˜ lรฉbrฤ… ten When we get to eleven, we join numbers with ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ [รกlฤฏฤฏ] place upon, often pronounced as [รกlฤฏ] when used in counting. This gives us something like one placed on ten for eleven, two placed on ten for twelve, and so on.", "page": 44, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชฬ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ค๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ wahรณลกce akxa htaapรฉ nรญiลพuuce kลกรญhtaha kรญฬจฤฏรฐa pe", "english": "The small girl threw the ball toward the river.", "page": 41, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/girl_sr.mp3", "๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rain_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชฬ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ wahรณลกce akxa nรญiลพuuce kลกรญhtaha htaapรฉ kรญฬจฤฏรฐa pe", "english": "The small girl threw the ball toward the river.", "page": 41, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/girl_sr.mp3", "๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rain_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa ho wฤฏ niitรกahpa ci oรฐรญฬจฤฏka pe", "english": "Yesterday, the boy caught a fish in the pond.", "page": 41, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ‹อ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ hkรกฬจฤ…ce apple or fruit ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ‹อ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ hkรกฬจฤ…cenii juice ๐“จ๐“˜ฬ‹อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ mฤ…ฬฤ…hฤฏ knife ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ mฤ…hkรก medicine ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜ mฤ…hkรกhpa pepper ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ mฤ…hkรกsa coffee ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ณ๐“ถฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ mรกze hcรบke spoon (metal) ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถ๐“Ÿ nรญiskue salt ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜ niitรกahpa pond ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ nรญiลพuuce river ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ oohรณฬจhci kitchen ๐“จ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ mฤ…ฬzeoohวซ oven ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ รณnวซbre food Adding Time Expressions and Locations 47 ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ paazรฉnii milk ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ hpรกata eggs ๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ sรบhka chicken ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ ลกรณฬจmฤฏhkase coyote, fox, wolf, canine ", "page": 46, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจmฤฏhkase apa nรกฬจฤ…ka pe", "english": "The coyote ran.", "page": 43, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p06010ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "ลกรณฬจmฤฏhkase nรกฬจฤ…ke รฐe", "english": "Did the coyote run? This can also be seen in the dialogue between a father and son that introduces this chapter.", "page": 43 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ด๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "รฐiihรณฬจ chi รฐe", "english": "Has your mother arrived?", "page": 43, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p09bvo02bcr.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ kรกaษฃe (strong-stem) make ๐“ค๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ kรญฬจฤฏรฐe (a-รฐa) throw ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ mฤ…รฐรญฬจ (br-ลกc) walk ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ oohรณฬจ (a-รฐa) bake, cook, prepare ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ รฐaachรฉ (br-ลกc) eat Note, we will explain the a-รฐa and br-ลกc verb classes in chapter 5 and the strong-stem verb class in chapter 8.", "page": 47 }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“ญ๐“˜ hpa bitter ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ฃ taazรญhi browned, fried ๐“ต๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“ช รฐรณรฐo greasy ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ wahรณลกce small ๐“ป๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ ลพรฉelฤ… fried 48 Chapter 4", "page": 47 }, { "title": "Location words", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ รกลกka ci near ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ รฉhtaha toward ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ฤฏkลกรญ in, to; see chap. 4 ๐“ค๐“ฃ ki in, to; see chap. 4 ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ kลกi in, to; see chap. 4 ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ kลกรญhtaha toward ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ci in, to; see chap. 4", "page": 48 }, { "title": "Other words", "explanation": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“‰๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜อ˜ hฤ…ฬฤ…mฤ…รฐฤฏ htรกฬจwฤ… Hominy (city in Oklahoma) ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐรกabrฤฏ haaลกรญhta three days ago ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ hรกฬจฤ…ce last night ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ hรกฬจฤ…ci last night (variant) ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ hรกฬจฤ…รฐe tonight ๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ mรญฬจฤฏวซpa haaลกรญhta last month ๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜\t mรญฬจฤฏวซpa รฐวซวซpรก haaลกรญhta two months ago ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ค๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ sitรณฬจฤฏ kootรกha ce the day before yesterday ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ รฐekรณฬจวซce now", "page": 48 } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฝ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hkรกwa apa nรญiลพuuce kลกi mฤ…รฐรญฬจ apai", "english": "The horse walked to the river.", "page": 42 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ hkรกwa apa hci ci mฤ…รฐรญฬจ apai", "english": "Yesterday, the horse walked to the house.", "page": 42, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ci ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ apa waachรญ ki mฤ…รฐรญฬจ apai", "english": "Last night, the girl walked to the dances.", "page": 42 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ akxa hci ci ลพรญฬจฤฏha pe", "english": "Last night, the girl slept in the house.", "page": 42 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ญ๐“˜ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ„๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "mรญฬจฤฏวซpa รฐวซวซpรก haaลกรญhta ลกรญฬจmฬจฤฏลพฤฏ apa niitรกahpa ฤฏkลกรญ hiiรฐรก apai", "english": "Two months ago, the girl swam in the pond. The meaning of ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ [รฉhtaha] is fairly well expressed by English toward.", "page": 42, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/moon_hl.mp3", "๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq4cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐรกabrฤฏ haaลกรญhta hkรกwa apa wacรบhtahci รฉhtaha mฤ…รฐรญฬจ apai", "english": "Three days ago, the horse walked toward the barn.", "page": 42, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3", "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/three_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฝ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hkรกwa apa nรญiลพuuce kลกรญhtaha mฤ…รฐรญฬจ apai", "english": "The horse walked toward the river. We will discuss motion verbs like come or go in chapter 14.", "page": 42, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rain_sr.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Adding time expressions", "content": "Look at sentences 5โ€“8 and 10โ€“17. Rewrite each sentence by adding or changing one of the\ntime expressions below.\n1.\t ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe] today\n2.\t ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [hรกฬจฤ…ce] last night\n3.\t ๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ [sitรณฬจฤฏ] yesterday\n4.\t ๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [รฐekรณฬจวซce] now\n5.\t ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ [hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐรกabrฤฏ haaลกรญhta] three day", "page": 45 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Sentence practiceโ€”adding locations", "content": "Add a location to the sentences listed below. Make sure the location makes sense.\nLocations\n๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ\nniitรกahpa ฤฏkลกรญ\n๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜\nnรญiลพuuce kลกรญhtaha\n๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ\nลพรกฬจฤ… ci\n1.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.\niinรกฬจ apa mฤ…รฐรญฬจ pe\n2.\t ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ธ๐“ถฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.\nwiลพวซke akxa xรบรฐa รญiรฐa pe (remember tha", "page": 45 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Making yes-no questions", "content": "Give the following sentences in English. Then, convert them into yes-no questions and read\nthem out loud. You may use a rising intonation to form the question. The examples are all in\ncompletive aspect, so you will want to either delete ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] or replace it with ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]. Next,\nconvert the sentences", "page": 45 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Making food", "content": "Using the model below, replace the bolded adjectives and food words and make six new\nsentences.\n๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ. ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜.\niinรกฬจ akxa htรกa lฤฏkรณ kรกaษฃa pe. htรกa lฤฏkรณ akxa รฐรกalฤฏ.\nMom made meat gravy. The meat gravy is good.", "page": 46 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Numbers 1โ€“10", "content": "The numbers one through ten are listed below in the vocabulary. Practice counting to ten out\nloud. Note that the numbers for seven and nine have short forms that are often more common\nthan the long forms. Note that if you want to say something like two dogs or three cats, you say\nthe number second: ", "page": 46 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Adding a place", "osage": "using the location words ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ [ฤฏkลกรญ], ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [ci], ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ki],", "apa": "using the location words ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ [ฤฏkลกรญ], ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [ci], ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ki],", "english": "", "page": 40, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav" } }, { "speaker": "Example using sentence 7a", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 45 }, { "speaker": "the number second", "osage": "๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ [ลกรณฬจke รฐวซวซpรก] or ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ [ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ รฐรกabri].", "apa": "๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ [ลกรณฬจke รฐวซวซpรก] or ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ [ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ รฐรกabri].", "english": "", "page": 46 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 58 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 58 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถ, ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 58 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“บ๐“ชอ˜!", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 58 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "๐“Š๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“บ๐“ชอ˜!", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 58, "word_audio": { "๐“Š๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq7cr.mp3" } } ], "stats": { "rules": 8, "examples": 28, "exercises": 5, "dialogues": 8 } }, { "id": "pronouns_i_you", "title": "I, You, He, She, and It", "page": 50, "sections": [ { "title": "The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it", "explanation": "To say a third-person subject like he, she, or it in Osage, we typically donโ€™t need to say anything at all. Instead, just using the basic form of the verb and an aspect marker will tell us that the subject is third-person. The context of the sentence lets us figure out if the subject is he, she, or it. For example, ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ [waachรญ] is the basic dictionary form for the verb dance, and ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ [waachรญ] can mean either he dances, she dances, or it dances. If needed, Osage does have emphatic pronoun", "page": 50, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ รฐe apa waachรญ apai", "english": "That woman is dancing.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce waaรฐรณฬจ akxai", "english": "Now she is singing. the basic verb and an aspect marker.", "page": 50 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ htรกa akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Yesterday the deer jumped.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "The pronouns I and you", "explanation": "Before we can talk about how to say you and I in Osage, we have to learn about three things: Osage verb classes, the Osage pronouns for I and you, and more about how aspect is understood. Letโ€™s start with verb classes. Osage verbs, like those of many other languages, are divided into different classes. Each class requires a different way to pronounce the verbs when the subject is I or when it is you. The two most common verb classes are called the a-รฐa class and the br-ลกc class. These classes ta", "page": 51, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ รฐe apa waachรญ apai", "english": "That woman is dancing.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce waaรฐรณฬจ akxai", "english": "Now she is singing. the basic verb and an aspect marker.", "page": 50 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ htรกa akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Yesterday the deer jumped.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "The a-รฐa verb class", "explanation": "The a-รฐa class is one of the two most common verb classes in Osage. We will start by looking at two common verbs: ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] run and ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ [ลพรญฬจฤฏhe] sleep. The first-person Osage pronoun ๐“˜ [a] In the a-รฐa class, the Osage pronoun that means I is ๐“˜ [a]. In the examples below, ๐“˜ [a] is prefixed or placed before the verbs ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] and ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ [ลพรญฬจฤฏhe] (giving us ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [anรกฬจฤ…ke] and ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ [aลพรญฬจฤฏhe]). We will learn some slightly different rules for verbs that begin with ๐“ช [o] or ", "page": 51, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ รฐe apa waachรญ apai", "english": "That woman is dancing.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce waaรฐรณฬจ akxai", "english": "Now she is singing. the basic verb and an aspect marker.", "page": 50 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ htรกa akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Yesterday the deer jumped.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "The br-ลกc โ€œbrushโ€ verb class", "explanation": "A second important verb class is the br-ลกc class, again, named for the first- and second-person subject pronouns ๐“œ [br] and ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ [ลกc]. The teachers we know all call this class the brush class, and we will do the same. The first-person Osage pronoun ๐“œ [br] In the brush class the first-person pronoun I is ๐“œ [br]. All verbs in the brush class have the sound ๐“ต [รฐ] in them. To make the first-person, the ๐“œ [br] replaces the sound ๐“ต [รฐ]. For example, ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [mฤ…รฐรญฬจ] becomes ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [mฤ…brรญฬจ] and ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ อ˜ [", "page": 52, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ รฐe apa waachรญ apai", "english": "That woman is dancing.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce waaรฐรณฬจ akxai", "english": "Now she is singing. the basic verb and an aspect marker.", "page": 50 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ htรกa akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Yesterday the deer jumped.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Third-person subjects: he, she, or it", "explanation": "Here are two sentences with a-รฐa and brush verbs in third-person. Because they are in third- person, they donโ€™t need a pronoun, but they do need an aspect marker such as ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe]. Com- pare 14 and 15 with the I and you sentences 4โ€“13 above.", "page": 53, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ รฐe apa waachรญ apai", "english": "That woman is dancing.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce waaรฐรณฬจ akxai", "english": "Now she is singing. the basic verb and an aspect marker.", "page": 50 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ htรกa akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Yesterday the deer jumped.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "A quick summary", "explanation": "Letโ€™s make a quick summary of what we have just learned. First, Osage has verb classes that use different sounds to say the pronouns I and you. Second, the a-รฐa verb class has the pronouns ๐“˜ [a] for I and ๐“ต๐“˜ [รฐa] for you. Third, the brush verb class has the pronouns ๐“œ [br] for I and ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ [ลกc]or ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ [ลกt] for you. Last, the completive aspect is unmarked when using first- and second-person singular pro- nouns. In other words, we leave ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] out of the sentence when using the Osage pronouns I and you", "page": 53, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ รฐe apa waachรญ apai", "english": "That woman is dancing.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce waaรฐรณฬจ akxai", "english": "Now she is singing. the basic verb and an aspect marker.", "page": 50 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ htรกa akxa owรญsi pe", "english": "Yesterday the deer jumped.", "page": 50, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "The special cases of verbs that are in more than one class", "explanation": "There are some verbs, like ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ [hiiรฐรก] swim, that belong to both the a-รฐa and the brush verb class. Verbs like this use the pronouns for both classes at the same time. For example, I swim is ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“˜ [ahรญibra] with the [a] from the a-รฐa class and the [br] from the brush class. Similarly, you swim is ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ [รฐahรญiลกta]. This is a topic that will come up again in later chapters. ๐’ปฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [รญkโ€™uce]", "page": 55, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ รฐanรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "Yesterday you ran.", "page": 52, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0609ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce รฐaลพรญฬจฤฏhe", "english": "Last night you slept.", "page": 52 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ .", "apa": "nรญiลพuuce kลกi mฤ…brรญฬจ (from the verb mฤ…รฐรญฬจ)", "english": "I walked to the river.", "page": 52, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ani2_0361.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ haaskรก shirt ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ htaapรฉ ball ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ hcรญ house ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ รฐihtรกeลพฤฏ your little sister ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ wรฉhkilฤฏ traditional clothes ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ฏ๐“ถ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ wรฉรฐuลกupe keys ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ wihtรกeลพฤฏ my little sister", "page": 57, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe รกwakaaลพi", "english": "I drove today.", "page": 54, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe waรฐรกkaaลพi", "english": "You drove today.", "page": 54, "word_audio": { "๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo29_3871.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce รกwanวซbre", "english": "Last night I dined (ate a meal).", "page": 54 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ mฤ…รฐรญฬจ (br-ลกc) walk ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ okรญhpaahฤ… (a-รฐa) dress oneself ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ocรฉ (a-รฐa) look for, search for, hunt ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ รฐiiลกtรกฬจ (br-ลกc) be finished ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ อ˜ รฐuwรญฬห› (br-ลกc) buy ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ ลพรญฬจฤฏhe (a-รฐa) sleep", "page": 57, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe รกwakaaลพi", "english": "I drove today.", "page": 54, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe waรฐรกkaaลพi", "english": "You drove today.", "page": 54, "word_audio": { "๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo29_3871.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce รกwanวซbre", "english": "Last night I dined (ate a meal).", "page": 54 } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ฤรณopa small amount, few (also a noun) ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ลกรญฬจhtฤ…ฤ… fat (chubby) ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ hcรฉka new, fresh", "page": 57, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe รกwakaaลพi", "english": "I drove today.", "page": 54, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe waรฐรกkaaลพi", "english": "You drove today.", "page": 54, "word_audio": { "๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ป๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo29_3871.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce รกwanวซbre", "english": "Last night I dined (ate a meal).", "page": 54 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ anรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "Yesterday I ran.", "page": 51, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce aลพรญฬจฤฏhe", "english": "Last night I slept.", "page": 51 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ.", "apa": "nรญiลพuuce kลกi mฤ…ลกcรญฬจ", "english": "You walked to the river.", "page": 53, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rain_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce waaลกtรณฬจ", "english": "You sang last night.", "page": 53 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ mฤ…hkรกsa ลกcรบwฤฏ", "english": "Yesterday you bought coffee.", "page": 53, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ nรกฬจฤ…ka pe", "english": "Yesterday he (or she) ran.", "page": 53, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce waaรฐรณฬจ pe", "english": "He (or she) sang last night.", "page": 53, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "wihtรกeลพฤฏ oรกhkฤ…", "english": "I helped my little sister.", "page": 55 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "รฐihtรกeลพฤฏ oรฐรกhkฤ…", "english": "You helped your little sister.", "page": 55 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ฏ๐“ถ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ce wรฉรฐuลกupe oรกce", "english": "Last night I looked for the keys.", "page": 55 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ฏ๐“ถ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รฐe wรฉรฐuลกupe oรฐรกce", "english": "Today, you looked for the keys.", "page": 55, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "How do you say this?", "content": "Give the English meaning of these sentences. There may be more than one way to correctly\nsay them.\n1.\t ๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ อ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.\nsitรณฬจฤฏ iinรกฬจ akxa waลกรญฬจ รฐuwรญฬห› pe\n2.\t ๐“‹๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.\nhcรญko akxa nรญiลพuuce kลกi wakรกaลพi pe\n3.\t ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ .\n", "page": 55 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Practicing a-รฐa and brush verbs", "content": "Use the list of a-รฐa and brush verbs below. For each verb, list the basic verb and then put the\npronouns for I, you, and he/she/it where they belong. Be sure to pay attention to the a-รฐa verbs\nbeginning with ๐“ท๐“˜ and ๐“ช. Example:\n๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] run\n๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ\nanรกฬจฤ…ke\nI .ย .ย .\n๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ\nรฐanรกฬจฤ…ke\nyou .ย .ย ", "page": 56 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Adding Locations and time expressions", "content": "Look at the list of words that you made in exercise 2. Choose ten of the I or you examples\nand use them to make ten sentences, where each sentence includes a place. Look at previous\nVerb Classes and the Pronouns\n57\nchapters to review some ways to add objects, adjectives, locations, and time expressi", "page": 56 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "at two common verbs", "osage": "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] run and ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ [ลพรญฬจฤฏhe] sleep.", "apa": "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] run and ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ [ลพรญฬจฤฏhe] sleep.", "english": "", "page": 51 }, { "speaker": "Third-person subjects", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 53 }, { "speaker": "Some a-รฐa verbs", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 56 }, { "speaker": "Some brush verbs", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 56 } ], "stats": { "rules": 10, "examples": 28, "exercises": 3, "dialogues": 4 } }, { "id": "verb_thi", "title": "and the Verb ๐“๐“ฃอ˜ [รฐฤฏ]", "page": 59, "sections": [ { "title": "The first-person continuous aspect markers", "explanation": "We are going to discuss three first-person aspect markers in this section: ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [mฤฏkลกรฉ], ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…hรฉ] (and its variant ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐฤฏhรฉ]), and ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ]. The one you are likely to hear most often is ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [mฤฏkลกรฉ], which is typically used to indicate that an action is ongoing or that the subject doing the action is in a lying or sitting position. ๐“€๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [mฤฏkลกรฉ] In examples 1 and 2 there are two usual ways to interpret the aspect marker ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [mฤฏkลกรฉ]. In the first way, the speaker i", "page": 59, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "walรฉze wฤฏ oรกce mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am currently looking for a book. or I am looking for a book while sitting.", "page": 59 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รกwanวซbre mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am currently eating a meal. or I am eating a meal while sitting. This sentence could mean either โ€œI am eating a meal in a sitting positionโ€ or โ€œI am in the", "page": 60, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p03sq1cr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/table_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ci waabrรณฬจ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I was singing last night. We can use the context of the conversation or time adverbs like ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ [sitรณฬจฤฏ] yesterday or", "page": 60 } ] }, { "title": "The second-person continuous aspect markers", "explanation": "๐“๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [nฤฏkลกรฉ] The second-person you has four distinct continuous aspect markers. The one you may hear most often is ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [nฤฏkลกรฉ]. This is used when the subject is in a sitting position, or, like ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [mฤฏkลกรฉ], it indicates that an action is ongoing. ๐“๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [nฤฏkลกรฉ] is also often used as an aspect marker when the speaker doesnโ€™t need to emphasize the position of the subject.", "page": 62, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "walรฉze wฤฏ oรกce mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am currently looking for a book. or I am looking for a book while sitting.", "page": 59 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รกwanวซbre mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am currently eating a meal. or I am eating a meal while sitting. This sentence could mean either โ€œI am eating a meal in a sitting positionโ€ or โ€œI am in the", "page": 60, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p03sq1cr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/table_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ci waabrรณฬจ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I was singing last night. We can use the context of the conversation or time adverbs like ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ [sitรณฬจฤฏ] yesterday or", "page": 60 } ] }, { "title": "Aspect markers in greetings", "explanation": "The following sentences show how the position aspect markers might be used in a simple greet- ing with ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [tฤ…hรฉ], be well.", "page": 63, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รกwanวซbre mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am currently eating a meal. or I am eating a meal while sitting. This sentence could mean either โ€œI am eating a meal in a sitting positionโ€ or โ€œI am in the", "page": 60, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p03sq1cr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/table_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ci waabrรณฬจ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I was singing last night. We can use the context of the conversation or time adverbs like ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ [sitรณฬจฤฏ] yesterday or", "page": 60 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ„๐“˜ฬ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ooรกhฤ… mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am cooking. or I was cooking. The next first-person aspect marker we will discuss is ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…hรฉ]. Again, there are two usual", "page": 60 } ] }, { "title": "A review of continuous aspect markers", "explanation": "We have learned many aspect markers, especially for continuous aspect. The following tables summarize the aspect markers for I, for you, and for he, she, and it that we introduced above. Exercise 2, at the end of this chapter, asks you to reorganize this information in a way that highlights some patterns found with I and you markers.", "page": 64, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "anรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "I am running. or I have been running. This sentence can mean either I am running (emphasizing that I am moving) or I have been", "page": 61, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601bcr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ,๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ anรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Yesterday, I was running. or Yesterday, I had been running.", "page": 61, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ,๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "sitรณห›ฤฏ ahรญibra ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Yesterday, I was swimming. or Yesterday, I had been swimming.", "page": 61, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Continuous aspect marker for I (first-person)", "explanation": "๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [mฤฏkลกรฉ] ongoing action: am doing or subject is sitting or lying ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ] action is imminent: about to or subject is standing ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…hรฉ] have been doing or subject is moving ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐฤฏhรฉ] have been doing or subject is moving Continuous Aspect, Singular Pronouns, and the Verb ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ [รฐฤฏ] 65", "page": 64, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "anรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "I am running. or I have been running. This sentence can mean either I am running (emphasizing that I am moving) or I have been", "page": 61, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601bcr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ,๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ anรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Yesterday, I was running. or Yesterday, I had been running.", "page": 61, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ,๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "sitรณห›ฤฏ ahรญibra ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Yesterday, I was swimming. or Yesterday, I had been swimming.", "page": 61, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Continuous aspect markers for you (second-person)", "explanation": "๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [nฤฏkลกรฉ] ongoing: are doing or subject is sitting ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ [ลพรกฬจkลกe] ongoing: are doing or subject is lying ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ [รฐatxรกฬจลกe] imminent: about to or subject is standing ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [รฐaaลกรฉ] have been doing or subject is moving", "page": 65, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ oรกhkฤ… ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ", "english": "I am helping a child (while standing). or Iโ€™m about to help a child.", "page": 62, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waabrรณฬจ ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m singing (while standing). or Iโ€™m about to sing. This example indicates that the subject is standing ready or standing by to sing.", "page": 62 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waรฐรกnวซbre nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You are eating a meal (while sitting). or You are currently eating a meal. This example can mean you are eating a meal while sitting or you are in the ongoing act of", "page": 62, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p03sq2cr.mp3" } ] }, { "title": "Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)", "explanation": "๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa] ongoing: is doing or stationary or visible ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™ [akxai] ongoing: is doing or stationary or visible ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa] ongoing: is doing or in motion, at a distance, or out-of-sight ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ [apai] ongoing: is doing or in motion, at a distance, or out-of-sight When we donโ€™t need to specify the position of a first- or second-person subject, or if the position is not important, we usually just use ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [mฤฏkลกรฉ] and ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [nฤฏkลกรฉ]. The positions marked in the continuous aspect markers only apply to", "page": 65, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ oรกhkฤ… ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ", "english": "I am helping a child (while standing). or Iโ€™m about to help a child.", "page": 62, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waabrรณฬจ ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m singing (while standing). or Iโ€™m about to sing. This example indicates that the subject is standing ready or standing by to sing.", "page": 62 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waรฐรกnวซbre nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You are eating a meal (while sitting). or You are currently eating a meal. This example can mean you are eating a meal while sitting or you are in the ongoing act of", "page": 62, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p03sq2cr.mp3" } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ รกwanวซbre table ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ hวซbrรญฬจke beans ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ธ๐“ช kรญkxo feast (noun) ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ hkรกฬจฤ…ce hรญฬจฤฏลกce peach ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ hkรกฬจฤ…ce ลพรบe tomato ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜๐“ธ๐“Ÿ mรกฬจฤ…ลพฤ…xe onion ๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ รณwehci store ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ paazรฉnii saakรญ cheese ๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ๐“ฑ๐“ช๐“ก๐“ช hpรฉลพehtoho lettuce ๐“…๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ hpรณฬจhka Ponca ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ tรณoleลพi carrot ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“˜ htanรกฬจkโ€™a paper ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ htaanรญi soup ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ hcรฉheลพฤฏ dishes, plates, cups, bowls ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ waskรบe sรกpe blackberry ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ wacรบe bread (any kind) ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜ wac", "page": 68, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa wakรณฬจze รฐฤฏ", "english": "The man is a teacher.", "page": 65 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze รฐฤฏ.", "english": "He is a teacher.", "page": 65 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ รฐฤฏ", "english": "She is a girl. How to say I am using ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ [brฤฏ], ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ [mฤฏ], and ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [anรญฬจ]", "page": 66, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/girl_sr.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ cรบutaลพi raw ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ, ๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ cรบuce, sรบutฤ… ripe Continuous Aspect, Singular Pronouns, and the Verb ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ [รฐฤฏ] 69", "page": 68, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa wakรณฬจze รฐฤฏ", "english": "The man is a teacher.", "page": 65 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze รฐฤฏ.", "english": "He is a teacher.", "page": 65 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ รฐฤฏ", "english": "She is a girl. How to say I am using ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ [brฤฏ], ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ [mฤฏ], and ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [anรญฬจ]", "page": 66, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/girl_sr.mp3" } } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "sitวซฬฤฏ รฐahรญiลกta รฐaaลกรฉ", "english": "You were swimming yesterday. or You had been swimming yesterday. The second-person continuous aspect marker ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [รฐatxรกฬจลกe] is similar to ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "page": 63, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "waaลกtรณฬจ รฐatxรกฬจลกe", "english": "You are singing (while standing). or You are about to sing (imminently). The second-person continuous aspect marker for the lying position is ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ [ลพรกฬจkลกe]. This", "page": 63 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ci รฐaลพรญฬจฤฏhe ลพรกฬจkลกe", "english": "You were sleeping last night (lying down).", "page": 63 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ, ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ?", "apa": "hawรฉ tฤ…hรฉ nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Hello, are you doing well?", "page": 63, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p08czcr.mp3", "๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "tฤ…hรฉ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m fine. or Iโ€™m doing well. This is the basic way. The speakers can be more specific by changing the aspect marker.", "page": 64, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "tฤ…hรฉ รฐatxรกฬจลกe", "english": "Are you doing well? (You are standing.)", "page": 64, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "tฤ…hรฉ ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m fine. or Iโ€™m doing well. (I am standing.)", "page": 64, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ?", "apa": "tฤ…hรฉ รฐaaลกรฉ", "english": "Have you been well? (Said regardless of position.)", "page": 64, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "tฤ…hรฉ ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "I have been well. or I am well. (I am walking.)", "page": 64, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "How do you say this?", "content": "Give the English for the following conversation between a child and a grandmother. Note that\nthere may be more than one good way to do this.\nContinuous Aspect, Singular Pronouns, and the Verb ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ [รฐฤฏ]\n67\n(๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜) ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ , ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ.\n(ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ) iihkรณ, รณohวซ รฐรกalฤฏ nรญฬจe\n(๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ) ๐’ฐอ˜ฬ‹ , ๐“ชฬ‹ ", "page": 66 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Using forms of ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ [รฐฤฏ]", "content": "Using examples 24โ€“30 as a model, give the Osage for the following sentences.\n1.\t I am a man.\n2.\t I am Ponca.\n3.\t I am a teacher.\n4.\t I am a girl.\n5.\t You are a teacher.\n6.\t You are Osage.\n68\nChapter 6\n7.\t You are a woman.\n8.\t You are a boy.\n9.\t He is Ponca.\n10.\t She is Osage.\n11.\t He is a man.\n12.\t ", "page": 67 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Eating, drinking, and cooking", "content": "Using the verbs for eat, drink, and cook, and the vocabulary for foods below, make ten sen-\ntences. Be sure to use a range of subjects such as I, you, she, or the girl, and make sure to use\nadjectives in at least five of your sentences.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ\nรกwanวซbre\ntable\n๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ\nhวซbrรญฬจke\nbeans\n", "page": 68 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 67 }, { "speaker": "iihรณฬจ", "osage": "", "apa": "paahรกฬจpi", "english": "", "page": 67 }, { "speaker": "Mother", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 67 }, { "speaker": "๐’ป๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐’น๐“ช๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ , ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ฃ ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 67, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“ช๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/yes_man_hl.mp3", "๐“ก๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Bod12_1691.wav" } }, { "speaker": "iรฐรกce", "osage": "", "apa": "howรฉ wacรบe tazรญhi hpรกaxe ลกki", "english": "", "page": 67 }, { "speaker": "Father", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 67 }, { "speaker": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 67 }, { "speaker": "ilรณฬจวซhpa", "osage": "", "apa": "wรญe รฉkimวซ", "english": "", "page": 67 }, { "speaker": "Eldest son", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "I will do it.", "page": 67 }, { "speaker": "๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 67 } ], "stats": { "rules": 9, "examples": 30, "exercises": 3, "dialogues": 47 } }, { "id": "future_marker", "title": "the Future Marker", "page": 71, "sections": [ { "title": "Completive aspect: plural subject pronouns", "explanation": "For the first-person plural pronouns, Osage, like many other Native languages, makes a distinc- tion between dualโ€”we two, and pluralโ€”we plural (more than two). Second-person you does not make a distinction between dual and plural. Third-person plural they follows the same pat- tern as third-person singular he, she, or it. We will also learn that there are two types of ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe]. One is used for completive aspect, and the other is used to help mark plurals, and we will show how to distinguish them ", "page": 71, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "", "page": 71, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ", "english": "We two walked in the forest.", "page": 71 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜.", "apa": "niitรกahpa ci ฤ…hรญiรฐa", "english": "We two swam in the pond.", "page": 71 } ] }, { "title": "First-person dual we two", "explanation": "The first-person dual pronoun, we two, is ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…], which is placed in front of the verb. In the case of we two, there is no difference in how we form the pronoun for a-รฐa and brush verbs. The variant ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] is used if the verb begins with ๐“ช [o] or ๐“˜ [a]. In sentences below, the dual, we two, is made by placing ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] before the verb. In 4, we use ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] because the verb, ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ [oohรณฬจ], begins with the sound ๐“ช [o].", "page": 71, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "", "page": 71, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ", "english": "We two walked in the forest.", "page": 71 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜.", "apa": "niitรกahpa ci ฤ…hรญiรฐa", "english": "We two swam in the pond.", "page": 71 } ] }, { "title": "First-person we plural (more than two)", "explanation": "Plural we is made by placing ๐“˜ [ฤ…], the same pronoun we saw above, in front of the verb, plus we add ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] at the end of the verb: [ฤ…] + verb + [pe]. As noted above, we use ๐“˜ [ฤ…] for both a-รฐa and brush verbs, and we use ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] if the verb begins with ๐“ช [o] or ๐“˜ [a]. In verbs that end in ๐“Ÿ [e], such as ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke], the final ๐“Ÿ [e] becomes ๐“˜ [a] before any ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe], whether it is for plural or for aspect.", "page": 72, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "", "page": 71, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ", "english": "We two walked in the forest.", "page": 71 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜.", "apa": "niitรกahpa ci ฤ…hรญiรฐa", "english": "We two swam in the pond.", "page": 71 } ] }, { "title": "Second-person plural you", "explanation": "The second-person plural pronoun, you, is almost the same as the singular forms. This means we will use ๐“ต๐“˜ [รฐa] for a-รฐa verbs and ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ / ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ [ลกc / ลกt] for brush verbs. To make you plural, we add ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] to the end of the verb. To see this, compare the singular you examples, 9a and 10a, with the plural you examples, 9b and 10b. Note that in the first-person plural forms, the pronoun appeared at the front of the verb. However, with second-person plural forms, the pronoun appears in the same place th", "page": 72, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "", "page": 71, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ", "english": "We two walked in the forest.", "page": 71 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜.", "apa": "niitรกahpa ci ฤ…hรญiรฐa", "english": "We two swam in the pond.", "page": 71 } ] }, { "title": "Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they", "explanation": "Third-person plural they is formed the same way as third-person singular he, she, or it. Recall from chapter 2 that third-person pronouns are not marked on the verb. Osage speakers use context to know whether a third-person subject is singular or plural. If we were talking about a boy, then sentence 13 would mean he spoke. If we were talking about several boys, then 13 would mean they spoke.", "page": 73, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "", "page": 71, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ", "english": "We two walked in the forest.", "page": 71 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜.", "apa": "niitรกahpa ci ฤ…hรญiรฐa", "english": "We two swam in the pond.", "page": 71 } ] }, { "title": "Summary: subject pronouns with completive aspect", "explanation": "Dual first-person subjects (we two) are made by placing the pronoun ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] or ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] before the verb. Plural first-person subjects (we plural) are made by placing the pronoun ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] or ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] before the verb and attaching ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] after it. Second-person plural subjects are made by using the appropriate second-person singular pronoun and attaching ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] to the end of the verb. Third-person plural subjects, whether singular or plural, are made the same way we learned in chapter 5, with no ma", "page": 74, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "", "page": 71, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ", "english": "We two walked in the forest.", "page": 71 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜.", "apa": "niitรกahpa ci ฤ…hรญiรฐa", "english": "We two swam in the pond.", "page": 71 } ] }, { "title": "Continuous aspect: plural pronouns", "explanation": "Recall from before that the continuous aspect has several forms that are changed depending on whether the subject is first-, second-, or third-person. The forms also indicate the position of the subject (sitting, standing, lying, moving) and, depending on context, can be used to indicate meanings such as have been doing, is doing, or about to do (see chapterย 6).", "page": 74, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "", "page": 71, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ", "english": "We two walked in the forest.", "page": 71 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜.", "apa": "niitรกahpa ci ฤ…hรญiรฐa", "english": "We two swam in the pond.", "page": 71 } ] }, { "title": "First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two", "explanation": "As with completive aspect, first-person dual subjects (we two) are marked with the pronoun ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] or ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] placed in front of the verb. To indicate the continuous aspect, there are three aspect markers that can go with first-person dual subjects: ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ], ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐรฉ], and ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ [ฤ…txรก]. Similar to what we saw in chapter 6, each of these new aspect markers can have multiple meanings depending on context. ๐’ฐอ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ] If the subjects are sitting or lying, the aspect marker is ", "page": 74, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "", "page": 71, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ", "english": "We two walked in the forest.", "page": 71 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜.", "apa": "niitรกahpa ci ฤ…hรญiรฐa", "english": "We two swam in the pond.", "page": 71 } ] }, { "title": "First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural", "explanation": "First-person plural subjects (we, plural, more than two) are again marked with the pronoun ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] or ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] placed in front of the verb. There are two aspect markers that can go with first- person plural subjects: ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe] and ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ [ฤ…katxรกฬจ]. 76 Chapter 7 ๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe] If the subjects are sitting, lying, or moving from one place to another, the aspect marker is ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe]. Following the pattern seen earlier, ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe] may also indicate have been doing.", "page": 75, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…kape", "english": "", "page": 72, "audio_url": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0603ccr.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0603ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "taapรณskahci รฉhtaha ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏpe", "english": "We (plural) walked toward the school (house).", "page": 72 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญiลพuuce ci ฤ…hรญiรฐape", "english": "We (plural) swam in the river.", "page": 72, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rain_sr.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Second-person plural subjects with continuous aspect, you plural", "explanation": "Second-person plural subjects take the aspect marker ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [paaลกรฉ] for all positions and situations. ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [paaลกรฉ] Second-person plural pronouns are the same as the singular forms. Thus, we only need to add ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [paaลกรฉ] and remember which class the verb belongs to, a-รฐa or brush, as discussed in chapter 5. Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker 77", "page": 76, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รฐanรกฬจฤ…kape", "english": "", "page": 73 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐahรญiลกta", "english": "You (singular) swam.", "page": 73 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รฐahรญiลกtape", "english": "", "page": 73 } ] }, { "title": "Third-person plural subjects", "explanation": "As with the completive forms, context tells us whether a third-person subject is singular or plural. Any of the sentences below could also be interpreted with a singular subject.", "page": 77, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "he, she, or they helped a child.", "page": 74, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa waลพรญฬจka nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ pe", "english": "The boys (or the boy) heard a bird.", "page": 74, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bird_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรกฬจace รกฬจwanวซbre ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker or Last night, we two were eating (a meal, while sitting or lying).", "page": 74 } ] }, { "title": "Summary: subject pronouns with continuous aspect", "explanation": "First-person dual subjects (we two) take the pronoun ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] or ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] placed before the verb. The continuous aspect markers ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐรฉ], or ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜ฬ [ฤ…txรก] finish the sentence. First-person plural subjects (we, more than two) take the pronoun ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] or ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] placed before the verb. The continuous aspect markers ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe] or ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ [ฤ…katxรกฬจ] finish the sentence. Second-person plural subjects (you plural) use the second-person pronoun that corre- sponds to the verb ", "page": 77, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "he, she, or they helped a child.", "page": 74, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa waลพรญฬจka nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ pe", "english": "The boys (or the boy) heard a bird.", "page": 74, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bird_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรกฬจace รกฬจwanวซbre ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker or Last night, we two were eating (a meal, while sitting or lying).", "page": 74 } ] }, { "title": "Variations of completive and continuous aspect:", "explanation": "examples using ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] run and ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [รฐuwรญฬจ] buy", "page": 77, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "he, she, or they helped a child.", "page": 74, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa waลพรญฬจka nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ pe", "english": "The boys (or the boy) heard a bird.", "page": 74, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bird_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรกฬจace รกฬจwanวซbre ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker or Last night, we two were eating (a meal, while sitting or lying).", "page": 74 } ] }, { "title": "in all persons and aspects", "explanation": "The purpose of these lists is to show how aspect markers indicate who the subject is. We have illustrated this with run and with buy. Some of the positional meanings here are odd and likely 78 Chapter 7 wouldnโ€™t be used with run or buy; running while standing might be running in place on a tread- mill. Running while lying down is hard to imagine.", "page": 77, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "he, she, or they helped a child.", "page": 74, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa waลพรญฬจka nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ pe", "english": "The boys (or the boy) heard a bird.", "page": 74, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bird_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรกฬจace รกฬจwanวซbre ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker or Last night, we two were eating (a meal, while sitting or lying).", "page": 74 } ] }, { "title": "Completive aspect in its variations", "explanation": "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] run (a-รฐa) ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ anรกฬจฤ…ke I run ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ รฐanรกฬจฤ…ke you run ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ nรกฬจฤ…ka pe he, she, they run ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke we two run ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…kape we (plural) run ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ รฐanรกฬจฤ…kape you (plural) run ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [รฐuwรญฬจ] buy (brush) ๐“œ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ brรบwฤฏ I buy ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ลกcรบwฤฏ you buy ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ รฐuwรญฬจ pe he, she, they buy ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ฤ…รฐรบwฤฏ we two buy ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ฤ…รฐรบwฤฏpe we (plural) buy ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ลกcรบwฤฏpe you (plural) buy", "page": 78, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ,๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ฤ…wรกaรฐวซ ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Yesterday we two were singing. or Yesterday we two were singing (while sitting or lying). The continuous dual aspect marker ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐรฉ] is used when the subjects are moving, or it can", "page": 75, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รกฬจwanวซbre ฤ…รฐรฉ", "english": "We two have been eating (a meal). or We two were eating (a meal, while moving).", "page": 75, "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/table_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "nรญitรกahpa kลกi ฤ…mรกรฐฤฏ ฤ…รฐรฉ", "english": "We two are walking to the pond. or We two are walking to the pond (moving). an act that is imminent (about to) even if the subjects are not standing.", "page": 75 } ] }, { "title": "Continuous aspect in its variations", "explanation": "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] run (a-รฐa) ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ anรกฬจฤ…ke mฤฏkลกรฉ I run ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ anรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…hรฉ ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ anรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ รฐanรกฬจฤ…ke nฤฏkลกรฉ you run ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ รฐanรกฬจฤ…ke รฐaaลกรฉ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ รฐanรกฬจฤ…ke รฐatxรกฬจลกe ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ รฐanรกฬจฤ…ke ลพรกฬจkลกe ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™ nรกฬจฤ…ke akxai he, she, they run ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ nรกฬจฤ…ke apai ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…รฐรฉ we two run ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜ฬ อ˜ ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…txฤ…ฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ฤ…nรกฬจฤ…ke ฤ…kรกรฐe we (plural) run ๐“˜อ˜", "page": 78, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ,๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ฤ…wรกaรฐวซ ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Yesterday we two were singing. or Yesterday we two were singing (while sitting or lying). The continuous dual aspect marker ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…รฐรฉ] is used when the subjects are moving, or it can", "page": 75, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รกฬจwanวซbre ฤ…รฐรฉ", "english": "We two have been eating (a meal). or We two were eating (a meal, while moving).", "page": 75, "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/table_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "nรญitรกahpa kลกi ฤ…mรกรฐฤฏ ฤ…รฐรฉ", "english": "We two are walking to the pond. or We two are walking to the pond (moving). an act that is imminent (about to) even if the subjects are not standing.", "page": 75 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ hรกpa wacรบe cornbread (general) ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ hรญฬจฤฏce dishes ๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ รณwe vegetables, groceries ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ hpรกze evening ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ cรฉษฃenii aรฐรญฬจ drumkeeper ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ hcรญle family ๐“ท๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜ wakโ€™รณhpa first daughter ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ wacรบe skรบe cake (common variant) ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ\t wacรบe skรบรฐe cake ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃ wacรบe wรฉli frybread (general) ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ wihรฉ second daughter", "page": 81, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรญฬจฤฏce brรบuลพa hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am going to wash the dishes.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/plate_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจ รณwehci ci hวซbrรญฬจke ลกcรบwฤฏ hta paaลกรฉ", "english": "Tomorrow you (plural) will buy beans at the store.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pฤ… รฐe ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ akxa iihkรณ รณhkฤ… hta akxai", "english": "Today the girl is going to help Grandma.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜ฬ nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ (a-รฐa) hear ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ รฐuxรญ (br-ลกc) chase", "page": 81, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรญฬจฤฏce brรบuลพa hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am going to wash the dishes.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/plate_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจ รณwehci ci hวซbrรญฬจke ลกcรบwฤฏ hta paaลกรฉ", "english": "Tomorrow you (plural) will buy beans at the store.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pฤ… รฐe ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ akxa iihkรณ รณhkฤ… hta akxai", "english": "Today the girl is going to help Grandma.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Other", "explanation": "๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“ซฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ก๐“˜ ihtรณฬจฤฏ รฐรฉha future, the future ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ kaasรญฬจ tomorrow ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ kaasรญฬจtฤ… tomorrow (variant) ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“ช๐“ฑ๐“˜ mรญฬจฤฏรฐohta noon, midday ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“ช๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ mรญฬจฤฏรฐohta รฐiiลกtรกฬจ afternoon ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ hpahรกฬจle first, at the outset", "page": 81, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรญฬจฤฏce brรบuลพa hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am going to wash the dishes.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/plate_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจ รณwehci ci hวซbrรญฬจke ลกcรบwฤฏ hta paaลกรฉ", "english": "Tomorrow you (plural) will buy beans at the store.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pฤ… รฐe ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ akxa iihkรณ รณhkฤ… hta akxai", "english": "Today the girl is going to help Grandma.", "page": 79, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…ลพรญฬจฤฏhe ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We (plural) have been sleeping. or We (plural) are sleeping.", "page": 76 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…wรกaรฐวซ ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We (plural) have been singing. or We (plural) are singing (while sitting or lying).", "page": 76 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ.", "apa": "รกฬจwanวซbre ฤ…katxรกฬจ", "english": "We (plural) are about to eat (a meal). or We (plural) are eating (a meal, while standing).", "page": 76, "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/table_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ถฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ.", "apa": "hรญฬจฤฏce ฤ…รฐรบuลพa ฤ…katxรกฬจ", "english": "We (plural) are about to wash the dishes. or We (plural) are washing dishes (while standing).", "page": 76, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/plate_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ ฤ…kรณhkฤ… ฤ…katxรกฬจ", "english": "We (plural) are about to help a child. or We (plural) are helping a child (while standing).", "page": 76, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รฐaลพรญฬจฤฏhe paaลกรฉ", "english": "You (plural) are sleeping.", "page": 77 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รณwehci ci hวซbrรญฬจke ลกcรบwฤฏ paaลกรฉ", "english": "You (plural) are buying beans at the store.", "page": 77 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ลกรณฬจke รฐuxรญ apai", "english": "They were chasing dogs yesterday.", "page": 77, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญiลพuuce kลกi mฤ…รฐรญฬจ apai", "english": "They are walking to the river.", "page": 77, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rain_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ รฐe รณhkฤ… akxai", "english": "They are helping that girl.", "page": 77 } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "How do you say this?", "content": "Give the Osage for these short English sentences, choosing the correct aspect markers.\n1.\t I have been singing.\n2.\t You (plural) danced last night.\n3.\t We two bought vegetables yesterday.\n4.\t He is swimming now.\n5.\t We (plural) are about to eat (a meal).\n6.\t Last night you were washing the dishes (w", "page": 80 }, { "number": 2, "title": "How do you say this?", "content": "Give the English for these Osage sentences, including variations in meanings based on\ncontext.\n1.\t ๐“‚ฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜. [รณwe brรบwฤฏ]\n2.\t ๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹อ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ. [hฤ…ฬฤ…ce ฤ…wรกaรฐวซpe]\n3.\t ๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ . [mฤ…ฤ…ลกcรญ รฐaaลกรฉ]\n4.\t ๐““๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜. [ลพรญฬจฤฏhe akxa]\n5.\t ๐“๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ . [waaลกtรณฬจ paaลกรฉ]\n6.\t ๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜", "page": 80 }, { "number": 3, "title": "How do you say this?", "content": "Use the verbs ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ [รณhkฤ…] help and ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชฬ อ˜ [waaรฐรณฬจ] sing to make complete sentences using all\nthe pronoun and aspect forms we have studied so far. Look at the examples for ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke]\nrun and ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [รฐuwรญฬจ] buy for an example of how to do this.", "page": 80 }, { "number": 4, "title": "How do you say this?", "content": "Choose ten of the sentences you wrote in exercise 3 and change them to future tense\nusing hta.\nPlural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker\n81\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“ก๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ\nhรกpa wacรบe\ncornbread (general)\n๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ\nhรญฬจฤฏce\ndishes\n๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ\nรณwe\nvegetables, groceries\n๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ\nhpรกze\nevening\n๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ\ncรฉษฃenii ", "page": 80 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Completive aspect", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 71 }, { "speaker": "Summary", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 74 }, { "speaker": "Continuous aspect", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 74 }, { "speaker": "person plural subjects", "osage": "๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe] and ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ [ฤ…katxรกฬจ].", "apa": "๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe] and ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ [ฤ…katxรกฬจ].", "english": "", "page": 75 }, { "speaker": "Summary", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 77 }, { "speaker": "1.\t ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "osage": "๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ , ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ ๐“ช๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 91 }, { "speaker": "2.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ", "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ , ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 91, "word_audio": { "๐“ฐ๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ani2_0351.wav" } }, { "speaker": "3.\t ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "osage": "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 91, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sun_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "4.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ", "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 91 }, { "speaker": "5.\t ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ , ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ , ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 91 } ], "stats": { "rules": 19, "examples": 40, "exercises": 4, "dialogues": 23 } }, { "id": "strong_stem", "title": "and Strong-Stem Verbs", "page": 83, "sections": [ { "title": "Using question words", "explanation": "Osage question words do not automatically appear at the beginning of a sentence as they do in English. Instead, they appear where the answer would be if the question were turned into a statement. If you ask a question about the subject of a sentence, the question word goes where the subject would go. If you ask about the object, it goes where the object would go, and so on. We illustrate and discuss this in the examples below. Another point is that when asking questions, the subject markers ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜", "page": 83, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬอ˜?", "apa": "nรญhka tรกatฤ… รฐuwรญฬจ", "english": "What did the man buy?", "page": 83, "word_audio": { "๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa hรกpa รฐuwรญฬจ pe", "english": "The man bought corn. it appears right before the verb. Note that this is also the position where ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [tรกatฤ…] appears", "page": 83, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜?", "apa": "tรกatฤ… ลกcรบwฤฏ", "english": "What did you buy?", "page": 84, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Which meat pie do you want?", "explanation": "Using the question words ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [haatxรกฬจci] when (in the past)? and ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ [haatxรกฬจta] when (in the present or future)? As you recall, time expressions come first in a sentence, so ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [haatxรกฬจci] and ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ [haatxรกฬจta] will appear there too. We use ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [haatxรกฬจci] to ask about the past and ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ [haatxรกฬจta] to ask about the present or future.", "page": 86, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬอ˜?", "apa": "nรญhka tรกatฤ… รฐuwรญฬจ", "english": "What did the man buy?", "page": 83, "word_audio": { "๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa hรกpa รฐuwรญฬจ pe", "english": "The man bought corn. it appears right before the verb. Note that this is also the position where ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [tรกatฤ…] appears", "page": 83, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜?", "apa": "tรกatฤ… ลกcรบwฤฏ", "english": "What did you buy?", "page": 84, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "How many squirrels did the man see?", "explanation": "In example 21, we use ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ [hรกanฤ… pa] because the noun phrase squirrels is animate. 88 Chapter 8", "page": 87, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜?", "apa": "tรกatฤ… ลกcรบwฤฏ", "english": "What did you buy?", "page": 84, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“ช๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "niikรกapxoke brรบwฤฏ", "english": "I bought a soda.", "page": 84, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“ช๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Dri26_3461.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ?", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ nรญhka tรกatฤ… รฐuwรญฬจ", "english": "What did the man buy yesterday?", "page": 84, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav", "๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "I-stem verbs", "explanation": "There is an important subgroup of a-รฐa verbs called i-stem verbs. This verb class contains the very important verbs ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [รญe] speak and ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รญiรฐe] see. These are called i-stem verbs because they begin with either a short ๐“ฃ [i] or a long ๐“ฃฬ„ [ii], and we must learn a few important points in order to use this class correctly.", "page": 88, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐuwรญฬจ pe.", "english": "The man bought the car.", "page": 85 }, { "osage": "๐“„๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“˜?", "apa": "pรฉe haxฤฏ kรณฬจรฐa", "english": "Who wants the blanket?", "page": 85, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blanket_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "haxรญ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want the blanket. When ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [pรฉe] is the object, as in 8a and 9, it goes in the objectโ€™s usual place, right before the verb. Please note that formal English distinguishes between who and whom, as in 8a and 9,", "page": 85, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blanket_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Singular I and you pronouns", "explanation": "First, like the o-verbs that we studied in chapter 5, we place the pronouns for I and you inside of i-stem verbs, just after the i-sound. The next thing we need to know is that we use the same pronoun, ๐“ต๐“˜ [รฐa], for the first- and second-person singular pronouns, I and you. Even though we use the same pronoun, we can tell these forms apart by where the accent falls. For example, in ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ [iรฐรกe] I speak, the second syllable is accented, and in ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“Ÿ [รญรฐae] you speak, the accent stays on the ๐“ฃฬ [", "page": 88, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐuwรญฬจ pe.", "english": "The man bought the car.", "page": 85 }, { "osage": "๐“„๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“˜?", "apa": "pรฉe haxฤฏ kรณฬจรฐa", "english": "Who wants the blanket?", "page": 85, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blanket_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "haxรญ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want the blanket. When ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [pรฉe] is the object, as in 8a and 9, it goes in the objectโ€™s usual place, right before the verb. Please note that formal English distinguishes between who and whom, as in 8a and 9,", "page": 85, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blanket_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "We two, we plural, and you plural pronouns", "explanation": "In the forms for we two and we plural, the pronoun is ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ [ฤ…nรกฬจ]. It replaces the ๐“ฃ [i] (or ๐“ฃฬ„ [ii]) at the start of the verb. For example, we two speak, from ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [รญe], is said as ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ [ฤ…nรกฬจe] and we (plural) speak is said as ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [ฤ…nรกฬจepe]. For you plural, we add ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] to the you singular form; ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“Ÿ [รญรฐae] you (singular) speak becomes ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“Ÿ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [รญรฐaepe] you (plural) speak. These verbs will still need their aspect markers when relevant. Here are the forms for ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [รญe] speak in ", "page": 89, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka apa ลพรกฬจฤ… ci ลพวซhpรกleze ocรฉ apai", "english": "The man is hunting quail in the forest.", "page": 86, "word_audio": { "๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“บ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Des18_2511.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ ลกรณฬจke howรกฤฏki รญiรฐe", "english": "Where did the child see the dog?", "page": 86, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "htรกa howรกฤฏki รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "Where did you see the deer? The question word ๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ [hรณwa] which needs to go with a noun, as in which boy or which dog.", "page": 86 } ] }, { "title": "Continuous forms", "explanation": "๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ iiรฐรกรฐe mฤฏkลกรฉ I see ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ iiรฐรกรฐe ฤ…hรฉ ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ iiรฐรกรฐe ฤ…txฤ…hรฉ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ รญiรฐaรฐe nฤฏkลกรฉ you see ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ รญiรฐaรฐe รฐฤ…ฤ…ลกรฉ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ รญiรฐaรฐe รฐatxฤ…ฬลกe ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ รญiรฐaรฐe ลพฤ…ฬkลกe ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ รญiรฐaรฐe paaลกรฉ you (plural) see ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™ รญiรฐe akxai he (or she or they) sees ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ รญiรฐe apai ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ ฤ…nรกฬจรฐe ฤ…รฐรฉ we two see ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ฤ…nรกฬจรฐe ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜ฬ ฤ…nรกฬจรฐe ฤ…txรก ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ฤ…nรกฬจรฐe ฤ…kรกรฐe we (plural) see ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ", "page": 90, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ?", "apa": "haatxรกฬจta waabrรณฬจ", "english": "When do I sing?", "page": 87 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "mรญฬจฤฏoรฐaake tรณopa ci waaลกtรณฬจ hta nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You sing at 4:00. or You will sing at 4:00.", "page": 87 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ชฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜?", "apa": "haatxรกฬจci รณnวซbre ลกcรบwฤฏ", "english": "When did you buy food?", "page": 87 } ] }, { "title": "Strong-stem verbs", "explanation": "Another important class of verb is the strong-stem class. This class contains useful verbs that we need for everyday speech. Question Words, I-Stem Verbs, and Strong-Stem Verbs 91 In this class, if the first sound is ๐“ฌ, ๐“ฐ, ๐“ค [p, t, k], then the subject pronouns for I and you (singular) change. The subject pronoun for first-person singular I is ๐“ก [h], and the subject pro- noun for second-person singular you is ๐“ฏ [ลก]. Both pronouns appear at the beginning of the verb, as shown below. Note that the", "page": 90, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ?", "apa": "haatxรกฬจta waabrรณฬจ", "english": "When do I sing?", "page": 87 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "mรญฬจฤฏoรฐaake tรณopa ci waaลกtรณฬจ hta nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You sing at 4:00. or You will sing at 4:00.", "page": 87 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ชฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜?", "apa": "haatxรกฬจci รณnวซbre ลกcรบwฤฏ", "english": "When did you buy food?", "page": 87 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs that belong to two classes", "explanation": "๐’ปฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ [รญpahวซ] know and ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] want Recall from chapter 5 that some verbs belong to two classes. This means that they will use pronouns from both classes at the same time. ๐’ปฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ [รญpahวซ] know and ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] want are strong-stem verbs that also belong to other classes. ๐’ปฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ [รญpahวซ] know The verb ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ [รญpahวซ] know belongs to both the i-stem and the strong-stem verb classes. We use the ๐“ก [h] and ๐“ฏ [ลก] pronouns from the strong-stem class, but place them after the ๐“ฃ [i] and ", "page": 91, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ถฬ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "wapรบลกka hรกanฤ… ลกcรบwฤฏpe", "english": "How many beads did you (plural) buy? The question word ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ [hรกakวซ] can generally be used where we would use how in English. This kind of question is usually answered with several sentences, something you will get better", "page": 88 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿโ€œcornโ€ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "hรกakวซ ลกtรกace โ€œcornโ€ waลพรกลพe รญe", "english": "How do you say โ€œcornโ€ in Osage?", "page": 88, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“ชอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/why_whats_going_on_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹๐“น๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "hรกakวซ htรณoลพu ลกkรกaษฃe", "english": "How do you make meat pies? The question word ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜๐“ฐ๐“˜ [hรกakวซta] why? will generally come first in a sentence.", "page": 88, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“ชอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/why_whats_going_on_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“œ๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ brรณka dollar ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ haaskรกmฤฏ shawl 94 Chapter 8 ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ mรกฬจzeska money ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ nรกฬจษฃe kรญpลกe ice cream ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ nรกฬจษฃe paazรฉnii ice cream ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“Ÿ niikรกapxohke soda, pop ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ oรฐรญhtฤ… car ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“คโ€™๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“ฃ oรฐรญhtฤ… kโ€™รกฬจsaaki train ๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ hpรฉece ลพรกฬจฤ… firewood ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ถ hpรญsu acorns ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ sรญฬจka squirrel ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ wahkรณฬจtahci church ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ถฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ wapรบลกka beads ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ watรณฬจehci store ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ watรณฬจฤฏhci store (variant) ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ wรฉhkilฤฏ dress ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“ช๐“Ÿ ลพรก", "page": 93, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…รฐe waachรญ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to dance tonight.", "page": 92 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜?", "apa": "wรฉhkilฤฏ okรญhpaahฤ… ลกkรณฬจลกta", "english": "Do you want to dress? the basic brush pattern, so no new changes are needed. We use ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] in sentences with both nouns and verbs. Verbs do not need any special", "page": 92 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "wacรบe hkรณฬจbra mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I want bread.", "page": 92 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ hรณohtฤ… (a-รฐa) shout, bark, howl ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ รญpahวซ (i-stem, strong)\t know ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ iรฐรกhpe (i-stem) wait, wait for ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รญiรฐe (i-stem) find, see ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“˜ รญixa (i-stem) laugh ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ kรณฬจรฐa (strong, br-ลกc) want ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿฬ paasรฉ (strong-stem) cut (something up) ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ tรณฬจpe (strong-stem) watch, look at", "page": 94, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…รฐe waachรญ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to dance tonight.", "page": 92 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜?", "apa": "wรฉhkilฤฏ okรญhpaahฤ… ลกkรณฬจลกta", "english": "Do you want to dress? the basic brush pattern, so no new changes are needed. We use ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] in sentences with both nouns and verbs. Verbs do not need any special", "page": 92 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "wacรบe hkรณฬจbra mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I want bread.", "page": 92 } ] }, { "title": "Question words", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ hรกakวซ how? ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜๐“ฐ๐“˜ hรกakวซta why? ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ hรกanฤ… how many? ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ haatxรกฬจta when (in the present or future)? ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ haatxรกฬจci when (in the past)? ๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ hรณwa which? ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ howรกฤฏki where? ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ pรฉe who? ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ tรกatฤ… what? Question Words, I-Stem Verbs, and Strong-Stem Verbs 95", "page": 94, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…รฐe waachรญ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to dance tonight.", "page": 92 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜?", "apa": "wรฉhkilฤฏ okรญhpaahฤ… ลกkรณฬจลกta", "english": "Do you want to dress? the basic brush pattern, so no new changes are needed. We use ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] in sentences with both nouns and verbs. Verbs do not need any special", "page": 92 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "wacรบe hkรณฬจbra mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I want bread.", "page": 92 } ] }, { "title": "6.\t First daughter: Good!", "explanation": "7.\t First son: I really like that! 8.\t Second daughter: What time will we go? 9.\t Mother: When itโ€™s 4:00, we will leave. Supper is at 5:00. 10.\t Father: Everybody be ready. As can be seen from this dialogue, eating is an important part of the dances. Getting to eat with someone who plays an important role in the dances, like the drumkeeper, would make the day even more special. Chapter 9", "page": 105 } ], "examples": [], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Give the English meaning for this short story", "content": "๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™. ๐“๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.\nโ€œ๐“๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?โ€\nโ€œ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“บ๐“ฃ. ๐“๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .โ€\nQuestion Words, I-Stem Verbs, and Strong-Stem Verbs\n93\nโ€œ๐’น๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ?โ€\nโ€œ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .โ€", "page": 92 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Using i-stem verbs", "content": "๐’ปฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“˜ [รญixa] laugh is an i-stem verb. Look at the section on i-stem verbs above and give the\nforms for I laugh, you laugh, she laughs, we two laugh, we (plural) laugh, you (plural) laugh,\nand they laugh.", "page": 93 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Using strong-stem verbs", "content": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ [kรกaษฃe] make is a strong-stem verb. Look at the section on strong-stem verbs above and\ngive the forms for I make, you make, she makes, we two make, we (plural) make, you (plural)\nmake, and they make.", "page": 93 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Question words", "content": "Use the examples presented above as a model to form a question for each of the question\nwords listed here: ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [tรกatฤ…] what?, ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [pรฉe] who?, ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ [howรกฤฏki] where?, ๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ [hรณwa]\nwhich?, ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [haatxรกฬจci] when (in the past)?, ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ [haatxรกฬจta] when (in the present or\nfuture)?, ", "page": 93 }, { "number": 5, "title": "๐’ผ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] want", "content": "Review the section on ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] and then put the following sentences into Osage.\n1.\t I want to bathe.\n2.\t Do you (singular) want to talk?\n3.\t He wants to buy bacon.\n4.\t We (plural) want to drink coffee.\n5.\t They want to laugh.\n6.\t I want a car.\n7.\t You (singular) want firewood.\n8.\t She wants a", "page": 93 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "You sing at 4", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 87 }, { "speaker": "or You will sing at 4", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 87 }, { "speaker": "words listed here", "osage": "๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [tรกatฤ…] what?, ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [pรฉe] who?, ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ [howรกฤฏki] where?, ๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ [hรณwa]", "apa": "๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [tรกatฤ…] what?, ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [pรฉe] who?, ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ [howรกฤฏki] where?, ๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ [hรณwa]", "english": "", "page": 93 }, { "speaker": "2.\t ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "osage": "๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃ. ๐’น๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 105, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/elder_sr.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "3.\t ๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜", "osage": "๐“‹๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“บ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฒ๐“ชฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ป๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 105 }, { "speaker": "4.\t ๐’ปฬ ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ญ๐“˜", "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 105, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "5.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 105 }, { "speaker": "6.\t ๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜", "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜!", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 105 }, { "speaker": "7.\t ๐’ปฬ ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ญ๐“˜", "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“ก๐“ชฬ„ !", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 105, "word_audio": { "อ˜๐“ก๐“ชฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "8.\t ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "osage": "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 105, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sun_hl.mp3" } } ], "stats": { "rules": 13, "examples": 42, "exercises": 5, "dialogues": 21 } }, { "id": "object_pronouns", "title": "Object Pronouns", "page": 97, "sections": [ { "title": "Object pronouns", "explanation": "Since the object pronouns have many forms, we will introduce them one by one before making a table of them. Some pronouns will have special forms. Just like the subject pronouns, Osage object pronouns usually appear at the beginning of the verb. If the subject pronoun would be placed inside the verb, like with ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ [รณhkฤ…] help, the object pronoun will appear in the same place the subject pronoun would go. To help make these points clear, the object pronouns have been bolded in the examples bel", "page": 97, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa ฤ…tรณฬจpe akxai", "english": "My father was watching me. The verb ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ [รณhkฤ…] help infixes pronouns (see chapter 5.) Notice the difference in sen- the accent stays on the ๐“ชฬ [o] of the verb with the object pronoun in 2a but moves to the subject", "page": 97 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ชฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iihkรณ akxa รณฤ…hkฤ… pe", "english": "My grandmother helped me.", "page": 97 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "iihkรณ oรกhkฤ…", "english": "I helped my grandmother. The object pronoun ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi] you", "page": 97 } ] }, { "title": "Singular third-person objects: him, her, it", "explanation": "Just as we do not have a pronoun for third-person singular subjects, we do not have a pronoun that goes on the verb for third-person singular objects like him, her, or it. This is very different from English, and it can be confusing. Usually, context allows us to understand the meaning. But there are also two common ways to clarify the meaning of a sentence with a third-person singular object, and we will show them below. Letโ€™s begin with a full sentence, one with both a subject and object, and ", "page": 98, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa ฤ…tรณฬจpe akxai", "english": "My father was watching me. The verb ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ [รณhkฤ…] help infixes pronouns (see chapter 5.) Notice the difference in sen- the accent stays on the ๐“ชฬ [o] of the verb with the object pronoun in 2a but moves to the subject", "page": 97 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ชฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iihkรณ akxa รณฤ…hkฤ… pe", "english": "My grandmother helped me.", "page": 97 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "iihkรณ oรกhkฤ…", "english": "I helped my grandmother. The object pronoun ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi] you", "page": 97 } ] }, { "title": "Plural object pronouns", "explanation": "Osage pronouns for plural objects are more complicated than the singular forms. The pronouns for plural you and us consist of two parts, one that appears at the beginning of the verb and one at the end. For example, the pronoun for us has ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] before the verb and ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [api] after the verb. An additional complication, particularly when we use both subject and object pronouns together, is that there are multiple meanings possible. Some meanings can be distinguished by using different aspect mark", "page": 99, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa ฤ…tรณฬจpe akxai", "english": "My father was watching me. The verb ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ [รณhkฤ…] help infixes pronouns (see chapter 5.) Notice the difference in sen- the accent stays on the ๐“ชฬ [o] of the verb with the object pronoun in 2a but moves to the subject", "page": 97 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ชฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iihkรณ akxa รณฤ…hkฤ… pe", "english": "My grandmother helped me.", "page": 97 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "iihkรณ oรกhkฤ…", "english": "I helped my grandmother. The object pronoun ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi] you", "page": 97 } ] }, { "title": "Special forms", "explanation": "When any ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] pronoun, accented or unaccented, appears on a verb that begins with the sound ๐“ฃ [i] (an i-stem verb, see chapter 8), it will change to ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ [wรฉ] and the ๐“ฃ [i] disappears. (If the i-sound is long, then we use ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ‹ [wรฉe].) We show this with the common verb ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รญiรฐe] see. The distinction between a plural object and the indefinite can only be made by context.", "page": 101, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐiihรณฬจ apa รณรฐihkฤ… apai.", "english": "Your mother is helping you.", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p09bvo02bcr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "The woman helped a child.", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav", "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "She helped a child. we have two options. We can put something in the object position, as in 5c. Most often this", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Using subject and object pronouns together", "explanation": "Now that we have both subject and object pronouns, we can begin to say very important things like I see you and you are helping us. You may have already wondered, if both the subject pronouns and the object pronouns are placed right before the verb root, what will happen if we need to use both of them?", "page": 101, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐiihรณฬจ apa รณรฐihkฤ… apai.", "english": "Your mother is helping you.", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p09bvo02bcr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "The woman helped a child.", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav", "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "She helped a child. we have two options. We can put something in the object position, as in 5c. Most often this", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Order of pronouns", "explanation": "Even though Osage places the subject before the object in a sentence, the usual order of the pronouns on the verb is object, subject. However, there are several special cases that we will also examine.", "page": 101, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐiihรณฬจ apa รณรฐihkฤ… apai.", "english": "Your mother is helping you.", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p09bvo02bcr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "The woman helped a child.", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav", "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "She helped a child. we have two options. We can put something in the object position, as in 5c. Most often this", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "You-me: you (subject)โ€”me (object)", "explanation": "We have highlighted the pronouns to show how the object ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] me comes before the subject ๐“ต๐“˜ [รฐa] you.", "page": 101, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐiihรณฬจ apa รณรฐihkฤ… apai.", "english": "Your mother is helping you.", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p09bvo02bcr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "The woman helped a child.", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav", "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wฤฏ รณhkฤ… pe", "english": "She helped a child. we have two options. We can put something in the object position, as in 5c. Most often this", "page": 98, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "A special form for me", "explanation": "When a verb is in the i-stem class, like ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ [รญpahวซ] know and ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รญiรฐe] see, it will have a special form for the me pronoun: ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ [ฤ…nรกฬจ]. This pronoun will also cause the initial ๐“ฃ [i] to be deleted.", "page": 102, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa รณwahkฤ…pi hta apai", "english": "My father will help us.", "page": 99 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iinรกฬจ akxa wanฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpe (not [wanฤ…ฬk'วซpi pe].)", "english": "Mother heard about us. When we use continuous aspect as in example 8, the aspect markers will tell us what the", "page": 99 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce iinรกฬจ akxa wanฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpi akxai", "english": "Now Mother hears us. We make you plural with ๐“ต๐“ฃ .ย .ย . ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [รฐi .ย .ย . api]. ๐“๐“ฃ [รฐi] appears in the place where pro-", "page": 100 } ] }, { "title": "Right now I see you (singular or plural).", "explanation": "Object Pronouns 103 When we have brush verbs, we use both ๐“ท๐“ฃ [wi] and the ๐“œ [br] pronoun.", "page": 102, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa รณwahkฤ…pi hta apai", "english": "My father will help us.", "page": 99 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iinรกฬจ akxa wanฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpe (not [wanฤ…ฬk'วซpi pe].)", "english": "Mother heard about us. When we use continuous aspect as in example 8, the aspect markers will tell us what the", "page": 99 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce iinรกฬจ akxa wanฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpi akxai", "english": "Now Mother hears us. We make you plural with ๐“ต๐“ฃ .ย .ย . ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [รฐi .ย .ย . api]. ๐“๐“ฃ [รฐi] appears in the place where pro-", "page": 100 } ] }, { "title": "I hugged you (singular or plural).", "explanation": "Similarly, strong-stem verbs use both ๐“ท๐“ฃ [wi] and the ๐“ก [h] pronoun.", "page": 103, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce iinรกฬจ akxa wanฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpi akxai", "english": "Now Mother hears us. We make you plural with ๐“ต๐“ฃ .ย .ย . ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [รฐi .ย .ย . api]. ๐“๐“ฃ [รฐi] appears in the place where pro-", "page": 100 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iinรกฬจ akxa รฐinฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpe", "english": "Mother heard you (plural).", "page": 100 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "iinรกฬจ akxa รฐinฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpi akxai", "english": "Mother hears you (plural). an accent. How can we tell the difference between this and the unaccented ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] we dis-", "page": 100 } ] }, { "title": "Plural forms you-us and you-them", "explanation": "The plural object for us, ๐“ท๐“˜ .ย .ย . ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [wa .ย .ย . api], appears in its full form in continuous aspect. The you subject-marker, ๐“ต๐“˜ [รฐa], stays unchanged.", "page": 103, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce iinรกฬจ akxa wanฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpi akxai", "english": "Now Mother hears us. We make you plural with ๐“ต๐“ฃ .ย .ย . ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [รฐi .ย .ย . api]. ๐“๐“ฃ [รฐi] appears in the place where pro-", "page": 100 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iinรกฬจ akxa รฐinฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpe", "english": "Mother heard you (plural).", "page": 100 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "iinรกฬจ akxa รฐinฤ…ฬk'วซฬจpi akxai", "english": "Mother hears you (plural). an accent. How can we tell the difference between this and the unaccented ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] we dis-", "page": 100 } ] }, { "title": "Plural forms: using we and you", "explanation": "Recall that the subject pronoun for we is ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] or ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…]. This means that it can be confused with ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] me. But one way that Osage handles this problem is to change the rule about the object pronoun coming before the subject. When the subject is we, ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] or one of its variants will come first, before the object pronoun, except when that pronoun is ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa], as we will see below. In many, but not all, verbs with infixed pronouns, ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค [ฤ…k] will appear first, as we see in examples 26โ€“27, wi", "page": 104, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "sรณฬจke apa wรฉeรฐe apai", "english": "The dog sees them. or The dog sees stuff.", "page": 101, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka apa wรฉeรฐe apai", "english": "The man sees them. or The man sees stuff.", "page": 101 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜?", "apa": "ฤ…รฐรกnฤ…kโ€™วซ", "english": "Did you hear me?", "page": 101 } ] }, { "title": "We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).", "explanation": "In completive aspect, we have a problem in interpreting example 26b. Because we can only have one ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] on the verb, and because you plural is ๐“ต๐“ฃ .ย .ย . ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [รฐi .ย .ย . api], we will have to use context to know if this verb means we two helped you (plural), we (plural) helped you (singular), or we (plural) helped you (plural). We do not have this problem in continuous aspect because the aspect marker tells us what the subject is. Remember that continuous aspect markers come in several variations;", "page": 104, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "sรณฬจke apa wรฉeรฐe apai", "english": "The dog sees them. or The dog sees stuff.", "page": 101, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka apa wรฉeรฐe apai", "english": "The man sees them. or The man sees stuff.", "page": 101 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜?", "apa": "ฤ…รฐรกnฤ…kโ€™วซ", "english": "Did you hear me?", "page": 101 } ] }, { "title": "Plural forms: using you plural", "explanation": "We have a similar pattern for you plural pronouns. When either the subject or object is plural, ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [api] or its completive form ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] will appear on the verb. In completive aspect, context will determine the meaning of the verb when we have ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] and ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi] as well as ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe], as in example 30b.", "page": 106, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "owรญbrฤฏฤฏke", "english": "", "page": 103 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "iwรญhpahวซ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 103 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hฤ…ฬฤ…pa รฐe owaรฐรกhkฤ…pi nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Today you are helping us (plural).", "page": 103 } ] }, { "title": "We heard you (plural).", "explanation": "With the right context, 30b could also mean we heard you (singular). However, without such a context, the meaning you plural is usually the first meaning to come to mind for Osage speakers. In continuous aspect, the aspect marker will always tell us what the subject is.", "page": 106, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "owรญbrฤฏฤฏke", "english": "", "page": 103 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "iwรญhpahวซ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 103 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hฤ…ฬฤ…pa รฐe owaรฐรกhkฤ…pi nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Today you are helping us (plural).", "page": 103 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ช๐“Ÿ\t รกnฤ…ฤ…hkoe floor, porch ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ hรกฬจฤ… night ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ hรกฬจฤ…pa day ๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ hรณohtฤ… animal noise 108 Chapter 9 ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“˜ kรกxa creek ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜\t lวซวซhรณohtฤ… thunder ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ mรกฬจฤ…ษฃe weather ๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ nรกฬจษฃe ice ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถ nรญiลพu rain ๐“ช๐“ฌโ€™๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ opโ€™รกฬจรฐa steam, fog on water ๐“ช๐“ป๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ oลพรฉhci bathroom ๐“ฌ๐“˜ pa snow ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“˜ hcรญohka room ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ wahรบ bone", "page": 107, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wรฉeรฐapi apai", "english": "He sees us.", "page": 104 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณรฐihkฤ…", "english": "", "page": 104 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณรฐihkฤ…pe", "english": "", "page": 104 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ hkoopลกรฉ (a-รฐa) run away, flee ๐“ช๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ohpรฉ (a-รฐa) enter, go in ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ถ\t รฐuuwรกsu (br-ลกc) clean, clean up", "page": 108, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณรฐihkฤ…pi ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "We two (dual) are helping you (plural).", "page": 105 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณรฐihkฤ…pi ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We (plural) have been helping you (plural). A second complication with ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] is that it means both we and me. With many verbs, the", "page": 105 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ pe", "english": "He heard me.", "page": 105 } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ nรณฬจวซ old, elderly ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“˜\t wahรณkโ€™a young", "page": 108, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณรฐihkฤ…pi ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "We two (dual) are helping you (plural).", "page": 105 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณรฐihkฤ…pi ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We (plural) have been helping you (plural). A second complication with ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] is that it means both we and me. With many verbs, the", "page": 105 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ pe", "english": "He heard me.", "page": 105 } ] }, { "title": "Other", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ก๐“˜ รกlฤฏฤฏha afterward ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“˜ mรญฬจฤฏวซpa รกhkiha next month ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ mรญฬจฤฏoรฐaake clock, oโ€™clock, time of day (literally sun tells it) ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜\t mรญฬจฤฏoรฐaake hรกanฤ…\t what time?", "page": 108, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณรฐihkฤ…pi ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "We two (dual) are helping you (plural).", "page": 105 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณรฐihkฤ…pi ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We (plural) have been helping you (plural). A second complication with ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] is that it means both we and me. With many verbs, the", "page": 105 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ pe", "english": "He heard me.", "page": 105 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "oรกฬจลกcฤฏฤฏke", "english": "You hugged me.", "page": 102 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "ฤ…ลกtวซฬpe nฤฏkลกรฉ (or, in place of [nฤฏkลกรฉ], another form of continuous aspect)", "english": "Youโ€™re looking at me.", "page": 102 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจรฐaรฐe", "english": "You see me.", "page": 102 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจลกpahวซ", "english": "You know me.", "page": 102 }, { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ owรญhkฤ…", "english": "", "page": 102, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "\u0007รฐekรณฬจวซce รญiwiรฐe mฤฏkลกรฉ (or, in place of [mฤฏkลกรฉ], another form of continuous", "english": "aspect)", "page": 102, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ani2_0361.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce ฤ…nรกฬจรฐe ฤ…katxรกฬจ", "english": "Now we see him.", "page": 106 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…รฐรกnฤ…kโ€™วซpe", "english": "", "page": 106 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…รฐรญnฤ…kโ€™วซฬpe", "english": "", "page": 106 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…รฐรญnฤ…kโ€™วซpi ฤ…katxรกฬจ", "english": "We hear you (plural). and that ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] can also be the first part of the pronoun for us, ๐“ท๐“˜ .ย .ย . ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [wa .ย .ย . api]. If ๐“ท๐“˜", "page": 106 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wรฉeรฐa pe", "english": "They (or he or she) saw stuff. or They (or he or she) saw them.", "page": 106 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wรฉeรฐape", "english": "They (or he or she) saw us.", "page": 106 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "wรฉeรฐapi apa", "english": "They (or he or she) see us.", "page": 107 } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Give the English meaning for this short story", "content": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ. ๐“‡\n๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.\nโ€œ๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ! ๐“๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜? ๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜?โ€\nโ€œ๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“œ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.โ€\n๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.\nโ€œ๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜!โ€", "page": 107 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Singular object pronouns", "content": "Look at sentences 1โ€“5. Now use the verb ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ [ocรฉ] look for, and make sentences using all the\nsingular object pronouns.", "page": 107 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Plural objects pronouns", "content": "Look at sentences 6โ€“13. Use the verb ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ [ocรฉ] look for, or ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ อ˜ [รฐuwรญฬห›] buy, and make sen-\ntences using all the plural object pronouns.", "page": 107 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Subject and object pronouns", "content": "Look at sentences 14โ€“29. Using the verb ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ [nฤ…kโ€™รณฬจ] hear (a-รฐa), make the following\nsentences:\n1.\t I hear you.\n2.\t You hear me.\n3.\t We hear you (plural).\n4.\t You hear us.\n5.\tYou hear them.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ช๐“Ÿ\t รกnฤ…ฤ…hkoe\nfloor, porch\n๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹\nhรกฬจฤ…\nnight\n๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜\nhรกฬจฤ…pa\nday\n๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜\nhรณohtฤ…\nanimal noi", "page": 107 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Singular third-person objects", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 98 }, { "speaker": "You-me", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "you (subject)โ€”me (object)", "page": 101 }, { "speaker": "Plural forms", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 104 }, { "speaker": "Plural forms", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 106 }, { "speaker": "sentences", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 107 }, { "speaker": "1.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ", "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 118 }, { "speaker": "2.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“™.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 118 }, { "speaker": "3.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ", "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“™ฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 118, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blanket_hl.mp3", "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/white_sr.mp3", "๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Out5_0851.wav" } }, { "speaker": "4.\t ๐’ป๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜, ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ธ๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 118 }, { "speaker": "5.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ", "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 118 } ], "stats": { "rules": 19, "examples": 57, "exercises": 4, "dialogues": 31 } }, { "id": "stative_verbs", "title": "Stative Verbs", "page": 110, "sections": [ { "title": "Stative verbs", "explanation": "Let us start by looking at a stative verb with a named subject, the woman. Here are example sentences that show the set of forms for the verb ๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ [hรบheka] be sick.", "page": 110, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa hรบheka akxai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ apa hรบheka apai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Stative verbs and continuous aspect markers", "explanation": "Sometimes verbs are not used with an aspect marker. In chapter 5, when we used first- and sec- ond-person pronouns, the completive aspect is assumed and does not need to be included. With stative verbs, if we donโ€™t use an aspect marker with first- or second-person subjects (I, we two, we plural, you singular, or you plural), then we understand the aspect to be continuous. If we do use an aspect marker, we add different nuances to the sentence. When we use an aspect marker, we take advantage of t", "page": 111, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa hรบheka akxai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ apa hรบheka apai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "or I have been sick.", "explanation": "In 2c, someone might say this if speaking on the phone where she canโ€™t be seen and wants to indicate that sheโ€™s still able to walk around. As we already learned, using ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ [ฤ…hรฉ] could also be interpreted as have been, as in I have been sick.", "page": 111, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa hรบheka akxai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ apa hรบheka apai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Plural subjects with stative verbs", "explanation": "With plurals, the Osage language takes advantage of the fact that aspect markers give us infor- mation about number. This is what allows us to distinguish, for example, plural you from singular you. ๐“๐“ฃ [รฐi] is the stative pronoun we use for you singular and for you plural. As we saw above, if we do not use a continuous aspect marker with ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi] as in example 3a, we under- stand that the aspect is continuous and that the subject is you singular. However, when we add the plural continuous aspect ", "page": 111, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa hรบheka akxai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ apa hรบheka apai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "You (plural) are sick.", "explanation": "In short, we tell the difference between singular and plural you by the presence of the aspect marker ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [paaลกรฉ]. In 4a and 4b, we tell the difference between dual and plural we by the aspect markers ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ [ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ] for dual and ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe] for plural. Note that the aspect for sitting will be the one we typically use for stative verbs. See chapter 6.", "page": 112, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa hรบheka akxai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ apa hรบheka apai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "We (plural) are sick.", "explanation": "Example 5 shows again the use of the โ€œstandingโ€ version of first-person plural ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“™ฬ [ฤ…katxรกi] to show position. This might be said in a context where several people are waiting in line to get into a clinic, and we want to emphasize that they are standing.", "page": 112, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa hรบheka akxai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ apa hรบheka apai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "I-stem stative verbs", "explanation": "Stative verbs like ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“บ๐“Ÿ [รญpuze] be thirsty have the same special pronoun forms as the other i-stem verbs (see chapter 8). Again, we have bolded the pronouns and aspect markers below to show how to use i-stem verbs.", "page": 113, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa hรบheka akxai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ apa hรบheka apai", "english": "The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.", "page": 110, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Words for feelings", "explanation": "Osage has several words that mean things such as like, love, enjoy, feel good. Some of them are synonyms, meaning we can use whichever we choose and the meaning will be pretty much the same. Others have more special meanings.", "page": 114, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka mฤฏkลกรฉ.", "english": "I am sitting here sick. the subjectโ€”sitting.", "page": 111, "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "I am sick while moving around.", "page": 111, "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Ki-stative verbs", "explanation": "Many words about feelings belong to a verb class called ki-statives. We will study ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ [kiรฐรกlฤฏ], ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ [kรญhวซวซ], ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“บ๐“ช [kรญzo], and ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ [kรญoxta]. With ki-stative verbs, we only include the ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ki] syllable for third-person subjects. First- and second-person subjects delete this syllable and use the usual stative subject markers. ๐’ผ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ [kiรฐรกlฤฏ] be pleased, feel good, like This stative verb can be used in a general way to include being pleased about something, liking to do somethi", "page": 114, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka", "english": "I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition", "page": 111, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav", "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka mฤฏkลกรฉ.", "english": "I am sitting here sick. the subjectโ€”sitting.", "page": 111, "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…hรบheka ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "I am sick while moving around.", "page": 111, "word_audio": { "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Gre40_5141.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "He/she/they had fun.", "explanation": "116 Chapter 10 ๐’ผ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ [kรญoxta] cherish, love, like (especially in family relationships) This verb is used to talk about human relationships. It is not used to talk about things. This means that sometimes both the subject and the object take object pronounsโ€”for instance, I love you in 26. In this case we use the pronoun ๐“ท๐“ฃ [wi] I-you (see chapter 9).", "page": 115, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐihรบheka", "english": "", "page": 112 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รฐihรบheka paaลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 112 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "wahรบheka ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "We two are sick.", "page": 112 } ] }, { "title": "Using just the aspect marker with common stative verbs", "explanation": "In casual conversation you may hear Osage speakers use the continuous aspect marker by itself, without the pronoun, for very common expressions such as Iโ€™m hungry or Iโ€™m thirsty. Because the aspect marker tells us the subject and stative verbs are most often in continuous aspect, this is a shorter way to say things in conversation.", "page": 117, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจpuze mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am thirsty (sitting).", "page": 114 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“บ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รญรฐipuze", "english": "You are thirsty.", "page": 114 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รญรฐipuze nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You are thirsty (sitting).", "page": 114 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹ hรญi teeth ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ hรญihkฤ… ankle ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ nฤ…nรบhu tobacco ๐“ญ๐“˜ hpa nose ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ hpahรบ hair ๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ‹ sรญi foot ๐“ฏ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ลกรกake hand ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ tรณoce throat ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ hcรฉze stomach ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃ wรฉeli head ๐“ป๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ลพekรก leg", "page": 118, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "htรกa รฐaachรฉ kiรฐรกlฤฏ pe", "english": "He (or she) likes to eat meat.", "page": 115 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜?", "apa": "waลกรญฬจ รฐรญรฐalฤฏ", "english": "Do you like bacon?", "page": 115, "word_audio": { "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2361.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ, ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…hkaลพi hkรกฬจฤ…ce รกฬจรฐalฤฏ", "english": "No, I like fruit. This verb is a synonym of ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ [kรญรฐalฤฏ] and is also a ki-stative verb.", "page": 115, "word_audio": { "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2361.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ hรบheka (stative) be sick ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ kรญhวซวซ (ki-stative) like, like to do things ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ kรญoxta (ki-stative) like or love someone ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿ kitฤ…ฬhe (a-รฐa) get better ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ kiรฐรกlฤฏ (ki-stative) be glad, be pleased, like ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“บ๐“ช kรญzo (ki-stative) enjoy, like Stative Verbs 119 ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ nรญe (stative) be hurt, in pain ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ nรญhce (stative) be cold ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ก๐“ฃ nวซhpรฉhi (stative) be hungry ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ hpรญiลพi (stative) bad, feel bad ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ tฤ…hรฉ (stative) be fine", "page": 118, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "htรกa รฐaachรฉ kiรฐรกlฤฏ pe", "english": "He (or she) likes to eat meat.", "page": 115 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜?", "apa": "waลกรญฬจ รฐรญรฐalฤฏ", "english": "Do you like bacon?", "page": 115, "word_audio": { "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2361.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ, ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…hkaลพi hkรกฬจฤ…ce รกฬจรฐalฤฏ", "english": "No, I like fruit. This verb is a synonym of ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ [kรญรฐalฤฏ] and is also a ki-stative verb.", "page": 115, "word_audio": { "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2361.wav" } } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃ.", "apa": "nวซhpรฉฤ…hi", "english": "I am hungry.", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ช๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "nวซhpรฉฤ…hi mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am hungry (sitting).", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“ฃ.", "apa": "nวซhpรฉรฐihi", "english": "You are hungry.", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“ฃ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "nวซhpรฉรฐihi nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You are hungry (sitting).", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“ฃ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "nวซhpรฉรฐihi paaลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "nวซhpรฉwahi ฤ…รฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "We two are hungry.", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nวซhpรฉwahi ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We (plural) are hungry.", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญฤ…hce", "english": "I am cold.", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "nรญฤ…hce mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I am cold (sitting).", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "nรญฤ…hce ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญwahce ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“™ฬ.", "apa": "nรญwahce ฤ…katxรกi", "english": "", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“บ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…nรกฬจpuze", "english": "I am thirsty.", "page": 113 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜.", "apa": "wรญoxta", "english": "I love you.", "page": 116 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜.", "apa": "รกฬจรฐioxta", "english": "You love me.", "page": 116 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iihรณฬจ kรญoxta pe.", "english": "He (or she or they) loves his (or her or their) mother.", "page": 116, "word_audio": { "๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2331.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“ชฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "tรณoce ฤ…nรญe", "english": "", "page": 116, "word_audio": { "๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2381.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "ลพekรก รฐinรญe", "english": "Does your leg hurt?", "page": 116, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Bod12_1731.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ, ๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…hkaลพi sรญi ฤ…nรญe", "english": "No, my foot hurts.", "page": 116, "word_audio": { "๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2381.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "iinรกฬจ akxa wรฉeli nรญe akxai", "english": "My motherโ€™s head hurts.", "page": 116, "word_audio": { "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/mother_my_hl.mp3", "๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/head_hl.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Give the English meaning for this short conversation", "content": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜. ๐“๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ. ๐“๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ. ๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“บ๐“Ÿ. ๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ .\n๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.\nโ€œ๐“ˆ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?โ€\nโ€œ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“บ๐“ฃ. ๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.โ€\nโ€œ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜? ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ . ๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .โ€", "page": 117 }, { "number": 2, "title": "How do you feel?", "content": "Practice saying how you feel. You should be able to say that you feel fine, sick, thirsty, cold,\nhungry, happy, sad, and more.\nA:\n๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?\nHow have you been doing?\nB:\n๐’ฐอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜.\nI am sick.\n118\nChapter 10", "page": 117 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Liking things", "content": "Practice asking and talking about what people like. Use the sentences below but change out the\nwords in bold for new ones.\nA:\n๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ?\nWhat do you like?\nB:\n๐’ฝ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜.\nI like fruit.\n๐’ฝ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜?\nDo you like fruit?\nA:\n๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ, ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜.\nNo, I like bacon.", "page": 118 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Using pronouns with stative verbs", "content": "Look at the examples starting with 2a, which illustrate the verb ๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ feel sick. Now use all\nthe stative pronouns and make sentences with ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“บ๐“ช enjoy, like.", "page": 118 }, { "number": 5, "title": "It hurts.", "content": "Look at the examples starting with 29. Then choose three body parts and use the verb ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\nhurts to say that those body parts are in pain.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹\nhรญi\nteeth\n๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜\nhรญihkฤ…\nankle\n๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ\nnฤ…nรบhu\ntobacco\n๐“ญ๐“˜\nhpa\nnose\n๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ\nhpahรบ\nhair\n๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ‹\nsรญi\nfoot\n๐“ฏ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ\nลกรกake\nhand\n๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ\ntรณoce\nthroat\n๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ\nhcรฉ", "page": 118 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "A", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 117 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 117 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 118 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 118 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 118 } ], "stats": { "rules": 13, "examples": 53, "exercises": 5, "dialogues": 5 } }, { "id": "lifeways", "title": "Osage Lifeways", "page": 121, "sections": [ { "title": "Blankets", "explanation": "Blankets have been important to us for a long time, perhaps even before they gained value as a trade item. Woolen blankets in the style of those made by the Hudson Bay Company, Pendle- ton, or other companies are typically called ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [haxรญฬจ], and these are worn by both men and women. Blanket shawls (fringed blankets) are worn by women and are also called ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [haxรญฬจ]. Women also often wear lightweight shawls called ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ [haaskรกmฤฏ]. There are many other words for blankets. Some, call", "page": 121 }, { "title": "Talking about family members", "explanation": "Thereโ€™s no finer way of linking Osage language and culture than to look at the structure of the ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ [wahรณฬจวซ] system. This system is the Osage way to address each other according to their position in families that demonstrates respect. It demonstrates our respect for and intercon- nectedness with family, community, and our natural world. Children who were raised in this system grew up knowing and understanding the positions and expectations given to everyone in the family. Birth order was very", "page": 123 }, { "title": "(or a/the)", "explanation": "father ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [ฤฏhtรกci] ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [รฐiรฐรกce] ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [iรฐรกce] mother ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ [iinรกฬจ] ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ [รฐiihรณฬจ] ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ [iihรณฬจ] uncle (fatherโ€™s elder) ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤฏhtรกcihtฤ…]\t ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [รฐiรฐรกce] ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [iรฐรกce] uncle (fatherโ€™s younger) ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ [ฤฏhtรกciลพฤฏ] ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ [รฐiรฐรกceลพฤฏ]\t ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ [iรฐรกceลพฤฏ] aunt (motherโ€™s elder) ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ [iinรกฬจhtฤ…] ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ [รฐiihรณฬจhtฤ…] ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ [iihรณฬจhtฤ…] aunt (motherโ€™s younger) ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ [iinรกฬจลพฤฏ] ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ [รฐiihรณฬจลพฤฏ] ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ [iihรณฬจลพฤฏ] uncle (motherโ€™s brother)", "page": 125 } ], "examples": [], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Name your own family", "content": "Make a list or draw a family tree of your family members, including your grandparents, par-\nents, aunts, uncles, and siblings. Write down the Osage family term for each of them.\nPrincess Lulu Goodfox\nshows the correct way to\nwear a blanket shawl. Photo\nby Butch DeLong.\n๐“‚๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ\n1.\t ๐“๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜", "page": 125 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "2.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ", "osage": "๐’ฐฬ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“™.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "3.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "osage": "๐“๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "6.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ", "osage": "๐’ป๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ช ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "7.\t ๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜", "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜. ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ช ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "8.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ", "osage": "๐’ป๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ช ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "9.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "osage": "๐’ป๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ท๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ถ ๐“ฑ๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "2.\t Grandma", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "3.\t Mother", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "6.\t Grandma", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 }, { "speaker": "7.\t First daughter", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 136 } ], "stats": { "rules": 3, "examples": 0, "exercises": 1, "dialogues": 12 } }, { "id": "commands_negation", "title": "Commands and Negation", "page": 128, "sections": [ { "title": "Singular you", "explanation": "Positive Osage commands are made with the bare verb. Verbs that end in the sound ๐“Ÿ [e], as in examples 1 and 3, ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [nรกฬจฤ…ke] and ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [tรณฬจpe], will change that sound to ๐“˜ [a] (as we have done before). Sometimes the accent is moved to the final syllable for emphasis, but this is not necessary. Note that commands are not marked for aspect.", "page": 128, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "nฤ…ฤ…kรก", "english": "Run!", "page": 128, "audio_url": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ!", "apa": "oฤ…hkรกฬจ", "english": "Help me!", "page": 128 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "ฤ…tวซpรก", "english": "Look at me! A command may be made more emphatic by putting ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi], a form of you, after the verb.", "page": 128 } ] }, { "title": "Plural you", "explanation": "The command for plural you is made by putting the plural marker ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [pi] after the verb. Commands and Negation 129", "page": 128, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "nฤ…ฤ…kรก", "english": "Run!", "page": 128, "audio_url": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ!", "apa": "oฤ…hkรกฬจ", "english": "Help me!", "page": 128 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "ฤ…tวซpรก", "english": "Look at me! A command may be made more emphatic by putting ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi], a form of you, after the verb.", "page": 128 } ] }, { "title": "Negation", "explanation": "Negation with forms of ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] The simplest way to negate a sentence is to place a form of the negator ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] after the verb root. There are three forms: ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] for second- and third-person subjects (you, he, she, it), ๐“จ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [maลพi] for first-person subjects (I), and ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [paลพi] for plural subjects. Similar to what we have seen before, if a verb ends in the sound ๐“Ÿ [e], it is replaced with the ๐“˜ [a] in ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi]. 130 Chapter 12 We will write ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi], ๐“จ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [maลพi], and ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [paลพi] as part ", "page": 129, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "nฤ…ฤ…kรก", "english": "Run!", "page": 128, "audio_url": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3", "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ!", "apa": "oฤ…hkรกฬจ", "english": "Help me!", "page": 128 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "ฤ…tวซpรก", "english": "Look at me! A command may be made more emphatic by putting ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi], a form of you, after the verb.", "page": 128 } ] }, { "title": "Negative commands: donโ€™t", "explanation": "We use the negator ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ [รฐฤฏkรฉ] plus the command marker ๐“˜ฬ [รก] to make ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ [รฐฤฏkรก] donโ€™t! This negator also has the variation ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ [ฤฏkรก].", "page": 132, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ!", "apa": "owรญsipi", "english": "(You plural) jump!", "page": 129 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ!", "apa": "รฐaachรกpi", "english": "(You plural) eat! The verb ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ [ocรฉ] look for has special command forms ๐“ช๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ [otรก] and ๐“ช๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [otรกpi]. In", "page": 129 }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "otรก", "english": "Look for it!", "page": 129 } ] }, { "title": "Donโ€™t cry!", "explanation": "Just as with positive commands, we may add ๐“ต๐“ฃ [รฐi] to a negative command to make it more emphatic.", "page": 132, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ!", "apa": "owรญsipi", "english": "(You plural) jump!", "page": 129 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ!", "apa": "รฐaachรกpi", "english": "(You plural) eat! The verb ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ [ocรฉ] look for has special command forms ๐“ช๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ [otรก] and ๐“ช๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [otรกpi]. In", "page": 129 }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "otรก", "english": "Look for it!", "page": 129 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ รกhcihtฤ… arbor ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ brรกpxฤ…ฤ…ke mosquito ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ hรฉeoce monkey ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ด๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ ฤฏchรณka mouse 134 Chapter 12 ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ kaasรญฬจexci morning ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ kaasรญฬจexci wanรณฬจbre breakfast (morning meal) ๐“ค๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ kรญฬจฤฏkฤฏฤฏeลพฤฏ butterfly ๐“ง๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ lรกpxฤ…ฤ…ke mosquito ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ mรกฬจka skunk ๐“จ๐“ฃฬ ๐“น๐“˜ mรญษฃa duck ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ htaaskรก sheep ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“บ๐“Ÿ htรกhtaze grasshopper ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ wanรณฬจbre dinner ๐“ธ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ xรณhka singers and drummers", "page": 133, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa htรกa wฤฏ รญiรฐaลพi", "english": "My father didnโ€™t find a deer.", "page": 130 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ๐“ต๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รญรฐakโ€™ucaลพi nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You are not studying.", "page": 130 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“จ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "anรกฬจฤ…kemaลพi", "english": "I didnโ€™t run.", "page": 130 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ฃฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ รญkโ€™uce (i-stem) practice, study, try ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“บ๐“Ÿ pรกaleze (strong-stem) write ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ รฐaacรฉ (brush) call, pronounce, read ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ รฐฤฏฤฏkรฉ (stative) have none, lack, not have anything ๐“น๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ ษฃaakรฉ (a-รฐa) cry", "page": 134, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "mรกฬจzeska ฤ…รฐรญฬจฤฏke", "english": "I have no money. or I donโ€™t have any money.", "page": 131, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Mon14_2011.wav", "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/money_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รณnวซbre waรฐรญฬจฤฏke", "english": "We have no food. The negator ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ [รฐฤฏkรฉ] has a number of uses. It negates noun phrases, and while it is not a", "page": 131, "word_audio": { "๐“‚ฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cooked_food_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "wiลพรณฬจke akxa pรฉe รฐฤฏkรฉ รญiรฐaลพi.", "english": "My daughter did not see anyone.", "page": 131, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/daughter_my_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Other", "explanation": "๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ รฉetxฤ… it is time to ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ pรฉe รฐฤฏkรฉ not anyone, no one ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ tรกatฤ… รฐฤฏkรฉ not anything, nothing ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ รฐฤฏkรฉ none, no, not any, there is no", "page": 134, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "mรกฬจzeska ฤ…รฐรญฬจฤฏke", "english": "I have no money. or I donโ€™t have any money.", "page": 131, "audio_url": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Mon14_2011.wav", "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/money_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รณnวซbre waรฐรญฬจฤฏke", "english": "We have no food. The negator ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ [รฐฤฏkรฉ] has a number of uses. It negates noun phrases, and while it is not a", "page": 131, "word_audio": { "๐“‚ฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cooked_food_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "wiลพรณฬจke akxa pรฉe รฐฤฏkรฉ รญiรฐaลพi.", "english": "My daughter did not see anyone.", "page": 131, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/daughter_my_hl.mp3" } } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "รญe รฐฤฏkรก", "english": "Donโ€™t talk!", "page": 132 }, { "osage": "๐“‘๐“˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ!", "apa": "ษฃaakรฉ ฤฏkรก", "english": "", "page": 132 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃ!", "apa": "waaรฐรณฬจ ฤฏkรก รฐi", "english": "Donโ€™t you sing! The plural form donโ€™t adds the plural marker ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [pi] to make ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ [รฐฤฏkรกpi].", "page": 132, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฃ!", "apa": "รฐรฉe รฐaachรฉ รฐฤฏkรกpi", "english": "Donโ€™t (you plural) eat that! We make future negationโ€”not going toโ€”using either ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] or ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ [รฐฤฏkรฉ]. We place the", "page": 132 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃฬอ˜๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa oรกฬจhkฤ…ลพi hta apai", "english": "The boy is not going to help me.", "page": 132, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃฬอ˜๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“จ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "htรกa brรกachemaลพi hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m not going to eat meat.", "page": 132 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ apa hรญiรฐa รฐฤฏkรฉ hta apai", "english": "The girl is not going to bathe.", "page": 132 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ด๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waรฐรกachi รฐฤฏkรฉ hta nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Youโ€™re not going to dance.", "page": 132 } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Do you understand?", "content": "What does this short conversation mean in English?\nA:ย ๐“ˆ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ! ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ . ๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜.\nB:ย ๐“‚ฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“œ๐“ฃฬ อ˜, ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .\nA:ย ๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ. ๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ.\nB:ย ๐“๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜. ๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃ.", "page": 133 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Composition", "content": "Write a composition in Osage of six sentences. Include at least one command and one form\nof negation.", "page": 133 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Commands", "content": "Give the Osage for these commands.\n1.\t Sing now!\n2.\t Donโ€™t look at me!\n3.\t Donโ€™t cry! (you plural)\n4.\t Letโ€™s help Mother.\n5.\t Let him finish eating.", "page": 133 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Negative commands", "content": "Give the negative forms of each of these verbs, using ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ, ๐“จ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ, and ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.\n1.\t ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜\n2.\t ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ\n3.\t ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ\n4.\t ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ\n5.\t ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“˜ฬ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜\nรกhcihtฤ…\narbor\n๐“œ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ\nbrรกpxฤ…ฤ…ke\nmosquito\n๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ\nhรฉeoce\nmonkey\n๐“ฃอ˜๐“ด๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“˜\nฤฏchรณka\nmouse\n134\nChapter 12\n๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ\nkaasรญฬจexci\nmorning\n๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ", "page": 133 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "root. There are three forms", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] for second- and third-person subjects (you, he, she, it),", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] for second- and third-person subjects (you, he, she, it),", "english": "", "page": 129 }, { "speaker": "Negative commands", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 132 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ! ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ . ๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 133, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/four_hl.mp3", "๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/elder_sr.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "๐“‚ฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“œ๐“ฃฬ อ˜, ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 133, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav", "๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Des18_2521.wav" } }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ. ๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 133 }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜. ๐“๐“ชอ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ฃ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 133 }, { "speaker": "1.\t ๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 144 }, { "speaker": "2.\t ๐’ป๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐’ทฬ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜, ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 144 }, { "speaker": "3.\t \u0007๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ", "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ฃ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ, ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 144, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Dri26_3451.wav", "๐“ก๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Bod12_1691.wav", "๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Des18_2521.wav" } }, { "speaker": "5.\t ๐’ป๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 144 } ], "stats": { "rules": 8, "examples": 32, "exercises": 4, "dialogues": 24 } }, { "id": "freestanding_pronouns", "title": "and Freestanding Pronouns", "page": 136, "sections": [ { "title": "Habitual aspects", "explanation": "One very important aspect is the one that indicates that an act happens habitually or repeti- tively. We will call this habitual aspect. This aspect is typically made with adverbials. Some English adverbs that mark this aspect are always, a lot, over and over, usually, habitually, sometimes, often, used to, keep on, and others. There are four common Osage adverbials that mark this aspect: ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ [nฤ…], ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [ลกtฤ…], ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“ฃ [hรกachi], and ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“˜ [รญkiha]. We discuss each of them along with their meaning", "page": 136, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "wahkรณฬจtahci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ nฤ…", "english": "We walk to church sometimes.", "page": 137 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "iihkรณ akxa hรบheka nฤ…", "english": "My grandmother is occasionally sick.", "page": 137 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รณweci ci รณnวซbre รกฬจรฐuwฤฏ nฤ… hta ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We will usually buy food at the grocery store.", "page": 137 } ] }, { "title": "Durative aspects", "explanation": "Another kind of aspect is called durative aspect. It describes events or states that last over time. The English adverb for this aspect is still. ๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ [ลกวซ] still The adverbial particle ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ [ลกวซ] behaves like ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ [nฤ…] and ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [ลกtฤ…]โ€”it appears after the verb and before any aspect marker. Durative aspects are a kind of continuous aspect (they continue over time), so we will generally use a continuous aspect marker at the end of the sentence. Habitual and Durative Aspects and Freestanding Pronouns 13", "page": 138, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "wahkรณฬจtahci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ nฤ…", "english": "We walk to church sometimes.", "page": 137 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "iihkรณ akxa hรบheka nฤ…", "english": "My grandmother is occasionally sick.", "page": 137 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รณweci ci รณnวซbre รกฬจรฐuwฤฏ nฤ… hta ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We will usually buy food at the grocery store.", "page": 137 } ] }, { "title": "Freestanding pronouns", "explanation": "Up until now, all of our pronouns have been affixed to the verbs they are used with. There are other important pronouns that work differently and are separate from the verb. Two of these kinds of pronouns are possessives (for example, my or mine) and emphatics (for example, me! or you!).", "page": 140, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "wahkรณฬจtahci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ nฤ…", "english": "We walk to church sometimes.", "page": 137 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "iihkรณ akxa hรบheka nฤ…", "english": "My grandmother is occasionally sick.", "page": 137 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รณweci ci รณnวซbre รกฬจรฐuwฤฏ nฤ… hta ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We will usually buy food at the grocery store.", "page": 137 } ] }, { "title": "Possessive pronouns", "explanation": "๐“๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ [wรญhta] my, mine Letโ€™s start by looking at two sentences with ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ [wรญhta].", "page": 140, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“˜อ˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "wahkรณฬจtahci ฤ…mรกฬจรฐฤฏ nฤ…", "english": "We walk to church sometimes.", "page": 137 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "iihkรณ akxa hรบheka nฤ…", "english": "My grandmother is occasionally sick.", "page": 137 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รณweci ci รณnวซbre รกฬจรฐuwฤฏ nฤ… hta ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We will usually buy food at the grocery store.", "page": 137 } ] }, { "title": "Other freestanding pronouns", "explanation": "When we converse, we donโ€™t always have to use a full sentence. Sometimes a phrase or even a single word is what we need. Freestanding pronouns let us do this. Think about the following English responses to the question โ€œWho found the dog?โ€", "page": 142, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waaลกtรณฬจ ลกวซ nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You are still singing.", "page": 139 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“…๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wiลพรญฬจke apa hpahรบska olรญฬจฤฏ ลกวซ apai", "english": "My son still lives in Pawhuska.", "page": 139, "word_audio": { "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Col16_2261.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ท๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ๐“ก๐“ชฬ„ อ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“™ฬ.", "apa": "รณwe wรกhวซวซpaลพi ลกวซ ฤ…katxรกi", "english": "We still donโ€™t like vegetables.", "page": 139 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ ihkรณwa friend ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ hkรณรฐa friend", "page": 145, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… รญhtapi akxa hcรฉka xci akxa", "english": "Their car is brand new.", "page": 142 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe oรฐรญhtฤ… akxa รญhtapi akxa", "english": "That car is theirs.", "page": 142 }, { "osage": "Me.", "apa": "", "english": "or I did.", "page": 142 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ รกtวซpe (strong-stem) raise, take care of ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ รญkihtวซpe (a-รฐa) visit oneโ€™s family ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ ooลพรบ (a-รฐa) pour or put into ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ลกkรกce (a-รฐa) play ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ รฐaaxtรกke (br-ลกc) bite ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“คโ€™๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รฐikโ€™รญรฐe (br-ลกc) scratch", "page": 145, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… รญhtapi akxa hcรฉka xci akxa", "english": "Their car is brand new.", "page": 142 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe oรฐรญhtฤ… akxa รญhtapi akxa", "english": "That car is theirs.", "page": 142 }, { "osage": "Me.", "apa": "", "english": "or I did.", "page": 142 } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“คโ€™๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“ฃ kโ€™รกฬจsaaki fast ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ hcรฉka xci brand new", "page": 145, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… รญhtapi akxa hcรฉka xci akxa", "english": "Their car is brand new.", "page": 142 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe oรฐรญhtฤ… akxa รญhtapi akxa", "english": "That car is theirs.", "page": 142 }, { "osage": "Me.", "apa": "", "english": "or I did.", "page": 142 } ] }, { "title": "Other", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜ รกha whenever ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹อ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ hรกฬจฤ…pa zรกani all day 146 Chapter 13 ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ hรกahci all the time, continually ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“˜ รญkiha repetitively, every time ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ nฤ…ka maybe ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ tookรฉtฤ… in the summer ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜ รฐรกha when, as soon as", "page": 145, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… รญhtapi akxa hcรฉka xci akxa", "english": "Their car is brand new.", "page": 142 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe oรฐรญhtฤ… akxa รญhtapi akxa", "english": "That car is theirs.", "page": 142 }, { "osage": "Me.", "apa": "", "english": "or I did.", "page": 142 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ด๐“ฃ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รณnวซbre hรกachi kรกaษฃe apai", "english": "They continually make food.", "page": 138, "word_audio": { "๐“‚ฬ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cooked_food_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ด๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "hรกachi รฐahรณohtฤ…", "english": "You kept on shouting.", "page": 138 }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจexci anรกฬจฤ…ke ลกtฤ…", "english": "I run a lot in the morning.", "page": 138, "word_audio": { "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/morning_hl.mp3", "๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจexci รญkiha anรกฬจฤ…ke", "english": "I run every morning. These words can also be used together with ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ [nฤ…] and ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ [ลกtฤ…], as in the following", "page": 138, "word_audio": { "๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ อ˜๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“˜๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจexci รญkiha anรกฬจฤ…ke nฤ…", "english": "I usually run every morning.", "page": 138, "word_audio": { "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2821.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ อ˜๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจexci รญkiha anรกฬจฤ…ke ลกtฤ…", "english": "I run a lot every morning.", "page": 138, "word_audio": { "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2821.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“Ÿฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "hcรฉze ฤ…nรญe รกha paazรฉnii brรกahtฤ…", "english": "My stomach hurts whenever I drink milk.", "page": 140, "word_audio": { "๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/evening_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“˜ฬ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze ฤ…kรณhtapi apa รณwahkฤ…pi hta รกha ฤ…kรณฬจรฐa ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "Our teacher will help us whenever we want.", "page": 140 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke wรญhta akxa รฐiรฐรกaxtaka pe", "english": "My dog bit you.", "page": 140, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe ลกรณฬจke akxa wรญhta akxa", "english": "That dog is mine.", "page": 140 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพi รฐรญhta akxa ฤ…รฐรญkโ€™iรฐa pe", "english": "Your cat scratched me.", "page": 140, "word_audio": { "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe ilรณฬจeลพi akxa รฐรญhta akxa", "english": "That cat is yours.", "page": 141 }, { "osage": "๐’ฝ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“คโ€™๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hkรกwa รญhta akxa kโ€™รกฬจsaaki pe", "english": "His/her horse is fast.", "page": 141 }, { "osage": "Henry๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“คโ€™๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "Henry hkรกwa รญhta akxa kโ€™รกฬจsaaki pe", "english": "Henryโ€™s horse is fast.", "page": 141 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe hkรกwa akxa รญhta akxa", "english": "That horse is his/hers.", "page": 141 }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“ฃ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hci ฤ…kรณhta akxa ska pe", "english": "Our (dual) house is white.", "page": 141, "word_audio": { "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Col16_2261.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“ฃ", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "english": "hci akxa ฤ…kรณhta akxa The house is ours (dual).", "page": 141 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพi ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa hรกฬจฤ…pa zรกani ลพรญฬจฤฏhe akxa", "english": "Our (plural) cat sleeps all day.", "page": 141, "word_audio": { "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3", "๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3", "๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/all_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "รฐe ilรณฬจeลพi akxa ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa", "english": "That cat is ours (plural).", "page": 141 }, { "osage": "๐’ฝ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hkรกwa รฐรญhtapi akxa sรกpa pe", "english": "Your (plural) horse is black.", "page": 141 } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Do you understand?", "content": "What does this short story mean in English?\n๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“œ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜, ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜. ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜. ๐’ทฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜\n๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.\n๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿ? ๐’ปฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“จ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "page": 145 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Composition", "content": "Write a composition of six sentences in Osage. Include at least one possessive or other free-\nstanding pronoun and one durative or habitual aspect marker.", "page": 145 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Possessive pronouns", "content": "Choose six nouns from any of the vocabulary lists and use them with each of the possessive\npronouns. Remember that kinship terms already have possession built in.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜\nihkรณwa\nfriend\n๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“˜\nhkรณรฐa\nfriend\nVerbs\n๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ\nรกtวซpe (strong-stem)\nraise, take care of\n๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ\nรญkihtวซpe (a-รฐa)\nvi", "page": 145 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Context", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "I see that my grandmother made coffee. Someone asks if I or my grandmother", "page": 144 }, { "speaker": "made the coffee. I respond", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 144 }, { "speaker": "Context", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "We are at a gathering with a number of people, some of whom I donโ€™t know.", "page": 144 } ], "stats": { "rules": 9, "examples": 56, "exercises": 3, "dialogues": 3 } }, { "id": "motion_verbs", "title": "Motion Verbs", "page": 148, "sections": [ { "title": "How to think about movement in osage", "explanation": "English speakers are used to using verbs like come and go in a very loose wayโ€”we rely on context to tell us what those words mean. For example, if someone says, โ€œAre you coming to the party?โ€ it is not really different from saying, โ€œAre you going to the party?โ€ In Osage we are very careful about expressing the ideas of here versus there and of traveling versus arriving. In this chapter we will learn how to use eight important verbs of motion. These eight verbs of motion also permit us to make ve", "page": 148, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐekรณฬจวซce wakรณฬจze apa รฐeekรก ahรบ apai", "english": "The teacher is coming here now.", "page": 148, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2781.wav", "๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ„๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/here_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ท๐“™ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™!", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke iisรฉwai apa akรบ apai", "english": "The mean dog is coming back here! The h-stem verb class and ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ [ahรบ] the pronoun for first-person singular I is ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ [pลก] and for second-person you (both singular and", "page": 148 }, { "osage": "๐“„๐“ฏ๐“ถ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "pลกu ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m coming here.", "page": 149 } ] }, { "title": "Bringing and taking", "explanation": "The eight motion verbs discussed above form another eight verbs that have to do with carrying something while moving or arriving. These will correspond to English bring and take, but you can already guess that English meanings are much broader than the Osage ones. In English, bring and take can often be used interchangeably, but here we will use bring for verbs that mean carry here and take to translate verbs that mean carry there. All the bring and take verbs are compounded with the verb for ha", "page": 154, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฝ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hkรกwa รฐe apa nรกฬจฤ…ke akรบ apai", "english": "That horse is running back here (and it has not yet arrived). When ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ [ali] and other short verbs are the last word in the sentence, as in 21a, the pro-", "page": 151, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/run_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "haatxรกฬจci รฐalรญe", "english": "When did you come back?", "page": 151, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/when_past_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ?", "apa": "haatxรกฬจta รฐalรญ hta nฤฏkลกe", "english": "When will you come back? The motion verbs ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ [aรฐรฉe] go there and ๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ‹ [alรฉe] go back there are used for movement These are used when we talk about movement that is underway, but we do not assume that the", "page": 151 } ] }, { "title": "Youโ€™re bringing the book back.", "explanation": "๐’ฐ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃ [aรฐรญห›achi] ๐’ฐ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃ [aรฐรญฬจachi] is used to mean bringing something and arriving at a place, very often home.", "page": 155, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "howรกฤฏki ลกtรกape", "english": "Where are you (plural) going? The form for you (plural) go, ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [ลกtรกape], may be puzzling at first since it comes from The form for first-person dual we two, ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [ฤ…kรกรฐe], is interesting because it is the same", "page": 152 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…pa รญkiha taapรณska ci ฤ…kรกรฐe nฤ…pe", "english": "We two go to school every day.", "page": 152 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ฎ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "wisรณฬจeลพฤฏ apa wahkวซฬtahci ci mฤ…รฐรญฬจ aรฐรฉe apai", "english": "My brother (femaleโ€™s younger brother) is walking to church.", "page": 152 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“บ๐“ช รณkizo party ๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ รณรฐaake walรฉze newspaper, magazine, or newsletter ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ paรฐรฉ winter ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹ pรฉe spring ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ tookรฉ summer ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ htฤ…ฤ…tรกฬจ autumn", "page": 158, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“ถ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รณoลพu htรณho wฤฏ abrรญฬจpลกu ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m bringing a blue bowl here. (Iโ€™m on my way with a blue bowl.) The form for youโ€™re bringing it here is ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ถ [aลกcรญฬจลกu].", "page": 155 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ชอ˜๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ถ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรณ aลกcรญฬจลกu รฐaaลกรฉ", "english": "You are bringing fish here. (You are on the way with the fish.) We use ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถ [aรฐรญฬจaku] bring back here often to mean bring back home. The shortened form", "page": 155 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™. or๐“‚ฬ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ถ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รณรฐaake walรฉze aรฐรญฬจaku apai or รณรฐaake walรฉze รกรฐฤฏku apai", "english": "", "page": 155 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ahรญ (h-stem) arrive there (also begin, get) ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ahรบ (h-stem) come here ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ akลกรญ (a-รฐa) arrive back there ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ akรบ (a-รฐa) come back/return here Motion Verbs 159 ๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ‹ alรฉe (a-รฐa) go back/return there ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ alรญ (a-รฐa) arrive back here ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ achรญ (a-รฐa) arrive here ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ aรฐรฉe (br-ลกc) go there ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ aรฐรญฬจ (br-ลกc) have, possess ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃ aรฐรญฬจahi (br-ลกc + h-stem) take there, bring there ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถ aรฐรญฬจahu (br-ลกc + h-stem) bring here ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ aรฐรญฬจakลกi (br-ลกc + a-รฐa) take back there, take home ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ", "page": 158, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“ถ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รณoลพu htรณho wฤฏ abrรญฬจpลกu ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m bringing a blue bowl here. (Iโ€™m on my way with a blue bowl.) The form for youโ€™re bringing it here is ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ถ [aลกcรญฬจลกu].", "page": 155 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ชอ˜๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ถ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรณ aลกcรญฬจลกu รฐaaลกรฉ", "english": "You are bringing fish here. (You are on the way with the fish.) We use ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถ [aรฐรญฬจaku] bring back here often to mean bring back home. The shortened form", "page": 155 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™. or๐“‚ฬ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ถ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รณรฐaake walรฉze aรฐรญฬจaku apai or รณรฐaake walรฉze รกรฐฤฏku apai", "english": "", "page": 155 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ถ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรกku ฤ…kรกรฐe or ฤ…kai", "english": "We are coming back here. The motion verb ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ [achรญ] means arrive here or get here. And ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ [alรญ] means get back here,", "page": 150 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ด๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "รฐiihรณฬจ apa chรญ รฐe", "english": "Has your mother arrived?", "page": 150, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ„๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p09bvo02bcr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รฐรกalฤฏ รฐachรญ che", "english": "Itโ€™s good youโ€™re here.", "page": 150, "word_audio": { "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/good_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "ohcรญle alรญ hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I will arrive home. The third-person form of ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ [alรญ] arrive back also loses a in most speech.", "page": 150 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "iinรกฬจhtฤ… akxa ohcรญle lรญ pe", "english": "My aunt (motherโ€™s older sister) came back home.", "page": 150 }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจta wiลพรญฬจรฐe akxa ohcรญle lรญ hta akxai", "english": "My brother (maleโ€™s older brother) will return home tomorrow.", "page": 150, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p09vo08cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฝ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hkรกwa รฐe apa nรกฬจฤ…ke lรญ pe", "english": "That horse ran back here (and it arrived).", "page": 150, "word_audio": { "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/run_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“„๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "pลกรญ hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™ll be there.", "page": 153 }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“ฃ", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "english": "hci ahรญ pe She stopped by the house.", "page": 153 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญe", "english": "You got there.", "page": 153 }, { "osage": "๐“„๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "pลกรญe", "english": "I got there.", "page": 153 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจhtฤ…kฤ… pลกรญe", "english": "I got fat.", "page": 153 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ชฬ‹๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรณohtฤ… ahรญ pe", "english": "He started to shout.", "page": 153 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ท๐“™ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™!", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke iisรฉwai apa akลกรญ apai", "english": "The mean dog is back there! (It came back to where it was before.)", "page": 153 }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“ชฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“˜๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "tookรฉ รญkiha ฤ…kรกkลกipe", "english": "We returned home every summer. The verb ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [aรฐรญฬจ] is used to mean possession, the basic sense of English have. (Be careful.", "page": 153 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ.", "apa": "iรฐรกce apa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐวซวซpรก aรฐรญ", "english": "His father has two cars.", "page": 154 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ?", "apa": "mรกฬจzeska hรกanฤ… aลกcฤฏ", "english": "How much money do you have?", "page": 154, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/money_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ?", "apa": "mรกฬจzeska hรกanฤ… aลกcรญฬจ paaลกรฉ", "english": "How much money do you (plural) have?", "page": 154, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/money_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "iinรก apa รณnวซbre aรฐรญฬจahu apai", "english": "My mother is bringing food (here). (My mother is on the way here with the food.) The form for Iโ€™m bringing it here is ๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“ถ [abrรญฬจpลกu]. Since ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [aรฐรญฬจ] is a brush verb, we", "page": 154, "word_audio": { "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/mother_my_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃ.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพฤฏ wรญhta ohcรญle abrรญฬจali", "english": "I brought my cat back (home).", "page": 156, "word_audio": { "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Do you understand?", "content": "What does this conversation mean in English?\nA: ๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?\nB: ๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜๐“ฐ๐“˜? ๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?\nA: ๐“๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ อ˜๐“ต๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถ.\nB: ๐’น๐“ช๐“ท๐“šฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“œ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ?\nA: ๐“‚ฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "page": 157 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Composition", "content": "Write an Osage composition of six sentences. Include at least one motion verb.\n158\nChapter 14", "page": 157 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Verb practice", "content": "Give the Osage verbs for the following:\n1.\t you came back here\n2.\t I arrived there\n3.\t you (plural) have\n4.\t she is bringing something here\n5.\t I am taking something there\n6.\t we are bringing something back\n7.\t we two went there\n8.\t he is going there\n9.\t you (plural) returned back there\n10.\t he bega", "page": 158 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Make a chart of the eight movement verbs", "content": "Go back over the chapter and list the singular forms (I, you, and he, she, or it) for the eight\nmovement verbs: moving toward here, arriving here, moving there, and arriving there. Next,\nadd in the plural forms (we two, we plural, you plural, and they). Finally, write out the second-\nary meanings fo", "page": 158 }, { "number": 5, "title": "Make a chart of the eight bring and take verbs", "content": "Again, go over the chapter and list all the forms for the eight bring and take verbs, as you did\nwith exercise 4.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“บ๐“ช\nรณkizo\nparty\n๐“ชฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ\nรณรฐaake walรฉze\nnewspaper, magazine, or newsletter\n๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ\npaรฐรฉ\nwinter\n๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ‹\npรฉe\nspring\n๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ\ntookรฉ\nsummer\n๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ\nhtฤ…ฤ…tรกฬจ\nautumn\nVerbs\n๐“˜๐“ก", "page": 158 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Movement toward here", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ [ahรบ], ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ [akรบ], and the h-stem verb class", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ [ahรบ], ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ [akรบ], and the h-stem verb class", "english": "", "page": 148 }, { "speaker": "distinction", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ [ahรบ] means come here while ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ [akรบ] means come back here, so it could", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ [ahรบ] means come here while ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ [akรบ] means come back here, so it could", "english": "", "page": 148 }, { "speaker": "third-person are the same", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ [akรบ]. We distinguish them with the aspect marker. The first syl-", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถฬ [akรบ]. We distinguish them with the aspect marker. The first syl-", "english": "", "page": 149 }, { "speaker": "Arrival here", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ [achรญ] and ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ [alรญ]", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ [achรญ] and ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ [alรญ]", "english": "", "page": 150, "word_audio": { "๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/chair_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "Movement toward there", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ [aรฐรฉe] and ๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ‹ [alรฉe]", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ [aรฐรฉe] and ๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ‹ [alรฉe]", "english": "", "page": 151 }, { "speaker": "Arrival there", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ [ahรญ] and ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ [akลกรญ]", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ [ahรญ] and ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ [akลกรญ]", "english": "", "page": 153 }, { "speaker": "person forms", "osage": "๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ [pลกรญ] and ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ [ลกรญ]. If the verb is in completive aspect, speakers usually add", "apa": "๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ [pลกรญ] and ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ [ลกรญ]. If the verb is in completive aspect, speakers usually add", "english": "", "page": 153 }, { "speaker": "Bring here", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถ [aรฐรญฬจahu], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถ [aรฐรญฬจaku], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃ [aรฐรญฬจachi], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃ [aรฐรญฬจali]", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถ [aรฐรญฬจahu], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ถ [aรฐรญฬจaku], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃ [aรฐรญฬจachi], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃ [aรฐรญฬจali]", "english": "", "page": 154 }, { "speaker": "Take there", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ [aรฐรญฬจaรฐe], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿ [aรฐรญฬจale], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃ [aรฐรญฬจahi], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ [aรฐรญakลกi]", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ [aรฐรญฬจaรฐe], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿ [aรฐรญฬจale], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃ [aรฐรญฬจahi], ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ [aรฐรญakลกi]", "english": "", "page": 156 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 157, "word_audio": { "๐“ฌ๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Wea4_0731.wav" } } ], "stats": { "rules": 5, "examples": 63, "exercises": 5, "dialogues": 27 } }, { "id": "connectors_nasal", "title": "Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs", "page": 161, "sections": [ { "title": "Clauses joined by word order (no connector)", "explanation": "Some clauses in Osage do not need a connector when they are joined. When we join two simple sentences together in English we would do this with and, or we would just pronounce one right after the other. This is often how we do it in Osage; we simply put one clause after the other.", "page": 161, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs", "explanation": "There are many Osage verbs, such as ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] want and ๐“ฃฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ [รญkโ€™uce] try that do not use a connector between clauses. For verbs like these, we can put subject pronouns either on both verbs or only on the main (final) verb. This is a speakerโ€™s choice. So examples 2 and 3 are both correct.", "page": 161, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "Clauses with different subjects", "explanation": "Often clauses that use no connectors such as ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ [kรณฬจรฐa] want have different subjects. An example of this in English is โ€œHe wants me to eat dinner.โ€ He is the subject of the main clause and me is the subject of the second clause. Notice that me is the subject of eat, even though it appears with the pronoun we usually use for objects. We will do something similar in Osage.", "page": 162, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "Joining clauses using verbs of motion", "explanation": "Another way to join clauses is by using verbs of motion (see chapter 14) with another verb. In these sentences we only put subject pronouns on the motion verb, the verb of the main clause. Motion verbs are often used with another verb to express a purpose. Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs 163", "page": 162, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "Clauses joined with connectors", "explanation": "Now letโ€™s look at some clauses that are joined with connectors. ๐“Œ๐“Ÿ [che] that An important connector is ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che], which is not to be confused with the evidential marker of the same form. It is very much like English that in sentences such as โ€œMy neighbor thinks that his house is too bigโ€ or โ€œI know that summer will be here soon.โ€ There are several things to know about how to make this kind of sentence. Letโ€™s begin by looking at example 12.", "page": 163, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "The man thinks that his son saw a deer.", "explanation": "First, one of the clauses is actually embedded in the other, the main clause. This embed- ded clause, shown in bold font above, appears before the main verb. We will see this embed- ding when both the clauses have a noun phrase subject. In this sentence, the main clause is ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [nรญhka akxa รฉรฐe akxa] the man thinks. The embedded clause is ๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [iลพรญฬจke htรกa รญiรฐe] his son saw a deer. The connector ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che] separates the clauses by showing where the embedded clause en", "page": 163, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "I know that my daughter returned (home).", "explanation": "In this sentence the embedded clause is ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ [wiลพรณฬจke lรญ] my daughter returned home. The main clause is ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [รญhpahวซ mฤฏkลกรฉ] I know. Again, we do not use a subject marker with the subject of the embedded clause, ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [wiลพรณฬจke] my daughter.", "page": 164, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "Clauses with the indefinite question words what and who", "explanation": "We also use ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che] in clauses with indefinite what and who as in example 14. An indefinite is when we use question words such as what and who without asking a real question. Examples in English are โ€œI remember what you saidโ€ and โ€œThe boy knows who helped him.โ€ Although we would not use that to connect these clauses in English, we will use ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che] to connect them in Osage.", "page": 164, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "He knows who ate all the pie.", "explanation": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [ฤ…ลพi] but The connector ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [ฤ…ลพi] is used very much like English but. (Do not confuse it with ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] not.) It appears between full clauses. Both clauses will have subject markers and aspect mark- ers when these are needed.", "page": 164, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wรญhta akxa ลพรบuce akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… รฐรญhta akxa htรณho akxa", "english": "My car is red (and) your car is blue.", "page": 161, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ถฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/red_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe รฐaachรฉ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜.", "apa": "wacรบe brรกache hkรณฬจbra", "english": "I want to eat bread.", "page": 161 } ] }, { "title": "Examples of Osage connected sentences", "explanation": "Here are examples of sentences using all the ways we can make connected sentences that we have discussed so far.", "page": 165, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“„๐“ฏ๐“ฃ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "pลกi iรฐรกkโ€™uce", "english": "I tried to go there.", "page": 162 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ?", "apa": "iihkรณ oรฐรกhkฤ… รญรฐakโ€™uce hta nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Will you try to help Grandma?", "page": 162 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ๐“ชอ˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "waลพรกลพe รญe hpรญวซ wรกhkวซbrฤ…", "english": "I want them to know the Osage language.", "page": 162 } ] }, { "title": "Examples of clauses joined by connectors", "explanation": "๐“๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜ [รฐรกha] when, as soon as (at some moment in time)", "page": 166, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ด๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "waachรญ ฤ…kรกchipe", "english": "We came to dance.", "page": 163 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "waaรฐรณฬจ pลกรญe", "english": "I went to sing.", "page": 163, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze ฤ…kรณhtapi apa taapรณska mฤ…รฐรญฬจ aรฐรกa pe", "english": "Our teacher walked (went by walking) to school.", "page": 163, "word_audio": { "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Col16_2261.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "Nasal-stem verbs", "explanation": "The nasal-stem verb class has fewer members than others, but these verbs are commonly used. Five important verbs in this class are ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ช [รฉวซ] do (not in the presence of others or for others), ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ชอ˜ [รฉkiวซ] do (in the presence of others), ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [aลพรญฬจ] think, believe, ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ชอ˜ [hpรญวซ] know, be skill- ful, and ๐“ฃอ˜ [ฤฏ] wear. Of course, many Osage verbs have nasal vowels, so just because a verb has a nasal vowel does not mean that it is in this class. In this verb class, the pronoun for first-person sing", "page": 168, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…wanรณbrape kaรฐรณฬจ waachรญ ฤ…kรกhipe", "english": "We ate dinner, and then we went to dance.", "page": 165 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ชฬอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ ๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "iihkรณ apa wahkวซฬtahci ci aรฐรฉe apai kรณe iinรกฬจ apa รณwehci ci aรฐรฉe apai", "english": "Grandma is going to church, and Mother is going to the grocery store.", "page": 165, "word_audio": { "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ถฬ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ๐“ฎ๐“ถ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "iinรกฬจ akxa ohkรบlฤ… รฐiiลกkรญ hta akxa kรณe hci รฐuuwรกsu hta akxa", "english": "Mother will wash clothes, and she will clean the house.", "page": 165, "word_audio": { "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/mother_my_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ kaลกpรฉวซpa quarter (coin) ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ hkฤ…ฤ…cรณolฤ… pie ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ถฬ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ ohkรบlฤ… clothes ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“œ๐“˜อ˜ waรฐรกawa lรฉbrฤ… dime", "page": 171, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ทฬ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ.", "apa": "รฉkวซ aลพรญฬจ", "english": "She thinks so. The connector ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [ฤ…ลพi] but has a nasal ฤ…, and no accented vowels.", "page": 168, "word_audio": { "๐’ทฬ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Res37_4901.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜, ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa waลกรญฬจ kรญรฐalฤฏ akxa ฤ…ลพi ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ akxa hkรกฬจฤ…ce kรญรฐalฤฏ akxa", "english": "The boy likes bacon, but the girl likes fruit. The negator ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] not has no nasal vowels and no accented vowels. It is a suffix on the", "page": 168, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2361.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "nรกฬจฤ…kaลพi", "english": "He didnโ€™t run.", "page": 168 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ aลพรญฬจ (nasal-stem) believe, think ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ชอ˜ รฉkiวซ (nasal-stem) do (in the presence of others) ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ชอ˜ รฉวซ (nasal-stem) do (not in the presence of or for others) ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รฉรฐe (br-ลกc) thinking that way, consider, believe ๐“ฃอ˜ ฤฏ (nasal-stem) wear (clothes) ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ kaaskรญke (ki-stative) be tired (physically) ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฒโ€™๐“˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ oรฐรบucโ€™ake (br-ลกc) be lazy ๐“ช๐“ป๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ oลพรฉรฐe (stative) be tired (mentally) 172 Chapter 15 ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ชอ˜ hpรญวซ (nasal-stem) know (how to), be skillful at ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ รฐiiลกkรญ (br-ลกc) launder, wash (someon", "page": 171, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ทฬ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ.", "apa": "รฉkวซ aลพรญฬจ", "english": "She thinks so. The connector ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [ฤ…ลพi] but has a nasal ฤ…, and no accented vowels.", "page": 168, "word_audio": { "๐’ทฬ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Res37_4901.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜, ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa waลกรญฬจ kรญรฐalฤฏ akxa ฤ…ลพi ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ akxa hkรกฬจฤ…ce kรญรฐalฤฏ akxa", "english": "The boy likes bacon, but the girl likes fruit. The negator ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] not has no nasal vowels and no accented vowels. It is a suffix on the", "page": 168, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Fee17_2361.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "nรกฬจฤ…kaลพi", "english": "He didnโ€™t run.", "page": 168 } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ iisรฉwaรฐe mean ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ท๐“™ iisรฉwai mean (variant) ๐“ชฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ รณhesaลพi fast ๐“ฎ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ sรญsi energetic", "page": 172, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "haaskรกmฤฏ mฤฏ ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m wearing a shawl.", "page": 169, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "haaskรกmi wรญhta ลพฤฏ รฐaaลกรฉ", "english": "Youโ€™re wearing my shawl.", "page": 169, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ช๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“˜๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "haaskรกmi ohtรกza ฤ…kฤฏ ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We are wearing beautiful shawls.", "page": 169, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Other", "explanation": "๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ รฉkวซ like that ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ zรกani all", "page": 172, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "haaskรกmฤฏ mฤฏ ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m wearing a shawl.", "page": 169, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "haaskรกmi wรญhta ลพฤฏ รฐaaลกรฉ", "english": "Youโ€™re wearing my shawl.", "page": 169, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ช๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“˜๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "haaskรกmi ohtรกza ฤ…kฤฏ ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We are wearing beautiful shawls.", "page": 169, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "wiลพรณฬจke lรญ che รญhpahวซ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 164 }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "tรกatฤ… ลกkรณฬจลกta che รญhpahวซ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 164, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“„๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“ชฬ‹๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "pรฉe hkฤ…ฤ…cรณolฤ… zรกani รฐaachรฉ che รญpahวซ akxa", "english": "", "page": 164, "word_audio": { "๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/all_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ค๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "waรฐรบwฤฏ brรฉe hkรณฬจbra mฤฏkลกรฉ ฤ…ลพi mรกฬจzeska ฤ…รฐรญฬจฤฏke", "english": "I want to go shopping, but I donโ€™t have any money.", "page": 164 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฒโ€™๐“˜๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa oรฐรบucโ€™aka pe ฤ…ลพi hcรญle akxa kรญoxta ลกวซ akxa", "english": "Our dog is lazy, but the family still loves him. We use ๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ [kรณe] to connect full sentences, the way we would use and in English, and we", "page": 164, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ฃฬ„๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ‹?", "apa": "hiiรฐรก ลกcรฉe", "english": "Are you going swimming?", "page": 166 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ช๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka รฐe akxa achรญ pe รฐรกha hci ohpรก pe", "english": "When that man arrived, he went into the house.", "page": 166 }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“Ÿฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "hcรฉze ฤ…nรญe รกha paazรฉnii brรกahtฤ…", "english": "My stomach hurts whenever I drink milk.", "page": 166, "word_audio": { "๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/evening_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฃฬ„๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜ฬ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“บ๐“ช.", "apa": "iihkรณ iiรฐรกรฐe ฤ…hรฉ รกha รกฬจฤ…zo", "english": "Whenever I see my grandmother, I am glad.", "page": 166 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜ฬ๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze ฤ…kรณhtapi apa รณwahkฤ…pi รกha ฤ…kรณฬจรฐa ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "Our teacher helps us whenever we want.", "page": 166 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "รฐaลพรญฬจฤฏhe ลกวซ nฤฏkลกรฉ sรณฬจke รฐรญhta apa htรณoลพu ฤ…kรณhta รฐaachรฉ apai", "english": "While you were sleeping, your dog was eating our meat pie.", "page": 166, "word_audio": { "๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“ฃฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hcรญle apa wanรณฬจbre ลกวซ apa รฐaลพรญฬจฤฏhe ลพฤ…ฬkลกe", "english": "While the family was eating dinner, you were sleeping.", "page": 166, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/elder_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "aลพรญฬจฤฏhe ลกวซ mฤฏkลกรฉ ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ apa ลกkรกce apai", "english": "While I was sleeping, the children were playing.", "page": 166, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ด๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze รฐรญhta akxa ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ wรกlฤฏ waรฐรญhta che aลพรญฬจ pe", "english": "Your teacher believes that the children work hard.", "page": 166, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "apa": "tรกatฤ… hkรณฬจbra che รญลกpahวซลพi", "english": "You donโ€™t know what I want.", "page": 166, "word_audio": { "๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“ฃฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hcรญle รฐรญhta akxa waรฐรบwฤฏ kรณฬจรฐa akxa ฤ…ลพi รฐรญskike nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Your family wants to shop, but you are tired.", "page": 167 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™ ๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ Supernawโ€™s๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ apa taapรณskahci ci aรฐรฉe apai kรณe iihkรณ apa Supernawโ€™s ci aรฐรฉe apai", "english": "The girl is going to school, and her grandmother is going to Supernawโ€™s.", "page": 167 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…wanรณฬจbrape kaรฐรณฬจ waaรฐรณฬจ ฤ…kรกhipe", "english": "We ate dinner, and then we went to sing.", "page": 167 }, { "osage": "๐’ท๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ชอ˜.or๐’ทฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "eรกฬจkiวซ or รฉkiวซ ฤ…kรกรฐe", "english": "We do (it). The plural form of ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ชอ˜ [รฉkiวซ] in example 51 is not always used. Speakers often prefer This verb means both know how and be skillful at something. It is slightly different from the other", "page": 170 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ๐“จ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waลพรกลพe รญe hpรญmวซ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I know the Osage language.", "page": 170 } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Do you understand?", "content": "What does this short story mean in English?\n๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ถ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.\n๐“๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ถ ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.\n๐“‚๐“ต๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ฒโ€™๐“˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ!\n๐’ทฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ฃฬ‹ อ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ต๐“ชฬ ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ณ๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ถ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.\n๐’ปฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜!", "page": 171 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Composition", "content": "Write a composition of at least six Osage sentences. Include at least two sentences with more\nthan one clause.", "page": 171 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Practice", "content": "1.\t Use ๐“ญ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช be good at, know how to in three sentences with different pronouns.\n2.\t Use a verb of motion to make a sentence with two clauses.\n3.\t Write a sentence using the connector ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ.\n4.\t Write a sentence using the connector ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜.\n5.\t Write two sentences, one using the connector ๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ and the ", "page": 171 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "this case", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 165 }, { "speaker": "Learn the difference", "osage": "๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [aลพรญฬจ], ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [ฤ…ลพi], ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi]", "apa": "๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ [aลพรญฬจ], ๐“˜อ˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [ฤ…ลพi], ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi]", "english": "", "page": 168 }, { "speaker": "4.\t When itโ€™s 7", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 182 }, { "speaker": "8.\t I lie down at 8", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 182 } ], "stats": { "rules": 17, "examples": 60, "exercises": 3, "dialogues": 4 } }, { "id": "ki_pronouns", "title": "Using the ๐’ผ๐“ฃ [ki] Pronouns", "page": 180, "sections": [ { "title": "or Are you (plural) looking at yourselves?", "explanation": "๐’ฝ๐“ฃ๐“ก [hkih] For third-person, we use ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ก [hkih] one does to or for oneself.", "page": 180, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "haxรญฬจ okรญhpetxฤ… akxai", "english": "Heโ€™s tying up his own blankets.", "page": 177 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ.", "apa": "haxรญฬจ ฤ…kรณkihpetxa ฤ…katxรกฬจ", "english": "We are tying up our own blankets.", "page": 177 }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ถฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤฏcรฉ alรบuลพa", "english": "I washed my face.", "page": 177, "word_audio": { "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Bod12_1661.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "She made a cake for herself.", "explanation": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ก [ฤ…hkih] For first-person dual and plural, we use ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ก [ฤ…hkih] we do to or for ourselves or each other.", "page": 180, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "haxรญฬจ okรญhpetxฤ… akxai", "english": "Heโ€™s tying up his own blankets.", "page": 177 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ.", "apa": "haxรญฬจ ฤ…kรณkihpetxa ฤ…katxรกฬจ", "english": "We are tying up our own blankets.", "page": 177 }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ถฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤฏcรฉ alรบuลพa", "english": "I washed my face.", "page": 177, "word_audio": { "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Bod12_1661.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.", "explanation": "Using the ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ki] Pronouns 181 ๐’ฝ๐“ฃ๐“ง [hkil] For third-person, we use ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ง [hkil] one does to or for oneself.", "page": 180, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "haxรญฬจ okรญhpetxฤ… akxai", "english": "Heโ€™s tying up his own blankets.", "page": 177 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ.", "apa": "haxรญฬจ ฤ…kรณkihpetxa ฤ…katxรกฬจ", "english": "We are tying up our own blankets.", "page": 177 }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ถฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤฏcรฉ alรบuลพa", "english": "I washed my face.", "page": 177, "word_audio": { "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Bod12_1661.wav" } } ] }, { "title": "or We two helped each other.", "explanation": "The verb ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [ohkรญe] speak with someone, converse, call on the phone has each other built into it. We also have the full form, ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ [ohkรญhkie], which means hold a conversation, generally with more than two persons. We will look at this again in chapter 20.", "page": 182, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "kaasรญฬจexci wanรณฬจbre ookรญhวซ pe", "english": "He cooked his own breakfast.", "page": 179, "word_audio": { "๐’ผ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2821.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“ฃฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hcรญle ฤ…kรณkihkฤ…pe", "english": "We helped our own family. The last group of ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ki] pronouns are the ones that mean do to oneself or for oneself (called", "page": 179 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐ๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ahkรญhtวซpe mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m looking at myself.", "page": 179 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ hรญฬจฤฏceลพฤฏ plates ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ hวซวซpรฉ shoes ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ mรกฬจze hรญฬจฤฏceลพฤฏ metal bowl ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ nรญini cold water ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃ รณohวซ wรฉkahi cook-paddle ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ hpรกata ลพรฉelฤ… fried egg or omelet ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ hpรกze wanรณฬจbre supper ๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ hpรฉลพe mฤ…hkรกsa nรกฬจษฃe\t ice tea ๐“ฏ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ลกรกake รญpukxa hand towel ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ท๐“™ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ hcรฉwai htaanรญi yonkapin soup ๐“ณ๐“ถฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ hcรบke spoon ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ wรฉoohวซ cooking utensils ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ wรฉpukxa towels", "page": 183, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รฐahkรญhtวซpe nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Are you looking at yourself?", "page": 180 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รฐahkรญhtวซpe paaลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 180 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wacรบe skรบe hkihkรกaษฃa pe", "english": "", "page": 180 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ญ๐“Ÿ iรฐรกhpe (i-stem) wait for ๐“คโ€™๐“ถฬ kโ€™รบ (a-รฐa) give ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ liiลกkรญ (ki-รฐ-stem) wash (own hair or laundry) ๐“ง๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ luuลพรก (ki-รฐ-stem) wash (own body or things) ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ ohkรญhkie (a-รฐa) hold a conversation ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ opรฉtxฤ… (strong-stem) tie up ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ opลกรฉ (a-รฐa) obey, follow ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ รฐiiลกkรญ (br-ลกc) wash clothes", "page": 183, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รฐahkรญhtวซpe nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Are you looking at yourself?", "page": 180 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รฐahkรญhtวซpe paaลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 180 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wacรบe skรบe hkihkรกaษฃa pe", "english": "", "page": 180 } ] }, { "title": "Other", "explanation": "๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ รญe okรญpลกe (a-รฐa) keep oneโ€™s word 184 Chapter 16", "page": 183, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รฐahkรญhtวซpe nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Are you looking at yourself?", "page": 180 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รฐahkรญhtวซpe paaลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 180 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wacรบe skรบe hkihkรกaษฃa pe", "english": "", "page": 180 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜ฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ชฬ‹๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏฤฏnรก akxa รณohวซ haaskรกmฤฏ kรญรฐuwฤฏ pe", "english": "Mother bought a shawl for the cook.", "page": 174, "word_audio": { "๐’ปอ˜ฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/mother_my_hl.mp3", "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/white_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "haaskรกmฤฏ kรญรฐuwฤฏ pe", "english": "She bought a shawl for her.", "page": 174, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“œ๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "mรกฬจze hรญฬจฤฏceลพฤฏ wฤฏ kรญbruwi", "english": "I bought a metal bowl for him. It is important to note that accented ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ [kรญ] is only used when the subject and the object When we use object pronouns for first- and second-person (for me, for you, for us) and", "page": 174 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wรฉoohวซ hcรฉka รกฬจรฐuwฤฏ pe", "english": "She bought new cooking utensils for me.", "page": 174 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ‹๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รณohวซ wรฉkahi รฐรญรฐuwฤฏ pe", "english": "She bought a cook-paddle for you.", "page": 174 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“œ๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "mรกฬจze hรญฬจฤฏceลพฤฏ wฤฏ wรญbruwi", "english": "I bought a metal bowl for you.", "page": 174 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฎ๐“˜๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "mฤ…hkรกsa รกฬจลกcuwฤฏ", "english": "You bought me coffee.", "page": 175 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wรกรฐuwฤฏ pe", "english": "She bought it for us. or She bought it for them.", "page": 175 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรญฬจฤฏceลพฤฏ wรกลกcuwฤฏpe", "english": "You bought plates for us.", "page": 175 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤ…รฐรญรฐuwฤฏpe", "english": "We two bought it for you (plural). or We (plural) bought it for you (singular). we plural) or the object ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ [รฐรญ] (making you plural). Context tells us which way to interpret it.", "page": 175 }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“ฃฬ๐“บ๐“ช ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "kรญzo pe", "english": "He had fun.", "page": 175 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“ช", "apa": "waachรญ รกฬจzo", "english": "I enjoy the dancing. The verb ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ [kโ€™u] give a ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ki] pronoun. It uses the regular pronouns from the a-รฐa class.", "page": 175 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka รฐรกalฤฏ รฐe akxa hkรกwa mฤ…ฤ…hรญฬจ kโ€™u pe", "english": "That good man gave hay to the horse.", "page": 175, "word_audio": { "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/good_sr.mp3", "๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/knife_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ถฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "haxรญฬจ wฤฏ ฤ…kโ€™รบ pe", "english": "He gave me a blanket.", "page": 175, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blanket_hl.mp3", "๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Des18_2521.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“คโ€™๐“ถฬ.", "apa": "nรญini wikโ€™รบ", "english": "I gave you cold water. The unaccented ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ki] pronoun is frequently used to talk about oneโ€™s own possessions or", "page": 175 }, { "osage": "๐“…๐“˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ„๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hpรกze wanรณฬจbre akรญhkaaษฃe ฤ…txahรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m making my own supper.", "page": 176 }, { "osage": "๐’ปฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ญ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รญe oรกkihpลกe", "english": "I keep my word.", "page": 176 }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ รฐakรญhtวซpe nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "You are watching your own children.", "page": 176, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4061.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ?", "apa": "hรญi รฐalรบuลพa nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "๐’ฟ [l]", "page": 178 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "haaskรก lรญiลกki pe", "english": "She laundered her own shirts.", "page": 178, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Do you understand?", "content": "What does this conversation mean?\nA: ๐“…๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ . ๐“๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.\nB: ๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ? ๐“‚๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .\nA: ๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“œ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.\nB: ๐’ป๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "page": 182 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Composition", "content": "Write a composition of six Osage sentences. Include at least one use of a verb with any\nki- pronoun.", "page": 182 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Put it in Osage", "content": "Give the Osage for:\n1.\t Heโ€™s looking for his (own) cat.\n2.\t We washed our faces.\n3.\t He bought it for me.\n4.\t Are you getting yourself ready?\n5.\t Iโ€™m making myself a sandwich.\nUsing the ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ki] Pronouns\n183", "page": 182 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Practice ki- verbs", "content": "Using the verbs ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ, ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ป๐“˜ฬ , and ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ , give the verb forms with all pronouns in all three\nki- groups.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜\nhรญฬจฤฏceลพฤฏ\nplates\n๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ\nhวซวซpรฉ\nshoes\n๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜\nmรกฬจze hรญฬจฤฏceลพฤฏ\nmetal bowl\n๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ\nnรญini\ncold water\n๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃ\nรณohวซ wรฉkahi\ncook-paddle\n๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜\nhpรกat", "page": 183 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "interpretations", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 179 }, { "speaker": "preaspirated", "osage": "๐“ญ [hp], ๐“ฑ [ht], ๐“ฅ [hk].", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 179 }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "๐“…๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ . ๐“๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 182, "word_audio": { "๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃฬ‹": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/chair_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ? ๐“‚๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 182, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sun_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "A", "osage": "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“œ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 182, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sun_hl.mp3", "๐“ฌ๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Wea4_0731.wav", "๐“ฒ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ind8_1171.wav", "๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Bod12_1791.wav" } }, { "speaker": "B", "osage": "๐’ป๐“ท๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 182 }, { "speaker": "Give the Osage for", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 182 } ], "stats": { "rules": 7, "examples": 42, "exercises": 4, "dialogues": 7 } }, { "id": "prefixes", "title": "Building Words with Prefixes", "page": 190, "sections": [ { "title": "Special Siouan instrumental prefixes", "explanation": "All the Siouan languages use special prefixes to talk about the way an action occursโ€”usually the kind of instrument that is used to perform an action. Body parts are often considered kinds of instruments. Many of the verbs we have already learned have instrumental prefixes. Flu- ent Osage speakers can use the instrumental prefixes to make new words, but the words most Building Words with Prefixes 191 modern speakers use are already in the vocabulary. As the vocabulary has evolved, the original m", "page": 190, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "ลพรกฬจฤ… รญkaaษฃe akxai", "english": "Heโ€™s making it with (out of) wood.", "page": 187 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ท๐“Ÿ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“œ๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "รณwe mรกฬจzeska รญhta รญbruwฤฏ", "english": "I bought groceries with his money. The Prefix ๐“ช [o] location, goal The prefix ๐“ช [o] or long ๐“ชฬ„ [oo] is placed on verbs to signal a location or a goal. We see it in The prefix ๐“ช [o] comes before pronouns. But remember from chapter 5 that when we use", "page": 187 }, { "osage": "๐’ฝ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ.", "apa": "hkรกwa oรกsi", "english": "I got off the horse.", "page": 187 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ„ อ˜ รกalฤฏฤฏ chair ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“˜ hรกabrehka ribbon, ribbons sewn on Osage clothing ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌโ€™๐“ฃอ˜ hรญฬจฤฏska wanวซฬpโ€™ฤฏ bead necklace ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ รญikaahtamฤ… bell ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ mรกฬจze ฤฏฤฏลกtรณolฤ… eyeglasses ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ mรกฬจze wรฉoohวซ stove ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ง๐“ฃ mฤฏฤฏhtรณฬจeli gum ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ohkรญsce half (of anything) ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ pรกce boat ๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ hpรฉece fire ๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ hpรฉลพe mฤ…hkรกsa tea ๐“ญ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ hpรฉลพenii tea Building Words with Prefixes 199 ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ cรฉษฃenii drum ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ cรฉษฃeska cup (variant) ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค", "page": 198, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“€๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“Ÿ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "mihkรกฬจkโ€™e ohkรญsce pรกse akxai", "english": "Sheโ€™s cutting the mushrooms in half.", "page": 195 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "waลกรญฬจ paรฐรกse", "english": "You cut the bacon.", "page": 195, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fat_grease_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wacรบe skรบe pรกase", "english": "I cut the cake.", "page": 195 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ รกle (a-รฐa) put on top of ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ถ รกลพu (a-รฐa) set items out on something ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ธ๐“Ÿ kaacรบxe (kaa-delete) sweep ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ nรกฬจฤ…ลกta (a-รฐa) stop (when walking or running) ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ nรกฬจฤ…ลพฤฏ (a-รฐa) stand, stand up, step on ๐“ฉ๐“ชฬ‹ อ˜๐“ญ๐“Ÿ nรณฬจวซhpe (stative) be afraid (of) ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ป๐“ถฬ ooลพรบ (a-รฐa) pour/put into ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ pascรฉ (a-รฐa) cut into pieces, slices, strips ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ paaxcรฉ (strong-stem) tie down, gather in a bundle ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“น๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ paaษฃรณe (strong-stem) push something or someone ๐“ฌ๐“ฃฬ ๐“น๐“˜อ˜ pรญษฃฤ… (strong-stem) blow on somethi", "page": 199, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ธ๐“ชอ˜?", "apa": "mรกฬจze ฤฏฤฏลกtรณolฤ… wรญhta รฐรกaxวซ", "english": "Did you break my glasses?", "page": 196 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ช๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ wรญhta akxa รกnฤ…ฤ…hkoe kaacรบxa pe", "english": "My wife swept the floor.", "page": 196, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ช๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รกnฤ…ฤ…hkoe รกacuxe", "english": "I swept the floor. This prefix is not common, but it does appear on the useful verbs ๐“ฌ๐“ถฬ ๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [pรบkxa] wipe and", "page": 196 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‹๐“ถฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hcรบke รญรฐaacha pe", "english": "She ate it with a spoon. these Osage clothes. Before enter-", "page": 186 }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜ฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ชฬ‹๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“ก๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏฤฏnรก akxa รณohวซ haaskรกmฤฏ kรญรฐuwฤฏ pe", "english": "Mother bought a shawl for the cook.", "page": 188, "word_audio": { "๐’ปอ˜ฬ„๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/mother_my_hl.mp3", "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/white_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wรฉoohวซ hcรฉka รกฬจรฐuwฤฏ pe", "english": "She bought new cooking utensils for me. The prefix ๐“˜ฬ [รก] provides a second way to show that someone benefited from some action. when the object is third-person. Let us look at some examples.", "page": 188 }, { "osage": "๐“…๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ๐“˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "hpรกata ฤฏฤฏnรก รกbruwฤฏ", "english": "I bought eggs for my mother.", "page": 188 }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "mรกฬจฤ…hฤฏ hpaahรญฬจ wฤฏ รกbruwฤฏ", "english": "I bought a sharp knife for him/her.", "page": 188, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/knife_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฌ๐“ถ๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "wรฉpukxa รกลกcuwฤฏ", "english": "You bought towels for him/her.", "page": 188 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐฬ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รกรฐuwฤฏ pe", "english": "He/she bought it for him/her. or They bought it for him/her. the presence of other people, but if we use [รก], we are not in the presence of others.", "page": 188 }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜ฬ‹๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "รกฬจฤ…รฐuwฤฏ", "english": "We bought it for him/her. When we add ๐“˜ฬ [รก] to a form that begins with a nasal vowel like ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] in 12d, the accented", "page": 188 }, { "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "htรกa apa รณลพฤ…ke รกnฤ…ฤ…ke apai", "english": "The deer ran on the road. and down. Usually though, we mean that someone is jumping from one spot to another. This", "page": 189, "word_audio": { "๐“˜ฬ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p0601ccr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "htรกa apa รกpahta รกwisi pe", "english": "The deer jumped over the fence.", "page": 189, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ฎ๐“ฃ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_56041_5651.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ๐“น๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ akxa cรฉษฃe mรกฬจze wรฉoohวซ รกla pe", "english": "The woman put the pot on top of the stove.", "page": 189, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ป๐“ถ?", "apa": "hรญฬจฤฏce รกwanวซbre รกรฐaลพu", "english": "Did you set the plates on the table?", "page": 189 }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ชฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลพรณle mฤ…รฐรญฬจ apai", "english": "Heโ€™s walking with her. the third-person forms. Example 17 could also mean, for instance, sheโ€™s walking with him, and", "page": 189 }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ชฬ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "ลพรณรฐale รฐachรญ รฐe", "english": "Did you come with her?", "page": 190 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ชฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "ihtรกci apa ลพรณฤ…le achรญ apa", "english": "Father came here with me.", "page": 190 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ชฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“ชฬ„๐“˜ฬ๐“ก๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waลกรญฬจ hpรกata ลพรณle ooรกhฤ… atxฤ…hรฉ", "english": "I am cooking bacon and eggs. and the verb ๐“ป๐“ชฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ [ลพรณle] for accompaniment with.", "page": 190, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fat_grease_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ณ๐“ถฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "htaanรญi hcรบke รญรฐaacha pe", "english": "He ate soup with a spoon.", "page": 190 }, { "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ป๐“ชฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "htaanรญi iihรณฬจhtฤ… ลพรณle รฐaachรก pe", "english": "He ate soup with his aunt. (his motherโ€™s older sister)", "page": 190 }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ชฬ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพรณle achรญ pe", "english": "He came here with her.", "page": 190 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa รญikaahtamฤ… wฤฏ รฐuuhkรกamฤ… pe", "english": "The man rang a bell. the front. Photo by Butch DeLong.", "page": 191 } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Do you understand?", "content": "What does this story mean?\n๐“๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.\n๐’ทฬ‹ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.\n๐“๐“ฃ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ช ๐“ป๐“ชฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.\n๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฑ๐“ชฬ ๐“ก๐“ช ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“˜ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "page": 198 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Composition", "content": "Write a composition of six Osage sentences. Include at least one use of the prefixes ๐“ฃ, ๐“ช, or ๐“˜ฬ ,\nand one use of a verb containing an instrumental prefix.", "page": 198 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Prefixes", "content": "Go through the vocabulary lists and find four verbs that contain instrumental prefixes. Describe\nhow the instrument forms part of the meaning. Do not use verbs that we have discussed already\nin this chapter.", "page": 198 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Instrumental ๐“ฃ", "content": "Write four sentences, two of which use the instrumental ๐“ฃ with and two that use the accompa-\nniment verb ๐“ป๐“ชฬ ๐“ง๐“Ÿ.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“ฃฬ„ อ˜\nรกalฤฏฤฏ\nchair\n๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“˜\nhรกabrehka\nribbon, ribbons sewn on Osage clothing\n๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌโ€™๐“ฃอ˜\nhรญฬจฤฏska wanวซฬpโ€™ฤฏ\nbead necklace\n๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“จ๐“˜อ˜\nรญikaahtamฤ…\nbell\n๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹", "page": 198 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Notice the form for I cut", "osage": "๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ [pรกase]. The pronoun ๐“˜ [a] comes after the ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ [pรก] instru-", "apa": "๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ [pรกase]. The pronoun ๐“˜ [a] comes after the ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ [pรก] instru-", "english": "", "page": 195 } ], "stats": { "rules": 3, "examples": 77, "exercises": 4, "dialogues": 1 } }, { "id": "plurals", "title": "More about Plurals", "page": 202, "sections": [ { "title": "Joining noun phrases", "explanation": "In English we have the very handy word and that allows us to put together long strings of noun phrases and sentences. In Osage we may simply put one noun phrase after the other, as in examples 1 and 2.", "page": 202, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ, ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ci wihcรญkวซ iihkรณ apa waachรญ apai", "english": "Last night, my grandfather and my grandmother were dancing.", "page": 202 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ apa ilรณฬจeลพi รณลพฤ…ke รกรฐuuhta รฐuxรญ apai", "english": "The boy and the girl were chasing the cat across the road. We sometimes use ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ลกki] to join noun phrases. This word will appear after the nouns (or", "page": 202, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/girl_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“ชฬ‹๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜อ˜๐“ธ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "tรณoleลพi mรกฬจฤ…ลพฤ…xe ลกki brรบwฤฏ", "english": "I bought carrots as well as onions. When we use ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ลกki], we are saying something like English and, so we could also put", "page": 202 } ] }, { "title": "Numbers", "explanation": "If we use a number greater than one with a noun, that noun will of course be plural. In Osage, we have different ways of treating plurals depending on whether the plural noun is definite, meaning pointed out, or not definite, meaning not specific. In examples 6 and 7, the plural nouns are not specific.", "page": 203, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ฒ๐“ฃ, ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜๐“ฃฬ„๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…ci wihcรญkวซ iihkรณ apa waachรญ apai", "english": "Last night, my grandfather and my grandmother were dancing.", "page": 202 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ apa ilรณฬจeลพi รณลพฤ…ke รกรฐuuhta รฐuxรญ apai", "english": "The boy and the girl were chasing the cat across the road. We sometimes use ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ลกki] to join noun phrases. This word will appear after the nouns (or", "page": 202, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/girl_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“ชฬ‹๐“ง๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“ป๐“˜อ˜๐“ธ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜.", "apa": "tรณoleลพi mรกฬจฤ…ลพฤ…xe ลกki brรบwฤฏ", "english": "I bought carrots as well as onions. When we use ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ [ลกki], we are saying something like English and, so we could also put", "page": 202 } ] }, { "title": "Position markers", "explanation": "The Siouan languages all have position markers that are used to note the position that something is in, and in many cases, whether that thing is animate (alive) or inanimate (not alive). Osage has many of these, though some have been let go as the language evolved. The position markers are optional, but they are very much part of the language of fluent speakers, and they help comprehen- sion. Note that they are not used with subjects of sentencesโ€”for those we use the subject markers ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa] ", "page": 207, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜?", "apa": "wakรณฬจze hรกanฤ… pa oรฐรญhkฤ…", "english": "How many teachers helped you? We can answer this question with a plural subject too, as in 12 below.", "page": 204 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ๐“ช๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze รฐวซวซpรก oรกฬจhkฤ… pe", "english": "Two teachers helped me. We have been using ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ [wฤฏ] a throughout this book, but we have not used it yet to mark a", "page": 204 }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wฤฏ รญpลกa pe", "english": "A car came by.", "page": 204 } ] }, { "title": "Osage position markers", "explanation": "๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [ฤฏkลกรฉ] sitting, round animate and inanimate (or ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [รฐฤฏkลกรฉ]) ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ [txฤ…] standing animate ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che] standing, upright, vertical inanimate ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ [kลกe] lying, horizontal, long, spread out animate and inanimate ๐“ฌ๐“˜ [pa] plural sitting, standing, moving animate ๐“ค๐“Ÿ [ke] plural scattered, dispersed animate and inanimate You may find that the position markers remind you of the continuous aspect markers. There is a historical connection in the development of the aspect markers from the position ma", "page": 207, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜?", "apa": "wakรณฬจze hรกanฤ… pa oรฐรญhkฤ…", "english": "How many teachers helped you? We can answer this question with a plural subject too, as in 12 below.", "page": 204 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ๐“ช๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze รฐวซวซpรก oรกฬจhkฤ… pe", "english": "Two teachers helped me. We have been using ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ [wฤฏ] a throughout this book, but we have not used it yet to mark a", "page": 204 }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "oรฐรญhtฤ… wฤฏ รญpลกa pe", "english": "A car came by.", "page": 204 } ] }, { "title": "Painting pictures with position markers", "explanation": "Remember that the position markers are typically used in a context where both the speaker and the hearer can see the situation. This allows speakers to use position markers to paint a picture of the idea the speaker wants to communicate. Returning to the example of blankets, and in the context of two speakers in a room with a blanket or blankets, a speaker could say ๐“ก๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ [haxรญฬจ ฤฏkลกรฉ] to point out a particular blanket, the blanket sitting there. If there were multiple blankets, the speak", "page": 209, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "xรณhka รฐe akxa wรกlฤฏ waaรฐรณฬจ รฐรกalฤฏ akxai", "english": "Those singers are really singing well.", "page": 206, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3", "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/good_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹๐“บ๐“ถ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“œ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜", "apa": "hรกazu wacรบe รฐubrรกaska รฐaachรฉ wรกlฤฏ รกฬจรฐalฤฏ", "english": "I really like to eat grape dumplings.", "page": 206, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ‹๐“บ๐“ถ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/purple.mp3", "๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bread_hl.mp3", "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/good_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "nรญhka wรญhta akxa wรกlฤฏ ลพรญฬจฤฏhe nฤ…", "english": "My husband sleeps a lot.", "page": 206 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹ hรณo voice ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ hรบuลพฤฏ a bit, a few ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ kaลกpรฉวซpa quarter (coin) ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“ฌ๐“ถ mรกฬจxpu cloud ๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ป๐“ถ nฤ…ฬษฃeooลพu refrigerator ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ nรญhkaลกie person, people, human ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฃ nรญhkaลกi person, people, human (variant) ๐“ชฬ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ รณลพฤ…ke road ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ wรกkaลกtวซ saddle blanket ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ waรฐรกawaลพฤฏ coins, change ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ ลพฤ…ฤ…nรญe sugar (variant)", "page": 210, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "mรกฬจka รฐวซวซpรก รกลกihta ecรญ apa", "english": "There are two skunks outside.", "page": 207, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/skunk_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ท๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?", "apa": "ecรญ hta nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Will you be there?", "page": 207 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka ฤฏkลกรฉ รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "Do you see the man sitting there?", "page": 208 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ รกลพฤ… (a-รฐa) lie on ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ hukรกaษฃe (strong-stem) pass (e.g., the salt) More about Plurals 211 ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ รญpลกe (i-stem) come by, pass by ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜ kรญopxa (ki-stative) understand ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ nรญwahce (single-form) itโ€™s cold (weather)", "page": 210, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "mรกฬจka รฐวซวซpรก รกลกihta ecรญ apa", "english": "There are two skunks outside.", "page": 207, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/skunk_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ท๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?", "apa": "ecรญ hta nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Will you be there?", "page": 207 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka ฤฏkลกรฉ รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "Do you see the man sitting there?", "page": 208 } ] }, { "title": "Adjectives", "explanation": "๐“ฏ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ลกรกpe dark ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ลกtรกke mild", "page": 211, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka ฤฏkลกรฉ รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "Do you see the man sitting there?", "page": 208 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka txฤ… รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "Do you see the man standing there? that is not the subject. So position markers always pick out a thing and give more information", "page": 208 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“˜.", "apa": "wรกkaลกtวซ ฤฏkลกรฉ hkรกwa รกala", "english": "Put the saddle blanket (sitting there) on the horse.", "page": 208 } ] }, { "title": "Other", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ รกลกihta outside ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ รกลกka nearby ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ รกลกka ci near (something) ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ รกรฐuuhta across ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ hรบu many, lots ๐“ก๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ huuhtรกฬจka a large number of ๐“ก๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃ huuwรกli a lot of ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ hรบuลพฤฏ a bit of, a few of ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ลกki also, too, and ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ tรณe some, any ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ wรกlฤฏ very, really ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ wฤฏ a ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ xci real, very, precisely", "page": 211, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka ฤฏkลกรฉ รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "Do you see the man sitting there?", "page": 208 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "nรญhka txฤ… รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "Do you see the man standing there? that is not the subject. So position markers always pick out a thing and give more information", "page": 208 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ๐“ท๐“˜๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ง๐“˜.", "apa": "wรกkaลกtวซ ฤฏkลกรฉ hkรกwa รกala", "english": "Put the saddle blanket (sitting there) on the horse.", "page": 208 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฒ๐“ชฬ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ฤฏchรณka รฐรกabrฤฏ iiรฐรกรฐe", "english": "I saw three mice.", "page": 203 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ รฐรณฬจวซpa htรกhtaze รฐuxรญ apai", "english": "Two boys were chasing grasshoppers.", "page": 203, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ รฐรณฬจวซpa apa htรกhtaze รฐuxรญ apai", "english": "\u0007The two boys were chasing the grasshoppers. (Context: we have been talking When we add the subject marker ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa] to the same sentence, we now say that there", "page": 203, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3", "๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“˜": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq4cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke รฐรกฬจฤ…brฤฏ mฤ…ลกcรญฬจkaลพฤฏ รฐรกabrฤฏ รฐuxรญ apai", "english": "Three dogs were chasing three bunnies.", "page": 203, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3", "๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/three_hl.mp3", "๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo29_3871.wav", "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/three_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชฬอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke รฐรกฬจฤ…brฤฏ apa mฤ…ลกcรญฬจkaลพฤฏ รฐรกabrฤฏ รฐuxรญ apai", "english": "\u0007The three dogs were chasing three bunnies. (Context: we have been talking", "page": 203, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ชฬอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3", "๐“ค๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo29_3871.wav", "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/three_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ.", "apa": "mรกzeska hรบu ฤ…ลกcรญห›", "english": "You have a lot of money.", "page": 205 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ถฬ„๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "huuhtรกฬจka ohkรญhkie apai", "english": "A lot of them were talking.", "page": 205 }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ๐“ง๐“ฃ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ huuwรกli taapรณska ci mฤ…รฐรญฬจ รฐรฉe nฤ…pe", "english": "Many / a lot of children (usually) walk to school. we make the subject definite.", "page": 205, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "รฐe ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ hรบuwali apa taapรณska ci maรฐรญฬจ รฐรฉe ลกtฤ…", "english": "That bunch of children always walks to school.", "page": 205, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ", "apa": "waรฐรกawaลพฤฏ hรบuลพฤฏ abrรญฬจ", "english": "I have a little bit of change.", "page": 205 }, { "osage": "๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“ค๐“ชฬอ˜๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "kaลกpรฉวซpa zรกani kรณฬจรฐa akxai", "english": "He wants all the quarters.", "page": 205 }, { "osage": "๐’ฟ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "lรกpxฤ…ฤ…ke zรกani รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "Did you see all the mosquitoes?", "page": 205 }, { "osage": "๐“’๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "zรกani aรฐรกa pe", "english": "Everyone went there. The adverbs ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ [wรกlฤฏ] and ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ [xci] These two adverbs are both used to mean very and really and other similar emphatic expres-", "page": 205, "word_audio": { "๐“’๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/all_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "wakโ€™รณ pa รณhkฤ… hkรณbra mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "I want to help those women.", "page": 209, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4051.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜ฬ !", "apa": "haxรญฬจ ke opetxรก", "english": "Wrap up those blankets (that are lying around)!", "page": 209 } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Do you understand?", "content": "What does this short story mean?\n๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ด๐“ฃ ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.\n๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.\n๐’ทฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜ ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ‹ อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.\n๐“’๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ธ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.\n๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ?\n210\nChapter 18", "page": 209 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Composition", "content": "Write a composition of six Osage sentences. Include at least three uses of plural noun phrases.", "page": 210 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Sentences", "content": "Write a sentence using each of these Osage words:\n1.\t ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ\n2.\t ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜\n3.\t ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ\n4.\t a form of ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹\n5.\t ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ\n6.\t ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜\n7.\t ๐“ธ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ", "page": 210 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Context", "content": "Give the context for what a speaker might mean in using these position markers in these\nsentences.\n1.\t ๐“‚ฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ถ.\n2.\t ๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜๐“จ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹\nhรณo\nvoice\n๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜\nhรบuลพฤฏ\na bit, a few\n๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ชอ˜๐“ฌ๐“˜\nkaลกpรฉวซpa\nquarter (coin)\n๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“ฌ๐“ถ\nmรกฬจxpu\ncloud\n๐“ฉ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ป๐“ถ\nnฤ…ฬษฃeooลพu\nrefriger", "page": 210 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "1.\t ๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐“„๐“Ÿฬ‹ , ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ , ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ , ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ โ€”๐“ก๐“ชฬ ๐“ท๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 210, "word_audio": { "๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/deer_sr.mp3", "๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/winter_sr.mp3", "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "2.\t \u0007๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ 1", "osage": "๐“„๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ . ๐“„๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜. ๐’ฟ๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 210, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "3.\t \u0007๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ 2", "osage": "๐“ˆ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ . ๐“ˆ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜. ๐’ฐฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 210, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3", "๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Col16_2261.wav", "๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ani2_0361.wav" } }, { "speaker": "4.\t ๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ", "osage": "๐’น๐“ช๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ ?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 210, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "5.\t \u0007๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ 3", "osage": "๐“‰๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“˜ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ. ๐’ฝ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“œ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 210, "word_audio": { "๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/deer_sr.mp3", "๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/tree_hl.mp3", "๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ani2_0361.wav", "๐“œ๐“˜อ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Des18_2611.wav", "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "6.\t \u0007๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ 4", "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ . ๐“„๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ . ๐“๐“ฃฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 210, "word_audio": { "๐“„๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/winter_sr.mp3", "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ„": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "1.\t Teacher", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 210 }, { "speaker": "2.\t \u0007Student 1", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "I like spring. It rains a lot. I like listening to the thunder and looking at", "page": 210 }, { "speaker": "3.\t \u0007Student 2", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "I like summer. School is out and itโ€™s hot and sunny. I like to play outdoors", "page": 210 }, { "speaker": "4.\t Teacher", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 210 } ], "stats": { "rules": 9, "examples": 44, "exercises": 4, "dialogues": 24 } }, { "id": "causatives", "title": "Causatives, ๐“๐“˜ [wa], and Compounding", "page": 213, "sections": [ { "title": "15. \t Third daughter: Yes.", "explanation": "16. \t Second daughter: I will make the ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“ถฬ and grape dumplings. 17. \t The girls are going to set the table. 18. \t It will be good. A handgame is a guessing game that also involves dancing and food. It is for lifting our spirits and celebrating important occasions. Here, a family is preparing to celebrate a birthday. ๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ง๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ We often need to talk about making or causing something to happen. In English, we can add a suffix such as -ize to a word like random, giving us randomize, mea", "page": 213, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa htรกa cโ€™รฉรฐe apai.", "english": "The man is killing the deer.", "page": 214 }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa walรฉze wฤฏ รฐรฉeรฐe hta apa", "english": "My father will send a letter.", "page": 214 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ.", "apa": "wacรบe huรฐรก", "english": "Pass the bread. The ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]-causative verb class It is important to note that ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]-causative verbs form their own verb class. They use ๐“˜-๐“ต๐“˜ We show this in the following examples.", "page": 214, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bread_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Causatives", "explanation": "Verbs made with causative ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe] One way that Osage makes words that have causative meanings is by placing ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe] as the final syllable of a verb. We have seen this in the verb ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [cโ€™รฉรฐe] kill, which combines ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿ [cโ€™e], meaning die, with causative ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]. Do not confuse causative ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe] with ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe] that or the declarative evidential ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]. The following example is from chapter 3. 214 Chapter 19", "page": 213, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa htรกa cโ€™รฉรฐe apai.", "english": "The man is killing the deer.", "page": 214 }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa walรฉze wฤฏ รฐรฉeรฐe hta apa", "english": "My father will send a letter.", "page": 214 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ.", "apa": "wacรบe huรฐรก", "english": "Pass the bread. The ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]-causative verb class It is important to note that ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]-causative verbs form their own verb class. They use ๐“˜-๐“ต๐“˜ We show this in the following examples.", "page": 214, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bread_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Causatives made with clauses", "explanation": "Osage also forms causative expressions with clauses, like we do in English. This means the sentence will have two clauses, one with the causative verb, usually make or have, and one thatย says what was made to happen. This kind of sentence is done with no connectors between the clauses, as explained in chapter 15. Three common Osage verbs that make causative clauses are ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ [kรกaษฃe] make, which we are already familiar with, ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [kลกรญรฐe] have someone (not oneโ€™s own relatives) do some- thing, ", "page": 215, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญhka akxa htรกa cโ€™รฉรฐe apai.", "english": "The man is killing the deer.", "page": 214 }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ง๐“Ÿฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci apa walรฉze wฤฏ รฐรฉeรฐe hta apa", "english": "My father will send a letter.", "page": 214 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ.", "apa": "wacรบe huรฐรก", "english": "Pass the bread. The ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]-causative verb class It is important to note that ๐“ต๐“Ÿ [รฐe]-causative verbs form their own verb class. They use ๐“˜-๐“ต๐“˜ We show this in the following examples.", "page": 214, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bread_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Verbs into nouns", "explanation": "You have probably already noticed that many Osage nouns have the same form as the verb. Since we do this all the time in English, it is not surprising. Some verb-noun pairs that we have seen: ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ รญe to speak; a word ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“ฃฬ waachรญ to dance; a dance ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ถ nรญiลพu to rain; rain ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ waaรฐรณฬจ to sing; a song Verbs made with ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] are very frequently converted into nouns. We have already seen ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“Ÿ [wanรณฬจbre] eat a meal and dinner, and ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜๐“œ๐“Ÿ [รกwanวซbre] eat something on and table. The wo", "page": 219, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพรญฬจkรกลพฤฏ รฐe akxa hรบheka ฤ…kรกaษฃa pe", "english": "That child made me sick.", "page": 216, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรบheka wihpรกaษฃe hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m going to make you sick.", "page": 216 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waachรญ ฤ…รฐikรกaษฃe hta aรฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "We two will make you dance.", "page": 216 } ] }, { "title": "Making new nouns using compounding", "explanation": "You have probably already noticed that many Osage words seem to be made from two other words. For instance, ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ [wacรบe skรบe] cake is made of the words for bread and sweet. We also have ๐“ก๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ [hรกpa wacรบe] cornbread, ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ญ๐“˜ [wacรบe รฐutรกahpa] biscuit, and ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃ [wacรบe wรฉli] frybread. Some compounds are written as a single word, such as ๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ‹ [htaanรญi] soup, made from the words for meat and water. The rules for making compound nouns are quite simple. If the co", "page": 219, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพรญฬจkรกลพฤฏ รฐe akxa hรบheka ฤ…kรกaษฃa pe", "english": "That child made me sick.", "page": 216, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "hรบheka wihpรกaษฃe hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m going to make you sick.", "page": 216 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "waachรญ ฤ…รฐikรกaษฃe hta aรฐฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "We two will make you dance.", "page": 216 } ] }, { "title": "Nouns", "explanation": "๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ รกtahkฤ… lights ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ รกลพฤ… bed ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ hkรกฬจฤ…ce oolรกฬจ fruit pie ๐“จ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ mฤ…ฬze ohkรญe telephone ๐“ช๐“จ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ omรญลพe pajamas, bedding ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“บ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ท๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ง๐“ฃ paazรฉnii wรฉli butter, cream", "page": 221, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ช๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รฐรกaลกoa pe", "english": "He smokes it.", "page": 218 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ช๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "waรฐรกaลกoe ลกtฤ…", "english": "He smokes.", "page": 218 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke รฐe akxa waรฐรกaxtake ลกtฤ…", "english": "That dog bites. This means that we can make many verbs that have general meanings, like in 27 and 28, these cases, when ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] is placed at the beginning of the verb, the ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] and the ๐“ช [o]", "page": 218 } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ hรบรฐe (รฐe-causative) hand over, pass ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ kรญรฐe (a-รฐa) allow (own relatives) to ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ kลกรญรฐe (a-รฐa) allow, have something done ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ oxpรกรฐe (stative) get lost, be lost ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“Ÿ oxpรกรฐeรฐe (รฐe-causative) lose (something) ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ช๐“Ÿ รฐรกaลกoe (br-ลกc) smoke ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รฐรฉeรฐe (รฐe-causative) send ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃ รฐuutรกaลพi (br-ลกc) turn off", "page": 221, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ช๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รฐรกaลกoa pe", "english": "He smokes it.", "page": 218 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ช๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "waรฐรกaลกoe ลกtฤ…", "english": "He smokes.", "page": 218 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜.", "apa": "ลกรณฬจke รฐe akxa waรฐรกaxtake ลกtฤ…", "english": "That dog bites. This means that we can make many verbs that have general meanings, like in 27 and 28, these cases, when ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] is placed at the beginning of the verb, the ๐“ท๐“˜ [wa] and the ๐“ช [o]", "page": 218 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ต๐“ฃฬ๐“ธ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "oรฐรญxpaรฐe", "english": "You got lost.", "page": 215 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“Ÿฬ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ฏ๐“ถ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wรฉรฐuลกupe oxpรกรฐeaรฐe", "english": "I lost the keys.", "page": 215 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "haaskรกmฤฏ wรญhta oxpรกรฐeรฐaรฐe", "english": "You lost my shawl.", "page": 215, "word_audio": { "๐’น๐“˜ฬ„๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "/audio/sonny_goes_to_school/audio/p01sq14cr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ๐“ช๐“ธ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "mรกฬจzeska zรกani oxpรกรฐeฤ…รฐape", "english": "We lost all the money.", "page": 215, "word_audio": { "๐“€๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/money_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“Ÿฬ๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฉ๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“น๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hcรฉkanวซวซ akxa ลพรญฬจkรกลพฤฏ ษฃaakรฉ kรกaษฃa pe", "english": "The teenager made the child cry. The following sentences show how this works when we use pronouns. In the next example, the one who is being made to do something, me, appears as the pronoun ๐“˜อ˜ [ฤ…] on ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ", "page": 215, "word_audio": { "๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ช๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ„ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa ho รฐวซวซpรก รฐuuzรก pe", "english": "The boy took two fish.", "page": 217 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„ ๐“บ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa wรกรฐuuza pe", "english": "The boy took them.", "page": 217, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“ถฬ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ฏ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "hรบheka okรกลกฤ… akxa owรกhkฤ… pe", "english": "The nurse helped them. (where them is known from context) it means something definite, which we would know from context.", "page": 217 }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ถฬ„๐“บ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa รฐuuzรก pe", "english": "The boy took it.", "page": 217, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“บ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "sรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa waรฐรบuza pe", "english": "The boy took stuff.", "page": 217, "word_audio": { "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“ถ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฏ๐“ช๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "nฤ…nรบhu รฐรกaลกoe akxai", "english": "Heโ€™s smoking tobacco.", "page": 217 }, { "osage": "๐“‚ฬ๐“ท๐“Ÿ ๐“œ๐“ถฬ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "รณwe brรบwฤฏ atxฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m buying vegetables.", "page": 219 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“œ๐“ถฬ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "wabrรบwฤฏ ฤ…hรฉ", "english": "Iโ€™m shopping.", "page": 219 } ], "exercises": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Do you understand?", "content": "What does this short story mean?\n๐“๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฒ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ธ๐“ชฬ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“จ๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.\n๐“๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.\n๐’ทฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜๐“ฎ๐“Ÿ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชฬ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.\n๐“€๐“˜อ˜๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ฃ ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฐ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ.", "page": 220 }, { "number": 2, "title": "Composition", "content": "Write a composition in Osage of at least six sentences. Include at least one kind of causative\nsentence and one use of indefinite ๐“ท๐“˜.", "page": 220 }, { "number": 3, "title": "Short phrases", "content": "Give the Osage for these phrases:\n1.\t you lost it\n2.\t he made me cry\n3.\t I mailed it\n4.\t you had your uncle do it\n5.\t the chief had me do it", "page": 220 }, { "number": 4, "title": "Finding ๐“ท๐“˜", "content": "Go through the vocabulary lists and find six words that include the indefinite ๐“ท๐“˜ marker.\nRemember that not every word that begins with ๐“ท๐“˜ is in this group.\nMore about Word Formation\n221\n๐’ปฬ ๐“Ÿ\nNouns\n๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜\nรกtahkฤ…\nlights\n๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“˜อ˜\nรกลพฤ…\nbed\n๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜ฬ\nhkรกฬจฤ…ce oolรกฬจ\nfruit pie\n๐“จ๐“˜ฬ อ˜๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ\nmฤ…ฬze ohk", "page": 220 } ], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "7.\t \u0007Second daughter", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 213 }, { "speaker": "11.\t Third daughter", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "Who are you going to ask to help?", "page": 213 }, { "speaker": "12.\t \u0007Second daughter", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "I am going to ask (older) sister to make the steam fry and green", "page": 213 }, { "speaker": "15. \t Third daughter", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 213 }, { "speaker": "16. \t Second daughter", "osage": "I will make the ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“ถฬ and grape dumplings.", "apa": "", "english": "I will make the ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“ถฬ and grape dumplings.", "page": 213 }, { "speaker": "1.\t๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "osage": "๐“‡๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ง๐“˜อ˜๐“คโ€™๐“ชอ˜ ๐“ต๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 231 }, { "speaker": "2.\t๐’ฐ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜", "osage": "๐“‡๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 231, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/teeth_hl.mp3", "๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Ani2_0361.wav" } }, { "speaker": "3.\t๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "osage": "๐’ฐฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฃ๐“ฑ๐“˜ ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ ๐“จ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃอ˜ฬ . ๐“๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฎ๐“ฒ๐“ถฬ ๐“ต๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“ก๐“˜ ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 231, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "5.\t๐’ฐ๐“ฎ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“˜", "osage": "๐“…๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ป๐“Ÿ๐“ฑ๐“ช๐“ก๐“ช ๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“น๐“Ÿ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“Ÿ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜, ๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฌ๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“ถฬ ๐“ชฬ„ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ .", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 231, "word_audio": { "๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ฬ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3" } }, { "speaker": "7.\t๐“๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“Ÿฬ", "osage": "๐“€๐“˜อ˜๐“ฅ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ฎ๐“˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ?", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 231 } ], "stats": { "rules": 7, "examples": 34, "exercises": 4, "dialogues": 19 } }, { "id": "speaking_relative", "title": "Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses", "page": 224, "sections": [ { "title": "Expressions for again, possibly, and if", "explanation": "๐“‡๐“ฃ [ลกi] again The adverb ๐“ฏ๐“ฃ [ลกi] again is placed right before the verb it modifies in a sentence.", "page": 224, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณze ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa mรกฬจzeska hรบu ohรญ pe ([pe] includes [รฐe])", "english": "Our teacher won a lot of money. (I am declaring this as a fact.)", "page": 224 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“จ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹๐“ช๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณze ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa mรกฬจzeska hรบu ohรญ che", "english": "Our teacher won a lot of money. (I have evidence for it.)", "page": 224 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“จ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹๐“ช๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณze ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa mรกฬจzeska hรบu ohรญ รกape", "english": "Our teacher won a lot of money. (They said.)", "page": 224 } ] }, { "title": "We are speaking Osage.", "explanation": "226 Chapter 20 ๐’ทฬ‹ [รฉe] say that (reported speech) ๐’ทฬ‹ [รฉe] is an h-stem verb that is usually used to report speech that has already occurred. In the examples below, we usually put the connector ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che] (which corresponds to English that) between the two clauses (see chapter 15).", "page": 225, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹ ๐“ช๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณze ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa mรกฬจzeska hรบu ohรญ pe ([pe] includes [รฐe])", "english": "Our teacher won a lot of money. (I am declaring this as a fact.)", "page": 224 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“จ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹๐“ช๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณze ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa mรกฬจzeska hรบu ohรญ che", "english": "Our teacher won a lot of money. (I have evidence for it.)", "page": 224 }, { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜๐“จ๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“Ÿ๐“ฎ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ก๐“ถฬ‹๐“ช๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "wakรณze ฤ…kรณhtapi akxa mรกฬจzeska hรบu ohรญ รกape", "english": "Our teacher won a lot of money. (They said.)", "page": 224 } ] }, { "title": "Relative clauses", "explanation": "The last topic we will discuss is the way to make relative clauses. One of the trickiest parts of learning to make these is being able to identify them! Here is an example of a relative clause in English: โ€œThe cat that bit me ran away.โ€ The clause that bit me describes the cat, and the whole noun phrase the cat that bit me is the subject of the sentence. Here is another example: โ€œThe community appreciates the women who helped the children.โ€ The clause who helped the children describes women, and", "page": 228, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถ ๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "nรญiลพu รฐฤ…ฤ…chรฉ akxai", "english": "It might rain.", "page": 225, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ป๐“ถ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rain_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“˜อ˜ฬ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฅ๐“˜อ˜ ๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ„๐“ด๐“Ÿ ๐“ฉ๐“ฃ๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ?", "apa": "oรกฬจรฐahkฤ… รฐฤ…ฤ…chรฉ nฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "Could you help me? We can place the negation marker ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ [aลพi] on ๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“Ÿฬ [รฐฤ…ฤ…chรฉ] to get ๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃ [รฐฤ…ฤ…chรกลพi]", "page": 225 }, { "osage": "๐’ปอ˜๐“ฑ๐“˜ฬ๐“ฒ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ช๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฑ๐“˜อ˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ต๐“ถ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ต๐“˜อ˜ฬ„ ๐“ด๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "ฤฏhtรกci akxa oรฐรญhtฤ… hcรฉka รฐuwรญฬจ รฐฤ…ฤ…chรกลพi akxai", "english": "Father couldnโ€™t buy a new car.", "page": 225 } ] }, { "title": "The cat that I saw was sleeping.", "explanation": "In the second type, the relative clause is in the object of the sentence. There are three things to remember about this type of relative clause. First, if the subject is a noun phrase (not a pronoun), that subject will take a subject marker, ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ [akxa] or ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜ [apa]. Second, the relative clause usually comes first in the sentence (as we saw above). These two points are illustrated in the following examples.", "page": 229, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ฤ…hรบheka che รฉpลกe", "english": "I said that I was sick yesterday.", "page": 226, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รฐakรญtฤ…he che รฉลกe", "english": "You said that you got better. We do not need the connector ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che] when using ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [รกape].", "page": 226, "word_audio": { "๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“’๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ๐“บ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "zรกani kรญzo รกape", "english": "He said that everyone had a good time. or It was said (or they said) that everyone had a good time. We also use ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe] for the expression how does someone say? In example 17, donโ€™t confuse the emphatic pronoun ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe] (see chapter 13) with the verb ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe] say. They are pronounced and spelled the same.", "page": 226, "word_audio": { "๐“’๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/all_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "How do we go forward from here?", "explanation": "Congratulations on making it this far! We have covered a lot of material. But despite the amount of work we have done in learning Osage, we are far from finished. There are many grammar topics that we have left unexplained, often because they are more complicated than we can manage in a beginning grammar book, and sometimes because those topics are much more rarely used in modern speech. And, of course, our glossary contains only a fraction of the Osage vocabulary. Some students will want to pro", "page": 229, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ", "apa": "sitรณฬจฤฏ ฤ…hรบheka che รฉpลกe", "english": "I said that I was sick yesterday.", "page": 226, "word_audio": { "๐“†๐“ฃ๐“ฐ๐“ซฬ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Tim20_2811.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐“ต๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“Ÿฬ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "รฐakรญtฤ…he che รฉลกe", "english": "You said that you got better. We do not need the connector ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [che] when using ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [รกape].", "page": 226, "word_audio": { "๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“’๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ๐“บ๐“ช๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "zรกani kรญzo รกape", "english": "He said that everyone had a good time. or It was said (or they said) that everyone had a good time. We also use ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe] for the expression how does someone say? In example 17, donโ€™t confuse the emphatic pronoun ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe] (see chapter 13) with the verb ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe] say. They are pronounced and spelled the same.", "page": 226, "word_audio": { "๐“’๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/all_hl.mp3" } } ] }, { "title": "Verbs", "explanation": "๐“Ÿฬ‹ รฉe (h-stem) say ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ รฉkie (h-stem) say to others ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ hkรณopลกe (a-รฐa) run away, flee ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜๐“น๐“Ÿ รญรฐวซษฃe (br-sc) ask for information ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ รญihวซ (i-stem) ask as a request ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ ohkรญe (a-รฐa) talk to someone, talk on telephone", "page": 230, "examples": [ { "osage": "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ช๐“ฌ๐“ธ๐“™ ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฃฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "wakรณฬจze akxa waรฐรญopxai wรกlฤฏ รญkโ€™uce hce รฉe apa", "english": "The teacher told the student to study a lot.", "page": 227, "word_audio": { "๐“๐“˜๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“บ๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/teacher_sr.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ลพฤฏkรกลพฤฏ akลกรญ hce รฉpลกe", "english": "I told the child to go back home.", "page": 227, "word_audio": { "๐““๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Peo30_4061.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ผ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜.", "apa": "kahรญke ie hce รฉe apa", "english": "The chief was asked to speak. We can also use the verb ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜ [รญihวซ] ask as a request with ๐“ด๐“Ÿ [hce] instead of ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe]. ๐’ปฬ‹ ๐“ก๐“ชอ˜", "page": 227 } ] } ], "examples": [ { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ณ๐“ฃฬ๐“ค๐“ช ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃฬอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ ๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "ihcรญko akxa wiลพรญฬจke ohkรญe akxai.", "english": "His grandfather is talking to my son.", "page": 228, "word_audio": { "๐“ท๐“ฃ๐“ป๐“ฃฬอ˜๐“ค๐“Ÿ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/son_my_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐“‚๐“ท๐“ฃฬ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“œ๐“˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "owรญhkie hkรณฬจbra mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 228 }, { "osage": "๐“‹๐“ฃ๐“ง๐“Ÿ ๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ช๐“ฅ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“™.", "apa": "hcรญle zรกani apa ohkรญhkie apai", "english": "The whole family was talking to each other. The following example is from chapter 16.", "page": 228, "word_audio": { "๐“บ๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ฉ๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/all_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ฐอ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜๐“ฐ๐“ธ๐“™ฬ.", "apa": "ฤ…kรณhkihkie ฤ…katxรกi", "english": "", "page": 228 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพi wฤฏ ฤ…รฐรกaxta pe hkรณopลกa pe", "english": "", "page": 228 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ๐“Ÿ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“ฅ๐“ชฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพi tรณe ฤ…รฐรกaxta pe hkรณopลกa pe", "english": "", "page": 228, "word_audio": { "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3", "๐“ฐ๐“ชฬ๐“Ÿ": "/audio/osage_app/wav/APP580_OSA_OSA_Des18_2551.wav" } }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ๐“ต๐“Ÿ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ‹๐“ก๐“Ÿ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“™.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพi wฤฏ iiรฐรกรฐe ลพรญฬจฤฏhe akxai", "english": "", "page": 229, "word_audio": { "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3" } }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“ฏ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ๐“ฐ๐“ช๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜๐“ค๐“ธ๐“˜ ๐“ฃฬ‹๐“ต๐“˜๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพi wฤฏ ฤ…รฐรกaxta pe ลกรญฬจtoลพฤฏ akxa รญiรฐa pe", "english": "The boy saw the cat that bit me.", "page": 229 }, { "osage": "๐’ป๐“ง๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“Ÿ๐“ป๐“ฃ๐“ท๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ‹๐“ธ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ.", "apa": "ilรณฬจeลพi wฤฏ ฤ…รฐรกaxta pe รญiรฐaรฐe", "english": "You saw the cat that bit me. A third way to make a relative clause is to use position markers. We do this by adding a", "page": 229 }, { "osage": "๐’น๐“˜๐“ธ๐“ฃอ˜ฬ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ ๐“ด๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜๐“ค๐“ฏ๐“Ÿฬ.", "apa": "haxรญฬจ ฤ…รฐรกkikโ€™u che รกฬจรฐaalฤฏ mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 229, "word_audio": { "๐“ต๐“˜ฬ„๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜": "https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/good_sr.mp3" } } ], "exercises": [], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "Verbs for speaking", "osage": "๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [รญe], ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe], ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ [รฉkie], ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ [รณhkie],", "apa": "๐“ฃฬ ๐“Ÿ [รญe], ๐“Ÿฬ‹ [รฉe], ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ [รฉkie], ๐“ชฬ ๐“ฅ๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ [รณhkie],", "english": "", "page": 225 }, { "speaker": "before ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [pe] is at work here", "osage": "๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [รกa pe] is written as ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [รกape].", "apa": "๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [รกa pe] is written as ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ [รกape].", "english": "", "page": 226 }, { "speaker": "in English", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 228 }, { "speaker": "1.\t A", "osage": "", "apa": "mฤ…hkรกsa tรณe kรกaษฃe htai", "english": "", "page": 240 }, { "speaker": "2.\t B", "osage": "", "apa": "ฤ…hรกฬจฤฏ mฤ…hkรกsa hkรณฬจbra mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 240 }, { "speaker": "3.\t C", "osage": "", "apa": "tรณe hpรกaษฃe hta mฤฏkลกรฉ mฤ…hkรกsa oohรณฬจ รฐiiลกtรกฬจ", "english": "", "page": 240 }, { "speaker": "4.\t D", "osage": "", "apa": "mฤ…hkรกsa ooลพรบ รฐรฉka", "english": "", "page": 240 }, { "speaker": "5.\t C", "osage": "", "apa": "oowรญลพu hce pรฉe hpaazรฉnii ลพฤ…ฤ…nรญi kรณฬจรฐa", "english": "", "page": 240 }, { "speaker": "6.\t A", "osage": "", "apa": "mฤ…hkรกsa akxa hpa wรกlฤฏ akxa", "english": "", "page": 240 }, { "speaker": "7.\t B", "osage": "", "apa": "hpaazรฉnii tรณe hkรณฬจbra mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 240 } ], "stats": { "rules": 6, "examples": 34, "exercises": 0, "dialogues": 25 } }, { "id": "dialogues_stories", "title": "APA Dialogues and Stories", "page": 232, "sections": [ { "title": "6.\t First daughter: Good!", "explanation": "7.\t First son: I really like that! 8.\t Second daughter: What time will we go? 9.\t Mother: When itโ€™s 4:00, we will leave. Supper is at 5:00. 10.\t Father: Everybody be ready. APA Dialogues and Stories 233 Chapter 10 ohkรญhkie 1.\t iihkรณ: kaasรญฬจtฤ… akxa wanรญรฐe hta 2.\t iihรณฬจ: wapรกaxce ฤ…kรณhtapi ฤ…kรกaษฃe htai 3.\t iihkรณ: haxรญฬจ รฐe che haaskรกmฤฏ ลกki nรญฤ…รฐe hta ฤ…katxรกi 4.\t iรฐรกce: wiลกkรญtฤ… mรกฬจzeska tรณe nฤ…nรบhu ลกki cรฉษฃenii aลพu abrฤฏ mฤฏลกkรฉ 5.\t iihkรณ: รฐรกalฤฏ hta akxa 6.\t iihรณฬจ: รฐekรณฬจoce pรฉe wanรญรฐe paaxcรฉ 7.\t ilรณฬจวซhpa: w", "page": 232 }, { "title": "15.\t Third daughter: Yes", "explanation": "16.\t I will make the ๐“„๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“ถฬ and grape dumplings. 17.\t Second daughter: The girls are going to set the table. 18.\t It will be good. 240 Appendix A Chapter 20 ohkรญhkie 1.\t wihรฉ: ลกรกakeoolฤ…kโ€™วซ รฐรณห›ha รฐiiลกtรกฬจ 2.\t asรญฬจka: ลกรญฬจmฤฏลพฤฏ apa hรญฬจฤฏce รกลพu รฐiiลกtรกฬจ pe 3.\t wihรฉ: รกลกihta tรณฬจpe mฤ…รฐรญฬจ wiลพรณฬจke apa wacรบe kaascรบ รฐรณห›ha oohรณฬจ รฐiiลกtรกฬจ 4.\t รฉetxฤ… sรบhka htaanรญi wacรบe sรกsa ลพรณle hรกazu wacรบe รฐuubrรกaska htรกaweli hcรญhta ฤ…รฐรญฬจku kaรฐรณฬจ hรญฬจฤฏce okรบhpu kรกaษฃa 5.\t asรญฬจka: hpรฉลพehtoho nรกฬจษฃeooลพu ecรญ akxa kรณe paaลกpรบ oohรณฬจ รฐiiลก", "page": 239 }, { "title": "brush", "explanation": "๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ waaรฐรณฬจ sing ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ รฐiiลกtรกฬจ be finished ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“œ๐“ชอ˜ฬ waabrรณฬจ I sing ๐“œ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ brรญiลกtฤ… I am finished ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ \t waaลกtรณฬจ you sing ๐“ฏ๐“ฒ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ลกcรญiลกtฤ… you are finished ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ„ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ waaรฐรณฬจ (third-person) ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ฬ รฐiiลกtรกฬจ (third-person) ๐“˜อ˜๐“ท๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“ชอ˜ฬ \t ฤ…wรกaรฐวซ we sing ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜อ˜ ฤ…รฐรญiลกtฤ… we are finished", "page": 250 }, { "title": "stative", "explanation": "๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ hรบheka be sick ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ nรญhce be cold ๐“˜อ˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ ฤ…hรบheka I am sick ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ nรญฤ…hce I am cold ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜\t รฐihรบheka you are sick ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“ฃ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ nรญรฐihce you are cold ๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ hรบheka (third-person) ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ณ๐“Ÿ nรญhce (third-person) ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ก๐“ถฬ ๐“ก๐“Ÿ๐“ค๐“˜ wahรบheka we are sick ๐“ฉ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ท๐“˜๐“ณ๐“Ÿ nรญwahce we are cold Appendix B", "page": 250 } ], "examples": [], "exercises": [], "dialogues": [ { "speaker": "3.\t wihรฉ", "osage": "", "apa": "mฤฏฤฏรฐรณฬจhta รฐiiลกtรกฬจ waachรญ brรฉe hkรณฬจbra", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "4.\t iihkรณ", "osage": "", "apa": "wรฉhkilฤฏ okรญhpaahฤ… ลกkรณฬจลกta", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "5.\t wihรฉ", "osage": "", "apa": "ฤ…hรกฬจ iihkรณ wรฉhkilฤฏ okรญhpaahฤ… hkรณฬจbra", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "6.\t wakโ€™รณhpa", "osage": "", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…hkaลพi wรฉhkilฤฏ okรญpฤ…ฤ…hฤ… hkรณฬจbramฤ…ลพi", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "7.\t iihkรณ", "osage": "", "apa": "ehtรกฬจ haaskรกmฤฏ aรฐรญฬจaรฐaa", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "8.\t ilรณฬจohpa", "osage": "", "apa": "hรกฬจฤ…รฐe waachรญ hkรณฬจbra", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "9.\t iihkรณ", "osage": "", "apa": "รฐรกalฤฏ wiลพรญฬจke haaskรก รฐรญhta hpuลกtรกha hta mฤฏkลกรฉ", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "1.\t Second daughter", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "2.\t Grandmother", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "", "page": 232 }, { "speaker": "3.\t Second daughter", "osage": "", "apa": "", "english": "I want to go to the afternoon dance.", "page": 232 } ], "stats": { "rules": 4, "examples": 0, "exercises": 0, "dialogues": 144 } }, { "id": "verb_classes", "title": "Verb Classes", "page": 242, "sections": [ { "title": "ki-stative", "explanation": "๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ kรญรฐalฤฏ feel good, like ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“บ๐“ช kรญzo enjoy ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ รกฬจรฐalฤฏ I feel good ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“ช รกฬจzo I enjoy ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ รฐรญรฐalฤฏ you feel good ๐“ต๐“ฃฬ ๐“บ๐“ช รฐรญzo you enjoy ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ kรญรฐalฤฏ (third-person) ๐“ค๐“ฃฬ ๐“บ๐“ช kรญzo (third-person) ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ง๐“ฃอ˜ wรกรฐalฤฏ we feel good ๐“ท๐“˜ฬ ๐“บ๐“ช wรกzo we enjoy", "page": 242 }, { "title": "strong-stem", "explanation": "๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ tรณฬจpe watch, look at ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ช รญpaho know ๐“ฑ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ htรณฬจpe I watch ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ญ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ช รญhpaho I know ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ\t ลกtรณฬจpe you watch ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ช รญลกpaho you know ๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ tรณฬจpe (third-person) ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ช รญpaho (third-person) ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฐ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“Ÿ\t ฤ…tรณฬจpe we watch ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ฌ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ช ฤ…nรกฬจpaho we know", "page": 242 }, { "title": "variations on strong-stem", "explanation": "๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ kรกaษฃe make ๐“ค๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ kรณฬจรฐa want ๐“ญ๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ hpรกaษฃe I make ๐“ฅ๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“œ๐“˜ hkรณฬจbra I want ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ลกkรกaษฃe you make ๐“ฏ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ฏ๐“ฐ๐“˜ ลกkรณฬจลกta you want ๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ kรกaษฃe (third-person) ๐“ค๐“ชอ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“˜ kรณฬจรฐa (third-person) ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ‹ ๐“น๐“Ÿ ฤ…kรกaษฃe we make ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ชฬ อ˜๐“ต๐“˜ ฤ…kรณฬจรฐa we want", "page": 242 }, { "title": "i-stem", "explanation": "๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“˜ รญixa laugh ๐“ฃฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ รญkโ€™uce study, try ๐“ฃฬ„ ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“˜ iiรฐรกxa I laugh ๐“ฃ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ iรฐรกkโ€™uce I try ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ธ๐“˜ รญiรฐaxa you laugh ๐“ฃฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ รญรฐakโ€™uce you try ๐“ฃฬ‹ ๐“ธ๐“˜ รญixa (third-person) ๐“ฃฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ รญkโ€™uce (third-person) ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ธ๐“˜ ฤ…nรกฬจxa we laugh ๐“˜อ˜๐“ฉ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“คโ€™๐“ถ๐“ฒ๐“Ÿ ฤ…nรกฬจkโ€™uce we try", "page": 242 }, { "title": "h-stem", "explanation": "๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ahรญ arrive there ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ รฉkie speak to someone ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“ฃ pลกi I arrive there ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฌ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ รฉkipลกe I speak to someone ๐“ฏ๐“ฃ ลกi you arrive there ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“ฏ๐“Ÿ รฉkiลกe you speak to someone ๐“˜๐“ก๐“ฃฬ ahรญ (third-person) ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ รฉkie (third-person) ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“ฃ \t ฤ…kรกhi we arrive there ๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ฃ๐“Ÿ รฉฤ…kie we speak to someone Verb Classes 243", "page": 242 }, { "title": "nasal-stem", "explanation": "๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ aลพรญฬจ believe ๐“ฃอ˜ ฤฏ wear ๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ aลพรกmฤฏ I believe ๐“จ๐“ฃอ˜ mฤฏ I wear ๐“˜๐“ป๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ aลพรกลพฤฏ you believe ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ลพฤฏ you wear ๐“˜๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ฬ aลพรญฬจ (third-person) ๐“ฃอ˜ ฤฏ (third-person) ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“˜ฬ ๐“ป๐“ฃอ˜ ฤ…kรกลพฤฏ we believe ๐“˜อ˜๐“ค๐“ฃอ˜ฬ ฤ…kรญฬจ we wear รฐe-causative ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ cโ€™รฉรฐe kill ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รฐรฉeรฐe send ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ cโ€™รฉaรฐe I kill ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รฐeรกรฐe I send ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ cโ€™รฉรฐaรฐe\t you kill ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“ต๐“˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รฐeรฐรกรฐe \t you send ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ cโ€™รฉรฐe (third-person) ๐“ต๐“Ÿฬ‹ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รฐรฉeรฐe (third-person) ๐“ฒโ€™๐“Ÿฬ ๐“˜อ˜๐“ต๐“Ÿ cโ€™รฉฤ…รฐe we kill ๐“ต๐“Ÿ๐“˜อ˜ฬ ๐“ต๐“Ÿ รฐeรกฬจรฐe we send ๐“˜อ˜ฬ‹ . รกฬจฤ…. yes (used by women) ๐“˜ฬ ๐“ก๐“˜. รกha", "page": 243 } ], "examples": [], "exercises": [], "dialogues": [], "stats": { "rules": 6, "examples": 0, "exercises": 0, "dialogues": 0 } } ] }