{"dictionary":[{"hw_osage":"𐓘̋𐓡𐓶 𐓱𐓘͘","hw_apa":"áahu htą","defs":["big wing (LS);"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘̋𐓡𐓶𐓤'𐓪𐓟","hw_apa":"áahuk'oe","defs":["Holes in the Wings (personal\nname). áahuk'oe kik'ǫ́ kšíe hta apái Henry\n[holes-in-the-wings] is going to paint him (for\nburial) (03/03/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn2-moj/p21).\náakxa. vp [ée ‘say’ + akxa cont] they say, he/she\nsays;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓘𐓤𐓶","hw_apa":"aðį́aku","defs":["[aðį́ + akú]\n[initial a of akú is sometimes omitted with 3rd\nperson subject and in imperative forms] (trans.)\nbring back here","bring back here"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.+reg., a_∂ì(a)_ku","vc":"br-šc + a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓣𐓧𐓲𐓧𐓪𐓰𐓡","hw_apa":"oilcloth","defs":["ábribra <a´-bthi-btha> I spread\noilcloth"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"This verb does not actually imply\n‘oilcloth’."},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓵𐓶𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"áðuɣe","defs":["marry, get\nmarried to, take as a husband (gender-specific\nterm)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓟̋𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘́𐓵𐓶𐓹𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"howaðéeški áðuɣe hkǫ́bra įké","e":"I don’t want\nto marry anybody"},{"a":"you marry","e":"Dave?"}],"infl":"sync., á_∂uπe","xref":["wáðuɣaži","wáðuɣe","wéðuɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓵𐓶𐓺𐓶","hw_apa":"áðuzu","defs":["pull over to\ncover; tug s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.?, á_∂uzi?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓹𐓘̄𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"áɣaake","defs":["[á- loc (benefactive\nsense)+ ɣaaké] (trans.) cry for. áðiɣaakí apai\nthey’re crying for you (MSB). áɣaake apai\nthey’re crying for her.\náha (variants: aha, ahá). adv, conj whenever"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"íiwiði áha owíhkie mąží hta mįkšé whenever","e":"I\nsee you I’m not going to talk to you"}],"infl":"reg., á_πaake"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘̄𐓮𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"áhkihkaaspe","defs":["[hkik- refl\n+ ákaaspe] cover oneself up. áahkihkaaspe I’m\ncovering myself (04/26/95/LS/pc; BE2.26)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_hkihkaaspe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓘𐓵𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ahkílaðį","defs":["[hkik- refl +\naláðį] (intr.) carry oneself, conduct oneself, hold\noneself or carry on in a certain way"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓪́𐓵𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓘𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ąži óðąži ahkílabrį hta mįkšé","e":"I made a bad\nmistake, but I’ll carry myself on anyway"}],"infl":"reg.+(sync.),\n_ahkila(_)∂î (optionally doubly inflecting in 1st\nsg., single inflection in 2nd person)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓣͘𐓘𐓧𐓟̋","hw_apa":"ahkílįalée","defs":["[hkik-\nrefl +aðį́ + alée (has suus semantics)] (trans.)\náhkihtǫpe\náhkoopše\ntake home for oneself, take home as one’s own"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+reg., a_hkilî(a)_lee"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓪͘𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"áhkiǫðe","defs":["[apparently contains\nhkik- refl/recip] (trans.) meet; encounter;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, á_hkiô∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"áhkiži","defs":["[reflexive (hkik-)\npossibly from ažį́] (intr.) think or feel oneself to\nbe a certain way (?)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, á_hkiâi?","xref":["óžo áhkižį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓙̨́𐓬𐓘𐓸𐓪","hw_apa":"aį́paxo","defs":["copperhead (RBn HW13, unconfirmed);\nArapaho (lit., ‘over the mountain’) (RBn\nHW13, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓘𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"ákaaɣace","defs":["cover over by spreading some material upon"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret., á_kaaπace","xref":["paaɣáce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓤𐓣𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ákiɣe","defs":["move around, be all\naround, encircle a place or a person (especially\nin an annoying way) (RRBn1-31;\n12/30/94/FH/pc/ok)","ppn around (e.g., the edge of a pond);"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.?","xref":["opáwįɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘𐓤𐓶́","hw_apa":"akú","defs":["[initial a is often omitted with\n3rd person subject and in imperative ] (intr.)\ncome back here (motion underway). nü´žu apa\nakü´ apai the rain is coming (RBn10-\n21/JW&FW/77)","come back (return here)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., _(a)kú","xref":["akší"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓡𐓟 𐓡𐓪𐓶𐓮𐓟","hw_apa":"the house","defs":["LFD 143: ðe akxa <the a-ka> this\n[person] sitting"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘𐓧𐓘́𐓵𐓣͘𐓵𐓟̄","hw_apa":"aláðįðee","defs":["[apparently\ncontains kik- suu (perhaps irregular suus of\naðį́aðee;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+reg., ala_∂î_∂ee"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘𐓧𐓘́𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓶","hw_apa":"aláðįku","defs":["[apparently contains kik- suu] bring\nback s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.+reg.?,\nala_∂î_ku?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓣𐓰 𐓶𐓬𐓪𐓩","hw_apa":"sit upon","defs":["ðéeka áðalįį škǫ́ǫšta? do\nyou want to sit in one of these? • ride on"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"In this verb, l is sometimes\npronounced dl (ádlîi)."},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓨𐓪͘","hw_apa":"ámǫ","defs":["I wear"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"1st sg. of òô ‘wear’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓥𐓪𐓟","hw_apa":"ánąąhkoe","defs":["floor\n(T#38a-p2/38HH10)","floor (porch)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"apaži","defs":[],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"apa cont + aâí neg; contrast paâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓬𐓶𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ápuɣe","defs":["boil, as food boils when\ncooking, foam up (01/07/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.10)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓮𐓰𐓘","hw_apa":"ásta","defs":["V [sync.?, á_sta?] (trans.)\nstick to, adhere to. ónǫbre akxa áwanǫbre kši\násta akxai the food is sticking to the table.\náwanǫbre áðasta akxai the food is stuck to the\ntable (MSB 2-25-83). áwanǫbre ásta akxai it’s\nstuck to the table"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["stáðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣","hw_apa":"áwawaši","defs":["[á- loc\n+ wawáši] (trans.) ask folks to work for one;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_wawasi or áwawa_si?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓻𐓘𐓨𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ážamį","defs":["I think"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"1st\nsg. of aâì ‘think’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘́𐓻𐓪͘","hw_apa":"ážǫ","defs":["you wear"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"2nd sg. of òô ‘wear’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓯𐓤𐓣","hw_apa":"ąkóški","defs":["we also"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓜𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"bráaɣe","defs":["edge, edging (e.g., a fabric or ribbon\nsewn around the edges of a blanket or\ngarment)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"céɣe","defs":["bucket, pail; kettle; pot\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.13)","bucket, pail, kettle, pot","bucket (kettle, pot)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄","hw_apa":"céɣenii","defs":["drum. [Takes\n‘sitting’ positional article įkšé.] céɣenii ochį́\nðáalį škáaɣe you hit the drum good\n(01/20/95/PM/pc:ok)","drum"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓪𐓴𐓣́͘","hw_apa":"céɣenii ochį́","defs":["drum boss;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓪𐓴𐓣́͘ 𐓮𐓲𐓟̋","hw_apa":"céɣenii ochį́ scée","defs":["drumstick (lit., ‘drum\nbeating long’) (RBn12-07; BE2.36;\n01/20/95/PM/pc:ok). [Less preferred in this\nmeaning than céɣenii ochį́ (PM).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["žą́ąxe céɣenii"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"céɣežį","defs":["small kettle"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓴𐓶́𐓟","hw_apa":"chúe","defs":["copulate with, have intercourse with, screw"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _chu","xref":["wachú"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓲'𐓘́𐓣𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"c'áižį","defs":["husband (typically used by an older\nwoman speaking to or referring to her elderly\nhusband)","elderly man (used by anyone referring to\nan elderly man)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓲'𐓟́𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"c'éhkiðe","defs":["[hkik- refl + c'éðe] (intr.) kill oneself, commit\nsuicide"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., c∏e_hkie","xref":["páalǫðį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓪́𐓟","hw_apa":"ðaašóe","defs":["[ðaa- instr + šóce]\n(trans.) smoke (e.g., tobacco); suck","smoke"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync., _∂aa©óe","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓘̄𐓺𐓶́𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"ðaazúpe","defs":["(trans.?) drink soup\n(RBn12-07)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂aazúpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓣́𐓤𐓣","hw_apa":"ðą́ąceíki","defs":["love"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓣́𐓷𐓣𐓤𐓣","a":"ðą́ąceíwiki","e":"I love you"},{"o":"𐓵𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓣́𐓷𐓣𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓟","a":"ðą́ąceíwikipe","e":"I love you all"}],"infl":"reg. i∂a?, ∂åàceí_ki"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓟𐓤𐓪́͘","hw_apa":"ðée ekǫ́","defs":["this way, that way, thus, like this,\nlike that"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["haakǫ́","kaakǫ́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","hw_apa":"ðée įkšé","defs":["that one sitting","let go"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓡𐓶 𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"áhu ðée káaɣe hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to\nsend this wing around. waléze ∂ée kaaπe to send\na letter"},{"o":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓭𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","a":"ðée hpáaɣe","e":"I play this"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓟̋𐓵𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"ðéeðekšíðe","defs":["[ðéeðe + kšíðe]\n(trans.) have s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓟̋𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ðéekaa mįkšé","e":"I’m here"}],"infl":"reg., ∂ée∂e_k©í∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓟̄𐓤𐓘́𐓣𐓡𐓘","hw_apa":"ðeekáiha","defs":["around this way, round about this\nway"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓟̄𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"ðeekšíðe","defs":["[(a)ðée ‘go there’ +\nkšíðe] (trans.) send, mail or make s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ∂ee_k©í∂e","xref":["ðée káaɣe","hukšíðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓟𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"ðetxą́ce","defs":["from now on"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðetxą́tą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣𐓜𐓣́͘𐓹𐓘","hw_apa":"ðibrį́ɣa","defs":["fart loudly,\nmake a loud fart;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂ibrìπa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣𐓜𐓶́𐓜𐓶𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ðibrúbruɣe","defs":["shake; quiver;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.,\n_∂icíze","xref":["waskúe ðibrúbruɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣𐓳𐓣́𐓲𐓟𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"ðihcíceðe","defs":["[perhaps ðu-/ði- instr + hcíce + ðe\ncau?] prance (lit., ‘make s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣̄𐓹𐓪́","hw_apa":"ðiiɣó","defs":["drag"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _∂iiπo"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣̄𐓹𐓪́𐓹𐓪","hw_apa":"ðiiɣóɣo","defs":["keep dragging. Brian akxa\nmąąžą́ɣe tóa ðiiɣóɣo ną oðíhtą ci ehtáha Brian\nkeeps dragging those onions to put them in the\ncar (RBn10-2:MOJ/79)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟 𐓰𐓪́𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄𐓹𐓪́𐓹𐓪 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓲𐓣 𐓟𐓱𐓘́𐓡𐓘","a":"mąąžą́ɣe tóa ðiiɣóɣo ną oðíhtą ci ehtáha","e":"Brian\nkeeps dragging those onions to put them in the\ncar"}],"infl":"reduplicated form\nof ∂iiπó"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣̄𐓥𐓪́𐓣͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ðiihkóįɣe","defs":["turn\ns.o./s.t. around. ðihkóįɣa!"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["hkilíihkǫįɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣𐓰𐓘́𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"ðiihǫ́ ðitáce","defs":["your parents (lit., ‘your mother,\nyour father’). ðiihǫ́, ðitáce, tąhé apa?"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣̄𐓧𐓪́𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"ðiilóce","defs":["peel"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.?, _∂iilóce?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣̄𐓬𐓣́𐓹𐓘͘","hw_apa":"ðiipíɣą","defs":["[ðu-\n/ði- instr + píɣą] (intr.) fart, pass air or gas;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂iipíπa","xref":["opíɣą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣̄𐓮𐓤𐓣́𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"ðiiskíke","defs":["[apparently ðu-/ði-\ninstr + skíke] (trans.) wad up, bring the parts\nof a whole together with pressure;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂iiskíke","xref":["hkilíiski"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣𐓩 𐓰𐓷𐓪","hw_apa":"in two","defs":[],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"LFD 219 also erroneously lists bríxô\n<bthi´-xoΩ> ‘I break (s.t.)’ and à∂íxôpe <oΩ-thi´-\n∂iitáaâi\n∂ik∏í∂e\nxoΩ i> ‘we break (s.t.)’ as if they were forms of\nxò <xoΩ> ‘break’ (intr.)."},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓪̄","hw_apa":"woo","defs":["John akxa wak'ó ðílą štąpe John flirts with\nwomen all the time"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓡𐓩 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓤'𐓪́ 𐓵𐓣́𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘𐓬𐓟","a":"ohn akxa wak'ó ðílą štąpe","e":"John flirts with\nwomen all the time"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"ðilǫ́ke","defs":["pinch (04/17/95/LS/pc:okc;\n01/19/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓣́𐓜𐓣𐓧𐓪𐓤𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wíbriloke hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to\npinch you"}],"infl":"sync., _∂ilòke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣𐓮𐓣́𐓤𐓸𐓘͘","hw_apa":"ðisíkxą","defs":["your sister-in-law (probably used\nonly when speaking to a woman about her\nsister-in-law)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣𐓯𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"ðišǫ́ži","defs":["trouble or mistreat s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂i©òâi","xref":["hkilíižoži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓣𐓸𐓣́𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"ðixípe","defs":["personal name\nof Robert Bristow, name in the Deer clan (lit.,\n‘it caused to awaken’, alluding to s.t"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓪́𐓸𐓟 𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓣́𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"ðóxe kahíke","defs":["Buffalo Chief (personal name).\n[Russell Koshehe Mashunkashey’s name.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓪́͘𐓹𐓶","hw_apa":"ðǫ́ɣu","defs":["lung, lungs"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓷𐓣𐓩𐓮","hw_apa":"twins","defs":["LFD 112: nǫpáta <noΩ-ba´-da> born two.\nðu- (variants: ðuu-, ði-, ðii-)"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓶́𐓟𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"ðúeži","defs":["[ðu-/ði- instr + éži]\n(trans.) change (lit., ‘make different’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂úeâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓶́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ðúɣe","defs":["mate, take as a sexual partner"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂úπe","xref":["wáðuɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓶̄𐓯𐓘̋𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"ðuušáake","defs":["pull out\nmultiple (long?) pieces from or of s.t. (e.g.,\nyank out all of one’s hair);"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _ ∂uu©áake"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓩𐓪𐓰","hw_apa":"knot","defs":["LFD 28: brúške į́ to <bthu´-shke iΩ do>\n[sentence-final į to is not used in Mod. Os.] I"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓶𐓩𐓰𐓣𐓟 𐓰𐓡𐓟 𐓤𐓩𐓪𐓰","hw_apa":"untie the knot","defs":["LFD 149: ðiške <thi-shke> to untie\na knot"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓶̄𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓯𐓰𐓙","hw_apa":"ðuuštáštai","defs":["[reduplicated\nform, probably of ðuuštá] (trans.) jerk hair out\nwith repeated motion;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uu©ta©tai"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́","hw_apa":"ðuxí","defs":["chase"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync., _∂uxí","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓟́𐓘͘𐓤𐓣𐓪͘","hw_apa":"éąkiǫ","defs":["we do"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"1st pl. of ékiô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓪𐓨𐓟","hw_apa":"home","defs":["Jane, Ann éðǫǫpa mąžą́ hta íihkimai ahíe\nðí áape Jane and Ann had come to visit the farm\n(FH)"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓣́ 𐓘̋𐓬𐓟","a":"ðí áape","e":"Jane and Ann had come to visit the farm"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓟̄𐓩𐓘́͘𐓰𐓫𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"eeną́tǫįpe","defs":["Looking Only\nat Her, Look Only at Her (name for a second\ndaughter in hcížo clan) (HRE/pc/12/02). [Name\nof Jo Ann Shunkamolah Alred.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓟̋𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"éepe","defs":["they/he or\nshe said, it is said, known by hearsay"],"pos":"reportative","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓟́𐓥𐓣𐓪͘","hw_apa":"éhkiǫ","defs":["[hkik-\nrefl + éǫ] do to oneself, do s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. nasal vowel stem, éhki_ô","xref":["éwahkik'ǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓟́𐓤𐓟𐓩𐓟","hw_apa":"ékene","defs":["Aiken (surname). ékene akxa hkáwa\nžúuce níðape Aiken gave the red horse away\n(words to Aiken song)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"words to","e":"Aiken song)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓟́𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓘͘","hw_apa":"ékimą","defs":["I do"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"1st sg. of ékiô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓟́𐓤𐓣𐓻𐓪͘","hw_apa":"ékižǫ","defs":["you do.\nékǫ (variant: eekǫ́). adv, adj like, similar to;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"if only","e":"I could fly like that,”\nthe little deer said"},{"o":"𐓟́𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓻𐓘̄𐓨𐓣́","a":"ékǫ žaamí","e":"I think it’s right"}],"infl":"2nd sg. of ékiô","xref":["ékǫži","waðílą eekǫ́ įké"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓟́𐓨𐓘͘","hw_apa":"émą","defs":["I do"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"1st sg. of éô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓟́𐓨𐓘͘𐓱𐓘","hw_apa":"émąhta","defs":["that way, that\ndirection (lit., ‘toward the other’)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓟𐓯𐓟́𐓯𐓟","hw_apa":"ešéše","defs":["you\nkeep (on) saying"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"2nd sg. of ée ‘say’, reduplicated","xref":["ðiškítą","eeškítą","howachéeški",""]},{"hw_osage":"𐓟́𐓻𐓪͘","hw_apa":"éžǫ","defs":["you do.\nɣ"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"2nd sg. of éô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓹𐓘̄𐓤𐓟́","hw_apa":"ɣaaké","defs":["cry\n(01/14/95/FH/pc)","cry"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓹𐓘̄𐓤𐓟́ 𐓷𐓘́𐓭𐓘̄𐓹𐓟","a":"ɣaaké wáhpaaɣe","e":"I made them\ncry"}],"infl":"reg., _πaaké","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓹𐓘́𐓹𐓘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"ɣáɣaka","defs":["rough (e.g., chapped hands or any\nrough surface)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓹𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ɣį","defs":["light in color"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓹𐓪́𐓷𐓟","hw_apa":"ɣówe","defs":["noise (PM)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓹𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"ɣǫ́ǫce","defs":["sloppy, slouchy, unkempt, messed up\n(9/4/94/FH/p.c.)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓴𐓣́𐓬𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"achípi wahkǫ́bra įké","e":"I don’t want sloppy children\nto come to my home"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟","hw_apa":"hápa wacúe","defs":["cornbread. [Not commonly used.]\nhápa wac'éka (variant: hápa wahcéka [LR]). n\nfresh (lit., ‘gentle’) corn. [Speaker’s comment:\n“squaw corn” is the white man’s term (LR).]","cornbread (general)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓶́𐓰𐓘","hw_apa":"hápa wasúta","defs":["corn\nwhen it first gets ripe, “just right” corn (when\nit is just ready to be picked for drying);\n“fresh” corn (FH). [This newly ripe corn was\ncalled “fresh corn” by some Osage speakers.]\nhašíhta (variant of haašíhta)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓧𐓟𐓻𐓟𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"haxį́ležekáaɣe","defs":["Navajo\n(tribe or tribal member) (lit., ‘one who makes\nspotted/speckled/stippled [léže] blankets’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"haxì + léâe + káaπe","xref":["paahą́","watáahą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓤'𐓪́","hw_apa":"hą́ą tą wak'ó","defs":["woman of the night (lit., ‘when\nnight, the woman’;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓤'𐓪́","hw_apa":"hą́ą wak'ó","defs":["night woman"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["hą́ąpa kootáha ce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘","hw_apa":"hą́ąmąðį","defs":["Hominy\n(place name); Night Walker (personal name).\n[Osage name of Frances Holding’s maternal\ngrandfather, after whom the town of Hominy\n(Osage County, Oklahoma) was named.]\nhą́ąnahpazé (variant: hą́ąnąhpazé, hą́ąnąhpáze,\nhą́ąhpazé). adj, v [uninfl.] (intr.) dark, darken,\nbecome/get dark"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"sage name of","e":"Frances Holding’s maternal\ngrandfather, after whom the town of Hominy"}],"xref":["hą́ąnahpazéhci"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓡𐓘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"hą́ąpa oðóhake","defs":["last\nday;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓮𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"hą́ąpa ohkísce","defs":["March (lit., ‘half a day’, days\nso called because they could be warm or cold\nbetween morning and afternoon, unpredictable\ndays) (t#38a-p1-HH1; 04/28/95/LS/pc:ok).\n[Names of months were historically not used in\nOsage and sound unnatural to Osage speakers\n(HH).] hą́ąpa ókaaɣéįke. n Saturday (lit., ‘day\non which nothing is done’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"ames of months were historically not used in","e":"Osage and sound unnatural to Osage speakers"},{"a":"historically not used in","e":"Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓘́͘𐓣͘𐓩𐓣͘","hw_apa":"hą́įnį","defs":["dark,\ndarkness"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["hą́ą ‘night’"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓳𐓟̄𐓰𐓪̋𐓤𐓘 𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"hceetóoka mąąną́ɣape","defs":["June (lit., ‘buffalo bull\nis rutting’). [Names of months were historically\nnot used in Osage and sound unnatural to Osage\nspeakers (HH).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"not used in","e":"Osage and sound unnatural to Osage\nspeakers"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓟̄𐓰𐓡","hw_apa":"teeth","defs":["At peyote church the older ones get the\nunborn calf as the best part of the beef at\nbreakfast, along with corn, fruit, and water;"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓳𐓟́𐓡𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"hcéheska","defs":["cup (identical\nwith mąhkásai oožú)","cup"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓳𐓣́ 𐓰𐓪̋𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"hcí tóopa","defs":["(personal name) [Name of Charlie\nPasetopah (?)] (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓳𐓣𐓬𐓪́𐓹𐓘","hw_apa":"hcipóɣa","defs":["Native American Church house"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓳𐓶́ 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"hcú hápa","defs":["ladle"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["níiðaahtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓳𐓶́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hcúɣe","defs":["dried up"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["hcúxe (possibly related or a variant)"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶́𐓯𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"hé ðúška","defs":["name of a dance (lit., ‘crooked\nhorns’) received by Poncas before they had\nhorses, when dogs carried their loads. [The\ndance was given by the Poncas to the Kaws;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"aws gave their drum to","e":"Pawhuska and Hominy Osages; the drum was\ngiven by Poncas to Grayhorse Osages"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hé káaɣe","defs":["roached hair, little boy’s roached\nhair with a tail (lit., ‘make horn’) (RBn11-\n01/JW&FW; HHaskell/c.1976, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓡𐓟 𐓨𐓘𐓩 𐓣𐓮 𐓶𐓩𐓤𐓟𐓨𐓬𐓰","hw_apa":"the man is unkempt","defs":["LFD 125: hpáhį ąhexpa\n<≠a´-hiΩ thoΩ oΩ-he-xpa> I am disheveled"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓣́𐓲𐓟𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"híceðe","defs":["[híce + ðe cau] (trans.)\nhurry s.o., cause to hurry"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., híce_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓣́𐓵𐓘𐓸𐓘","hw_apa":"híðaxa","defs":["breechcloth,\nloincloth, diaper (01/09/95/FH/pc:prod)","breechcloth"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓣́͘𐓵𐓪𐓥𐓣𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"hį́ðohkižį","defs":["naked, nude\n(RBn22-08, unconfirmed). John akxa Mary\náðiižą hiðohkižį John has Mary in bed naked\n(RB, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓡𐓩 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘","a":"ohn akxa","e":"Mary\ná∂iiâà hi∂ohkiâî John has Mary in bed naked"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓜𐓘̄𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"hį́įce braaka","defs":["platter (HHtL3-B-p1);"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓲'𐓪𐓡𐓶","hw_apa":"hį́įcec'ohu","defs":["fire-drill stick, stick used to rub\nfire-making wood (žą́ąhpeece)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓣̋͘𐓥𐓣𐓘͘𐓬𐓣","hw_apa":"hį́įhkiąpi","defs":["Wearing Bright Colors\n(personal name)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓶̋𐓣͘𐓤𐓟 𐓜𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓪𐓟","a":"húuįke bríištoe","e":"I\ntook off my stockings"}],"infl":"presumably hìî ‘colors’ + hkik- refl\n+ òô ‘wear’ + api"},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓣̋͘𐓺𐓣̄͘","hw_apa":"hį́įzįį","defs":["mink"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"possibly hìî ‘hair’ + zízi ‘brown’ (PM)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓘̄𐓨𐓘́͘","hw_apa":"hkaamą́","defs":["ring (FH)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["ðuuhkáamą (and perhaps íikaahtamą)"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓘́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hkáɣe","defs":["crow"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓘́𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘́͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"hkáɣe htą́ka","defs":["raven"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓤'𐓶́","hw_apa":"hkáwa wak'ú","defs":["Horse Giver (personal name)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓸𐓪́𐓟","hw_apa":"hkáwa xóe","defs":["gray horse"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["hkáwaxoce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓶́𐓟","hw_apa":"hką́ące žúe","defs":["tomato"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓘̄͘𐓲𐓪̋𐓧𐓘͘","hw_apa":"hkąącóolą","defs":["pie of any sort (fruit, cream, etc.) (lit.,\n‘place fruit into it’) (03/08/95/MREI/pc:ok)","pie"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"hkåàce +\noolå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓟̋𐓰𐓘𐓸𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪́͘𐓟","hw_apa":"hkéetaxewatǫ́e","defs":["movies (lit.,\n‘watch shadows’) (RB, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"hkeetáxe + watòe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣́𐓴𐓟𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"hkícheðe","defs":["[perhaps hkik- refl + che posit + ðe cau]\n(trans.) put down, set down, or place a standing\nhką́ące žąą\nhkihkǫ́ða\nitem on a surface (e.g., a bowl of soup or\nbasket of rolls)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., hkíche_∂e","xref":["kícheðe","ohkíicheðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hkihkáaɣe","defs":["[hkik- refl + káaɣe] (trans.) make, build, or\nmake up for oneself (e.g., one’s bed), do for"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync. k>p, _hkih_kaaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘","hw_apa":"hkihkǫ́ða","defs":["[hkik- refl + kǫ́ða] (trans.) want\nas one’s own, want for oneself"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync. fortisizing stop stem,\n_hkih_kò∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓪́͘𐓺𐓟","hw_apa":"hkihkǫ́ze","defs":["[hkik- refl/recip +\nkǫ́ze] (intr.) hold a Native American Church\nmeeting, have or put on a peyote meeting (lit.,\n‘teach oneself, teach each other’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hkihkòze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓪́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘","hw_apa":"hkihkǫ́ze waaðǫ́","defs":["peyote song, song sung in\npeyote meeting"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"hkíhtǫpe","defs":["[hkik- refl +\ntǫ́pe] (intr.) look at oneself. hkíhtǫpa!","(trans.) look at one’s own. [Reflexive used as\nsuus.] waáhkihtǫ́papi húða come and look down\nupon us"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync.\nfortisizing stop stem, _hkíh_tôpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣̋𐓥𐓫𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hkilíihkǫįɣe","defs":["[hkik- refl +\nðiihkóįɣe] (intr.) turn oneself around. ámahta\nna hkilíihkoįɣa turn yourself the other way"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hkilíihkôîπe","xref":["-hkóįɣe","-wįɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣̋𐓯𐓘","hw_apa":"hkilíiša","defs":["[contains hkik- refl]\n(intr.) undress oneself, get undressed"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. _hkilíi©a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘𐓹𐓟𐓨𐓚","hw_apa":"hkilǫ́ɣemąį","defs":["honey"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓥𐓣́𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"hkížį","defs":["[contains hkik-\nrecip] (intr.) be angry at each other, feel\nquarrelsome; (trans.) be angry at s.o., feel mad\nat s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓻𐓘͘𐓨𐓣𐓟","a":"ahkížąmie","e":"I’m mad at him"},{"o":"𐓘𐓷𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"awáhkižį mįkšé","e":"I’m mad at them"}],"infl":"reg. (+sync. nasal vowel\nstem), _hkíâa(_)î (the second inflectional\nposition is only optionally used)","xref":["ažį́","ihkížį","ohkížį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓪̄𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘","hw_apa":"hooðáalį","defs":["Good Voice (personal\nname)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"hóo + ∂áalî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓪̋͘𐓟 𐓷𐓣͘","hw_apa":"hǫ́ǫe wį","defs":["nobody"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓮𐓲𐓟̋","hw_apa":"hǫ́ǫpa scée","defs":["February (lit., ‘long days’)\n(RBn12-05). [Names of months were historically\nnot used in Osage and sound unnatural to Osage\nspeakers (HH).]\nhǫ́ǫpa wį (variant: hą́ąpa wį). np, advp day, one\nday, sometimes, some days (RBn10-3:MOJ/79);\nsometime, some day"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"not used in","e":"Osage and sound unnatural to Osage\nspeakers"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓶","hw_apa":"hǫ́ǫpahu","defs":["be\ndaylight, (day) break","daylight approaches, it’s coming daylight\n(personal name). [Name of Herman Petsemoie,\nFrances Holding’s maternal uncle.]\nhǫǫpái (variant of hą́ąpa)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘","a":"ahí akxa","e":"Sonny, has daylight come? just a little\nbit [like this, showing with hand]"}],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓟́ 𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓷𐓣͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hǫǫpé okáwįɣe","defs":["socks (lit., ‘go-around shoes’,\n‘go-around moccasins’) (03/13/95/FH/pc:ok;\nRBn2-MOJ/p2)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓟𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hǫ́ǫpekaaɣe","defs":["shoemaker,\ncobbler"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"hôôpé + káaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓘̄𐓡𐓘́͘","hw_apa":"hpaahą́","defs":["arise or get up from a bed or\nchair, get up, wake up"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓨𐓣́͘𐓪͘𐓤𐓟 𐓯𐓘́𐓭𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓭𐓘̋𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓩𐓘͘","a":"mį́ǫke šáhpe tą ahpáahą ną","e":"I get\nup at six o’clock"}],"infl":"reg. or sync. fortisizing stop stem,\n_hpaahå","xref":["paahą́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓘̋𐓰𐓘","hw_apa":"hpáata","defs":["egg","eggs"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓘́͘𐓧𐓟 𐓘́𐓤𐓘̄𐓧𐓟𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"hpahą́le ákaaleke","defs":["First Striker (personal\nname) (WHM980326; CQc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓘́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"hpánąąke","defs":["push s.o.\nonward"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hpánààke","xref":["hpahą́le"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓘́𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓪̄𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"hpásitoopa","defs":["Four Cliffs (personal name\nreferring to buffalo descending in four lines\nfrom the hills); Pahsetopa (family name among\nthe Osages)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓟̋𐓲𐓟 𐓣́𐓱𐓘","hw_apa":"hpéece íhta","defs":["fireman (a position in Native\nAmerican Church meetings; lit., ‘his fire’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓟̋𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘","hw_apa":"hpéece mąðį́","defs":["Fire-\nWalker (personal name);"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓟̋𐓧𐓟𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"hpéeleke","defs":["Shattered Forehead\n(nickname;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpée + léke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓟́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hpéɣe","defs":["gourd;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓭𐓟́𐓹𐓟 𐓵𐓟́ 𐓘́͘𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"hpéɣe ðé ą́wali mįkšé","e":"I’m really\nstingy with this gourd"},{"a":"rthur akxa","e":"Mongrain\nhpéπe wì káaπape Arthur made Mongrain a\ngourd"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓟́𐓻𐓟 𐓸𐓪́𐓱𐓘͘","hw_apa":"hpéže xóhtą","defs":["sage\n(03/23/95/FH/pc:ok; 03/23/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn10-\n21/JW; BE2.116) (RB note: refers to sage\nemployed in peyote meeting)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓟́𐓻𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟 𐓪̄𐓧𐓘́͘","hw_apa":"hpéženii ną́ɣe oolą́","defs":["iced tea (lit., ‘weed-water\nwith ice put in’).\nhpíiži. adj, v [uninfl./stat., _hpíiži] (intr.) (be)\nbad, awful, evil, wicked. óðaake wálį hpíiži the\nnews was very bad (01/06/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓪́͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"hpǫ́ɣe","defs":["artichoke, radish, squash"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓭𐓪́͘𐓹𐓟 𐓘̋𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"hpǫ́ɣe áace žį","defs":["yellow climbing squash (small\nsquash that the Osages used to cultivate, now\nextinct; lit., ‘little climbing squash’) (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"squash that the","e":"Osages used to cultivate, now\nextinct; lit., ‘little climbing squash’)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓣́𐓹𐓟𐓬𐓣","hw_apa":"htáa kiðíɣepi","defs":["deer mating moon, October. [Names of months\nwere historically not used in Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers (HH).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"were historically not used in","e":"Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers"}],"infl":"ki- inceptive + ∂úπe + api"},{"hw_osage":"𐓱𐓘̄𐓲𐓟́ 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"htaacé hpíiži","defs":["tornado, tempest, windstorm"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓱𐓘̋𐓲𐓟𐓪𐓨𐓘́͘𐓣","hw_apa":"htáaceomą́i","defs":["Cheyenne (tribe or tribal\nmember)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓱𐓘̄𐓲𐓟́𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"htaacéžį","defs":["Whirlwind (name in an Osage fable).\nhtaaðáachaži, htaaðáachaži hą́ąpa (variants of\nhą́ąpa htaaðáachaži)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓱𐓘̄𐓡𐓟́𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"htaahékaaɣe","defs":["Deer making\nhorns (personal name) (RBn22-04)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"htáa + hé + káaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓱𐓘̄𐓩𐓣́𐓟 𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"htaaníe céɣe","defs":["soup kettle. [A term reportedly\nconnected with the district of Grayhorse (DN-\nWHM; unconfirmed).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"connected with the district of","e":"Grayhorse"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓱𐓘́͘𐓷𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"htą́wąkáaɣe","defs":["Town Builder (personal name)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"htåwà +\nkáaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪𐓡𐓪𐓟","hw_apa":"htóhohoe","defs":["personal name for a young man in\nthe Deer clan"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓶́𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"húkaaɣe","defs":["[(a)hú + káaɣe]\n(trans.) pass (lit., ‘cause to come here’) (LS)","pass (e.g., the sugar)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync. k>p, hú_kaaπe","vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓶𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"hukšíðe","defs":["[(a)hú + kšíðe cau]\n(trans.) send here"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., hu_k©í∂e","xref":["huuhtą́ka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓪𐓨𐓟𐓪𐓩𐓟","hw_apa":"someone","defs":["••• Cf. wéðahpe"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"Contrast the modern 2nd sg. form\ní∂aahpe (remodeled on the analogy of reg.-i∂a\nverbs) in examples above.","xref":["wéðahpe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓵𐓪͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"íðǫɣe","defs":["ask a question of\ns.o., interrogate or question s.o.; (intr.) ask\nquestions about a certain topic","ask for information","ask (for information)","ask a question"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣́𐓜𐓪͘𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"íbrǫɣe hta mįkšé","e":"I’m\ngoing to ask a question"}],"infl":"sync., í_∂ôπe","xref":["ilǫ́ɣe"],"vc":"br-sc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓵𐓶𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"íðuɣe","defs":["have as a\nbridesmaid"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., í_∂uπe","xref":["wáðuɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓟 𐓪𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟́𐓣͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"íe okaaɣéįke","defs":["curses (considered as scattered\nuseless words), things people say maliciously\nthat are untrue, malicious false gossip","n promise-keeper. íeokípše a person who\nkeeps his/her word.\níe opšé. vp [reg. íe o_pšé] (trans.) obey, follow, or\nkeep true to s.o.’s word. íe oðápše you’re going\nto do what their word said (03/02/95/FH/pc:ok).\nMary íe owápše hta mįkše I’m going to obey\nMary (03/02/95/FH/pc:ok). íe oðípše hta akxai\nhe’s going to make your word true (RBn10-\n3:MOJ/79; BE2.97). íe opšáape aap they said\nthey obeyed the word (MGreen tape)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"íeska","defs":["speak\nclearly. • n clear words, clear language"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"íe + ská"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣𐓳𐓪́𐓻𐓘͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"ihcóžąke","defs":["her brother’s\ndaughter (more precise than English ‘her\nniece’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓙","hw_apa":"íhkilai","defs":["[presumably í- loc + hkik- refl + aðį́] (trans.)\nration, apportion, divide, give out in portions.\n[Giving out food is a custom among the Osages,\nespecially at the annual ceremonial dances.]\nwéhkili íhkilai hta apai. they’re going to divide\nclothes (RBn22-17). ónǫ́bre íhkilai tą, káache\nwihta óščeche when they divide up the groceries,\nput mine here (03/06/95/FH/pc:prod all;\nBE2.101). ówe óščeche ąnáhkilai htai, ówe\noščeche ąðáhkilai htai let’s all of us divide these\nleftover groceries (03/06/95/FH/pc). ówe óščeche\níhkilaiapi divide the leftover groceries into piles\n[pl. addressee]. ónǫbre íhkilaipi give out food\n[pl. addressee] (03/06/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a?, í_hkilai?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓯𐓣𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"íhkišike","defs":["[presumably hkik-\nrecip + íšike (unattested elsewhere)] (intr.) miss\neach other"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_hki©ike"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣𐓥𐓣́𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ihkížį","defs":["[í- loc +\nhkížį (possibly from ažį́ ‘think’);"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., i_hkiâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓧𐓣𐓩𐓟","hw_apa":"line","defs":["LFD 74 (unconfirmed): íhkǫðe <i´-ÆoΩ-the>\nthe pot hanger"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣𐓱𐓘́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ihtáɣe","defs":["tip"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣𐓱𐓪́͘𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ihtǫ́į","defs":["the future, the days to come, onward\nin time"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["ihtǫ́į ðéha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣̋𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"íihkihkiðe","defs":["[evidently\ncontains two instances of hkik- recip, but is also\nused as transitive] (intr.) meet each other;\n(trans.) meet s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a?, íi_hkihki∂e?","xref":["íikiðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"íkaaɣe","defs":["make out\nof"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. k>p, í_kaaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓤𐓣𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"íkihtǫpe","defs":["[presumably í- loc + kihtǫ́pe] (trans.) visit a\nrelative or one’s own (family)","visit one’s family","visit (one’s family)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a or sync.\nfortisizing stop stem, í_kihtôpe or í_kih(_)tôpe?","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"íkikaaɣe","defs":["[ki- dat +\níkaaɣe] (trans.) make for s.o., cause to be for\ns.o. íe waska íkihpáaɣe hkǫ́bra I want to interpret\nfor you (RB)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣́𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓣́𐓤𐓣𐓭𐓘̋𐓹𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"íe waska íkihpáaɣe hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to interpret\nfor you"}],"infl":"sync. k>p, íki_kaaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓣𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"íkišike","defs":["[presumably\nki- dat + an unattested stem íšike] (trans.) be\nlonesome for s.o. (3-10-83-D)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, ki-ret., í_ki©ike"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ilǫ́ɣe","defs":["[kik- suu + íðǫɣe]\n(intr.) ask or inquire concerning one’s own\npeople or things (04/19/95/FH/pc:ma;\nWF/12/30/01:ɣ). • n devil, Satan, ghost, spirit\n(01/20/95/FH/pc:prod orig; BE2.30; RBn2-\nMOJ/p3)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, i_lòπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣𐓧𐓪̋͘𐓯𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"ilǫ́ǫška","defs":["ilǫ́ǫška dances (the\nwar dances or ceremonial dances of the\nOsages) (RBn1-25; HRE/12/29/01/pc). [By folk\netymology, ‘playground of the eldest son’ (cf"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"war dances or ceremonial dances of the","e":"Osages)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓩𐓣𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"ínihkašie","defs":["become a person, live as a person (lit.,\n‘by which means one becomes a person’). • n\nclan (lit., ‘folks you were born with’)\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ma)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., í_nihka©ie"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓪𐓬'𐓘͘𐓵𐓘͘","hw_apa":"íop'ąðą","defs":["steam"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["op'ą́ða"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓸𐓪𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"íxope","defs":["lie, tell untruths.\níðaxopaží you [sg.] didn’t lie. íðixope ðąąché\nįké you wouldn’t lie"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_xope (2nd person is inflected\nas either reg. or stat.)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́𐓸𐓪𐓬𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘","hw_apa":"íxopeštą́","defs":["liar (lit., ‘one who\nalways lies’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"íxope + ©tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓵𐓶̄𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓘́͘𐓡𐓪̄͘","hw_apa":"ðuuhpíiži ą́hǫǫ","defs":["I know what I like, I like to\nmake faces (RBn22-20).\nįcé hpáze. vp, adjp [stat., įcé _hpáze] (be) dizzy\n(01/20/95/ERE/pc:ok; FH: ok)"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓤𐓩𐓪𐓷 𐓷𐓡𐓘𐓰","a":"know what","e":"I like, I like to\nmake faces"},{"o":"𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓭𐓘́𐓺𐓟","a":"įcé ąhpáze","e":"I am\ndizzy"},{"a":"expected","e":"Mod. Os. 1st pl. form: wahpáze]"},{"o":"𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓭𐓘́𐓺𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"tą įcé ąhpáze ną when","e":"I look at it, it makes me\ndizzy"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣͘𐓴𐓪́𐓱𐓘̄͘","hw_apa":"įchóhtąą","defs":["muskrat"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣́͘𐓡𐓣͘𐓥𐓣𐓲𐓟́𐓻𐓟","hw_apa":"į́hįhkicéže","defs":["goat\n(05/01/95/LS/pc:ok:hk; BE2.59, RBn2-MOJ/p2;\nFH/11/19/01/pc:ma). [By folk etymology,\n‘urinates upon his whiskers’.]\nį, į́"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣̋͘𐓪𐓧𐓣̄͘𐓳𐓣","hw_apa":"į́įolįįhci","defs":["sweat house, sweat\nlodge (05/02/95/LS/pc; 03/14/95/MREI/pc;\nMOJt#150)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"ìî olìî + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣̄͘𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘́𐓱𐓘𐓺𐓟","hw_apa":"įįštáxį htáhtaze","defs":["grasshopper"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reduplicated form,\nonomatopoeic"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣̄͘𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘𐓻𐓣́͘","hw_apa":"įįštáxįžį́","defs":["person of mixed\nblood (white and Osage; lit., ‘a little white’)\n(04/17/95/LS/pc:ok; FH/09/25/01; BE2.88).\nįká (variant of ðįká).\nįké (variant of ðįké)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"îî©táxî + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","hw_apa":"įkšé","defs":["sitting sg","lying down or horizontal inanimate plural\npositional article (follows an inanimate noun\nor pronoun [usually not the subject of a\nsentence] that would normally take the\npositional article kšé ‘lying down, long’ to show\nplurality of that noun or pronoun)"],"pos":"positional","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟 𐓘̋𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘","a":"šǫ́ke ðįkše áanąąžį","e":"I\nîî©táxî sáhku\nìpehi\nstepped on the dog"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"įkšíðe","defs":["[presumably į́ + kšíðe] (trans.) have s.o. wear,\ncause s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, î_k©í∂e?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓰𐓸𐓘͘","hw_apa":"įkšítxą","defs":["off (s.t"],"pos":"postposition","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓵𐓟̋","hw_apa":"kaaðée","defs":["pass or give\naway (e.g., the drum at ilǫ́ǫška dances)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓵𐓟̋𐓯𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"kaaðéešpa","defs":["give\naway by pressing or pushing away (e.g., the\nilǫ́ǫška drum)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"káaɣe","defs":["make, fix,\nprepare, bake","cause s.t","make"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"rthur akxa","e":"Mongrain\nhpéπe wì káaπape Arthur made Mongrain a\ngourd"},{"o":"𐓪𐓡𐓩𐓘 𐓤'𐓶́ 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟","a":"ohna k'ú káaɣape","e":"Mary’s mother\nmade her give John the meat pies that ∂ixípe\n[Robert Bristow] made"},{"o":"𐓭𐓘̋𐓹𐓟 𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣́𐓟","a":"hpáaɣe mažíe","e":"I didn’t make it"}],"infl":"sync. k>p, _káaπe","xref":["kikáaɣe","kšíɣe"],"vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓶́","hw_apa":"kaaɣú","defs":["brush"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓧𐓣́͘","hw_apa":"kaalį́","defs":["lightning strikes"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓧𐓣̋͘𐓻𐓟","hw_apa":"kaalį́įže","defs":["sparks that are struck (as by hitting the “iron”\nagainst the flint to create sparks to make the\nsponge-like material from a tree catch fire)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"kaa- instr + lìîâe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓧𐓪́͘𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"kaalǫ́ðe","defs":["travel, migrate, go on a hunting\nexpedition"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓩𐓣́𐓟𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"kaaníeži","defs":["[kaa- instr\n+ ónie ‘breathe’ +aží neg] (trans.) knock s.o.\nout, hit s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)níeâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓯𐓪́͘𐓣͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"kaašǫ́įke","defs":["good-bye, the end, the final\nevent, nothing more (HH)"],"pos":"interjection","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["kaašǫ́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̋𐓷𐓣͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"káawįɣe","defs":["soar, as an eagle"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓸𐓶́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"kaaxúɣe","defs":["split, split open, crack or\nsplinter by sudden impact (RBn; HRE at\nWHM981022)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓲𐓘𐓬𐓰𐓙𐓩","hw_apa":"captain","defs":["Also used as a personal name by the\nOsage and Omaha tribes. LFD 45: kahíkenąžį\n<Ga-hi´-ge-noΩ-zhiΩ> Standing-chief (personal\nname;"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓬𐓟́𐓪͘𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"kašpéǫpa","defs":["quarter (25-cent coin; lit., ‘two bits’)\n(04/11/95/LS/pc:okc; t14a-p1b/14, t44)","quarter (coin)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"ka©pé +\n∂ôôpá"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓘́͘𐓮𐓣","hw_apa":"kažą́si","defs":["unmarried person, maiden (JOD). [It is\nnot clear whether this word was used only of\nwomen, or of either men or women.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣́𐓴𐓟𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"kícheðe","defs":["keep, set aside, put away, save as a\nmemento or treasure"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, kíche_∂e?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣́𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓘𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"kíðahapa","defs":["be apart, separated,\ndivorced, divided, distant, or estranged from\neach other (e.g., an estranged married couple,\negg yolks separated from whites)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-del.,\n_(kí)∂ahapa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘","hw_apa":"kiðálį","defs":["be glad, feel good (also used as an\nequivalent of ‘thank you’)","(trans.) like, love, enjoy, be happy about, be\npleased with","be glad, be pleased, like","be glad (like)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"stat. ki-del., _∂álî","vc":"ki-stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣𐓥𐓘́𐓬𐓪","hw_apa":"kihkápo","defs":["Kickapoo Indians"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣́𐓭𐓘̄𐓡𐓣","hw_apa":"kíhpaahi","defs":["[kik- suu\n+ paahí] (trans.) select from one’s own people\nor items"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.? ki-ret.?, _kíhpaahi?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣́𐓭𐓘͘","hw_apa":"kíhpą","defs":["[kik- suu + pą́]\n(trans.) call, invite one’s relative(s)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kíhpà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣𐓱𐓪́͘𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"kihtǫ́pe","defs":["[kik- suu +\ntǫ́pe] (trans.) watch one’s own things, look at\none’s own things"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kihtòpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"kikáaɣe","defs":["[ki-\ninceptive + káaɣe] (trans.) make over, do over,\nrepair or fix s.t. (belonging to oneself or to\nanother person; e.g., repair a torn place\nin a dress), redo, reform"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"waðákiškaaɣe hkǫ́bra","e":"I want you to make my\nchildren proper people"}],"infl":"reg. ki-ret.+sync. k>p, _ki_káaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣́𐓻𐓘","hw_apa":"kíža","defs":["doubt(?)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["wažá"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣́𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"kíži","defs":["[ki- dat + kaaží]\n(trans.) drive for s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kíâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓣̄͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"kį́įkįįežį","defs":["butterfly"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reduplicated form"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓪́𐓟","hw_apa":"kóe","defs":["and then, and"],"pos":"conjunction","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓪̋𐓴𐓟","hw_apa":"kóoche","defs":["+ posit (?) [perhaps\nkóoci + che posit] old and stacked or piled"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓪̋𐓲𐓣","hw_apa":"kóoci","defs":["old-fashioned, old-\ntime, antique, old, from far back in time,\nancient","for a long time"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓤𐓪̋𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓯𐓤𐓘̋͘ 𐓘̄͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"kóoci ašką́ą ąąhé","e":"I’ve been\ngoing on for a long time"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓪̄𐓰𐓘́𐓣͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"kootáįke","defs":["over there,\nyonder, farther than another thing, way over\nthere, way back in time or distance\n(04/06/95/FH/pc:ok). [Contrasts with kootáha\n‘farther away’.] kootą́įke lį́įpi you all sit over\nthere"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"kǫ́ðawaðe","defs":["[kǫ́ða + wa- val + ðe cau] (trans.)\nmake folks want to, make one want to. óohǫ\nkǫ́ðawai it makes one want to cook"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\nkò∂awa_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓪́͘𐓤𐓪͘𐓟","hw_apa":"kǫ́kǫe","defs":["[reduplicated form]\n(intr.) go around"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓪͘𐓺𐓟́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓪͘","hw_apa":"kǫzéhkihkǫ","defs":["similar to\nor like each other, resembling each other"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"hkik- refl + kôzékô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓯𐓣","hw_apa":"kši","defs":["to, at, on, in that (something lying down\nor spread out lengthwise)"],"pos":"postposition","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"kšíɣe","defs":["[presumably ki- dat +\nkáaɣe] (trans.) make or prepare for s.o. (e.g.,\nprepare a bed, clothing, or food)","make for"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓮𐓣́𐓟𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓷𐓣𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓹𐓟","a":"síekǫ wikšíɣe","e":"I made a meat pie for you"},{"o":"𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘́𐓻𐓶 𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"céɣenii ážu áwakšie hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to\nhave my son put some money on the drum"}],"infl":"reg. _k©íπe","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓤𐓸𐓘́𐓭𐓘͘","hw_apa":"kxáhpą","defs":["baby son;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓤'𐓣́͘𐓘𐓡𐓣","hw_apa":"k'į́ahi","defs":["[k'į́ + ahí]\n(trans.) take, transport, carry (lit., ‘carrying\nk'ą́saaki\nk'úe\narrive there’). Billie akxa ąk'į́ahi hta akxai\nBillie is going to bring [take] me [there] [the\nobject pronominal ą- ‘me’ precedes k'į]"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. h-stem, k∏ìa_hi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓧𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́","hw_apa":"laaská","defs":["flower\n(01/26/95/FH/pc). [This is virtually the only word\nin which an initial hl is commonly preserved in\nMod. Os.] kį́įkįįežį hlaaskážį éðǫǫpa ǫ́ǫðe\naðáape he went leaving [both] the flowers and\nbutterflies behind (RBn15-03; BE2.49)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓧𐓟𐓰𐓘́͘𐓨𐓘͘𐓺𐓟","hw_apa":"letą́mąze","defs":["Iron Hawk"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"letå + måze ‘metal’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓧𐓟𐓰𐓪́͘𐓷𐓣͘","hw_apa":"letǫ́wį","defs":["hawk woman. [Frances Oberly\nHolding’s name.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["páaleze","waléze"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓧𐓣̋𐓺𐓪𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"líizoke","defs":["[kik-\nsuu + ðiizó (it is not known what the final ke is\nhere)] (intr.) bend oneself; (trans.) bend one’s\nown (body part or possession)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _líizoke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓧𐓣𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓙","hw_apa":"ližážai","defs":["[reduplicated form] [kik-\nsuu + ðižáža] (trans.) shake one’s own (body\npart or possession)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _liâáâai"},{"hw_osage":"𐓧𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"lį́įka","defs":["sit!"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"lìîke + a imperative marker"},{"hw_osage":"𐓧𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"lį́įke","defs":["sit\ndown, sit suddenly (PM)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _lìîke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘̄͘-","hw_apa":"mąą-","defs":["root related to the ground or the earth"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"mą́ąɣe","defs":["sky","weather"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓡𐓣͘𐓮𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"mą́ąhįska","defs":["axe (RBn10-12:JW, unconfirmed)\n[Presumed error in RB records for mą́ąhįspe (?).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓩𐓣́","hw_apa":"mą́ąke ní","defs":["tuberculosis, consumption (lit.,\n‘chest hurts’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓧𐓪́͘","hw_apa":"mąąlǫ́","defs":["[kik- suu + mąąðǫ́]\n(trans.) steal s.t. of one’s own, steal back"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, _maalò?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"mąąną́ɣe","defs":["[presumably\ncontains mąą- and nąą-] paw the ground when in\nrut (said of a male animal ready to breed with a\nfemale animal) (04/25/95/PM/pc)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓮𐓣𐓳𐓟𐓸𐓣","hw_apa":"mą́ąsihcexi","defs":["Sacred Arrow Shaft (female personal\nname). [Dora Lookout’s name.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"mòôse +\nhcéxi","xref":["hcéxi","mǫ́ǫse"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓘́͘𐓸𐓟 𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪","hw_apa":"mąąžą́xe htóho","defs":["green onion\n(05/01/95/LS/pc:okc; RBn1-MOJ/p14;\nFH/09/21/01/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘͘𐓹𐓣́𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"mąɣíðe","defs":["deceive, trick, lie, swindle, defraud, fool\nmąąšóšoce (continued)\n(MSB: t9)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"expected form in","e":"Mod. Osage: màπíà∂ape] he\nlied to me"}],"infl":"reg., màπí_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘͘𐓹𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"mąɣíhkiðe","defs":["[hkik- refl +\nmąɣíðe] (intr.) deceive oneself, be mistaken"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., màπí_hki∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓥𐓣𐓮𐓪͘𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"mą́hkisǫce","defs":["[presumably hkik- refl/recip +\nmą́sǫce (unattested)] (intr.) wrestle one another"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown","xref":["ásąci"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓣͘𐓥𐓘 𐓣́𐓵𐓣𐓯𐓰𐓪͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"mą́įhka íðištǫka","defs":["hoe (lit., ‘with which to make\nthe earth soft’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣","hw_apa":"mą́įhkaši","defs":["cellar, basement (HH tape 8Ap4)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓱𐓘́𐓱𐓘𐓺𐓟","hw_apa":"mą́ze htáhtaze","defs":["typewriter (04/06/95/FH:ok);\nticking, tapping, or clicking noise against\nmetal (as made by a typewriter)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓣́𐓟 𐓪́𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪͘𐓟","hw_apa":"mą́ze íe ówatǫe","defs":["television (lit., ‘speaking\nmetal item wherein one watches things’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓰𐓘̋𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"mą́ze níi táahkace káaɣe","defs":["hot water heater\n(lit., ‘metal for making water hot’)\n(01/23/95/FH/pc:prod orig). [New coinage by\nFH.]\nmą́ze nǫp'į́ (variant of mą́ze wanǫ́p'į)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓜𐓣̄͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"mą́ze oðóbrįįke","defs":["trap\n(lit., ‘I catch it with metal’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"måze + í- loc + obrìîke (1st\nsg. of o∂ìîke); i + o regularly becomes o∂o"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓪̄𐓡𐓪́͘","hw_apa":"mą́ze oohǫ́","defs":["oven"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘𐓬'𐓣͘","hw_apa":"mą́ze wanǫ́p'į","defs":["necklace\nof iron or other metal;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓣𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"mą́zehtahižį","defs":["bells, little\nbells (as on a cradleboard)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["htáhtaze","mą́zeštahižį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓪̄𐓰𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟","hw_apa":"mą́zeska ootá waléze","defs":["note, document of\nborrowed money, loan"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣𐓘́𐓵𐓶𐓹𐓟𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"miáðuɣežį́ka","defs":["his wife’s brother’s wife (more\nprecise than English ‘his sister-in-law’) (JOD)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"precise than","e":"English ‘his sister-in-law’)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣́𐓘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"míaɣe","defs":["daughter-in-law\n(04/07/95/LS/pc; BE2.29, RBn2-MOJ/p9;\n01/19/95/FH/pc:ok). [Vocative and referent, more\nfamiliar than wihcíni ‘daughter-in-law’ (RB); no\ndifference between wihcíni and míaɣe (FH).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣́𐓘𐓧𐓪͘𐓯𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"míalǫška","defs":["little people\n(04/17/95/LS/pc:ok), elf, sprite, brownie,\nleprechaun, fairy. [Strictly speaking, the Osage\n“little people” are not fairies, but rather a scarier\nsort of being, not so small and dainty, and rather\nmore ominous.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣́𐓹𐓘","hw_apa":"míɣa","defs":["duck (PM);","duck"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣́𐓹𐓘 𐓱𐓘́͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"míɣa htą́ka","defs":["goose, big\ngoose or big duck (lit., ‘big duck’) (RBn1-24;\nFH/09/21/01/pc; BE2.59; 02/03/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣́𐓹𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"míɣa ska","defs":["swan (lit., ‘white duck’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣𐓥𐓘́𐓤'𐓟 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","hw_apa":"mihkák'e hą tą ðįkšé","defs":["evening star (lit., ‘the\nstar when it’s evening, sitting’). [Takes ‘sitting’\npositional article įkšé.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣𐓥𐓘́𐓤'𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓰𐓘͘","hw_apa":"mihkák'e hą́ąpaska tą","defs":["morning star (lit.,\n‘star when it is daylight’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣𐓥𐓘́𐓤'𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"mihkák'ežįka","defs":["little star"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"mihkák∏e + âîká"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓤'𐓘́͘𐓣͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́į ok'ą́įke","defs":["March\n(the month when the sun is just teasing: e.g., sun\nin the morning but blizzard in the afternoon)\n(lit.,‘month of no events’) (RBn12-05)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓤𐓪𐓟 𐓨𐓣𐓘́𐓵𐓟̄ 𐓟𐓱𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓰𐓪𐓤𐓟́𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓰𐓘̄𐓤𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓴𐓣́𐓟","a":"koe miáðee ehtáha tokétą taakáce ci achíe","e":"I come\nfrom the south and the west in the heat of\nsummer"}],"infl":"mìî ‘month’+ ok∏å + ∂îké"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̄͘𐓳𐓟́𐓸𐓣","hw_apa":"mįįhcéxi","defs":["personal name for a first\ndaughter (perhaps ‘precious female’, ‘difficult\nfemale’, ‘stout daughter’, ‘sacred sun’) (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"mìî ‘sun’ or\n‘female’? + hcéxi","xref":["wažážemį́įhcéxį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓱𐓪͘𐓟𐓧𐓣","hw_apa":"mį́įhtǫeli","defs":["sunflower; gum, chewing gum. [Secondary\naccent recorded on -htǫ-.] mį́įhtoeli oolą́ akxa\nhe’s chewing gum (lit., ‘he has put gum in [his\nmouth]’) (RBn14-03; HRE/12/29/01/pc:ok)","gum"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"mìî + tòpe + alí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓧𐓘͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įląke","defs":["[mį́į + lą́ke] (intr.)\nmarry a woman, take a wife, marry\n(MREI/6/7/94/num94; 02/24/95/FH/pc:okc).\nmį́įðaląke?"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓡𐓩 𐓨𐓣̄͘𐓧𐓘́͘𐓤𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓟","a":"ohn mįįlą́kiape","e":"John got\nmarried"},{"o":"𐓪𐓡𐓩𐓘 𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓧𐓘͘𐓤𐓣 𐓘̋𐓬𐓟","a":"ohna mį́įląki áape","e":"John\ngot married [they said]"}],"infl":"reg., mìî_làke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪𐓥𐓘́͘𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įohką́ce","defs":["January (lit., ‘moon\nalone’) (RBn12-05; FH/11/17/01/pc:ok);\nFebruary, the solitary moon (LF)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"mìî + óhkace"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓤'𐓙̨𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įǫk'aįke","defs":["February (lit.,\n‘month of inaction’) (RBn10-19, unconfirmed).\n[Reported by RB as ‘half days good, half\nnot good’.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"mìî + ók∏à + ∂îké"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓟𐓻𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa aðikeže","defs":["crescent moon\n(02/25/95/FH/pc:ma). [aðikeže is not otherwise\nattested in the Mod. Os. data.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓘́𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓵𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓘́","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa álįį ðǫǫpá","defs":["December (lit., ‘month\ntwelve’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓘́𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓷𐓣́͘𐓸𐓲𐓣","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa álįį wį́xci","defs":["November (lit., ‘month\neleven’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓥𐓣́𐓟𐓰𐓪̄𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa hkíetoopa","defs":["August (lit., ‘month eight’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓭𐓘͘𐓡𐓘́͘𐓧𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa hpąhą́le","defs":["January (lit., ‘first month to\narrive’) (04/28/95/LS/pc; HH/14-a/249ff)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓪̄𐓰𐓘́𐓡𐓘","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa kootáha","defs":["month before last (lit., ‘the\nmonth beyond’, ‘that month farther away’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓧𐓟́𐓜𐓘͘","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa lébrą","defs":["October (lit., ‘month ten’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓧𐓟́𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟 𐓷𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa lébrą hce wį́įke","defs":["September (lit.,\n‘month nine’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓯𐓘́𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa šápe","defs":["April (lit., ‘shaded moon’ or\n‘dark moon’) (RBn12-05, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓭𐓘","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa táahpa","defs":["full moon (lit., ‘round moon’)\n(02/25/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓰𐓘 𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓣̄𐓰𐓘́𐓟 𐓟́𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓸𐓘͘","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa wahkǫ́ta ižį́ke iitáe ékitxą","defs":["December\n(lit., ‘the month when God’s son was born, it’s\nthat time again’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓡𐓟 𐓨𐓪𐓩𐓰𐓡 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"the month when","e":"God’s son was born, it’s\nthat time again’)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟𐓵𐓘̋𐓜𐓣͘","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa weðáabrį","defs":["March (lit., ‘third month’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟𐓮𐓘́𐓱𐓘͘","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa wesáhtą","defs":["May (lit., ‘fifth month’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟𐓯𐓘́𐓭𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa wešáhpe","defs":["June (lit., ‘sixth month’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟𐓰𐓪̋𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"mį́įǫpa wetóopa","defs":["April (lit., ‘fourth month’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓯𐓟𐓴𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"mį́įšechie","defs":["Follows-the-Sun, an Eagle clan\nname (03/13/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.171). [Smokey\nLookout’s name.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓪́͘","hw_apa":"mǫ́","defs":["I do (rare usage).\nmǫ́ (variant of mǫ́ǫ ‘I wear’).\nmǫ́, mǫ́ǫ (variants of mą́ą)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"1st sg. form of ò ‘do’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓪͘𐓤𐓘́𐓬𐓪","hw_apa":"mǫkápo","defs":["coat"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓪̋͘","hw_apa":"mǫ́ǫ","defs":["I wear.\nmǫ́ǫ (variant of mąąðǫ́)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"1st sg. form\nof òô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓪̋͘𐓡𐓘𐓱𐓘́𐓡𐓶","hw_apa":"mǫ́ǫhahtáhu","defs":["west wind"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably mòôha + htaacé +\nahú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓪̋͘𐓮𐓘 𐓡𐓶","hw_apa":"mǫ́ǫsa hu","defs":["dogwood (RBn HW13), arrow shaft\ntree (RBn22-01)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓪̋͘𐓮𐓟","hw_apa":"mǫ́ǫse","defs":["arrow\nshaft"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓨𐓪̋͘𐓮𐓣 𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"mǫ́ǫsi céɣe","defs":["willow (RBn10-21/JW&FW/77,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ną́ąɣe","defs":["spirit.\nną́ąɣeska. v, adj [uninfl.] [ną́ąɣe ‘spirit’ + ská\n‘clear’] (intr.) (be) sober, not drunk, clear-\nminded, in one’s right mind (lit., ‘spirit clear’)","ice"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓹𐓶́𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"nąąɣúce","defs":["ear, inner ear. nąąɣü´ce lü´uwasü!"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓹𐓶́𐓲𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓣𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓤𐓯𐓣","hw_apa":"nąąɣúce oðipxokši","defs":["ear pop"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓹𐓶́𐓡𐓘𐓯𐓟","hw_apa":"nąąɣúhaše","defs":["ear wax\n(WF)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓱𐓘́͘𐓱𐓘̄͘","hw_apa":"nąąhtą́htąą","defs":["mule, jack mule, donkey, burro, ass (lit.,\n‘big ears’) (02/27/95/FH/pc:ok, prod;\n01/20/95/PM/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"nààhtå +\nhtåka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣́͘𐓧𐓟","hw_apa":"nąąžį́le","defs":["V [reg.?, _nąąžį́le?] (trans.) stop (RBn1-\n40). nąąžį́la!"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ną́ce káaɣe","defs":["trench"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. k>p, nåce _káaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓲𐓟𐓘𐓡𐓘","hw_apa":"ną́ceaha","defs":["trench, small ditch\naround tipi for drainage"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́","hw_apa":"nąðé","defs":["a certain number\nor amount at a time, a certain number or\namount per person (e.g., ‘a bit at a time’, ‘two\nat a time’, ‘two each’)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"ną́ɣe","defs":["ice"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟 𐓤𐓣́𐓬𐓯𐓟","hw_apa":"ną́ɣe kípše","defs":["ice cream (lit., ‘ground up ice’)\n(RB, unconfirmed)","ice cream"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["pšé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́𐓩𐓣̄","hw_apa":"ną́ɣe paazénii","defs":["ice cream (lit., ‘ice milk’)\n(02/13/95/FH/pc:ok; 04/17/95/LS/pc:ok;\nBE2.71)","ice cream"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟𐓳𐓣","hw_apa":"ną́ɣehci","defs":["refrigerator, icebox,\ncooler, ice chest (lit., ‘ice house’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓜𐓶́𐓸𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"obrúxpaðe hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to take it out of\nthe refrigerator"}],"infl":"nåπe + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄","hw_apa":"ną́ɣenii","defs":["ice water (02/13/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.71)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟𐓪̄𐓻𐓶́","hw_apa":"ną́ɣeoožú","defs":["refrigerator, icebox,\ncooler, ice chest","refrigerator"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"nåπe + ooâú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ną́ɣežį","defs":["sleet (lit., ‘small\nice’) (03/10/95/MREI/pc:ok; FH:4/24/96/ok;\nMREI)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"nåπe + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓥𐓙","hw_apa":"ną́hkai","defs":["saddle\n(03/23/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.116;\n03/23/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘͘𐓧𐓪̋͘𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓟","hw_apa":"nąlǫ́ǫhkile","defs":["hidden item, hiding place, cache"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably contains nàlòôha and\nhkik- refl"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓣͘𐓪́͘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓧𐓣̋͘","hw_apa":"nąnįǫ́pa olį́į","defs":["tobacco boss (who sits to the left\nof the roadman in a peyote meeting).\n(04/07/95/PM/pc:ok; RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"nąnį́ǫpažį","defs":["cigarette (lit., ‘little pipe’ or ‘little\ntobacco’) (4/17/96/FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"nànìôpa + -âî\n‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́𐓡𐓶 𐓣́𐓤𐓣𐓘𐓡𐓣͘","hw_apa":"nąnúhu íkiahį","defs":["plant to mix with tobacco (a\nsmall, sweet-smelling plant with yellow flowers\nthat is mixed with tobacco;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓘́͘𐓣͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"níhka watą́įke","defs":["Gentle Man (personal name)\n[Antoine Pryor’s name] (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓩𐓰𐓪𐓣𐓩𐓟","a":"ntoine","e":"Pryor’s name]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘𐓥𐓣𐓬𐓘́𐓩𐓘͘","hw_apa":"níhkahkipáną","defs":["Running\nMan (personal name) [Name of the father of\nWeuɣaake, who was the father of John Oberly;\nNíhkahkipáną was Frances Holding’s paternal\ngreat-grandfather"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"who was the father of","e":"John Oberly;\nNíhkahkipánà was Frances Holding’s paternal\ngreat-grandfather"}],"infl":"níhka + hkipánà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"níhkašie","defs":["human, person,\nindividual, man","person, people, human"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓣́͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"ną́ški níhkaši mį́ hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to live [be a\nhuman] one day at a time"}],"xref":["níhka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓘́𐓬𐓶𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"níi ápuɣe","defs":["beer (lit., ‘boiling or foaming water\nor liquid’) (archaic) (01/07/95/FH/pc:ok;\nBE2.10)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣̄𐓤𐓘̋𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓤𐓟𐓪̄𐓻𐓶́","hw_apa":"niikáapxokeoožú","defs":["can,\nbottle, or other container for soda pop"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"niikáapxohke + ooâú","xref":["mą́zeskaoožú"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣̄𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓘𐓲'𐓣͘","hw_apa":"niióhkiac'į","defs":["mirror\n(lit., ‘peer at oneself in the water’) (PM)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"níi + hkik- refl + okác∏î"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣̄𐓪́𐓯𐓪","hw_apa":"niióšo","defs":["Neosho (town in Oklahoma) (FH).\n[Possibly from níi + oožú ‘pour water into it’,\ni.e., ‘main river’.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓪𐓷𐓩 𐓣𐓩","a":"town in","e":"Oklahoma)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣̋𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"níipxaðe","defs":["drown"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣́𐓪͘𐓱𐓘","hw_apa":"níǫhta","defs":["be frustrated\n(?), become frustrated (?). [This form was\nrecorded on an early tape (speaker: Henry Pratt,\nwhose Indian name was Nǫ́ǫhpewaðe or\nNonpewalla) but is unfamiliar to three Mod. Os"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣́𐓪͘𐓱𐓘 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣","hw_apa":"níǫhta záani","defs":["world,\nuniverse, all the universe, all the world (RBn1-\nMOJ/p13, unconfirmed) [Rejected by some\n(03/24/95/PM/pc:no), but accepted by others as a\nborrowing from Omaha, according to HH\n(01/04/95/FH/pc:ok).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣́𐓪͘𐓱𐓘 𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"níǫhta žį́ka","defs":["island (WHM981022,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓡𐓶𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"nį́ ké hta huðe","defs":["north wind (RB, unconfirmed,\nRB2-94; 03/01/95/FH/pc:uk; 04/17/95/LS/pc:uk).\n[Probably nii įkšé ée hta húðe ‘water (sitting or\nround), from there it comes’.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓪́͘𐓡𐓪͘𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"nǫ́hǫžį","defs":["secret society (religious society of\nmen who conducted ceremonies)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"nòhô (Mod. Os. nòô) +\n-âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓡𐓣𐓲'𐓟","hw_apa":"nǫhpéhic'e","defs":["[nǫhpéhi +\nc'é] (intr.) be famished, starving, dying from\nhunger"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, nôhpéhi_c∏e?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓪̋͘𐓡𐓣𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"nǫ́ǫhiži","defs":["immature"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"nòô + ahí + aâí neg"},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓟́ 𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓣","hw_apa":"nǫǫpé aski","defs":["fist"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓩𐓪́͘𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓰𐓘","hw_apa":"nǫ́pxata","defs":["clan subdivision\n(of the Deer clan;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓡-𐓰𐓘𐓡 𐓣𐓮 𐓰𐓡𐓟 𐓲𐓧𐓘𐓩 𐓰𐓪 𐓷𐓡𐓣𐓴 𐓰𐓡𐓟","a":"pxah-tah is the clan to which the","e":"Pitts\nand Whitehorn families belong"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓘 𐓩𐓟𐓲𐓤𐓧𐓘𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"a necklace","defs":["LFD 96: mą́zenǫp'į <MoΩ´-çe-noΩ-\np’iΩ> Iron-necklace (personal name)"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["wanǫ́p'į"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓘́𐓻𐓶","hw_apa":"oážu","defs":["rack, barbecue\nrack (lit., ‘place for setting things upon’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- + áâu"},{"hw_osage":"𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣𐓰𐓟𐓨𐓟𐓩𐓰","hw_apa":"excitement","defs":["His heart is fluttering with\nexcitement"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"oðóhkiðe","defs":["[presumably hkik-\nrecip + oðóðe] (trans.) intermingle, mix, blend,\nplace together (as when cooking two or more\nitems together)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, o∂ó_hki∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓡𐓘͘","hw_apa":"oðóhkihą","defs":["add in cooking"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably ó- loc + hkik- recip +\noohå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓣","hw_apa":"oðókahi","defs":["stir (e.g., food\nwhen cooking). (03/14/95/MREI/pc:ma;\n04/06/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o∂ó_kahi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"oðótą mą́zeska","defs":["interest money (lit., ‘use\nmoney’, ‘use of money’) (04/14/95/FH/pc:ok;\nRBn1-MOJ/p28; FH:4/25/96/tape: oðótą;\n04/13/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["mą́zeska oðótą","mą́žą ootá","ootá"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"oðówaðe","defs":["[wa- val + oðóðe] (intr. [also\ntrans.?]) be boss in relation to an event (e.g., a\ndinner), be in charge of, see to or oversee a\ncertain occasion. ónǫbre che oðóawaðe hta\nmįkšé I’m going to be taking care of the food"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓴𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓙 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"ónǫbre che oðówaðai hkǫ́bra","e":"I want you to\noversee this dinner"},{"a":"e kǫ́ða apai they want","e":"Carolyn to\noversee this dinner"},{"o":"𐓪́𐓩𐓪́͘𐓜𐓟 𐓴𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓪́𐓟𐓬𐓣 𐓷𐓘́𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"ónǫ́bre che oðóepi wáhkǫ́bra","e":"I want Mary and\nDarlene to oversee this dinner [o∂óepi < o∂ówa∂e\napi]"}],"infl":"reg.,\no∂ówa_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣𐓩𐓙","hw_apa":"óhipažinai","defs":["loser, s.o"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"óhi + api suffix + aâí neg + nà\n‘always’ + ∂e declarative marker"},{"hw_osage":"𐓘𐓧𐓪𐓩𐓟","hw_apa":"alone","defs":["LFD 121: óhkąci <o´-ÆoΩ-dsi> individual,\none single person"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["mį́įohką́ce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓘́͘𐓲𐓣𐓧𐓘͘","hw_apa":"ohką́cilą","defs":["ace in a deck of\ncards (LF only, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"ohkåci + oolå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"ohkíce","defs":["goal, curved stick used to play kašíni\n(shinny) (03/23/95/FH/pc). [This stick is for\nhitting the ball made out of buckskin in the game\nof shinny, which was declining in popularity in\nthe early twentieth century, circa 1916 when FH\nwas born.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓟𐓻𐓘͘","hw_apa":"ohkíežą","defs":["[presumably hkik-\nrefl + óžą] (intr.) care for oneself"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓟","hw_apa":"óhkihkaše","defs":["[hkik- refl + okáše] (intr.) take\ncare of oneself"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"myself","e":"I am skilled at, the little deer made up his\nown mind’)"}],"infl":"reg.,\nó_hkihka©e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓣̋𐓴𐓟𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"ohkíicheðe","defs":["[ó- loc + hkícheðe] (trans.) put\ndown, set down, place. aðį́ku, kaðó ohkíche[ð]e\nbring it here and put it down (RBn10-21/JW;\nFW/77). káa ohkíche[ð]e put it here (RBn10-\n21/JW; FW/77)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\nohkíiche_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓤'𐓪͘𐓡𐓟","hw_apa":"ohkík'ǫhe","defs":["[hkik- refl +\nok'ǫ́he] (intr.?) interrupt (lit., ‘insert oneself\ninto’). óhkik'ǫ́he he’s interrupting"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, o_hkík∏ôhe?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓤'𐓶","hw_apa":"ohkík'u","defs":["[hkik- recip + ók'u]\n(intr.) give away to each other, have a giveaway.\n[Giving away is a custom at the annual Osage\ndances, especially on Sunday, when blankets,\nshawls, groceries, cash, and other items are given\nto others in appreciation.] ohkík'u hta apai hǫ́ǫpa\nðé they’re going to give away today"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, o_hkík∏u"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓘̄𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"ohkílaake","defs":["[hkik- refl +\nóðaake] (intr.) tell about oneself, speak of\noneself (RBn 3/3/77; FH/09/11/01/pc okc)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_hkílaake","xref":["ohkúlą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓪͘𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"ohkíǫðe","defs":["[ó- loc + hkik- refl + ǫ́ǫðe]\n[secondary accent on ǫ́ðe] (trans.) throw oneself\ninto, jump into, get tangled in, fall into"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣͘𐓵𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"įðe mįkšé","e":"I’m in trouble"}],"infl":"reg.+sync.,\no_hkíô_∂e","xref":["éwahkiǫ́ðe","hkíǫðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ohkížį","defs":["[presumably ó- loc +\nhkížį] (intr., trans.) be angry, be mad. oáhkižį,\nawáhkižį I’m angry"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓷𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"awáhkižį mįkšé","e":"I’m mad\nat him"}],"infl":"reg., o_hkíâî","xref":["ihkížį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓭𐓘́𐓺𐓘","hw_apa":"ohpáza","defs":["be startled (as\nby a dream or nightmare)","n nightmare, bad dream"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat., o_hpáza (but 1st dual/pl. has reg.\nprefix àk-, not stat. wa-)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"óie","defs":["[ó- + íe]\n(intr.) discuss, talk about s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["áhkie","íkie","ohkíe","ohkíhkie"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓜𐓘","hw_apa":"okábra","defs":["disperse a group,\nscatter (e.g., corn for drying), spread around.\n(03/01/95/FH/pc); (intr.) go away, depart,\nscatter, disband, leave (e.g., a crowd leaving\nafter a dance or other public gathering)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓲'𐓣͘","hw_apa":"okác'į","defs":["peer in or into;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_kác∏î","xref":["niióhkiac'į"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓤'𐓪͘","hw_apa":"okák'ǫ","defs":["make a hole"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"expected","e":"Mod. Os. form: okák∏ôpe] they broke\na hole in it"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown, presumably reg. ka-\ndel., o_(ká)k∏ô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓷𐓣͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"okáwįɣe","defs":["around"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["ákiɣe","hkilíihkǫįɣe","hǫǫpé okáwįɣe",""]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓸𐓰𐓘","hw_apa":"okáxta","defs":["pour or dump out (e.g.,\ngarbage) (RBn; HW12)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del.?,\no_(ká)xta"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓣́𐓥𐓘͘","hw_apa":"okíhką","defs":["[kik- suu + óhką]\n(trans., intr.) help one’s own (relative).\n[Uninflected form is homophonous with dative\nform of this verb.] wažážeíe ąwáðakihką hkǫ́bra\nI want you to help me talk Osage\n(02/09/95/FH/pc:okc; FH:4/25/96/tape; RBn10-\n5:JW)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓪𐓷𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓣𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"táatą ową́ðakihką hkǫ́bra","e":"I want you to help me\nwith something"}],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., o_kíhkà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓣́𐓥𐓘͘","hw_apa":"okíhką","defs":["[ [ki- dat + ohką]\n(trans.) help another (who is not a relative).\n[Uninflected form is homophonous with suus\nform of this verb.] okíhkąpái you all help him\n[not a relative] out [and continue to do so]\n(02/09/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_kíhkà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"okíhkie","defs":["[kik- suu + ohkíe]\n(trans., intr.) speak to one’s own relative,\nfamily, or friends"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_kíhkie"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓣́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"okínąąžį","defs":["[ki- dat +\noną́ąžį] (trans.) follow (lit., ‘stand next to\nanother’). • adj successive, following"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. (ki-ret.?), o_kínààâî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓣́𐓰𐓸𐓘͘","hw_apa":"okítxą","defs":["[kik- suu + otxą́] (trans.) put on one’s\nown pants or shoes"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. (ki-ret.?),\no_kítxà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓤𐓪𐓭𐓘","hw_apa":"ókohpa","defs":["(intr., trans.) vomit,\nregurgitate, or throw up due to overeating or\nbeing too full"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["ókahpo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤𐓯𐓟́𐓱𐓘͘","hw_apa":"okšéhtą","defs":["gain, earn,\ncome into possession of, obtain. • n salary,\nearnings, gain, winnings"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_k©éhtà","xref":["ókahpo","ókohpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓤'𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓸𐓪́𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"ók'ą axópe","defs":[", vp (trans.) respect (lit., ‘honor by\nacts’) (01/06/95/FH/pc:ok). [Position of accent\nrecorded as different from áxope ‘honor’.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓤'𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓘͘𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"ók'ą wanąðaži","defs":["perplexity. [Unconfirmed;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓤'𐓘͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","hw_apa":"ók'ąštą","defs":["busybody (refers to s.o"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"ók∏à + ©tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤'𐓪́","hw_apa":"ok'ó","defs":["hole"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + k∏ó"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤'𐓪́͘𐓡𐓟","hw_apa":"ok'ǫ́he","defs":["[ó- loc + k'ǫ́he]\n(trans.) insert, put into, sheathe, place into, put.\n[Implies ‘lifting up and putting in’, as a baby into\na crib or onto a baby board or blankets into a box\n(FH).] hpáažį ok'ǫ́ha put the baby on the board\n(RBn2-MOJ/p30; 04/17/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, o_k∏òhe?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓤'𐓶́","hw_apa":"ok'ú","defs":["[apparently ó- loc + k'ú]\n(trans.) lend","give, provide, furnish, supply"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓤'𐓶","a":"áwak'u","e":"I\nloaned it to them; I fed them"}],"infl":"reg., o_k∏ú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓤'𐓶","hw_apa":"ók'u","defs":["[wa- val + ok'ú] (trans.)\ngive, provide, furnish, give stuff to s.o. ók'upe\nit was given (lit., ‘they gave it to some folks’;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ó_k∏u"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓨𐓘́͘𐓣͘𐓥𐓘","hw_apa":"omą́įhka","defs":["year"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓨𐓘́͘𐓣͘𐓥𐓘 𐓧𐓟́𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓡𐓣́𐓟𐓩𐓘͘","hw_apa":"omą́įhka lébrą híeną","defs":["decade (LF)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓩𐓣𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣","hw_apa":"ónihkaši","defs":["place or condition of being\nsaved (in the Christian religious sense),\nfulfillment as a person, culmination of living.\nónihkaši ší tą, waščíhtą tą when you are a saved\nperson, when your work [on earth] is done (lit.,\n‘when you’ve arrived there at fulfillment, when\nyou’ve done work’) (RBn12-10/MJ)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"apparently ó- loc + níhka©ie (or\nníhka©ika ‘live’?)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"oníhkašie","defs":["life"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"oníhkaši haakǫ ðáalį wakšíapi our father","e":"God,\nhow good you have made our lives"}],"infl":"apparently ó-\nloc + níhka©ie (or níhka©ika ‘live’?)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓩𐓣𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"ónihkašika","defs":["[apparently ó-\nloc + níhkašika ‘live’] (intr.) have or lead a life,\nlive life. ónihkašika ðáalį lead a good life"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓩𐓣𐓥𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"ónihkie","defs":["e?] (intr.) get well\nor be healed, be free at last from illness\n(phrase often used in a funeral service)\n(01/04/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn2-MOJ/p14)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, ónihki_[∂"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓩𐓣́͘𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"onį́žį","defs":["(intr.,\ntrans.) be afraid or feel fearful (owing to an\nindefinite or nonspecific stimulus, such as\ndarkness, being alone, catching a cold, flying,\npain in general) (FH). [Contrast nǫ́ǫhpe, said to\nomíže (continued)\nbe used for fear of a specific storm that is\noccurring; e.g., šǫ́ke nǫ́ǫahpe ‘I’m afraid of that\ndog’ vs"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓩𐓣͘𐓻𐓣","a":"owánįži","e":"I’m afraid of his mouth [his gossiping\nabout me]"},{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓩𐓣͘𐓻𐓣","a":"owánįži","e":"I’m afraid of my feet hurting"},{"o":"𐓤𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓩𐓣͘𐓻𐓣","a":"kį́į owánįži","e":"I’m afraid of\nflying"}],"infl":"reg., o_nìâî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓤'𐓶","hw_apa":"óohǫ owáwak'u","defs":["waiter, waitress (lit., ‘one who feeds\ncooked things [over and over?] to folks’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"óohô + wa- val + wa- val +\nók∏u"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓮𐓘̄𐓤𐓣́","hw_apa":"óohǫ saakí","defs":["dried corn (lit., ‘hard cooking’:\ndehydrated corn made by boiling ears of corn\nlightly then drying the kernels in the sun for\napproximately three days)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪̄𐓡𐓪́͘𐓳𐓣","hw_apa":"oohǫ́hci","defs":["kitchen, cookhouse","kitchen"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"oohò (or óohô) +\nhcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪̄𐓰𐓘́ 𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"ootá mą́zeska","defs":["rent"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓬𐓘̋𐓹𐓘","hw_apa":"opáaɣa","defs":["open (e.g., flowers opening out)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem?, o_páaπa?","xref":["paaɣáce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓬𐓘́𐓷𐓣͘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"opáwįɣe","defs":["wander, roam, rove,\ntravel around;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓬𐓘́𐓷𐓣͘𐓹𐓟 𐓘̄͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"opáwįɣe ąąðįhé","e":"I’m riding around"}],"infl":"uninfl.?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘́͘𐓬𐓸𐓘́͘","hw_apa":"opxą́pxą́","defs":["chief-to-chief (refers to\nsuccession of hereditary chiefs within a\nfamily);"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reduplicated form\nof opxå ‘follow’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓮𐓘́𐓣","hw_apa":"osái","defs":["[presumably ó- loc + sápe] (intr.) burn, be on\nfire; (trans.) set fire to, burn. [Probably used\nspecifically of lighting cigarettes at a peyote\nmeeting"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_sái","xref":["ðą́ące ósai"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓯𐓲𐓶̋𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"ošcúuce","defs":["slowpoke, slow person, pokey one"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓯𐓟𐓴𐓣𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"óšechiðe","defs":["be much, be many. ónǫbre\nóošechíepe there’s a lot of food"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓯𐓟𐓴𐓣𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"óšechiðe wakáaɣe","defs":["quail. [Possibly óšechiðe\nhere is a variant of hóšechie ‘jump as when\nstartled’;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓯𐓬𐓟́𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ošpéžį","defs":["fragment,\nsmall piece, chip, bit, bits and baubles, one’s\nsmall things"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + -©pé + -âî ‘little’","xref":["kašpé","paašpú"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓩 𐓮𐓡𐓪𐓟𐓮","hw_apa":"on shoes","defs":["LFD 65: hǫǫpéotxą <hoΩ-be´-u-toΩ> to\nput on moccasins"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["opxą́pxą́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓡𐓘","hw_apa":"owáhkiha","defs":["grandchild(?), grandchildren. ówahkiha háaną\naščį́?"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably ó- loc + áhkiha","xref":["žįká owáhkihą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪𐓣͘","hw_apa":"ówatoį","defs":["show, picture show, movie, film, theater\npresentation, exhibition (lit., ‘wherein to see\nthings’) (04/19/95/FH/pc:okc;\n02/27/95/FH/pc:ok; 04/11/95/LS/pc:ok). ówatoį\nąkái hce let’s go to the show [sg. addressee]\n(RBn2-MOJ/p5; 03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok). wíe\nhą́ące ówatǫe pšíe I went to the movies last night\n(02/27/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.90)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + wa- val +\ntòpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓪́͘𐓬𐓟𐓻𐓘𐓱𐓘","hw_apa":"ǫ́pežahta","defs":["scissortail (lit.,\n‘tail divided’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["žáhta"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘̄𐓹𐓘́𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"paaɣáce","defs":["open out, spread, spread\nopen, blossom, bloom"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem?,\n_paaπáce?","xref":["opáaɣa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘̄𐓹𐓣́","hw_apa":"paaɣí","defs":["[presumably contains paa-instr] (trans.) push to\nawaken or make active, activate by pushing on\n(RBn23-17)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem?, _paaπí?","xref":["ðixí"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘̄𐓹𐓪́","hw_apa":"paaɣó","defs":["hill, mountain (rare;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘̄𐓮𐓰𐓪́͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"paastǫ́ka","defs":["soften by pushing on"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem,\n_paastòka","xref":["ðaįšé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘̋𐓯𐓬𐓶𐓟","hw_apa":"páašpue","defs":["[presumably contains paa- instr] (trans.) peel\n(RBn10-16)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓭𐓘̄𐓯𐓬𐓶𐓟","a":"záani hpaašpue","e":"I peeled them all"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _páa©pue","xref":["ðušpú"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘𐓲𐓣́𐓪𐓧𐓣̄͘","hw_apa":"pacíolįį","defs":["boating"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"páce + olìî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘𐓹𐓣́𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"paɣíce","defs":["sweat, perspire (RBn10-21/JW)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat., _paπíce","xref":["hpaahį́ži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓤𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓣","hw_apa":"pahúkaaski","defs":["snowball (lit.,\n‘compressed snowfall’) (01/10/95/FH/pc:prod).\npai (variants: paiðe, paðe, pae, pa)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"pá hú∂e + kaaskí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘𐓮𐓲𐓟́","hw_apa":"pascé","defs":["[pá- +\nscéce] (trans.) cut up, slice into strips or slices\nusing a sharp edge (e.g., bananas, sausage,\nwatermelon)","cut into pieces, slices, strips","cut into pieces, slices, or strips"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., pa_scé","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘𐓯𐓪́͘𐓷𐓟","hw_apa":"pašǫ́we","defs":["bind (as a blanket), using a zigzag\npattern on the edges"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"brúuwasu tą ðíe pašǫ́wa if","e":"I clean it, you bind it"}],"infl":"reg., pa_©òwe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘́𐓺𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘́ 𐓡𐓶","hw_apa":"pázą htá hu","defs":["east wind, “fall winds” (PM)\n(probably lit. ‘comes [(a)hú] from the pines [cf"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓘𐓤𐓣","hw_apa":"pažážaki","defs":["[reduplication of truncated žáhta] zigzag"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\npá- ‘by using a sharp edge’ + âáhta ‘forked’","xref":["pašǫ́šǫwe","pašǫ́we","pážahta"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓣́𐓹𐓘͘","hw_apa":"píɣą","defs":["(FH) (trans.) blow (as one’s nose), blow on s.t.\n(e.g., blow into a fire, blow dust off a surface,\nblow a dandelion away in the wind, blow on a\nburnt finger to relieve pain)","blow on something"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown (sync. fortisizing stop stem?, _píπà?)","xref":["opíɣą"],"vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓣𐓸𐓪́͘","hw_apa":"pixǫ́","defs":["[presumably pi- instr + xǫ́] break down\n(presumably by blowing upon) (LFD 237,\nunconfirmed). [Based on LF, expected forms are\nhpíxą ‘I break down’, špíxǫ ‘you break down’,\nąpíxǫpe ‘we break down’.]"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem?, _pixò?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓪́𐓧𐓪͘𐓵𐓣͘","hw_apa":"pólǫðį","defs":["[pó- instr + lǫ́ðį]\n(trans.) startle, shock (as with suddenly\nemerging news); adj, v (intr.) (be) startled,\nshocked"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, pó_lô∂î?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓬","hw_apa":"sp","defs":[") I pounded\nthe corn"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably “woman speaking”","xref":["kípše","ną́ɣe kípše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓬𐓶́𐓹𐓘","hw_apa":"púɣa","defs":["dust\noff, clean off (RB, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown, uninfl.?","xref":["píɣą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓘́𐓟𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"sáežį","defs":["little\nblack person"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sápe + -âî ‘little’","xref":["níhka sápe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓘́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"sáhtą aži","defs":["five-spot (the ‘five’\ncard in a deck of cards;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sáhtà + áâu"},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓣͘𐓤𐓪́𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"sįkóce","defs":["squirrel hunting"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sìka + océ"},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓡𐓘𐓰","hw_apa":"that","defs":["tówa akxa éžixci akxái, lǫ́ði akxa ska he [that\none] looks funny, so he must be drunk\n(04/26/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓥𐓣̄𐓮𐓰𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘","a":"hkiistó apá ska","e":"I guess [as I see all the cars around the building]\nthat they are counciling"},{"o":"𐓟̋𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓮𐓤𐓘","a":"éekǫ ska","e":"I\nguess so"},{"a":"bráache mįkšé ska last night at this time","e":"I must\nhave been eating this bread"}],"infl":"Impersonal suppositional particle;\nsometimes implies that the event took place\npreviously, and can then be loosely translated\n‘before, previously, earlier, already’\n(04/19/95/FH/pc:ok). Often pronounced sk≥.","xref":["hcéeská","xuháaska"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓤𐓘́𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"skákaaɣe","defs":["[ská ‘white’ +\nkáaɣe] (trans.) whiten (lit., ‘make white’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. k>p, ská_kaaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓤𐓣́𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"skíke","defs":["heavy, tired, weighted\ndown, heavily laden (02/09/95/FH/pc:ok: not šk;\nRBn18-06). [One speaker in the early 1980s\nreported a distinction between skíke ‘tired’ and\nškíke ‘heavy’. Possibly such a difference in\nmeaning between the two forms once existed and\nhas been partially lost.] į́į kootáha skíke that rock\nover there is heavy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðiiskíke","kaaskíke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓶́𐓥𐓘 𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"súhka mį́įka","defs":["hen"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓯𐓣́𐓧𐓟","hw_apa":"šíle","defs":["[presumably ši + ki-\ninceptive/vertitive + ðe cau] (trans.) set off,\nremove from (e.g., remove a kettle from a\ncooking fire)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["ále"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓯𐓪́͘","hw_apa":"šǫ́","defs":["while, as,\nwhen. íe šǫ́ akxá while they’re talking, while\nthey were talking;"],"pos":"conjunction","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓪́͘𐓷𐓟 𐓘𐓴𐓣́𐓬𐓟 𐓷𐓡𐓣𐓧𐓟","a":"owíhką šǫ́we achípe while","e":"I was helping you, he\ngot there. kü´ ©ò apa while they were coming back"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓟́𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪 𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"wawépaho aní šǫ́ ąhé","e":"I’m a\nwitness and I’m still living. híi ∂áalî ©ò ∂aa©é\nyour teeth are still good"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓯𐓪͘𐓱𐓘̋͘ 𐓮𐓘","hw_apa":"šǫhtą́ą sa","defs":["black dog (lit., ‘black wolf’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓮𐓘","hw_apa":"šǫ́ke sa","defs":["Black Dog (personal name) (RBn1-29)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓯𐓟𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"šǫ́kšeðe","defs":["leave it/him/her (lying down)\nalone (MSBt9b). šǫ́kše[ð]a!"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"an early","e":"Catholic missionary named Father\nShoemaker"}],"xref":["šǫ́mįhkase"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓘̋𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"táahkiðe","defs":["[táa ‘freeze’ + hkik- refl +\nðe cau] (trans.) freeze one’s own"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"taapóska mį́įǫpa","defs":["September (lit., ‘school\nmonth’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓘̋𐓬𐓶𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"táapuɣe","defs":["boil over"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["ápuɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓪𐓵𐓘̋𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"táatąžį́ ški oðáake","defs":["tell-all, person who tells\neverything (RBn14-05), blabbermouth.\ntaazíhi. adj, v [uninfl.] [táa- instr + zíhi] (intr.)\nbrown, become brown by application of heat;\n(be) browned, fried"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓘𐓟𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"taeðáalįži","defs":["be\nmischievous, rowdy, or unruly, show\nunpredictable behavior, misbehave, “run wild”\n(lit., ‘behavior not good’) (RBn10-21/JW)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"taa-\n‘behavior’ + ∂áalî + aâí neg","xref":["kitą́he"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓮𐓪𐓨𐓟","hw_apa":"some","defs":["LFD 37: tópa <do´-ba> some;"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓪̋-","hw_apa":"tóo-","defs":["root tuber"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["tóolehtąą","tóole žúe","tóoleži","tooscée",""]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓪̋𐓲𐓟𐓡𐓘","hw_apa":"tóoceha","defs":["eat too much, overeat"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.?","xref":["tóoce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓪̋𐓮𐓤𐓶𐓟 𐓤𐓘́𐓸𐓘","hw_apa":"tóoskue káxa","defs":["sweet potato branch (Sweet\nPotato Creek)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓪𐓰𐓘́͘𐓡𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓱𐓘́͘𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"totą́ha wahtą́ka","defs":["head\ncommitteeman (01/04/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓶́𐓻𐓟𐓷𐓘̄͘𐓨𐓫","hw_apa":"úžewąąmǫį","defs":["lizard (MOJt150; BE2.80). [Folk\netymology: ‘stealing the female organ’.]\nw\nwa- (variant of wa- . . . api)","(agrees with pl"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓻𐓣𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"žikóhkiha wahkǫ́bra","e":"I want it for my\ngrandchildren"},{"a":"them that they learn","e":"Osage’)"},{"o":"𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓹𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓳𐓣́ 𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓴𐓣́𐓬𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"žįkážį ɣǫ́ǫce hcí ci achípi wahkǫ́bra įké","e":"I don’t\nwant sloppy children to come to my home"},{"a":"arlene ónǫ́bre che oðóapi wahkǫ́bra","e":"I\nwant Mary and Darlene to oversee this dinner"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘̋𐓴𐓟","hw_apa":"wáache","defs":["skirt with ribbon\nwork or other decorations","Osage skirt","Osage skirt (variant)","skirt"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["mį́waapaache","óhkihpaache",""]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́","hw_apa":"waachí","defs":["dance. áwaachi ~\nawáachi I dance","dance","a dance","dance (n)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., waa_chí","xref":["áwaachi"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘̄𐓥𐓣́𐓱𐓘","hw_apa":"waahkíhta","defs":["[hkik- refl/recip\n+ waatá] (intr.) pray for oneself;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., waa_hkíhta"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘̋𐓬𐓣͘𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"wáapįce","defs":["restraint (such as a bridle?) (RBn10-\n5:JW, unconfirmed). [Derivation unknown;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘̄𐓰𐓘́𐓣𐓳𐓣","hw_apa":"waatáihci","defs":["church. wíe\nbríištą tą, waatáihci ci pší hta mįkšé when I get\nthrough, I’m going to go by the church"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘̄𐓰𐓘́𐓣𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓬𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"waatáihci ci pší hta mįkšé when","e":"I get\nthrough, I’m going to go by the church"}],"infl":"waatá + í- loc + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓲𐓣𐓩𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"wácinie","defs":["venereal\ndisease, sexually transmitted disease (STD)\n(01/20/95/FH/pc:ok). [Probably from ‘Virginia’\n(which may have been used to mean ‘white\nman’). Perhaps venereal disease was later\nassociated with wachú ‘copulate’ and thus may\nhave substituted ch for c, giving the variants\nwáchini and wáchinie (Robert Rankin, personal\ncommunication). Additionally, wácinie may\ncontain or be influenced by níe ‘hurt’.] wácini ǫǫ́\nakxai he had venereal disease"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟 𐓸𐓶́𐓹𐓘","hw_apa":"wacúe xúɣa","defs":["crackers (lit., ‘bread that makes a\nnoise or is crumbly’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["kaaxúɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟 𐓻𐓟̋𐓧𐓘","hw_apa":"wacúe žéela","defs":["cornbread or grated fresh corn\nbaked in an oven (lit., ‘fried bread’)\n(01/13/95/FH/pc:ok; FH/09/24/01/pc);","deep-fried frybread (cornbread)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣̋𐓵𐓣̄𐓮𐓤𐓣","hw_apa":"waðíiðiiski","defs":["[reduplicated form of\nwaðíiski] (intr.) gather together with folks ðǫ́ha\nwaachí hta apa, háatkxąta waðíiðiiski hta nįkšé?\nit’s almost time for the dances, when are you [sg.]\ngoing to get together [with them]?"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣̋𐓮𐓤𐓣","hw_apa":"waðíiski","defs":["[wa- val + ðiiskí]\n(intr.) gather together; (trans.) gather with s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓟̋𐓷𐓣𐓩𐓙","a":"wéewinai","e":"I’m glad\nyou [sg.] have gathered [with them] here today"}],"infl":"inflected only\nfor object in available data","xref":["waðíiðiiski"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓵𐓶𐓹𐓘𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"wáðuɣaži","defs":["female who has not married; virgin"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wá∂uπe + aâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓶̋𐓬𐓸𐓙","hw_apa":"waðúupxai","defs":["[presumably wa- val +ðuupxáðe] (intr. or\ntrans.?) investigate (RBn22-17, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably sync., wa_∂úupxai"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"wahą́ káaɣe","defs":["yarn work (as product or\nactivity) (lit., ‘yarn making’)\n(03/24/95/PM/pc:okc; FH/09/24/01/pc/ok;\nBE2.162)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓳𐓟 𐓰𐓪̄𐓤𐓘","hw_apa":"wáhce tooka","defs":["star, morning star or male star"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟̋𐓱𐓘͘","hw_apa":"wahcéehtą","defs":["first son, in hcížo clan"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓡𐓣𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"wáhice","defs":["hurry\ns.o. along, make s.o. hurry. [Expected (but\nunattested) inflectional forms: áwahice ‘I hurry\nfolks’, waðáhice ‘you hurry folks’, ąwáhice ‘we\nhurry folks’.]"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumed reg., wá_hice","xref":["íhice"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓟","hw_apa":"wáhkie","defs":["lawyer, attorney (lit., ‘taking up\nfor a person’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably wa-\nval + áhkie","xref":["áwahkie"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓘̄𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"wahkílaace","defs":["law,\nregulations, rules (lit., ‘things spoken about to\neach other’ by a group of people)\n(02/14/95/FH/pc:okc; RBn1-MOJ/p43)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val +\nhkik- recip/refl + ∂aacé ‘name, say’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓘𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘́𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"wahkílae wakášupe","defs":["cash\npayment"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably wahkílai (or\nperhaps wahkílaace?) + wa- val + ka©úpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓣","hw_apa":"wahkǫ́i","defs":["hurried, in a hurry, rushed"],"pos":"adverb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"brée hta mįkšé","e":"I’m in a hurry"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓰𐓘 𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓣𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wahkǫ́ta ižį́ke hą́ąpa iðáalį","defs":["Merry Christmas! (lit., ‘good with God’s\nson’s day’) (DN-WHM, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"interjection","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"good with","e":"God’s\nson’s day’)"}],"infl":"í- loc +\n∂áalî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘́𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓘𐓺𐓣","hw_apa":"wahóohtą ápahazi","defs":["rifle (lit., ‘gun with yellow [on top\nback(?)]’, referring to the brass sight on top of\na rifle)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"ápaha (not otherwise\nattested)+ zí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́͘𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wahǫ́į","defs":["address folks with respect (MREI;\nHRE/01/17/02/pc). áwahǫį I address folks with\nrespect"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪̋͘ 𐓭𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘","a":"wahǫ́ǫ hpážįka","e":"I don’t know how to address\nfolks"},{"o":"𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓣́𐓡𐓫𐓬𐓣","a":"záani wawíhǫįpi","e":"I address you all as\nfriends and relatives"}],"infl":"reg., wa_hòî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓱𐓪́͘𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"wahtǫ́pe","defs":["onlookers"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["watǫ́pe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wahúį","defs":["[probably wa- val + híǫ;"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"e hta mįkšé","e":"I’m\ngoing to move into the new house"}],"infl":"reg., wa_húî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓣͘𐓤'𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wahúįk'į","defs":["[wahúį + k'į́] (trans.) load for\nmoving"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓣͘𐓹𐓘̄𐓤𐓟́","hw_apa":"wáįɣaaké","defs":["Carrying and Wailing (personal name)\n(04/25/95/PM/pc:ok: wáį ɣaake ok). [Wéuɣáake\nwas the father of John Oberly, who was Frances\nHolding’s father.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + ì +\nπaaké"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̄𐓲'𐓘́𐓣𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"wakaac'áiži","defs":["disrespectful, rude, insolent,\nfailing to show respect to people or property,\nforward"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̋𐓳𐓣͘𐓟","hw_apa":"wakáahcįe","defs":["Appear Suddenly to Them (personal\nname referring to the moment the deer look\nup, disturbed by the appearance of s.t.).\n[George Shannon’s name.] wakáahcįe it appears\nto them suddenly"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- ‘3rd\nperson pl. patient’ (‘to them’) + káa- instr +\nhcìî","xref":["wahcį́į"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̋𐓸𐓘","hw_apa":"wakáaxa","defs":["[wa- val +\nkáaxa] beat folks at a race"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ka-del. wa_(ká)axa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘́𐓣","hw_apa":"wakái","defs":["cut meat (cutting or slicing meat as\nfor barbecue) (lit., ‘slice stuff with sudden\nmotion’ [?]) (02/24/95/FH/pc:ok; wákai;\n01/14/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn1-MOJ/p50)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably wa- val +\nkaa- instr + ce (root not attested independently;\ncf. pacé)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓪͘","hw_apa":"wákaštǫ","defs":["cushion or pillow to\nsit on (as for a sofa, chair, or other seat)","blanket (folded to cushion a seat), saddle blanket","saddle blanket"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"wa- val + ©tòka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘","hw_apa":"wakǫ́ða","defs":["[wa- val or wa- ‘3rd person pl.\npatient’ + kǫ́ða] want s.t. for s.o. else"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"wahkǫ́bra","e":"I want it for my grandchildren"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wakǫ́ze mįkšé","e":"I’m teaching Osage language"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem+sync.,\nwa_kò_∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"waléze káaɣe","defs":["secretary, record-keeper for\ntribal council (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟𐓘̋𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"walézeáace","defs":["school, learning, class, reading,\nschooling, education (lit., ‘read books’)\n(01/09/95/FH/pc; 03/08/95/MREI/pc:ok)","class"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"presumably\nwaléze + ∂aacé","xref":["wáawali"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓘́𐓥𐓙","hw_apa":"wanáhkai","defs":["mistake (not a particularly serious\nmistake)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓟́𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓡𐓘𐓰","a":"ékimą what","e":"I said yesterday I did it by mistake"}],"infl":"presumably wa- val + nåhka + ∂e\ncau"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓹𐓟 𐓨𐓘́͘𐓻𐓘͘","hw_apa":"waną́ąɣe mą́žą","defs":["spirit"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓣́𐓟","hw_apa":"waníe","defs":["[presumably wa- val + níe] (intr.) be in labor,\nbe birthing (refers to the accompanying pain)\n(01/06/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓩𐓘𐓨𐓟 𐓣𐓩 𐓰𐓡𐓟","a":"name in the","e":"Eagle clan [the ending ekxà is a\nvariant of éetxà ‘it is time’"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓟𐓘𐓰","hw_apa":"eat","defs":["awanǫ́bre <a-wa-noΩ´-bthe> I\neat, I am eating"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"Mod. Os. has wanòbre for the meaning ‘to\neat’. Note that what LF gives as inflectional\nforms of nòbre (immediately following) are in\nfact forms of wanòbre, as seen from the fact that\nthey contain wa-.","xref":["hpáze wanǫ́bre","mįįðóhta wanǫ́bre",""]},{"hw_osage":"𐓡𐓪𐓰𐓟𐓧","hw_apa":"hotel","defs":["••• Cf. owánǫbrehcí"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"Not confirmed as ‘hotel’.","xref":["owánǫbrehcí"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟́𐓪̄𐓻𐓶́","hw_apa":"wánǫbréoožú","defs":["stomach, abdomen"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wanòbre\n+ ooâú (note adjusted accent in compound)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓘̋𐓡𐓣","hw_apa":"wapáahi","defs":["[wa- val + paahí (but sometimes\nused as transitive)] (trans.) pick, choose, or\nselect people [or things?]. [Expected (but\nunattested) inflectional forms: waðášpaahi ‘you\nchoose’, wapáahi ‘he chooses’, ąwápaahi ‘we\nchoose’.] níhka ðǫǫpá awáhpaahi hta mįkše I am\ngoing to choose two men (03/07/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync. fortisizing stop stem\n_wa_páahi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘́𐓬𐓘𐓹𐓘","hw_apa":"wápaɣa","defs":["man’s or woman’s ornamental pin or\nbrooch","brooch, scarf slide","brooch (scarf slide, or pin)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓘́𐓺𐓣𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"wapázike","defs":["wasp (archaic)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓣̋𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓘𐓧𐓣","hw_apa":"wasápe íikitali","defs":["January (lit., ‘again time when bears\nare born’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wasápe + ki- inceptive +\niitá∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓣̄𐓰𐓘́𐓣𐓬𐓣","hw_apa":"wasápe iitáipi","defs":["December\n(lit., ‘bears give birth’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wasápe + iitá∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓰𐓘́͘𐓣͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"wastą́įke","defs":["persimmon (RBn\nHW13;HRE/12/29/01)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓪́𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟","hw_apa":"wašápe aðį́ wažówale","defs":["title of two officers chosen\nto accompany warriors of the two great tribal\ndivisions (lit., ‘he who, having charcoal,\naccompanies them’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa©ápe + a∂ì + wa- (?)\n+ wa- ‘them’ + âóle"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓪́𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟","hw_apa":"wašápe wažówale","defs":["charcoal accompanying\nthem (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘𐓡𐓘̄","hw_apa":"wašį́haa","defs":["Baconrind (personal\nname) (01/06/95/FH/pc:prod; BE2.6).\n[Baconrind was a historic Osage leader.]\nwašóše. v, adj [stat., wa_šóše] (be) brave (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa©ì + háa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪́͘𐓟 𐓮𐓲𐓟̄","hw_apa":"watǫ́e scee","defs":["[watǫ́pe + scéce] (intr.) stare (at people, not at\ninanimate things) (03/14/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪́͘𐓟𐓳𐓣","hw_apa":"watǫ́ehci","defs":["store, shop, place\nwhere things are exhibited (lit., ‘house in which\nto look at things’). Johna táatą íiðe ðe watǫ́ehci\nce?","store"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"watòpe + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪̋͘𐓻𐓶","hw_apa":"watǫ́ǫžu","defs":["store,\ntrading house"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably watòe + ooâú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓟̋𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"wawéeðe","defs":["[wa- val + wa- val\n+ íiðe] (intr.) see things (as in a dream or\nhallucination), see multiple things or persons\none after another"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"hą́ące wawéeaðe last night","e":"I\nsaw something in a dream"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓟̋𐓵𐓟 𐓡𐓪̋͘𐓻𐓣 𐓜𐓣́͘","a":"wawéeðe hǫ́ǫži brį́","e":"I see poorly"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓟̋𐓵𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓻𐓣́𐓟 𐓣̄͘𐓯𐓰𐓪̋𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"wawéeðe mąžíe įįštóolą ðįké","e":"I can’t see\nwithout my glasses"}],"infl":"reg., wawée_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓟̋𐓯𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"wawéešce","defs":["shame (04/06/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + wa- val + ii©céwai"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓟́𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘","hw_apa":"wawépahǫ","defs":["[wa- val +\nwa- val + ípahǫ] (intr.) be a witness, give\ntestimony"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓟́𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪 𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"wawépaho aní šǫ́ ąhé","e":"I’m a witness and\nI’m still living"}],"infl":"sync. k>p, wawé_pahô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓣́𐓡𐓫𐓬𐓣","hw_apa":"wawíhǫįpi","defs":["I address you as friends and"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wi- ‘1st person sg. subject–2nd\nperson pl. object’ + wahòî ‘address folks\nwith respect, address as friends and relatives’ +\napi ‘plural’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓺𐓪́𐓟𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"wazóeðe","defs":["[wa- ‘1st pl. patient’\n+ kízo + ðe cau] (trans.) make s.o. enjoy.\nwazóewa[ð]ape we [two or more] had a good\ntime (lit., ‘they made us enjoy ourselves’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., wazóe_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓺𐓪́𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"wazóekšiðe","defs":["[wa- ‘3rd pl. patient’ + kízo +\nkšíðe] (trans.) make s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\nwazóe_k©i∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓣𐓳𐓣","hw_apa":"wažáihci","defs":["tipi (lit., ‘Osage house’) (MREI;\n03/16/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn2-MOJ/p2);"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"waâáâe + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wažáxį","defs":["Josephine Walker’s name, Myrtle\nOberly Jones’s name (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓮𐓟𐓬𐓡𐓣𐓩𐓟","a":"osephine","e":"Walker’s name, Myrtle\nOberly Jones’s name"},{"a":"those of you who are","e":"Osage’).\nwaâáâe huuwáli íhpahô I know a lot of Osages"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓳𐓟𐓸𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wažážemį́įhcexį","defs":["name for\na first daughter (possible interpretations are\n‘precious Osage female’, ‘difficult Osage\nwoman’, ‘stout Osage daughter’, ‘sacred Osage\nsun’). [Name of Armeda Lookout (RB), Robin\nBristow (RB), and Priscilla Iba.]\nwažáži (variant of wažáže)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"sacred","e":"Osage\nsun’). [Name of Armeda Lookout"}],"infl":"waâáâe + mîîhcéxi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣","hw_apa":"wažį́ hpíiži","defs":["enraged, mad (angry)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["óžį hpíiži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓙́𐓟","hw_apa":"wažį́kaíe","defs":["parrot, macaw (any\nbird that can be taught to “speak”)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"waâìka + íe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓟́𐓵𐓶𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"wéðuɣe","defs":["get married, follow a man as his wife,\ntake a husband, marry (said of a woman)\n(02/24/95/FH/pc:ok). wéðuɣe? wéšcuɣe?"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wé_∂uπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓟́𐓵𐓶𐓹𐓟𐓤𐓣́𐓵𐓟","hw_apa":"wéðuɣekíðe","defs":["[wéðuɣe + kíðe] (trans.) make\none’s own relative take a husband, marry off a\nfemale relative (e.g., marry off one’s daughter)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\nwé∂uπe_kí∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓟̋𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓟","hw_apa":"wéehkile","defs":["visit,\nmeans to see each other"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- + hkik- recip + íi∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓟́𐓡𐓣𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤'𐓪͘","hw_apa":"wéhice aną́k'ǫ","defs":["radio\n(lit., ‘listen from far away’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓟́𐓡𐓶̄𐓤𐓪́͘𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wéhuukǫ́į","defs":["[wa- val + í- loc\n+ huukǫ́ða] (intr.) make a crowd (FH)"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓟́𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"wékaaɣe","defs":["[wa- val +\níkaaɣe] (trans.) make from, make using. • n\ntool used to make s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. k>p, wé_kaaπe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓟́𐓶𐓹𐓘̄𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"wéuɣaake","defs":["Carrying and\nWailing (personal name)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓣́𐓤𐓣𐓳𐓣𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wíkihcižį","defs":["little church\n(lit., ‘little house of prayer’;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"used to refer to the","e":"Friends’ Church [Quaker Meeting] in Hominy\nby its members)"}],"infl":"wíkiehci + -âî ‘little’","xref":["ąkóną","ðíną"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓣́𐓪𐓵𐓘̄𐓮𐓬𐓟","hw_apa":"wíoðaaspe","defs":["cork"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓣́𐓪𐓥𐓘𐓵𐓣͘","hw_apa":"wíohkaðį","defs":["[probably contains óhką\n‘space, room’] (intr.) in the way, not fitting in\nthe available space"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓣́𐓪𐓥𐓘𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟̋","a":"wíohkaðį ąðįhée","e":"I’m\nin the way"}],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓣𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘","hw_apa":"wióohǫ","defs":["cooking\nutensils (lit., ‘with which to cook things’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓣𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓘́𐓜𐓣͘𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"wióohǫžį alábrįbrée hta ąhé","e":"I am going to take\nmy little cooking utensils along"}],"infl":"wa- val + í- loc +oohò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓣́𐓤𐓸𐓘͘","hw_apa":"wisíkxą","defs":["my sister-in-law (used only when\nspeaker is female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣𐓤'𐓪͘","hw_apa":"wísik'ǫ","defs":["jumping game (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓪𐓩𐓟 𐓷𐓪𐓨𐓘𐓩","hw_apa":"one woman","defs":["LFD 219: xǫ́cewį <XoΩ´-dse-wiΩ>\nCedar-woman (female personal name), refers to\nthe cedar tree"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓣́𐓘𐓰𐓪͘","hw_apa":"xíatǫ","defs":["name for an eldest\ndaughter (hcížo clan) (lit., ‘looking at the\neagle’) (HRE/pc/2002)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"xú∂a + tòpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓪𐓷𐓣́","hw_apa":"xowí","defs":["growl, roar, sigh, rumble, resound"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓜𐓟𐓘𐓤","hw_apa":"break","defs":[],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"LF erroneously lists bríxô <bthi´-xoΩ>\n‘I break (s.t.)’ and à∂íxôpe <oΩ-thi´-xoΩ i> ‘we\nbreak (s.t.)’ as if they were forms of this verb;\nactually they are forms of ∂iixò ‘break (s.t.)\nby hand’."},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓘́͘𐓣͘","hw_apa":"xǫ́ǫce mą́į","defs":["Walks among the Cedars (personal\nname that refers to thunder and lightning).\n[The Bear Dwells among the Cedars, name of\nHenry Pratt, Jr. (02/22/95/FH/pc).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓪̄͘𐓲𐓟́𐓡𐓶 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟 𐓡𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘","hw_apa":"xǫǫcéhu káaɣe hǫ́ǫpa","defs":["Christmas (lit. ‘cedar\ntree preparation day’) (RBn10-18,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓶𐓵𐓘́𐓴𐓟𐓷𐓣͘","hw_apa":"xuðáchewį","defs":["Eagle Woman\n(personal name). [Yvonne Lookout’s name.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"xú∂a + che (?) + wî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓶́𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓘́͘𐓤𐓟","hw_apa":"xúðalą́ke","defs":["eagle headdress"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"xú∂a + oolåke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓶́𐓵𐓘𐓷𐓣͘","hw_apa":"xúðawį","defs":["Eagle Woman (personal\nname). [Anita Lookout’s name.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"xú∂a + wî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓶𐓵𐓘́𐓻𐓶̄𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"xuðážuuce","defs":["Red Eagle (name\nfor first boy in hcížo clan, used until he\nbecomes a teenager) (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"xú∂a + âúuce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓶𐓵𐓪́𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓘͘","hw_apa":"xuðókašą","defs":["Take Care of the\nEagle (personal name) (RBn22-04)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"xú∂a + oká©à"},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓶́𐓟 𐓰𐓪́͘𐓣͘","hw_apa":"xúe tǫ́į","defs":["Looking at the Eagle\n(personal name) (RB). [Jeanna Redeagle’s name.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"infl":"xú∂a + tòpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓸𐓶́𐓹𐓘","hw_apa":"xúɣa","defs":["skin"],"pos":"adjective","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓺𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟","hw_apa":"zą́ące","defs":["prairie, country (i.e., rural area),\ncountryside"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓲𐓘𐓨𐓬","hw_apa":"camp","defs":["This group now dwells in what is known as\nHominy, Okla.” ząceólį <CoΩ-dse-u´-gthiΩ>\nDwellers-in-upland-forests (personal name)"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́𐓰𐓘","hw_apa":"žáže wahóta","defs":["nickname;"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓘̋𐓱𐓘𐓱𐓘","hw_apa":"žą́ą káahtahta","defs":["woodpecker (lit., ‘pecking on\nwood’) (RBn HW13; FH:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["htáhtaze"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓻𐓘̋͘𐓭𐓘𐓹𐓟","hw_apa":"žą́ąhpaɣe","defs":["bat (the flying mammal)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓻𐓘̄͘𐓩𐓣́𐓟𐓻𐓣͘","hw_apa":"žąąníežį","defs":["candy (lit., ‘little\nsugar’)","candy"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"âààníi + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓻𐓘̋͘𐓸𐓟 𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄","hw_apa":"žą́ąxe céɣenii","defs":["drumstick"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"],"xref":["céɣenii ochį́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓻𐓟𐓤𐓘́𐓸𐓪͘ 𐓧𐓟𐓰𐓪́͘","hw_apa":"žekáxǫ letǫ́","defs":["Crippled Hawk (personal name)"],"pos":"noun","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓻𐓣́͘","hw_apa":"žį́","defs":["you wear","but"],"pos":"verb","src":["quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓜𐓶̋𐓲'𐓘𐓤𐓟 𐓙̨𐓡𐓟́","a":"žį́įhe brúuc'ake aįhé","e":"I\ncan’t sleep"},{"o":"𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓭𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","a":"žį́įhe ðáalį hpáaɣe","e":"I\nslept well. ∂óha aâìîhe I’m about asleep"}],"infl":"2nd sg. of ì ‘wear’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓰𐓪 𐓮𐓧𐓟̄𐓬","hw_apa":"to sleep","defs":["LFD 224: žį́ha o <zhiΩ´-ha o> [sentence-\nfinal o is not used in Mod. Os.] lie down"],"pos":"","src":["quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰̋","defs":["arm","that part of the shoulder to and including the hand","foreleg","imperative marker imperative (particle\nappearing at the end of a command;","arm. áa ąðíxǫpe they broke my arm","yes (female\nspeaking). ą́ą, ékiǫ ðée hta ché okay, we’ll do it\n[verb lacks 1st pl. inflection] (RBn17-p03)","(indicating action or state continuing from\npast to present, corresponding to English\nperfect ‘have been’ or ‘had been’)","yes (used by women)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰 𐒰͘𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","e":"they broke my arm"},{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘̄͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"owíhkie ąąðįhé","e":"I’m telling you [as I’m\ngoing along]. iinå, á∂îhe mother, here I am"},{"o":"𐓪́𐓵𐓪𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"óðohta ąhé","e":"I’m behaving, I’ve been\nbehaving"},{"o":"𐓰𐓪̋𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤'𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"tóoska ak'é hta aðįhé","e":"I’m going\nto dig potatoes"},{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘́𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"owíhkie áðįhé","e":"I’m going as I’m talking to you"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/arm_hl.mp3","xref":["ąhé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰","defs":["interrogative sign","an interrogation sign, used at the end of a sentence"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰","defs":["imperative sign, used by a female","imperative (particle appearing at the end of a command; replaces final 𐒷 of verb)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰̄͘𐒼𐓎́ 𐓍𐒰̄","e":"go get it for me"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰́𐓄𐒰 𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷𐓍𐒰!","e":"dry that corn!"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒿𐒻̋ 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐒹𐓎̋ 𐓋𐒷 𐒷́𐒰","e":"when Sonny gets back here, have him come over here"},{"o":"𐒼𐓎𐓆𐓎́𐓍𐒷 𐒰","e":"remember it"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷𐓒𐒻 𐓍𐒻̄𐒿𐓂́𐓊𐒰","e":"peel the orange"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐒰","defs":["I","1st person sg","loc on, upon; for (locative prefix;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["álįį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐒰́","defs":["on","upon","on or upon","for"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐓁𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐒻̋𐓆𐒻𐓄𐒷, 𐒻́𐓁𐒰𐒹𐒻𐓓𐒻𐓄𐒷","e":"he didn't like to carry people on his back, he didn't agree with it"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰̋͘","defs":["yes","yes (female speaking)"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘-","hw_apa":"𐒰͘","defs":["1st person singular patient pronominal, used as object of active verbs ('me', 'for me', 'to me', 'from me', etc.)","1st person singular patient pronominal prefix, used as subject of stative verbs ('I')"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘-","hw_apa":"𐒰͘","defs":["1st person dual or plural agent pronominal ('we', subject of regular or syncopating verbs)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰 𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰̄ 𐒽𐒰́͘","defs":["muscle of the arm"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰 𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰̄ 𐒽𐒰́͘ 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["muscle of the arm or foreleg"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒴𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒴𐓂","defs":["shoulder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["whenever","as soon as","immediately when","immediately after","whereupon","thereupon","when"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒷 𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"they talked [by phone] whenever he called"},{"o":"𐒻̋𐓏𐒻𐓍𐒻 𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"whenever I see you I'm not going to talk to you"},{"o":"𐓂͘𐒼𐓂́𐓍𐒻𐒽𐒻𐒷𐓄𐒻 𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"they said you would pity us whenever we talk to you"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓁𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐒰𐓏𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"whenever they saw me they wanted to talk"},{"o":"𐓇𐒻́𐓀𐒻𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐓂́𐒽𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"just as soon as the girls saw me, they helped her"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["speak saucily to anyone","stick to an opinion","continue to assert","insist on, instead of yielding"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒹𐒻́","defs":["reach there, not his home, or for the first time","go there (motion accomplished)","come there","arrive there","be there","be in attendance","stop in, go by, come by","get (e.g., 'get old')","become (suddenly?)","begin to, start to","suddenly start to","[initial a is often\nomitted, regularly so with 1st singular and 2nd\nperson subject] (intr.) go there (motion\naccomplished), come there, arrive there\n(03/20/95/FH/pc:prod)",". ahí"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓳𐓣́ 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓯𐓣́ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hcí wíhta ci ší hkǫ́bra","e":"I want you to come to\nmy house"},{"a":"he became a","e":"Mexican"}],"infl":"sync. h-stem, (a)_hi","xref":["híðe"],"vc":"h-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒹𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["contrary","stubborn","obstinate"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒹𐓂𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["force one to yield","compulsion"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒹𐓎","defs":["wing","wings","shoulder blade","wing. áahu saakí wing, the kind used in\npeyote meetings (lit., ‘hard or firm wing’;","n shoulder blade (MREI)","[initial a is often\nomitted, regularly so with 1st singular and 2nd\nperson subject] (intr.) come here (motion\nunderway)","come here"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘̋𐓡𐓶 𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓭𐓘̋𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"áahu ðée hpáaɣe hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to send\nthe wing"},{"o":"𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to come inside"}],"infl":"sync. h-stem, a_hu","vc":"h-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒹𐓎́","defs":["be coming to this place, not his home, or for the first time","come here (motion underway)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐓎 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒹𐓎 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["turkey cock","turkey cock (LF only)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒹𐓎𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒹𐓎𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["angel","angel (lit., ‘wings upon’)\n(01/04/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn2-moj/p3)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰","defs":["slice meat for drying"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒰","defs":["open, as one's eyes or arms","open the eyes on something","open, as\none’s eyes or arms"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"came running to catch","e":"Whirlwind"}],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret., á_kabra"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["on","upon","on top","on top of","top","summit","outside of, as an enclosure","on the outside","upon the brow of","on top. ákaha álą put it on top [of it].\nákaha oolą́ąka put it on top [of it]"],"pos":"postposition","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰𐓀𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰𐓀𐒻͘","defs":["coat","cape","Osage wedding coat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/coat_a_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰𐓅𐒰","defs":["vest","vest (04/26/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰́𐓉𐒰","defs":["outside of a certain area","on the outside","on the outskirts of","in the surroundings of","on the other side (of a perimeter)","afterward","after the present event","in the future","hereafter","off the record","outside of the main events or activity and in secret","isolated from","socially distant from","outside of a certain area;"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐓍𐒰","defs":["the wind blows a robe, etc., on a person, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐒹𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼'𐒰𐒹𐓎́𐒷","defs":["south wind"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐒷","defs":["cut off the meat in thin strips from a slaughtered animal"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒽𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["make the sound \"koge\" by hitting on an object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["stick or adhere"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["make tight by nailing on, as tarred paper on the inside of a house"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["close on","slam on","[á- loc +\nkaasį́ce] (trans.) close on;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret., á_kaasîce; secondary\naccent on sì in inflected forms"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒼𐒰̋𐓆𐓅𐒷","defs":["shade","blind","covering","shade, blind, covering","put\nover, put upon"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret., á_kaaspe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐓅𐒷","defs":["put over","put upon","cover (as with cloth or blanket)","cover with dirt (as a grave)","cover over","cover up","cover an object completely, concealing every part"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["beat iron, etc., flat on an anvil, etc.","weld"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["cut off the ends of the web of a feather, which is on somethign else, making it even at the edges, before gluing the web to an arrow shaft"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒷","defs":["tie to something","tie up (as a horse)","tie a knot","tie to\ns.t.;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘́𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"oðíhtą ákaškape when","e":"Saturday came, they tied\nhim to the wagon"}],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret., á_ka©ke"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓀𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓉𐒰𐓀𐒻","defs":["bell","large bell (e.g., the big bell run before a dance)","dinner bell","church bell"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓉𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["knock to pieces, or make fly in pieces, as a ball of snow or clod of earth, by throwing it at an object","shiver a bottle, etc., by throwing at it or hitting it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["we who","we who stand"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐓊'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐓊'𐒷","defs":["fall in drops","make a liquid fall in drops","sprinkle clothing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["cut, as meat, into thin slices or strips on an object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["cover an object so as to conceal part","cover over by spreading some material upon"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓒𐓂","defs":["inquire into","examine","inspect","probe","test by questions","inquire\ninto, examine, inspect, probe, test by questions"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret.?, á_kazo","xref":["wákazo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["tell, direct, or command one to do anything","dictate, command, or order","force over or through something","order, command, or force someone to do a task","make someone do something","[á- loc + kaaží]\n(trans.) force over or through s.t.; order,\ncommand, or force s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret.?, á_kaaâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["hit on sheet iron, tin, etc. (as with a hammer and punch, in order to punch holes in the metal), making a rattling or rustling sound"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒰𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒰𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","defs":["put each other to a test","[hkik- recip +\násąci] (intr.) put each other to a test"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["talk for or against","talk up or talk down, as when expressing one's emotions with respect to some topic","take up for","argue on behalf of","take someone's side (as an attorney at law argues on behalf of a client)","contend, as in a game or race","talk for or against;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓷𐓣𐓥𐓣𐓟","a":"áwihkie","e":"I’m taking up for you"}],"infl":"reg., á_hkie","xref":["íe áhkie","wáhkie"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒷 𐒹𐒿𐓎𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐒹𐒿𐓎́𐒼𐒷","defs":["a child about a year old, one that is beginning to walk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒹𐒰","defs":["beyond another thing","afterward","following","next","beyond another thing\n(05/01/95/LS/pc/prod); afterward; following,\nnext. áhkihą ši škǫ́šta if you want to, come\nafterward"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ihcóšpa áhkiha","žįká owáhkihą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["contend with or compete with one another","compete with","contend together, as in a game or race","[hkik- recip + áhkie\n‘talk for or against’ (also used as transitive)]\n(intr.) contend with or compete with one\nanother (01/11/95/FH/pc:ok). áhkihkie apái\nthey’re competing with each other. • (trans.)\ncompete with. áhkihkie hkǫ́bra įké I won’t\ncompete with you (lit., ‘I don’t want to compete\nwith you’) (01/11/95/FH/pc:prodorig; BE2.23)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_hkihkie"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒷","defs":["said of two boards, meeting at the ends, and forming a joint"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒻𐓅𐒰́","defs":["meet one another"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂́͘𐒹𐒷","defs":["put back a long object on top, in its place"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["place a curvilinear object, etc., on top again, or back in its place"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["have for oneself","have as one's own","[hkik- refl + aðį́\n(sometimes used with suus semantics)] (trans.)\nhave for oneself;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., a_hkilî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["be thick on the surface of an object, as pustules on a human body"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓅𐒰","defs":["encounter","meet","meet another","meet a person, etc.","encounter,\nmeet (JOD; LF)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_hkihpa"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓊'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓅𐒰𐓊'𐓂","defs":["the blocking of a narrow passage by men or animals","refers to the crowding together of cattle, etc., in traveling"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["get a lariat, etc., wrapped around himself"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻̄𐓆𐓈𐓂","defs":["trial","hearing","legal proceeding","trial, hearing;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hkiistó"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓈𐒰","defs":["law enforcement","police","army","armed forces","soldier","soldiers","guards","policeman","soldier or policeman","armed preson","officer","officer or soldier","grenadier","act as a policeman","guard or watch over","law enforcement; police;\narmy, armed forces; soldier, armed person;\nofficer, grenadier (03/02/95/FH/pc:ok). áhkita\nwahtǫ́ka a soldier with authority"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/police_soldier_sr.mp3","infl":"shortened form of áhkihtôpe ‘look after\neach other’ (FH)"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["soldier","soldier\n(03/13/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐒼'𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘","defs":["conduct a drill","hold military maneuvers","conduct a drill;"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, áhkita o_k∏à?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐓀𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["armed forces","army, navy, marines","armed\nforces; army, navy, marines"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["áhkita ną́ąžį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐓁𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["recruit","a recent-soldier-standing-in"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰́͘ 𐒹𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["captain of the policemen","officer"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓉𐒰́𐒽𐒰","defs":["officers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐓉𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["watch over, look after, look at (one's own things or people)","watch over, look after, look at one's own","[kik- suu\n+ átǫpe] (trans.) watch over, look after, look at\n(one’s own things or people)","[ki- dat + átǫpe]\n(trans.) watch over, tend (s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_kitôpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓉𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["watch over oneself","watch oneself","look at oneself","look after oneself","watch over each other","watch over things for oneself","watch over one's own things","[hkik- refl/recip + átǫpe\n(sometimes used as transitive with suus\nsemantics)] (intr.) watch over oneself;","watch over each other. áhkihtǫpapai you all\nwatch each other, take care of each other"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync. fortisizing stop stem,\ná_hkih_tôpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["watch over, tend (someone who is not a family member or not close)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["become bent, so as to have the ends approach each other, and stick together: said of what was straight at first"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐓄𐒷 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["cause a straight object to bend till its ends come together and adhere"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐓐𐒷","defs":["move around","be all around","encircle a place or a person (especially in an annoying way)","be around, especially in a bothersome way","pass by","circle around (as in a tipi meeting: 'go clear around', avoiding the center)","go table hopping","table hop","hang around","be around close","be arrayed around, as when making a path around","skirting the edge (such as cows around a pond)","around (e.g., the edge of a pond)","skirting the edge of something","all around the lodge, etc."],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["think or suppose of his own that (he or she has done something, etc.)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐓓𐓎","defs":["put a number of small objects on top of an object again"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐒽𐓂͘","defs":["armband"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́ 𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["we who stand"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂 𐓇𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́͘𐒼𐓂 𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["we too, or for our part"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐒷","defs":["we","us"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼'𐓂͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼'𐓂͘𐒹𐒷","defs":["place a long object on something else"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐒽𐓂͘𐒿𐒷","defs":["bracelet"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐓂͘𐒿𐒷","defs":["whippoorwill"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["only we"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒽𐓂̄𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["meet","encounter, run into","[á- loc + hkóopše]\n(trans.) meet; encounter, run into. áwihkoopše I\náhkihpa (continued)\nmet you"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_hkoop©e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓈𐒰","defs":["we (emphatic)","us (emphatic)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓉𐒰","defs":["ours","our (belonging to two or more of us)","we ourselves (emphatic)","ours; our (belonging to two or\nmore of us)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓉𐒰𐓄𐒻","defs":["ours","our (belonging to three or more of us)","ours; our (belonging to three or\nmore of us) (FHt#128a)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðíną","eeną́","wíną"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["examine","[á- loc + kǫ́ze] (trans.)\nexamine"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, á_kôze"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐓓𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́͘𐒼𐓂𐓓𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["we too, or for our part"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻́","defs":["reach there again","reach there, his home","arrive back there","arrive home","return there","[initial a is often omitted\nwith 3rd person subject] (intr.) arrive back\nthere;",". akší"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., _(a)k©i","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́","defs":["continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3rd person singular or plural nonmoving subject that is present with speaker","he/she/it is characterized by, they are characterized by [the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase]","[possibly a\ncontraction of áðiikxą] (intr.) lie down, as to\nsleep or rest. áatkxą mįkšé I’m lying down\n(FH). • (trans.) lie against;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's telling a lie, they're telling a lie"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"he's wanting it"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓎́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐓂́𐒷 𐓁𐓂́͘𐓄'𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"they've got beads around their neck"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓆𐒷́𐓏𐒱, 𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒰́͘𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"the hateful thing is that my legs won't listen to me"},{"o":"𐒻̋𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́","e":"they couldn't see"}],"infl":"uninfl.?","xref":["áðiikxą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́","defs":["subject marker (follows a subject [singular or plural] that is not moving, including dead nonhuman animates [aba is used for dead humans] and is present with speaker or is an abstract entity)","generic noun subject marker","the singular or collective subject of an action, which is performed of his or her own accord, and not by request or permission of another"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓆𐒻𐓈𐓃́ 𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓑𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐒰̄𐓄𐒷","e":"the weather was very bad yesterday"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒻̋𐒹𐓂͘ 𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"they're going to have something on Mother's Day"},{"o":"Christine 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓂̄́͘ 𐒻́͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"does Christine have a cold?"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐓎́𐓅𐓎 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"the creek is full (flooded)"},{"o":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻̋ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐓎́𐓂𐒼𐒰 𐓍𐒻́𐓍𐓎̄𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"whiskey is bad for your health"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["they say, he/she says","they were saying, he/she was saying","they/he/she said (postverbal singular or plural marker of reported information deriving from person[s] who is/are present and not moving)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂̋𐒹𐓂͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓈𐓂̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́ 𐒰̋𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"the cook says there are no potatoes"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["expressing action which occurred in past time, but which has now ceased"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́𐓊𐒻","defs":["to, by, or near the singular or collective subject"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒾𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒾𐓎́","defs":["be coming home, or back to this place, not his home","come back here (motion underway)","come or go for any object, or for several inanimate objects, not his own","get, fetch, bring, come here with"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["place vertically against","place on","put on","place a curvilinear object, garment, book, etc., on something else","place vertically against\n(e.g., stick s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_là"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["wear one's own","put on (as clothes, shoes, coats)","wear his or her own clothing","wear one’s own;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_laha"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒷","defs":["with the wind or current"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒿𐒷","defs":["with the back to the wind"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐒿𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["be bothered or annoyed by","be irritated by","find bothersome","be bothered or\nannoyed by, be irritated by;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., aa_lake","xref":["waaláke","wáalake"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒿𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["have or keep his own","carry one’s\nitems;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync., a_lá_∂î"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["not to place a standing inanimate object or collection of objects on top of something else"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒷","defs":["place an item upright on another item","set on (e.g., set a kettle on a fire)","place on top of another in an upright position","place a standing inanimate object or a collection of objects on top of something else","place an\nitem upright on another item, set on (e.g., set a\nkettle on a fire). [In this verb, l is sometimes\npronounced dl (áadle).] hpéece ále set it on the\nfire","[initial a is often omitted in 3rd\nperson and in imperative] (intr.) go back there,\nreturn there, go home (motion under way). hcí\nce alée I am going back to the house\n(02/01/95/FH/pc:okc). a[a]lée I return there","go back (return there)","put on top of"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., a_lee","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒿𐒷̋","defs":["start homeward from this place","go homeward","go back there","return there","go home (motion under way)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒿𐒻́","defs":["arrive back here","arrive home here","return here, come back, get back (motion accomplished)","to have come back or home","chair, seat (01/09/95/FH/pc:ok). áalįį\ntáahpa stool (lit., ‘round chair’). áalįį wahéhe\ntǫpéwai the chair looks weak","[initial a is often omitted in 3rd\nperson and in imperative] (intr.) arrive back\nhere;",". alí","chair"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘͘𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wąkǫ alí hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll\ncome back quickly"},{"o":"𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓪́͘𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣́","a":"sitǫ́į alí","e":"I got home\nyesterday. âåà toa abrìalie I’m back with the\nwood"},{"o":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓧𐓣́𐓬𐓣 𐓴𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓷𐓟̋𐓷𐓣𐓩𐓙","a":"ðée lípi che ški wéewinai","e":"I’m thankful, too, for\nthese who have come here"}],"infl":"reg., á_lîî","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐒿𐒻̄͘","defs":["sit on","sit upon","sit upon a cushion, robe, or chair","ride on","place upon (e.g., put a suitcase on a table)","chair","seat","upon (used in numbers)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰̋𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒷́𐒹𐒷 𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷́𐓏𐒱","e":"the chair looks weak"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/chair_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒻͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["excel","be above others, outstanding, excellent, as in making good grades in school","after, past","afterward","excel;","adv afterward. áliiha ékimą etxa eškítą aha,\nðíe ðáalį waðakšíe hkǫ́bra afterward when I am\ndone, also, I want you to make it good for them\n(RBn/FHok)",". álįįha"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪𐓵𐓘̄𐓤𐓟 𐓧𐓟́𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́𐓧𐓣̄͘𐓡𐓘 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"mį́įoðaake lébrą álįįha tą brée hkǫ́bra","e":"I want\nto go after ten o’clock"},{"a":"ðíe ðáalį waðakšíe hkǫ́bra afterward when","e":"I am\ndone, also, I want you to make it good for them"}],"infl":"reg.,\ná_lîîha"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒻͘𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘𐓆𐓊𐒷̄","defs":["sofa","couch","divan","chaise lounge","divan, sofa, couch,\nchaise longue (lit., ‘long chair’)\n(01/20/95/FH/pc:prod; BE2.32)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"álîî + scéce"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["pull his own robe or blanket over him"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘𐓋𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["wheelchair","wheelchair. álįįhceðe oðáha oðíhta\nowíbraha hang the wheelchair on and I’ll follow\nyour car (RBn; MREI/01/11/93)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"owíbraha hang the wheelchair on and","e":"I’ll follow\nyour car"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["forget","leave behind","forget;","[á-\nloc + lǫ́ðį] (intr.) get drunk"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓡𐓩 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘̋𐓧𐓪͘𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙","a":"ohn akxa áalǫðį akxai","e":"John\nforgets. åà∂ilô∂î ∂ààché îké we’ll never forget\nyou"},{"o":"𐓘̋𐓧𐓪͘𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"áalǫbrį hta mįkšé","e":"I am going to\nget drunk"}],"infl":"reg.+sync., _álô_∂î","xref":["áapa"],"vc":"br-šc, a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["get drunk"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́͘𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["one of several","one to be chosen among many","the other","other (one of two)","one of several;"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ąkatxą́","ątxąhé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐒿𐒷","defs":["bear or press on a chair, plank, a person's shoulder, etc., to keep from falling"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒻","defs":["above","up","up or up above","upstairs","in the upper part","upper","be on top of or above something else","place something up or above","[á- loc + mą́ši] (trans.) be on top of or above\ns.t. else. ámaši akxái he or she is upstairs\n(02/27/95/JS/pc:ok; BE2.147). • place s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓨𐓘𐓯𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ámaši hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to put it up\nabove"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐓉𐒰","defs":["that way","that direction","other way","other way (lit.,\ntoward the other) (RB, FH). ámahta na\nhkilíihkoįɣa turn yourself the other way. • n the\nother side"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐓉𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["in the other direction","the other way","the other side","in the other\ndirection, the other way, the other side"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["walk on","water-strider bug"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"(reg.+)sync., á(_)mà_∂î"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓀𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓀𐒰𐓐𐒰","defs":["skin, as an animal","remove the hide from anything","Omaha tribe or person","skin, as an\nanimal;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, á_maxa?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓀𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓀𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["crawl on","crawl upon","crawl on, crawl\nupon"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_mîce"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂","defs":["make a hill by pushing the earth together with the foot","[á- loc + nąk'ǫ́]\n(trans.) listen to, heed (RBn10-6:JW). ánąk'ǫ ðį́\n[expected form: ą́ąnąk'ǫ (from á-ą-nąk'ǫ)] listen\nto me [sg. addressee] (02/16/95/FH/pc:okc;\nRBn2-moj/p23). ánąk'ǫ pi [expected form:\ną́ąnąk'ǫ pi] listen to me [pl. addressee]\n(01/04/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"eg apa šímižį ðáalį apai","e":"Meg is a\npretty girl"},{"o":"𐓰𐓪 𐓲𐓘𐓰𐓴","a":"to catch","e":"Whirlwind"}],"infl":"reg., á_nàk∏ô","xref":["mą́ze ápahta"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘","defs":["listen to","listen to another","listen","hear and obey","heed"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒽𐓂𐒼𐒷","defs":["porch","floor"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐓎","defs":["scrape off the edge of a bank on any object with the foot"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐒰𐓆𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐒰𐓆𐒰","defs":["surround","cut off the retreat of any person or animal"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐒰̄𐓇𐒻́𐒿𐒷","defs":["ladder","stairway","stairs","ascend or walk up, as stairs"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["stand on an object","stand on top of","be superior to in some quality (used in comparative and superlative constructions)","step on, step in","[á- loc + nąąžį́] (trans.) stand on top\nof, be superior to in some quality (used in\ncomparative and superlative constructions)\n(MSB). scécape, záani ánąąžį he’s taller than\neveryone else (lit., ‘he is tall, he stands atop\nothers [in tallness]’). • step on, step in. áðanąąžį\nyou stepped in it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̋͘ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘̋𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘","a":"į́į wį áanąąžį","e":"I stepped on a rock"}],"infl":"reg.,\ná_nààâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["overshadow, obscure, eclipse, overwhelm","overshadow","obscure"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐓍𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓁𐓂͘𐓍𐒰 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["patch over a hole in a moccasin"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓄𐒰́","defs":["continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3rd person singular or plural moving or absent subject","he/she/it is characterized by, they are characterized by (the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase)","they say\nor are saying or were saying; he/she says or is\nsaying or was saying (indicates that information\nin the sentence is or was reported by another or\nothers)"],"pos":"reportative","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒷̋ 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓂͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"he's doing it himself"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰","e":"he's wanting it"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"he has just lost it"},{"o":"Meg 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓇𐒻́𐓀𐒻𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"Meg is a pretty girl"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻́ 𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"she's walking home"}],"infl":"ée ‘say’ + apa cont"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓄𐒰́","defs":["subject marker (follows a subject [singular or plural that is moving or is not present with speaker); used for respect with deceased persons even if present (akxa is used with animals)","the sign of the plural subject of an action performed of their own accord, and not by request or permission of another","the one moving subject"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̋͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓆𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"that rock is heavy; those rocks are heavy (the rocks are being carried in this instance, therefore are moving)"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰͘𐓍𐒰?","e":"why is this dog moving around so much?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓎̄𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒱, 𐓋𐒻́𐒿𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"a whole bunch of them were talking when the family came over"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓄𐒷","e":"he got thrown off the horse"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰","e":"the mother [subject of sentence, if \"up and around\"]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐓄𐒰","defs":["they say or are saying or were saying","he/she says or is saying or was saying (indicates that information in the sentence is or was reported by another or others)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐒴𐒻́͘ 𐒰̄𐓄𐒱́","e":"people say I'm hard to get along with"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒷 𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓄𐒰́͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒰̋𐓄𐒰","e":"those people coming there are just hollering, they're saying"},{"o":"Carolyn 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐓎𐓑𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒰̋𐓄𐒱","e":"Carolyn is going to a wedding [they say]"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐒻́𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒱","e":"Sonny knows Osage, that's what they're saying"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓐𐓄𐓎́𐓀𐒸 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓌𐒻͘𐓄𐒷 𐒰̄𐓄𐒱","e":"lightning and thunder are getting you [pl.], they are saying (line from a children's song)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["flesh a hide very close, leaving no skin or flesh on it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒷","defs":["cut close to the bone, removing all the meat, as in butchering hogs, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒰","defs":["hesitate or draw back through shame or diffidence"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["push against a door to keep it closed; used also with reference to coition"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["patch a moccasin","put on a patch"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓉𐒰","defs":["fence","stockade"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓉𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓉𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["break a fence"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓉𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["push at an object with the point of a knife, or the end of a stick, held firmly against it, causing pieces to fly off"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂","defs":["point at an object with the hand or finger","point at","point at, point to","select","select by pointing to","indicate","point at, point to. ápazo!"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., fortisizing stop stem, á_pazo","xref":["wéapazo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["cut along the very edge of an object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["leaf","leaves","foliage","leaf (?)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["žąąpé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","defs":["he/she/they said, it is said, known by hearsay (indicates that information in the sentence was reported by another or others; often used in ceremonial speech and in storytelling)","they/he or she said, it is said, known by hearsay","as it is or was told or said (e.g., in a story or in the Bible)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓊'𐒷́𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"it is said that they are also killing children"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻 𐓁𐒻́͘ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒻𐒷","e":"they said you were a doctor"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓍𐒻𐒽𐒻́𐒷𐓄𐒻 𐒰́𐒹𐒰, 𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒻́𐓍𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰̋𐓄","e":"when we talk to you, they said you would pity us"},{"o":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́͘𐓄𐒷, 𐓇𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰, 𐓂́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐒰́𐓓𐓎𐓄𐒻 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷, 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐒰́𐓓𐓎𐓄𐒷","e":"they got the tables finished, do you want to look at them? and they've even put the food on, they said, they've got fruit on the table, too"},{"o":"𐒽𐒻̄𐓆𐓈𐓂́ 𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒰̋𐓄𐒻 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"he adjourned the meeting, they said"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒷𐓍𐓐𐒰","defs":["get his lariat wrapped around a tree, etc., as a horse often does","wrap sinew on an arrow, etc.","wrap or tie up","wrapping","wrapper","covering wrapped around something","around (e.g., house, tree, tipi, drum)","around\n(e.g., house, tree, tipi, drum). • n wrapping;\nwrapper, covering wrapped around s.t"],"pos":"postposition","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ópetxą"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐒰𐓄𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓄𐒻́","defs":["pluralizer of 1st or 2nd persons ('we', 'us', 'you')","pluralizer of imperative","pluralizer of 3rd person","noncontinuative marker for 3rd person (sg. or pl.)","marker of predicative noun-plus-adjective phrases"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒻𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓄𐒻́𐒰̄𐓄𐒷́","defs":["plural or 3rd person plus reportative: e.g., 'it was said if him/her/it/them/us/you (pl)'"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒻𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐓄𐒻𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["armband","armband (HRE/12/29/01/pc:ok; RBn).\náatkxą (variant of áakxą).\nábro n shoulder",". áapiolą"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/arm_bands_hl.mp3","xref":["áahu"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐒻𐓆𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐒻𐓆𐒰͘","defs":["hold down (e.g., a lid or a person)","mash, push down on","shut, close (e.g., one's eyes)","hold down (e.g., a lid or\na person); mash, push down on; shut, close\n(e.g., one’s eyes) (02/24/95/FH/pc:ok). ápisą\nnįkšé you’re holding it down (02/24/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓪 𐓲𐓘𐓰𐓴","a":"to catch","e":"Whirlwind"},{"o":"𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓘","a":"tą aðáaapia","e":"I was going to hold him down, but\nhe’s gone"}],"infl":"uninfl.? (sync. 1st sg. **áhpisà and reg.\nor sync. 2nd sg. **á∂apisà, **á©pisà are all\nunacceptable)"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["around (e.g., pass around, give around, walk around)","go around, circulate","around (e.g., pass around, give\naround, walk around)","v [reg.?, á_pše?] (intr.) go around, circulate"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ípše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐓎𐓆𐒰́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["catch an object, as a bird, by pressing the hands down on and around it","press down on, as a chair leg on any object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒱","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒱","defs":["spread on (as shoe polish)","[á- loc + pu- instr +\nšta (= štáha)] (trans.) spread on (as shoe polish)\n(RBn23-05)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_pu©tai"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓄𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["boil, as food boils when cooking","foam up"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","defs":["put to the test, test someone","put to the test,\ntest s.o. (RB). ásąci apai they’re putting each\nother to a test (MSB, RB; 04/26/95/FH/pc:uk)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["áhkiasąci","kasǫ́ci","opásące"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["daughter (third) (my)","daughter (third) (your)","daughter (third) (his/her)","daughter (third)","third daughter\n(04/07/95/LS/pc:okc; 02/27/95/FH/pc)","daughter (third-born; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/3rd_daughter_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓆𐒻𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓆𐒻́𐓅𐒰","defs":["sister (baby) (my)","daughter (baby) (my)","daughter (baby) (your)","daughter (baby) (his/her)","baby sister (anyone’s;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓆𐒻𐓄𐒰 𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓆𐒻́𐓅𐒰 𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["sister (baby) (his/her)","daughter (baby) (his/her)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓆𐒻𐓄𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓆𐒻́𐓅𐒰 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["sister (baby) (your)","daughter (baby) (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓆𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓆𐒻́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["daughter (fourth and beyond) (my)","daughter (fourth and beyond) (your)","daughter (fourth and beyond) (his/her)","daughter (fourth and subsequent daughters)","fourth daughter (and subsequent\ndaughters).\nápše\nátahką","daughter (fourth-born and beyond; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓆𐒼𐓂","defs":["hair growing on the temples"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓇𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓇𐒻𐓉𐒰","defs":["in the past","outside,\noutdoors. áši tǫ́pa look outside (RBn10-\n21/JW&FW/77; 03/03/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn1-\nmoj/p31). ášihta alį́į mįkšé I was sitting outside\n(RBn22-09). áši brée hkǫ́bra I want to go outside\n(03/03/95/FH/pc:ok). áši ąkáðe we are going\noutside (03/03/95/FH/pc:okc). áši ðée! go\noutside! ášihta mąðį́pi you all go outside (as to\nchildren) (03/03/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.99;\n03/03/95/FH/pc:ok)","outside"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓧𐓣̋͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ášihta alį́į mįkšé","e":"I was sitting outside"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓇𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓇𐒻𐓉𐒰","defs":["outside","outdoors"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓇𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓇𐒻𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["picnic, dine outdoors"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["near","nearby","close","close at hand","a short distance away","nearby, close, a short distance away\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ok). áškažį lį́įka sit right here\nby me"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓊𐒻","defs":["close to or near something or someone","close to or near s.t. or s.o","near (something)"],"pos":"post","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["somewhat close","a little close","at a short distance"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["very close"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐒰̄","defs":["freeze to","freeze sticking to something","freeze to;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_taa","xref":["ótaa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒰͘","defs":["lamp","light","artificial light","light thrown up the surroundings","lamp, light. átahkaį\nðuutáaži turn off the light (02/14/95/FH/pc:ok).\nátahkáį káaɣa turn on the light\n(02/14/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.75).\nápisą (continued)","lights"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/light_lamp_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻","defs":["kerosene oil","petroleum"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻 𐓁𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻 𐓁𐒻̋𐓁𐒻","defs":["oil well","oil well (lit., ‘lamp’ + ‘oil’ +\n‘spring, well’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒰͘𐒿𐒷","defs":["lamp or candle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒰𐓊𐒷","defs":["be hot from the heat of a fire or from the sun's rays"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["wither in the flesh, as by the heat of the sun","wilt"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒻𐓊𐒷","defs":["glare of the sun","a strong sun light"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["watch over","watch over with care","watch, tend, take care of (e.g., some entity, such as a baby or a purse, or some process, such as cooking)","guard","aim carefully","watch over; watch, tend, take care of\n(e.g., some entity, such as a baby or a purse, or\nsome process, such as cooking)\n(03/16/95/JS/pc:ok)","raise (take care of)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync., fortisizing stop stem, á_tôpe","vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["tread on","tread on it","bring down the foot on paper, etc., to keep it from being blown away","climb (by\nwrapping around?)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, á_txà?","xref":["ápetxa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["climb","climb onto (by using the arms)","climb a tree","climb a tree, etc.","hug a tree in order to climb it","embrace","wrap one's arms around","clasp in the arms with affection","climb, climb onto (by\nusing the arms) (01/09/95/FH/pc). į́pehi áace\nclimb back on the pallet","(trans.) embrace, wrap one’s arms around"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́͘𐓄𐒷𐒹𐒻 𐒰̋𐓊𐒰","e":"get on the pillow (crawl onto it)"},{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒰̋𐓊𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"the children are climbing a tree"}],"infl":"reg., áa_ce","xref":["walézeáace"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓋𐒷́","defs":["the two standing inanimate objects","the two collections or objects"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["kindle a fire on an object","build a fire on","build a fire on some place or object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_ce∂e","xref":["océðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐓊𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","defs":["feel sorry for","feel sorry for (lit.,\n‘embrace indeed’). áacexcį I feel sorry for you\n(spoken to someone in pitiful shape)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰̋𐓊𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","e":"I feel sorry for you (spoken to someone in pitiful shape)"}],"infl":"reg., á_cexcî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓋𐒻́","defs":["camp","make camp","camp,\nmake camp"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hci"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓌𐒻́","defs":["to have come to this place, not his home, or for the first time","arrive here, come here (motion accomplished), reach as a location or place",". achí"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰̋𐓌𐒻","defs":["sick with fever","feverish","running a little fever"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰̋𐓌𐒻","e":"he's sick"},{"o":"𐒰̋𐓌𐒻 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"do you have fever?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓋𐒻𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["arbor","dance arbor","brush arbor","dance","arbor;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓊𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓊𐓂𐓉𐒰","defs":["the four legs of a quadruped","the arms and legs of a person"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒰́","defs":["indeed","truly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["stick to one, as mud","wear, as clothing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["glue feathers or webs to arrow shafts"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒰́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["hold an object firmly, by closing the teeth on it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["adhere: said of any one object","adhere to","stick to"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓋𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["stand up an object, making it adhere to something","set up many tall objects, making them adhere to something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["make an object adhere"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["stand close enough to another person or object to touch it or him"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["make a cloth, plaster, paper, etc., adhere to an object, on which it is placed"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰́𐒿𐒷","defs":["set upright, and make stick, as a candle to wood, without a candlestick"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰́𐓓𐓎","defs":["place a number of small objects on a surface, making them adhere to it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["bite one object which is under or within another"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓉𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["on the other side","(location) on the other side"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰̄𐓊𐒷","defs":["pronounce anything to or for another","repeat or say again","call upon again","name again","repeat or say\nagain, call upon again, name again. [Unattested\nin modern Osage.]"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., á_∂aace"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓓𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓓𐓂́𐓉𐒰","defs":["kidney"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒷̋","defs":["go","go there (motion underway)","set out for there","be on the way to there","leave, be leaving","go forward, set out, start off","[initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1st\nsingular and 2nd person subject;","go there","to hug someone","to climb something"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓱𐓘̋𐓜𐓟 𐓜𐓟̋","a":"htáabre brée","e":"I’m going\n[big game] hunting"}],"infl":"sync., (a)_∂ée","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"-𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["a particle used after verbal roots, denoting that an object has of its own accord produced such and such an effect"],"pos":"verb > ???","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["have","have or keep","own","possess","have, own, possess\n(01/04/95/FH/pc:prod; BE2.64)","have (possess)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐒰𐓇𐓊𐒻́͘ 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"do you [sitting] have any money?"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐒰𐓇𐓊𐒻́͘ 𐓍𐒲𐓇𐒷́?","e":"do you [moving] have any money?"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒰̋𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓇𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓇𐒷?","e":"how much money do you [standing] have?"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘ 𐓍𐒷?","e":"does he have money?"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he has money"}],"infl":"sync., a_∂ì","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["ridge or divide"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐓁𐒰͘ 𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓉𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘ 𐓆𐓊𐒷́𐓊𐒷","defs":["flat ridge","plateau or tableland"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘ 𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘ 𐓅𐒰𐓆𐓎́","defs":["headland"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐒹𐒻","defs":["take there","bring there (motion accomplished)","deliver","[aðį́ +\nahí] [initial a of ahí is often omitted, regularly so\nwith 1st singular and 2nd person subject] (trans.)\ntake there;","take (bring) there"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.+sync. h-stem, a_∂ì(a)_hi","vc":"br-šc + h-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐒹𐓎","defs":["bring here (motion underway)","[aðį́ + ahú]\n[initial a of ahú is often omitted, regularly so with\n1st singular and 2nd person subject] (trans.)\nbring here (motion underway)","bring here"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.+reg., a_∂ì(a)_hu","vc":"br-šc + h-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻","defs":["take back there","take home","bring back there","bring home (motion accomplished)","[aðį́ + akší]\n[initial a of akší is sometimes omitted with 3rd\nperson subject] (trans.) take back there;","take back there, take home","take back there (home)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.+reg., a_∂ì(a)_k©i","vc":"br-šc + a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐒾𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐒾𐓎","defs":["bring back here"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐒿𐒷̄","defs":["take back, take home (motion underway)","[aðį́ + alée]\n[initial a of alée often omitted with 3rd person\nand in imperative forms] (trans.) take back, take\nhome (motion underway);","take back, take home","take back (home)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.+reg., a_∂ì(a)_lee","vc":"br-šc + a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐒿𐒻","defs":["bring back here, bring back home (motion accomplished)","[aðį́ + alí] [initial\na of alí is often omitted in 3rd person forms and\nin imperative] (trans.) bring back here, bring\nback home (motion accomplished)","bring back here, bring home","bring back (here, home)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.+reg., a_∂ì(a)_li","vc":"br-šc + a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐓌𐒻","defs":["bring here","arrive here with (motion accomplished)","[aðį́ + achí]\n[initial a of achí is sometimes omitted in 3rd\nperson forms] (trans.) bring here;","bring here, arrive with","bring here (arrive with)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.+reg., a_∂î(a)_chi","vc":"br-šc + h-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐓍𐒷̄","defs":["carry","take there (motion underway)","take away","[aðį́ + aðée]\n[initial a of aðée is often omitted, regularly so\nwith 1st singular and 2nd person subject and in\nimperative] (trans.) carry. ábrįbree hta mįkšé I\nwill take it (JS, 03/15/95/PM/pc:ok)","take there (motion underway);","carry, take there","carry (take there)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓜𐓣͘𐓜𐓟̄ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ábrįbree hta mįkšé","e":"I\nwill take it"},{"a":"translation of the","e":"Cree name\nof woman who married into the Kaw tribe)"}],"infl":"sync.+sync., a_∂ì(a)_∂ee","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒰𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒰𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["copulate with","lay","have intercourse with","[aðį́ + ážą]\n(trans.) copulate with, screw, lay, have\nintercourse with. óžąke paskúha abrį́ažą hta\nakxai I could screw her beside the road (RB)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.+reg., a_∂ìa_âà"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒴𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐒴𐓂́𐒼𐒰","defs":["take hold of or feel one object that is under or within another"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["button","buttons"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓂","defs":["cover with earth","pull dirt over","pull earth over some object","cover with\nearth;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., á_∂ik∏o"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻̄𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["lie down against","lean up against, recline, rest","lay on either side","lie\ndown against;","lying down"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["áakxą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻̄𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓓𐒰̋͘","defs":["recline"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓓𐒻͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒹𐒷","defs":["recline and sleep"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["fasten"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., a_∂imà"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["take away","take\naway"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.- reg., a_∂ìmà_∂î"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒰́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["hold firmly between the hands or fingers","take hold of a log, firebrand, etc., with tongs or a forked stick","bring the legs close to the horse's side, in riding"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["let and object drop on something else","stop on a person, as a fever","stop on, as to stop raining on"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐓉𐒰","defs":["go or be contrary to","go or be\ncontrary to","[á- loc + ðiihtą́] (trans.) close by","[á- loc + ðiitą́] (trans.)\nclose by pulling;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., á_∂iità"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻̄𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["close by pulling","pull to","shut","pull on one, as the end of a blanket"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻̄𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["close by grasping"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐓉𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["pull earth, snow, etc., over an object or objects, as melons, pumpkins, or corn"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","defs":["honor"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.?, á_∂ixope?","xref":["ðixópe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["put someone to bed","make someone lie upon a bed","have someone in bed","put s.o. to bed;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"ary áðiižą hį́ðokižį","e":"John has Mary in bed\nnaked"}],"infl":"reg., á_∂iâà"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐓂́","defs":["indeed","truly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓂𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐓂̋𐒹𐒰","defs":["again"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓂𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓍𐓂́𐒹𐒰","defs":["almost"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒰","defs":["spread upon","spread over","spread upon;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., á_∂ubra"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["bind or bandage, as a limb"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐓎̄𐓉𐒰","defs":["across","across by the shortest way","go across the country by the most direct way; said, also of a third party, who enters a council, and \"cuts across\" the arguments of contending orators",". áðuuhta"],"pos":"postposition","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰 𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐓎̄𐓉𐒰 𐓍𐒷̋","defs":["cross"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["buy for another","[á- loc (benefactive\nsense) + ðuwį́] (trans.) buy for another. [Not\nused when the person benefiting from the\npurchase is present at the time of speaking; in\nthat case kíðuwį (dative) is used.] ábruwį I\nbought it for him. ášcuwį you bought it for him.\náðuwį she bought it for him. áąðuwį we bought it\nfor him. áðuwį they bought it for him"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., á_∂uwî","xref":["áwaðuwį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["marry, get married to, take as a husband (gender-specific term)","take one as her husband","the marriage of a woman"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓒𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓒𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["pull the edge of a blanket, etc., over one, to cover him"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓎","defs":[],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["lawyer","attorney","lawyer, attorney (lit., ‘taking up for a\nperson’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wáhkie"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["table","table (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/table_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰","defs":["tablecloth, any covering to spread on the table (e.g., oilcloth)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐒹𐒰̄","defs":["tablecloth, any covering to spread on the table (e.g., oilcloth)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻","defs":["work for, accomplish a task or tasks for someone (especially drumming for someone else's singing in a peyote meeting)","[á- loc + waší] (trans.)\nwork for, accomplish a task or tasks for s.o.\n(especially drumming for s.o. else’s singing in a\npeyote meeting) (RBn1-12). áwawaši hkǫ́bra I\nwant to ask someone to work. meeting"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_wasi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻","defs":["dance for","[á- loc (in benefactive\nsense) + waachí] (trans.) dance for. áwawaachi I\ndanced for them"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_waachi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["meditate on","deliberate over","consider","[á- loc + waðílą]\n(trans.) meditate on, deliberate over, consider.\náwabrilą I’ll meditate on it (when one is asked\nfor a favor, this is a more tentative answer than\níbrilą)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., áwa_∂ilà","xref":["íðilą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["buy stuff for someone"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓏𐒻𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓏𐒻𐓆𐒻","defs":["jump over","[á- loc + wísi] (trans.)\njump over (02/13/95/FH/pc:okc; BE2.72)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.? á_wisi?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓐𐒰","defs":["beat someone, as in a race","beat s.o., as in a race"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["káaxa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓐𐒰̄𐒼𐒷","defs":["cry for"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["desecrate","show dishonor to","desecrate,\nshow dishonor to"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"áxope + aâí neg"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","defs":["honor"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., á_xope","xref":["ðixópe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["lie down","bed","bench","[á- loc + žą́ą] (intr.) lie down.\náažą I’m lying down (02/15/95/FH/pc:okc;conf\náaža I lie down ok). ážą áažą pšíe I went to [lie\ndown on the] bed","lie on"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓻𐓘͘ 𐓘̋𐓻𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓣́𐓟","a":"ážą áažą pšíe","e":"I went to [lie\ndown on the] bed"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bed_hl.mp3","infl":"reg., á_âà","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["divan","divan (LF)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓓𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["small cot","you think","small cot (PM).\naží (variant: ži). neg [initial a replaces final e(e) of\npreceding verb; pl"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓜𐓘̋𐓨𐓘͘𐓻𐓣́𐓟","a":"bráamąžíe","e":"I\ndidn’t go [from brée]. pée ∂aaâí hta apai nobody\nis going"}],"infl":"2nd sg. of aâì\n‘think’","xref":["ðįké"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓓𐒻́","defs":["not (negative, negator)","is not","think or\nbelieve regarding s.o., hold an opinion of s.t.\nážamį/ažamį́/žamį́ I think. ažážį/ðažážį you\nthink","but. íe ąðánąk'ǫ škǫ́šta įké paašé ąži\niðáe ątxąhé you all don’t want to hear me talk, but\nI’m talking (RBn10-16). ékǫ brį́e ąži ékǫ hkǫ́bra\nmąží that’s the way I am, but I don’t want to be\nthat way (FH). íhkihkawi hpáaɣe ąži mą́zeska\nbrúuze mįkšé I exchanged it, but I took money\n(1/20/83/631; 04/13/95/FH/pc:ok)","believe, think","believe (think)","think (believe)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓻𐓪 𐓘́𐓻𐓘𐓨𐓣͘","a":"ožo ážamį","e":"I think she’s pretty"},{"o":"𐓲'𐓟́𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓘𐓨𐓣́͘","a":"c'éka wižamį́","e":"I think you’re\ncrazy"},{"o":"𐓟́𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓻𐓘𐓨𐓣́ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"ékǫ žamí įké","e":"I don’t believe\nit"},{"a":"s the way","e":"I am, but I don’t want to be\nthat way"}],"infl":"reg.+sync. nasal\nvowel stem, (_)(a)âa_î (object pronominals in\nfirst slot, subject pronominals in second slot;\nunderlying stem aâáî becomes aâì when no\nsubject prefix precedes the î)","xref":["ážąį ðuuc'áke"],"vc":"nasal stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["think or suppose that (something has happened, etc.)","think or believe regarding someone","hold an opinion of something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́","defs":["but","or"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐒷 𐒰͘𐓍𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́ 𐓄𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐒷 𐒰͘𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"you all don't want to hear me talk, but I'm talking"},{"o":"𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒴𐒻́͘𐒷 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́","e":"that's the way I am, but I don't want to be that way"},{"o":"𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒰𐓏𐒻 𐓅𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒴𐓎̋𐓒𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I exchanged it, but I took money"},{"o":"𐓀𐓂́͘𐓓𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒷́𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓀𐓂́͘𐓓𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒷́𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐓇𐓂̄͘𐓇𐓂́͘𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"heaven and earth shall pass away, but my word shall endure"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓆𐓄𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐓇𐒵𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are you going to stay or are you going to go?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓓𐒻́ 𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["never","never. [No Osage\nexpression means exactly the same thing as\nEnglish ‘never’. For the Osage equivalent of\n‘never’ in future-time contexts, cf. aži hta.]\nážą žįka\nážu\nžįkážį wíhta wažážeíe awákšuįze maží ną I\nnever taught my kids the Osage language\n(RBn10-16)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓘𐓷𐓘́𐓤𐓯𐓶𐓣͘𐓺𐓟 𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣́ 𐓩𐓘͘","a":"žįkážį wíhta wažážeíe awákšuįze maží ną","e":"I\nnever taught my kids the Osage language"}],"infl":"aâí neg + nà iter"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒰𐓓𐒻́ 𐓉𐒰","defs":["never will be","never will","will not","never\nwill be, never will, will not. [No Osage word\nmeans simply ‘never’.] ékǫǫži hta akxái [ékǫ +\naží + hta + akxa + ðe] it will never be like that;\nit’s never going to happen (02/27/95/FH/pc;\nBE2.92)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"aâí neg + hta potential marker"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰͘𐓓𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒰́͘𐓓𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["goodness","my goodness!","I don't have the mind or nerve!","goodness; my goodness!; I don’t\nhave the mind or nerve!"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓓𐓎","defs":["put a number of small objects on top of any object","put out, set out (multiple items)","place, array, display (multiple items) on top of something else","pour something on or over another surface","put a pourable substance on something else","put out,\nset out (multiple items); place, array, display\n(multiple items) on top of s.t","set items out on something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to have my son put some\nmoney on the drum"},{"o":"𐓬𐓘̄͘𐓯𐓲𐓟́𐓤𐓘 𐓻𐓘̄͘𐓩𐓣́𐓟 𐓰𐓪́𐓘 𐓘́𐓻𐓶 𐓜𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","a":"pąąšcéka žąąníe tóa ážu bríištą","e":"I already put\nà-\nàhåî\nsome sugar on top of the strawberries"}],"infl":"reg., á_âu","xref":["hcíwažu"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒰𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒰́𐓓𐓎","defs":["arm above the elbow","shoulder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒲𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒰𐒻́͘𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂","defs":["copperhead","Arapaho"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴-","hw_apa":"𐒴","defs":["I"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰","defs":["open","spread out","smell,\nemanate an odor, give off a fragrance. bra\nhpíiži [it] smells bad (04/06/95/LS/pc:ok). bra\néži it smells odd (04/06/95/LS/pc:ok; BE2.124)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰͘","defs":["smell","emanate an odor","give off a fragrance","emit or exhale an odor","smell","odor","scent"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","e":"it smells good"},{"o":"𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","e":"it smells bad"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒴𐒰́͘𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒴𐒰́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he/she smells like perfume"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/smell_odor_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐒴𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰𐒴𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["straight, as the hypotenuse of an inclined plane, or the side of a hill","sloping, as a hill"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰́𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","defs":["torn in several places","chapped, as the hands, face, etc."],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰́𐒼'𐒰","defs":["flat","flat, as a chair bottom, the broad surface of a board, etc.","flat board","flat (FH)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐓄𐓐𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰́𐓄𐓐𐒰̄𐒼𐒷","defs":["mosquito","mosquito. [Pawhuska usage (RB).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["lápxąąke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["flat","level","straight, as a line on a stove-pipe, or other long cylindrical body","rounded and long","flat (01/26/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["wacúe ðubráaska"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["having a flat surface in the middle, with the edges rounded and curving downward, as a door knob, or the top of a hat (convex objects)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰̋𐓍𐒰","defs":["broad","wide","wide and smooth, as a prairie","smoothed out (e.g., icing on a cake, a fabric or tablecloth lying flat on a surface, but not a blanket on a bed or pallet)","having a flat surface in the middle, with the edges rounded and curving upward, as in a plate or other concave objects","broad;"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["edge","edging (e.g., a fabric or ribbon sewn around the edges of a blanket or garment)","straight or flat, as the top or edge of a box's side, the narrow edge of a plank, etc."],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["torn","rent","torn (FH)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hcéze bráze","įcé bráze","kaabráze"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒷́𐒽𐒰","defs":["lean","thin","lean, thin"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["háabrehka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒷𐓒𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒷𐓒𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["drooping, languid, as one who has not recovered his strength after sickness","as applied to vegetation, it means withered and fallen over, past recovery"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["I am","I was","I am characterized by (e.g., I have a certain condition)","I am present","I was present","I am, I\nwas. ékǫ brį́e ąžį ékǫ hkǫ́bra įké that’s the way I\nb\nam, but I don’t want to be that way"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"s the way","e":"I\nb\nam, but I don’t want to be that way"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓜𐓣́͘","a":"wažáže brį́","e":"I’m Osage"},{"o":"𐓩𐓣́𐓳𐓟 𐓜𐓣́͘𐓟","a":"níhce brį́e","e":"I’m cold. håàpa záani wapú©taha\nbrìe I ironed all day"},{"o":"𐓣́𐓤𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓣 𐓜𐓣́𐓟","a":"íkaski bríe","e":"I’m out of breath\n[synonymous with preceding example]"}],"infl":"1st sg. of ∂ì"},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["scatter right and left, as wet wheat or corn, by pushing with a shovel or pitchfork: this is done to dry it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐓂́𐒼𐒰","defs":["in bulk (e.g., a purchase of fruit, coffee, or kerosene)","wholesale","in large quantities","overall","undivided","by the yard (fabrics)","in large pieces, not merely pieces of some item but the entire item (cooking)","in its entirety","fully","whole","entire","complete","dollar","round, as a pencil, stove pipe, etc.","cylindrical, but not necessarily perpendicular","in bulk (e.g., a purchase of fruit,\ncoffee, or kerosene); wholesale, in large\nquantities, overall, undivided;"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒴𐓂́𐒼𐒰 𐒴𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to buy it [fabric] by the yard (rather than made up into articles such as shawls and blankets)"},{"o":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐒴𐓂́𐒼𐒰 𐓂̄𐒹𐓂́͘!","e":"cook a chicken whole!"},{"o":"𐒴𐓂́𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰","e":"five dollars"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dollar_or_whole_amount_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒴𐓎","defs":["powdered","pulverized","fine"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒴𐓎𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒴𐓎̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["flat, wadded up","flat, wadded up (crushed?)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̄𐒼𐒰̋𐓄𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒷𐓂̄𐓓𐓎 𐓇𐓈𐒰̋𐓇𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐓍𐒻𐒴𐓎̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","e":"when you are through with the pop can, wad it up"}],"xref":["bráaska"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒵𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒵𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["short","rounded and somewhat squat","short and small","short;"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/short_hl.mp3","infl":"diminutive of táahpa"},{"hw_osage":"𐒵𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒵𐒰̋𐓅𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["short and small"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"§áahpa + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐒵𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒵𐒷́𐓓𐒷","defs":["pee-pee"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"diminutive of céâe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒵𐓂𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"","defs":["green"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒵𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒵𐓂̋𐓄𐒰","defs":["few","little","few","a small amount or number","a little bit","small amount, few (also a noun)","small amount, few"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒵𐓂𐓄𐒰 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒵𐓂̋𐓄𐒰 𐒷𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["lessen","reduce","decrease"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒵𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒵𐓂̋𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["a very small amount","very little","a few"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷̋","defs":["say","ask or tell someone to do something","3rd person emphatic or\ncontrastive pronoun (that one, that person,\nshe/her, he/him;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓟̋ 𐓟́𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓘͘","a":"ée ékimą","e":"I did this"},{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓘̋𐓬𐓟","a":"iiðáðe hta mįkšé ée ðí áape","e":"I will\nfind it, said the boy who had come to visit"},{"o":"𐓵𐓣́𐓟 𐓟́𐓷𐓣𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ðíe éwie mįkšé","e":"I mean you\n[pointing at the person]"},{"a":"wažážeíe šée ékia say that in","e":"Osage"},{"a":"s what old-time","e":"Osages\nused to say"}],"infl":"sync. h-stem, é_(h)e","xref":["ékie","hce ée"],"vc":"h-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷̋","defs":["3rd person emphatic or contrastive pronoun (that one, that person, she/her, he/him; those persons, them; this [pragmatically obvious] person or thing; the foregoing; she herself, he himself, they themselves)","he, she, it","that"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷 𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷̋ 𐒼𐓇𐒷","defs":["that one lying down (animate or inanimate)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷 𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["in the direction of","toward that direction","over there","along that way","toward that time","in that time","near that time","in the direction of, toward that\ndirection, over there, along that way. Brian\nakxa mąąžą́ɣe tóa ðiiɣóɣo ną oðíhtą ci ée htáha\nBrian keeps dragging those onions to put them in\née\neená\nthe car (RBn10-2:MOJ/79). • toward that time,\nin that time, near that time","toward"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟 𐓰𐓪́𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄𐓹𐓪́𐓹𐓪 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓲𐓣 𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘́𐓡𐓘","a":"akxa mąąžą́ɣe tóa ðiiɣóɣo ną oðíhtą ci ée htáha","e":"Brian keeps dragging those onions to put them in\née\neená\nthe car"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷 𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰́𐒹𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["wrong","out of reason","unlikely","unsuitably","unreasonable","unreasonably","off the subject","pointlessly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐒷","defs":["say","talk for another","talk in the presence of others","[ki- dat + ée\n‘say’] (trans.) say","say to others"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hkǫ́bra","e":"I’m going to say something, I want you to\ntell them"},{"a":"how do you say that in","e":"Osage?\n[éeki∂a = ékie + a imperative marker; ∂is\nepenthetic]"},{"a":"wažáže ékie nąpé old-time","e":"Osages used to say"}],"infl":"sync. h-stem, éki_(h)e","vc":"h-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓂͘","defs":["do something (in the presence of others or for others)","proceed or go ahead with something (in the presence of others or for others)","can, be able to","[apparently\nki- dat + éǫ (but pronominal prefixes\nunexpectedly follow ki-)] (trans.) do s.t. (in the\npresence of others or for others), proceed or go\nahead with s.t. (in the presence of others or for\nothers). ékimǫ/ékimą I do it. ékižǫ/ékižą you do\nit. ékiǫ/ékią she does it. éąkiǫ/eą́kiǫ/éąkią/eą́kią\nwe do it. ékiǫpe he did it (RBn10-2)","do (in the presence of others)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync. nasal vowel stem, éki_ô","vc":"nasal stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["it's time again","it’s time\nagain"],"pos":"modal","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ki- inceptive + etxå","xref":["mį́įǫpa wahkǫ́ta ižį́ke iitáe ékitxą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["think about, consider, think so","[possibly ki- dat or inceptive +\néðe] think about, consider, think so. ékibra\nmąžíe I don’t care to, I don’t want to (lit., ‘I don’t\nthink that’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., éki_∂e; inflection may be absent in\n1st pl. form"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["like","similar to","like that","likewise","similarly","kind of","rather","slightly","a bit","right","correctly","correct","correct!","appropriate","appropriately","that is right","true!","that's the way!","thus","therefore","mean, signify","happen","so","be so","be as . . . as","be so or like","somewhat","a little","resemble"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰́͘ 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"there's nothing like it here on earth"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘ 𐒼𐓂̋𐓊𐒻 𐓇𐒵𐓎̄𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒻́𐒷 𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓂́͘𐓏𐒻͘, 𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐒷̋ 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"if you will clean that old [striped] blanket, I'll bind it and it will be like new"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂̋͘𐒷 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘","e":"somebody like her"},{"o":"𐒼𐒻̋͘ 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒱, 𐓉𐒰̋𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"\"if only I could fly like that,\" the little deer said"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒷̋ 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒴𐒻́͘𐒷","e":"me too, I'm just like that"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒼𐓂͘𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["be sorry about being a certain way","not want to be a certain way"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["I guess that's right"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́","defs":["say something right or correctly"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷̄𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["unsound","not right","wayward","unsound; not right; wayward"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["waðílą eekǫ́ įké"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒰","defs":["make-believe"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷𐒼𐓂́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["correct","correctly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘𐓓𐒻","defs":["not be like this or that","be not thus","be otherwise","unseemly","inappropriate","not right","unsuitable","unfitting","ill-advised","wrong","[ékǫ + aží neg]\n(intr.) not be like this or that, be not thus, be\notherwise (RBn17-p03)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓟𐓤𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ekǫ́ži mįkšé","e":"I’m\nnot right"}],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓂͘𐓓𐒻𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘𐓓𐒻𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["improbable"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐒼𐓃𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷𐒼𐓃́𐒼𐒷","defs":["crazy, crazily, inappropriately, unsuitably","off, not where or how it is supposed to be, off target, out of line, incorrectly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓀𐒰͘𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓀𐒰͘𐓉𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["the other way"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"émàhta + aâí neg"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓀𐒰͘𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓀𐒰͘𐓉𐒰𐓓𐒻́𐒹𐒰","defs":["not toward that way","not toward\nthat way. émąhtaži ha!"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"émàhtaâi + ha ppn","xref":["ímąhtaha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷̄𐓁𐒰́","defs":["be the only (one)","therefore","that's why","that only","enough","therefore, that’s why","therefore (that’s why)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷̄𐓁𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻","defs":["insufficient","not enough","insufficient, not\nenough"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"eená + aâí neg"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓂͘","defs":["do (not in the presence of others or for others)","do (not\nin the presence of others or for others). éwǫ\niiðáðe I saw them do it (RBn22-06). éwǫpe he\ndid this","do (not in the presence of others, not for others)","do (not in the presence of others)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟","a":"iiðáðe","e":"I saw them do it"}],"infl":"sync. nasal vowel stem, é_ô","xref":["éhkiǫ","ékiǫ"],"vc":"nasal stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["oh that","would that"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓍𐒷𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒷𐒰͘𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒼𐓂͘","e":"Oh that I was like this standing animate object."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷̋𐓇𐒷","defs":["golly (slang)","golly (slang) (04/06/95/FH/pc:ok;\nRBn2-MOJ/p5)"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ški"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["else","also","otherwise"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓇𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["he, she, it, or that too","he, for his part","he/she too, it too, they too"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["therefore","because","when","while","therefore. étą ąkále htai we should go\nhome now (lit., ‘therefore we go, let’s us’)\n(RBn10-12:JW)"],"pos":"conjunction","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓉𐒰́͘","defs":["well","then","well. ehtą́, ówǫ hta mįkšé well, I’ll be\nbusy (RBn2-MOJ/p20). éhtą, ąkáaži hta mįkšé\nwell, I’ll drive (RBn10-12:JW)"],"pos":"interjection","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓉𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["toward"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷̋𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰","defs":["that is why","therefore","thus","so","that is\nwhy, therefore, thus, so (FHt#128)"],"pos":"conjunction","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓄𐒰́𐓏𐒻͘𐓑𐒷 𐓄𐓇𐒻́𐒷 𐒷̋𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰 𐒰́͘𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","e":"I went riding and that is why I'm tired"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷𐓒𐒻 𐒰́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐒰́𐓓𐓎 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷́ 𐒷̋𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰 𐒴𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘","e":"they usually put oranges on the table, that's the reason I bought some"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐒽𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱, 𐒷̋𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰 𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷́𐓍𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","e":"don't pity him because he did it himself"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐒴𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓂̄𐓏𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘, 𐒷̋𐓉𐒰𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰́͘𐓍𐒷 𐒴𐓎̋𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎́ 𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒻́͘ 𐓂̄𐓏𐒰́𐓓𐓎 𐓉𐒰","e":"I'm going to cook beans tomorrow, therefore tonight I'll clean them and put them in water"},{"o":"𐓬𐓯𐓣́𐓟 𐓟̋𐓰𐓘𐓩𐓘 𐓘́͘𐓯𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓟","a":"pšíe éetana ą́škike","e":"I went riding and that is why\nI’m tired"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒷̋𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["still","it is time","time, the moment for something","when","that (standing animate)","adv when (lit., ‘at the time that’). • pron that\n(standing animate)","it is time to","time to"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐓂́͘𐒹𐒰 𐒷̋𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"it's almost time"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐓍𐓂́͘𐒹𐒰͘ 𐒷̋𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"it's almost time to dance"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰́𐓄𐒰 𐓂̋𐓓𐓎 𐒷̋𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"it's time to plant corn"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓁𐒰𐒿𐒻͘, 𐒷́𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒰𐒹𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"hurry up, it is time"}],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["ékitxą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓊𐒻","defs":["and (in numbers only)","plus","be present here/there, exist\nhere/there;","and (in numbers only), plus"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒹𐓎̄𐓓𐒻́͘ 𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́ 𐒷́𐓊𐒻 𐓏𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻","e":"two hundred and one"},{"o":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́ 𐒷́𐓊𐒻 𐓏𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻","e":"twenty-one"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓊𐒻 𐓏𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻","e":"plus one"},{"a":"verse of the","e":"Christian Bible)"}],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["ðée hta ché"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓊𐒻́","defs":["be present here/there","exist here/there","be at that time","there","in that place"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓆𐒻𐓈𐓂𐓊𐒻 𐒷𐓊𐒻 𐓍𐒰𐓁𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓇𐒷","e":"Were you standing there yesterday?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓊𐒻 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓊𐒻́ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["there where I am, my home (similar to French chez moi)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓊𐒻 𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓊𐒻́ 𐓄𐒰","defs":["them, those who are there/here","there where they are, the place where they are/were, at their place or their home (similar to French chez eux)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓊𐒻 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓊𐒻́ 𐓌𐒷","defs":["be definitely decided"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓊𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓊𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["there are, there exist scattered around or dispersed","there are, there\nexist scattered around or dispersed"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓊𐒻𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓊𐒻́𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["just there","just then or there","at that very time or place"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓍𐒷́","defs":["indeed","truly","think\nabout, consider, believe (RBn12-10mj)","thinking that way, consider, believe","believe (think that way, consider)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync., é_∂e","xref":["ékiðe"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["think about","consider","believe"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒷𐓍𐓂́","defs":["indeed","indeed!"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒷̋𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["group including just-mentioned individual(s) (can sometimes be translated as 'both', 'all', 'and another', 'and others', or as 'and I' when followed by a verb with 1st plural inflection)","both, both of them"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐒽𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘","defs":["do to oneself","[wa- val + hkik-\nrefl + éǫ] do to oneself"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓟́𐓷𐓘̄𐓥𐓣𐓤'𐓪́͘","a":"éwaahkik'ǫ́","e":"I did it to myself"}],"infl":"reg., éwa_hkik∏ò","xref":["wéhkik'ǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓂͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐒽𐒻𐓂́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["get oneself into something by oneself","[contains hkik- refl] (intr.) get oneself into s.t.\nby oneself. éwahkiǫ́ðe we did it to ourselves\n(02/01/95/FH/pc:prod orig;\n03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok/ma). éwaðahkiǫšce you\ngot your own self into something"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl./reg.+sync., éwa_hkiò_∂e","xref":["ohkíǫðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["alone","by oneself","on one's own","alone, by oneself, on one’s own\n(HRE/12/29/01/pc:ok).\néwažį ną́ąke (variants: éwaži ną́ąke, áwažįka\nną́ąke) n automobile, car (lit., ‘it runs by itself’)","adv by car.\néwahkiǫ́ðe\nɣǫ́ǫce\néži (variant of éeži)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓁𐒰̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["automobile","car","by car"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓏𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒷̋𐓏𐓂͘","defs":["he does (it)","he did (it)","he\ndoes (it), he did (it) (FHt#128:prod)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"3rd sg. of éô"},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["odd","unusual","of a different kind","inappropriate","unsuitable","different","other","otherwise","strange","odd, unusual, of a different\nkind, inappropriate, unsuitable\n(03/02/95/FH/pc:okc); different, other,\notherwise, strange"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓓𐒻 𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓓𐒻 𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["another one","a different one","another one, a different one"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"what if","e":"I take him to town and trade\nhim for another one that knows how to work?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒷𐓓𐒻𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒷́𐓓𐒻𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["unique","odd-looking, funny-looking, appearing different or abnormal (e.g., a person who has a fever)","changeable","unique (lit., ‘different\nindeed’), odd-looking, funny-looking,\nappearing different or abnormal (e.g., a person\nwho has fever) (04/26/95/FH/pc:ok);"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"éâi + xci"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋","defs":["skin of any animal","bark of a tree","shell of nuts","cuticle","hide","rawhide","skin","skin of an animal","rind","fabric","cloth","bark","through (direction), along a path, in a\ndirection, by way of","well (often precedes a statement or\ncommand)","hide, skin of an animal, rind, fabric,\ncloth","so! (an exclamation\nused especially in storytelling)","night, nighttime. • adv during the night,\nat night","night"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["hą́įnį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰","defs":["through (direction)","along a path","in a direction","by way of","from","in different ways or places","so many in each place"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́","defs":["well (often precedes a statement or command)"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘","defs":["night","nighttime","during the night","at night","nocturnal"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘","defs":["so! (an exclamation used especially in storytelling)","how about, so (interrogative)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["rise"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻","defs":["late at night","already night for a long time"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘ 𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘ 𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓊𐒷","defs":["night before last"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘ 𐓂𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["midnight"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘ 𐓂𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["midnight","night at its greatest strength","middle of the night"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰 𐓇𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋ 𐓇𐓂𐒼𐒰́","defs":["thick skin","exoskeleton"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐒴𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐒴𐒷𐒽𐒰","defs":["ribbon","ribbon (lit., ‘thin\ncloth’) (RBn1-44; FH)","ribbon, ribbons sewn on Osage clothing","ribbon (sewn on Osage clothing)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/ribbon_sr.mp3","infl":"háa + bréhka"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄͘𐒷́","defs":["yes (response when listening to a story)","yes (response when listening to a\nstory)"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐒷𐒼𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐒷𐒼𐓂́͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["early morning","early\nmorning (lit., ‘a little like night’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"håà ‘night’ + ékô + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["ready"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐒹𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐒹𐒰𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["get ready","make oneself ready","make yourself ready","[háha + hkik- refl\n+ ðe cau] (intr.) get ready, make oneself ready,\nmake yourself ready"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., háha_hkie"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["sacred","holy","bald eagle","dark-plummed eagle","earth division (of the Osage tribe)","innocence emblem in peace ceremony (a child)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["sister-in-law (wife's sister)","sister-in-law (brother's wife, of a male)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰 𐒿𐒷́𐓓𐒷","defs":["golden eagle when young","spotted eagle","golden eagle when young, spotted\neagle (HRE). [Harry Red Eagle, Jr., whose adult\nname is hcížo hą́ka, contrasts hą́ka [h¬ka] ‘bald\neagle’ with hcížo ‘golden eagle’.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐒽𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["no","not so with reference to him","no (02/27/95/FH/pc; BE2.94)","no (used by men and women)"],"pos":"interjection","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/no_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒷","defs":["be unable to understand, be unsure (of something), not quite get the idea","(trans./intr.) be unable\nto understand, be unsure (of s.t.), not quite get\nthe idea"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat., _hahkíe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘","defs":["how much","whatever","how","which way","be how","what","what is wrong with","in what manner?","why?","wherefore?","how?"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷?","e":"how much Osage are you?"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘","e":"whatever he wants to do"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐒹𐒰̋𐓓𐓂͘","e":"whatever you do"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻́𐒷, 𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐒷́𐓇𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐒰!","e":"just say whatever you want to!"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘𐓋𐒷","e":"how [in the future]"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/why_whats_going_on_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰","defs":["why","why?"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/why_reasoning_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓓𐓂𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐒿𐒷́𐓓𐒷𐓂𐓏𐒰̄𐒼𐒷","defs":["handkerchief","scarf","neckerchief","handkerchief, scarf, neckerchief (lit., ‘spotted\ncloth for telling folks things’, but not\nnecessarily actually spotted)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"háa + léâe + ó∂aake","xref":["ékiǫ","éǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒻","defs":["spade, spades (suit in a deck of cards)","spade, spades (suit in a deck of cards)\n(FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓁𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓁𐒰𐓅𐒰𐓒𐒷́","defs":["dark","darken","become/get dark","jail","guardhouse","prison","dark night","darkness of night"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓁𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷 𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓁𐒰𐓅𐒰𐓒𐒷́ 𐓂̄𐒿𐒰́͘","defs":["arrest","put someone in jail"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓁𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓁𐒰𐓅𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓋𐒻","defs":["jailhouse","jail","jailhouse,\njail (lit., ‘night house’, ‘darkness house’)\n(02/13/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"håànàhpazé + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓄𐒰","defs":["corn","fresh corn","corn, fresh corn","day","today"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/corn_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["day"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/day_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻́𐓉𐒰𐓐𐒷","defs":["the tip or beginning of day"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒷 𐓒𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒷 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻","defs":["every day"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓊𐒷","defs":["day before yesterday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒸𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓂́𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒸́𐒽𐒷","defs":["Saturday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/saturday_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒷𐓌𐒷","defs":["every day"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷","defs":["Monday","Monday (lit., ‘first day’)\n(02/25/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.88). [Names of days\nwere historically not used in Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers (HH).]","Sunday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"a":"were historically not used in","e":"Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/monday_hl.mp3","xref":["hą́ąpa záani"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓉𐒰̄𐓍𐒰̋𐓌𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["Friday","Tuesday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/friday_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓍𐒷́","defs":["today"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓍𐓎𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓄𐒰 𐓍𐓎𐒼𐒰́","defs":["husk corn"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂͘𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐒻","defs":["week","Sunday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sunday_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["cracked corn"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["fresh corn"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒷𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐓈𐓂̄𐓄𐒰","defs":["Thursday","Thursday (lit., ‘fourth day’)\n(03/22/95/FH/pc; BE2.140). [Names of days\nwere historically not used in Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers (HH).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"were historically not used in","e":"Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/thursday_hl.mp3","xref":["hą́ąpa ke záani"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒷𐓍𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒰̄𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["Wednesday","Wednesday (lit., ‘third day’)\n(05/01/95/LS/pc:ok; BE2.153;\n04/06/95/PM/pc:ma). [Names of days were\nhistorically not used in Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers (HH).]","Thursday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"a":"historically not used in","e":"Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/wednesday_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒷𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["Tuesday","Tuesday (lit., ‘second day’)","Friday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"a":"days were historically not used in","e":"Osage and\nsound unnatural to Osage speakers"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/tuesday_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓒𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻","defs":["every day","all day",". hą́ąpa záani"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓊𐒷̄","defs":["January","January (lit., ‘days\nlong’ or ‘days lengthen’) (WHM981022,\nunconfirmed; FH/11/17/01/pc:uk). [Names of\nmonths were historically not used in Osage and\nsound unnatural to Osage speakers (HH).]\nhą́ąpaska, hą́ąpaskaha (variants of hǫ́ǫpaskaha)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"months were historically not used in","e":"Osage and\nsound unnatural to Osage speakers"}],"infl":"håàpa + scéce"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́͘𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["during the day","daily"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́","defs":["shirt","dress","buckskin dress","clothes","clothing","fabric","cloth","material","dress, buckskin\ndress;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟́ 𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"haaská ðé žį́ hkǫ́bra","e":"I want you to wear this shirt"}],"xref":["háa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐓄'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐓄'𐒻͘","defs":["handkerchief","neckerchief"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓀𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐓀𐒻͘","defs":["shawl","lightweight shawl"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/shawl_sr.mp3","infl":"haaská + mì\n‘blanket’"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐓋𐒻","defs":["tent","long arbor house"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓇𐒻́","defs":["last","in the back of, behind","last. [Speaker comment:\nboth variants are correct (FH).] ómaįhka háaši\nhaaléžowaake (continued)\necí it was [in the] the same place last year (RB)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓇𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓇𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["before, earlier, in the past","those long ago, those old ones","last, past, back in time, ago"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓇𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓇𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["inside out","inside out"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["everywhere, wherever, all over, all paths and directions (e.g., children running, something spilled)","everywhere,\nwherever, all over, all paths and directions (e.g.,\nchildren running, s.t. spilled) (03/23/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["broadcloth","broadcloth\n(03/03/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn HW)","a woolen broadcloth","woolen broadcloth"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"háa + ©táha"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["how far","what distance","for how long?","how far?","what distance?","used in time questions"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓈𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒴𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́?","e":"how far do I have to go?"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰́𐓈𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́ 𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰?","e":"how far do we have to go?"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒵𐒷̋?","e":"how far are you going?"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒵𐒷̋?","e":"how long are you going?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓈𐒰","defs":["when in the future","what time in the future","when (in the present or future)?","when? (future)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/when_future_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓊𐒻","defs":["when in the past","at what time in the past","when (in the past)?","when? (past)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/when_past_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["last night"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓊𐒷","defs":["night before last"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́͘𐓋𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["fly","housefly","fly, housefly (01/26/95/FH/pc:prod\norig; BE2.49)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓌𐒻","defs":["all the time","every time","continually","repeatedly","always","all the time, every\ntime, continually, repeatedly, always. ónǫbre\nháachi ąðįchí apai they keep on bringing food","whatever","last night (variant)","last night"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["how big, how small"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄͘𐓍𐒷́","defs":["tonight"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"hpíǫ kǫ́ða akxa tonight son wants to learn the","e":"Osage language"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒷𐒿𐒷","defs":["flag","American flag","banner","standard (when flaglike)","staff with feathers","flag,American flag,\nbanner, standard (when flaglike), staff with\nfeathers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"háa + waléle"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰𐓏𐒷́","defs":["hello","hello\n(02/09/95/FH/pc:okc; BE2.66). [Female speakers\nháazunii\nhą́ą ohkáska\nmay say either hawé or havé/havéu (where v is a\nsound between English v and a semivoiced w;"],"pos":"interjection","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓏𐒷𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓏𐒷𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["thread","thread.\nháawüüze sápe tóa ąk'ú give me some black\nthread (03/22/95/FH/pc, BE2.140)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘","defs":["blanket (bed blanket or Pendleton-type wool blanket for wearing)","blanket (bed blanket or Pendleton-type\nwool blanket for wearing)","blanket","blanket (see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blanket_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻͘𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["Navajo (tribe or tribal member)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["flee","flee from danger","run away out of harm's reach","escape"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓒𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓒𐓎","defs":["purple","grape","grapes","grapes, of any kind"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/purple.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓒𐓎 𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓒𐓎 𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dried grapes","raisins"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓒𐓎 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓒𐓎 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["big grapes","cultivated grapes"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓒𐓎 𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓒𐓎 𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["fox grapes"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓒𐓎 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓒𐓎 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["little grapes","raisins"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓒𐓎𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰́𐓒𐓎𐓁𐒻","defs":["grape juice","juice of grapes","wine"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"háazu + níi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒰𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓓𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["shroud","stroud (a coarse woolen cloth, blanket, or garment formerly used by the British in bartering with the North American Indians in the late 1600s)","shroud (lit., ‘red\ncloth’) (HRE);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"háa + âúuce"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒲𐓁𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒲́𐓁𐒻͘","defs":["dark","darkness"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷́","defs":["horn (e.g., of cow or buffalo)","lice, louse"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷̋","defs":["lice","louse"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷","defs":["sentence-final declarative marker used by female speakers"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷́ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["roached hair","little boy's roached hair with a tale"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐒹𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷𐒹𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["breathe hard","pant"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷𐒹𐒷́","defs":["short of breath","short\nof breath"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, _hehé","xref":["heháha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["buzzard","hawk","buzzard (RBn23-08, unconfirmed\n[01/04/95/FH/pc:uk; 04/17/95/LS/pc:uk]); hawk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ohépe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷̋𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["monkey","monkey\n(lit., ‘looks for lice’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"hée + océ"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["a small amount","approximately half a container","piece","part","some","a bit"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷́𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["a little piece","a small amount","a little bit (used with both count nouns and mass nouns)","a little","a little piece, a small amount, a little\nbit (used with both count nouns and mass\nnouns). • adv a little"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷́𐓌𐒻͘","defs":["sneeze","[onomatopoeic] (intr.)\nsneeze (RBn19-01)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _héchî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷́𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["braids","ponytails (two sections of hair, one gathered from left and one from right side of the head, bound close to the scalp, and hanging loosely)","braids (lit., ‘two\nhorns’);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hé + ∂ôôpá"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒷𐓐𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒷́𐓐𐓄𐒰","defs":["bushy head","frowzy","unkempt","fuzzy","disheveled (e.g., having mussed or messed-up hair)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋","defs":["tooth","teeth","tooth, teeth\n(03/23/95/FH/pc:ok). [Originally híi ‘tooth’ had a\nnon-nasal vowel, while hį́į ‘hair, fur’ had a nasal\nvowel, but currently both forms are used for both\nmeanings.] hį́į ðáalį šǫ́ ðąįšé your teeth are still\ngood (03/23/95/FH/pc:okc)","isn’t it so (expression inserted\nbetween phrases, marking pauses, in certain\nspeeches of early to mid-1900s, somewhat like\nFrench “n’est-ce pas?” or use of “you know?”\nby some English speakers)","color, colors, bright colors. hį́į\nke wáli ohtázape their colors [of the flowers]\nwere very beautiful","hair, whiskers, fur, fuzz\nas on a peach (03/23/95/FH/pc:ok);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/teeth_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́͘","defs":["isn't it so (expression inserted between phrases, marking pauses, in certain speeches of early to mid-1900s, somewhat like French \"n'est-ce pas?\" or use of \"you know?\" by some English speakers"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘","defs":["hair","whiskers","fur","fuzz as on a peach","slivers or small strips of anything","feathers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘","defs":["color, colors","bright colors"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒻̋͘ 𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐓂𐓉𐒰́𐓒𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"their colors [of the flowers] were very beautiful"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["toothless, without teeth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻 𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["whatever gets between the teeth, as particles of food","anything which gets between the teeth, as particles of food"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻 𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐒻́𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["toothpick"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻 𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["pick the teeth"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́͘ 𐓓𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["female of the larger variety of the wild turkey"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐒷𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́𐒷𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["happen"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋𐒽𐒰͘","defs":["ankle","ankle\n(01/04/95/FH/pc:prod)",". híihką"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒻̋𐒽𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻","e":"dirty ankles"},{"o":"𐒹𐒻̋𐒽𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"your ankles are dirty"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́𐒼𐓂","defs":["fable","myth","a story not to be taken literally","fable; learning(?) (RB, unconfirmed, FH:\nnot ‘learning’). [Fables are the Osage children’s\nstories in which animals are the main characters,"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["become","begin, start","become. ókaaɣeįke akxa ðée\nnąk'ǫ́pi áha wáli kíhpiiži hínąąžįpe when\nUseless heard that, he really got sad (RBn10-\n2:MOJ/79). John akxa ðée nąk'ǫ́pi áha, wálį\nkíhpiiži hínąąžįpe when John heard that, he got\nvery sad. • begin, start"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓩𐓘͘𐓤'𐓪́͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣 𐓤𐓣́𐓭𐓣̄𐓻𐓣 𐓡𐓣́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘𐓬𐓟 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"nąk'ǫ́pi áha wáli kíhpiiži hínąąžįpe when","e":"Useless heard that, he really got sad"}],"infl":"sync.+reg.?,\n_hí_nààâî?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́𐓂͘","defs":["move to another location","move to\nanother location"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["wahúį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["hosiery","stockings","socks","leggings"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓂͘𐒼𐒷 𐓐𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓂͘𐒼𐒷 𐓐𐓂́𐒷","defs":["socks","socks (lit.,\n‘gray hosiery’). hùûke xóe ðiiškí wash the\nsocks"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐓂͘𐓁𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́𐓂͘𐓁𐒻̄͘","defs":["garter (as for Osage dance costume)","garter (as\nfor Osage dance costume)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["stumble and fall"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́𐓬𐓯𐓟","a":"ahípše","e":"I stumbled and fell"}],"infl":"reg., _híp©e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["beads","beads (01/06/95/FH/pc:prod)","beads, often for dance clothes","beads (often for dance clothes)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["do beadwork","beadwork"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̄͘𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["do beadwork","beadwork"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰̋𐓈𐒰","defs":["rosary","rosary (lit.,\n‘beads for prayer/praying’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hìîska + waatá"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓇𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̄͘𐓇𐒰́","defs":["Caddo (tribe or tribal member)","Caddo (tribe or tribal member) [tribe\nnear Kingfisher or Anadarko, Oklahoma, of\nwhich Stanley Edge and John Wilson were\nmembers] (01/20/95/FH/pc:prod orig;\n03/08/95/PM)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́͘𐓇𐒷","defs":["fat (said of a person)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓇𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓇𐓊𐒷","defs":["fuzzy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["dish","plate","crockery","bowl","bark (of a tree)","generic term of the bass or linden","linden bark","hurry. áhice I hurry s.o","dish, plate","plate, dish","plate (dish)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓷𐓘́𐓡𐓣𐓳𐓟","a":"tówe pa awáhihce","e":"I’m trying to encourage these\npeople"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓡𐓣𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘","a":"wažáže apa ahice apa","e":"Osages encourage one another"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/plate_hl.mp3","infl":"reg., _híce","xref":["íhice","wáhice"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰́͘","defs":["platter","platter (t#14b-p1;\n04/17/95/LS/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐓎","defs":["pawpaw (the plant, not the fruit)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐒻𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒻́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["dish towel","dish towel\n(04/07/95/LS/pc:ok; BE2.32)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓓𐒰 𐓏𐒷𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒻́𐓍𐓎̄𐓓𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["dish soap","dish detergent","dish soap, dish detergent (lit., ‘soap\nfor washing dishes with’) (01/20/95/FH/pc:ok;\nBE2.32)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hìîce + í- loc + ∂uuâá\n+ wépukxa"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["small crafts","small crafts (lit.,\n‘small bark’, ‘small plate’)","plates","small plate"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"hìîce + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̄𐓍𐒰́","defs":["bathe","swim","bathe\n(01/06/95/FH/pc:prod)","swim, bathe"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒱́ 𐒰𐒹𐒻̋𐒴𐒰","e":"I took a bath today"},{"o":"𐒰𐒹𐒻̋𐒴𐒰 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want to take a bath"},{"o":"𐒰𐒹𐒻̋𐒴𐒰 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I'm going to take a bath"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐒹𐒻̋𐓍𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́","e":"we are also going to swim"}],"infl":"reg.+sync., _hii_∂á","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["send there","[ahí + ðe cau] (trans.) send\nthere (lit., ‘cause to arrive there’)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., hí_∂e","vc":"ðe-causative"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒻͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓓𐒻̄͘","defs":["mink"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒿𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒿𐒰","defs":["bud","blossom"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒿𐒰 𐓒𐒻𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒿𐒰 𐓒𐒻́𐓄𐒷","defs":["August","August, sunflowers in bloom (lit., ‘there\nare yellow flowers’) (HRE/01/17/02/pc:ok;\nRBn12-05). [One of the very few words in which\nan initial hl is preserved in Mod. Os. Names of\nmonths were historically not used in Osage and\nsound unnatural to Osage speakers (HH).]\nhléke (variant of léke)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"months were historically not used in","e":"Osage and\nsound unnatural to Osage speakers"}],"infl":"laaská + zi + pe\nposit"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒿𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒿𐒰̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["flower"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/flower_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒿𐒻","defs":["ooze out, as pus from a boil","suppurate"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐒿𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒿𐒻𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["rotten","putrefied","putrefaction"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐒹𐒿𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐒿𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["peeled off","slipped out of"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̋","defs":["voice","bark, moo, quack, etc., make an animal noise","fish","voice. • v (intr.) bark, moo, quack, etc.,\nmake an animal noise","yes (used by men)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋ 𐒰𐓄𐒱́ 𐓍𐒷","e":"the dogs are howling"}],"xref":["óhoo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́","defs":["fish"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fish_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"*𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂͘","defs":["mother","aunt (mother's older sister)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂 𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́ 𐒰́𐒹𐓎","defs":["breast, belly, and roe fins of a fish","fins"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂 𐒴𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́ 𐒴𐒰̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["perch","perch (lit.,\n‘flat fish’) (03/07/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn3-MOJ/p5)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂 𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎 𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂 𐓅𐒰́𐓆𐓎 𐓆𐓊𐒷́𐓊𐒷","defs":["garfish"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["dream","have a dream","dream","dreaming","dream, have a dream"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐒹𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","e":"last night I dreamed"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒰́𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","e":"I really dreamed"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓅𐒰𐓒𐒱́?","e":"did you have a nightmare?"},{"a":"hą́ące ahǫ́bre last night","e":"I\ndreamed"}],"infl":"reg.?, _hòbre (LF reports hò_bre)"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐒴𐒻͘ 𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒻́͘ 𐒹𐒻","defs":["bean vine"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["beans","green beans","beans;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓴𐓟 𐓭𐓘̄𐓡𐓣́𐓤𐓟","a":"hǫbrį́ke che hpaahíke","e":"I sorted\nthe beans"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/beans_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂","defs":["green beans","green\nbeans"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐓂̄𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want you to cook some green beans"},{"o":"𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪 𐓰𐓪́𐓘 𐓪̄𐓵𐓘́𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hǫbrį́ke htóho tóa ooðáhą hkǫ́bra","e":"I want\nyou to cook some green beans"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂 𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐒴𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂 𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["peas","green beans","peas;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐒻𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐒻𐓒𐒷","defs":["line, fishing line, hook and line","line, fishing line, hook\nand line (RBn3-MOJ/p4; ERE:ok;\n02/16/95/FH/pc:uk; 04/14/95/PM/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐒻𐓒𐒷 𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐒻𐓒𐒷 𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["fishing pole","fishing pole (RBn3-MOJ/p5)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["fishing"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒴𐒷̋","e":"I'm going fishing"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒴𐒷̄ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰 𐒰͘𐓒𐒻 𐓁𐓎̄𐓓𐓎́𐓓𐓎 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"I wanted to go fishing this morning, but it was sprinking"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒷̋","e":"they went fishing"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒰́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒻́𐓓𐓂𐓇𐒻 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"mother used to tell the children not to go fishing"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́ 𐓋𐒷","e":"let's go fishing [speaking to one person]"}],"infl":"hó + oolå"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓁𐒻","defs":["almost","nearly","almost, nearly (can be\nused to express ‘fail to’)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓁𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he can almost talk Osage"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓁𐒻 𐒴𐒻̋͘𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","e":"I'm almost finished"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓁𐒻 𐒰𐓐𐒻́𐒴𐒰","e":"I almost fell"},{"o":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒹𐓂́͘𐓁𐒻 𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","e":"the dog almost bit me"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓁𐒻 𐓍𐒰𐓊'𐒷́","e":"you almost died"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/close_almost_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂𐓅𐒰́𐓁𐒻𐓊𐒷","defs":["tadpole"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒷́","defs":["moccasins","shoes","moccasins; shoes"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/moccasins_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̄𐓄𐒷́ 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["socks"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒷́𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒷","defs":["shoemaker","cobbler"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒷𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒷́𐓆𐓊𐒷","defs":["boot","boot (lit., ‘tall\nshoe’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̋𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻","defs":["call loudly","yell","whoop","[hóo + saakí] (intr.)\nwhoop, call loudly (lit., ‘hard voice’)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hóosaaki"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒰́","defs":["crappie"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓇𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓇𐒰","defs":["wart"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓇𐒷𐓊𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓇𐒷𐓌𐒻𐒷","defs":["startle or shock someone","excited, startled, shocked","jump, as when startled","shocking news, startling report","shocking, overwhelming, startling","startle or shock s.o. (RB);\n(intr.) be excited, startled, shocked"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓇𐒷𐓌𐒻́𐒷𐓄𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́ 𐒰́𐓄𐒻𐓆𐒲 𐒼𐓂𐒷 𐒰̋ 𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒰 𐓁𐒰̋͘𐒼𐒷 𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐒹𐓎́ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"he was excited, with his eyes closed and his arms open he came running to catch Whirlwind"}],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown","xref":["hówaįkše","hówaxcį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["yell","holler","shout","cry out","sing or sound out","make a loud sound","roar","bellow","make animal sounds (e.g., sing like a bird, moo, bark, howl)","yell, holler,\nshout (lit., ‘loud voice’) (RBn1-11);","shout, bark, howl","animal noise",". hóohtą","bark (howl, shout)","shout (bark, howl)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒿𐓂̋͘ 𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘𐓄𐒷","e":"the thunder was really loud"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓄𐒷́","e":"the birds sing early in the morning"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"the birds are singing"},{"o":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"the cows are mooing"},{"o":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻͘𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋ 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"the coyotes are howling"}],"infl":"reg.?, _hóohtà?","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["Winnebago (Hochunk) (tribe or tribal member)","Winnebago (Hochunk) (tribe or\ntribal member) (unconfirmed;\n03/08/95/PM/pc:uk; 04/06/95/LS/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐒻́𐒷","defs":["Winnebago language"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓌𐒷","defs":["how","however"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓑𐒷 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓌𐒷?","e":"how's the weather?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰","defs":["which","which one","which?"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰?","e":"which one do you want?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓐𐒰́?","e":"exactly which one [standing person]?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓌𐒷́?","e":"exactly which one [standing object]?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓍𐒷?","e":"where?/which one?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓌𐒷̋𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["whichever one (inanimate), whatever (thing), anything, everything"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓌𐒷̋𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐒻̋𐓍𐒰𐓍𐒷?","e":"did you see anything?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷̋𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["whichever one (animate), whatever one (person or animate being)","anybody","everybody","whoever"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷̋𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒷 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷́","e":"he talks to just anybody"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷̋𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓑𐒷 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","e":"I don't want to marry anybody"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷̋𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓌𐒻́ 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐓋𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒹𐓎 𐓋𐒷 𐒷́𐒰","e":"whoever comes, tell them to come in the house"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","defs":["exactly which one"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓐𐒰́","e":"exactly which one [person]?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓌𐒷́?","e":"exactly which one [inanimate]?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲́𐒼𐒻","defs":["where, wherein, where at, where to","be where","wherever, be wherever","where?"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲́𐒼𐒻 𐓇𐓊𐒷̋?","e":"where are you going?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲́𐒼𐒻 𐓇𐓈𐒰̋𐓄𐒷?","e":"where are you [pl.] going?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒲𐒼𐒻 𐓂𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰?","e":"where do you want me to sit?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲́𐒼𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱?","e":"where are they?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲́𐒼𐒻 𐓄𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́?","e":"where are you all?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲𐒼𐒻́𐒹𐒰","defs":["through where, by what pathway, which way"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐒻́͘𐒼𐒻́𐒹𐒰 𐒴𐒷̋?","e":"through where should I go?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒲𐒼𐓇𐒷","defs":["which one (round, sitting)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["mortar","grinder","mill","yes (men’s\nspeech only)","mortar, grinder, mill (RBn23-07)","yes (used by men)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒷́","defs":["yes (men's speech only)","yes"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓇𐓊𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘?  𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒷́, 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒴𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘","e":"did you buy a new car?  yes, I bought one [man speaking]"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/yes_man_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷","defs":["cough","cough","cold with sniffles and fever","cough\n(01/13/95/FH/pc:prod; FH: 6-30-94). ée hóxpape\nthey coughed"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷̋𐒿𐒻 𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐒰͘𐓏𐒰́𐓓𐓎 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I have a head cold"},{"o":"𐓷𐓟̋𐓧𐓣 𐓡𐓪́𐓸𐓬𐓟 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘́𐓻𐓶 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓮𐓟́","a":"wéeli hóxpe záani ąwážu mįksé","e":"I have a head\ncold"}],"infl":"reg., _hóxpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐒿𐒷𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐒿𐒷́𐒿𐒷","defs":["phlegm"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓂̋͘","defs":["be suffering from a cold, cough, whooping cough"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓀𐓂́͘𐒷͘ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I have a cold"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓓𐓂́͘𐒷͘?","e":"do you have a cold?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓂̄́͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒻́ 𐒰̄𐓄𐒷","e":"I heard he has a cold"},{"o":"Smokey 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓂̄́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"Smokey has a cold"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓂̄́͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"she has a cold"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["whooping cough","influenza","flu","bad cough","bad cold","whooping cough (or\ntuberculosis?), influenza, flu, bad cough, bad\ncold (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓒𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓒𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["whooping cough","whooping cough (FH);\ntuberculosis(?) (FH, 04/28/95;LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","defs":["what kind"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒹𐓂̄͘𐓐𐓊𐒻́͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"what kind of car are you driving?"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻́𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒹𐓂̄𐓐𐓊𐒻́͘ 𐓇𐓈𐒰̋𐓇𐓂𐒷 𐓁𐒰͘?","e":"what kind of cigarettes do you regularly smoke?"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐓋𐒷 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓐𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"that one sitting over there, what kind of tribe is he?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓓𐒻","defs":["bad, evil, wicked","spoiled, ruined","inefficient, inferior, of poor quality, poor","bad, evil,\nwicked"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷́𐒼𐒷 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓓𐒻𐒼𐒷","e":"these bad things [scattered around]"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒷 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓂͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","e":"don't do these bad things"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́","defs":["trunk","stock or trunk, as of a tree","stalk","tree, when used after the name of the fruit or wood","bush, when used after the name of bush grown fruit","leg","leg (e.g., of spider)","legs","trunk, stalk; leg\n(e.g., of spider)","many, lots","many (lots)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["huuscée"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎̋","defs":["much","many","lots (of)","large amount (of)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́ 𐓋𐒷","defs":["send here, have come here"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["sick","ill","illness","sickness","(see kihúheka). • n illness, sickness\n(03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok)","be sick","be sick (stative)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["sicken, make sick"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓇𐒰͘","defs":["nurse or care for the sick","nurse"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓋𐒻","defs":["hospital","hospital (lit.,\n‘sickness house’) (02/09/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.68)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"húheka + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́𐒽𐒰","defs":["hook something (e.g., clothing or a tree, by using a thrown line)","hook of any kind","hook s.t. (e.g., clothing or a tree, by using a\nthrown line) (02/09/95/FH/pc:okc; RBn3-\nMOJ/p4). • n hook of any kind"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, _húhka?","xref":["wahúhka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒷","defs":["pass"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐒼𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎̄𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["many people","a lot of people","everybody","everyone","many people, a\nlot of people, everybody, everyone"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎̋𐓆𐓊𐒷̄","defs":["tall, long (e.g., a tree, a piece of lumber)","having long legs","taller","tall, long (e.g., a tree, a piece of\nlumber), having long legs (FH);"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hú ‘trunk,\nleg’ + scé(c)e","xref":["hcéxopehuuscee"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎̄𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["many","a large number (of)","a whole bunch (of)","lots (of)","a lot (of)","a large amount (of)","a large number of","large number of"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/a_lot_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["down, downward","the lower part or bottom of an object","the lower part of a stream, usually excepting its mouth"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐓊𐒷𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎̄𐓊𐒷́𐒹𐒰","defs":["down, downward"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause to come here","send here","hand over, hand to, pass to by hand or other means (e.g., food at the table)","come here","[(a)hú + ðe\ncau] (trans.) cause to come here, send here\n(01/19/95/FH/pc:ok)","hand over"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘𐓬𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓡𐓶́𐓵𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"waðákištǫ́papi húðe hkǫ́bra","e":"I\nwant you to [come and] look down upon us"}],"infl":"reg., hú_∂e","vc":"ðe-causative"},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎̄𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["many","a lot of","a large number of","a great many","very much","lot (a lot of)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐓏𐒷𐒹𐒿𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎́𐓏𐒷𐒹𐒿𐒰́𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐓎́𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["May"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒹𐓎̄𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["a bit (of)","a small amount (of)","a swallow or two (of a liquid)","a little bit (of a liquid or other mass noun, such as ground coffee)","a few, a small number (of a countable noun, such as people)","a bit of, a few of","bit (a bit of; a few of)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻","defs":["mouth","wear\n(e.g., earrings, warm clothes, a coat, a\nshawl) (5/12/83/4). mį I wear; I am wearing\n(03/16/95/JS/pc:ok)","rock. į́į htą kootáha wáli lą́ąðe, ðuhcépe įká\nthat big rock [yonder] is really heavy, don’t lift it","wear (clothes)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hkǫ́bra","e":"I want you to wear this shirt"}],"infl":"sync., nasal vowel stem, _ì","vc":"nasal stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻-","hw_apa":"𐒻́","defs":["with","using","as a means of or to","through (an action represented by the verb stem)","from","due to","loc with, using, as a means\nof or to, through (an action represented by the\nverb stem), from, due to"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["íðaache","níiðaahtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻-","hw_apa":"𐒻","defs":["his/her"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻","defs":["3rd singular or 3rd plural noncontinuative postverbal marker"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋͘","defs":["rock","stone","stones, of any sort"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̋͘ 𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒿𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒷, 𐓍𐓎𐓋𐒷́𐓄𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","e":"that big rock [yonder] is really heavy, don't lift it"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻̋͘ 𐓉𐒰͘, 𐓇𐒵𐓎́𐓋𐒷𐓄𐒷 𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓌𐒷́ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","e":"watch out with that big rock, you can't lift it"},{"o":"𐒻̋͘ 𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓆𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐒷","e":"that rock over there is heavy"},{"o":"𐒻̋͘ 𐓇𐒷́ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓍𐒻́𐒹𐒰͘","e":"pick up that rock"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rock_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́͘","defs":["wear (e.g., earrings, warm clothes, a coat, a shawl)","wear, as a robe or blanket","carry","have something positioned so that it surrounds part of the body (such as the head or arm)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻͘","defs":["suckle"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻͘","defs":["times"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘","defs":["sweat"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["immediately when","as soon as","immediately when, as soon as"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒴𐒰͘","defs":["have enough of, get enough of, have one's fill of, be sated with (either a positive or negative thing)","be satiated with","be tired of, be negatively affected by too much of","[doubly\nstative (semantic subject and object both use\npatient pronominals); 2nd person either stative or\nactive] (trans.) have enough of, get enough of,\nhave one’s fill of, be sated with (either a\npositive or negative thing);"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̋𐓷𐓣𐓩𐓘͘𐓜𐓘","a":"íiwinąbra","e":"I’ve had enough of you\n[from íi-wi-à-brà]. wéebrà îk©é we [two] had\nenough"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓸𐓬𐓘́𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓣͘𐓵𐓘́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"waxpáðį įðą́bra","e":"I’m pitiful with suffering [î∂åbrà from i-à-brà]"},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓸𐓲𐓣͘","a":"ąną́bra xcį","e":"I’m pitiful with suffering"}],"infl":"stat., íi_brà","xref":["íibrąži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒴𐒰͘𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒴𐒰͘𐓐𐓊𐒻͘","defs":["have more than enough of, have more than one's fill or share of (e.g., sorrow to the point of being pitiful, excessive woe)","have more\nthan enough of, have more than one’s fill or\nshare of (e.g., sorrow to the point of being\npitiful, excessive woe). íibraxci to have had more\nthan one’s share [e.g., of pain] or more than one\ncan bear (RBn1-MOJ/p56; BE2.61;\n12/30/94/FH/pc/ok)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat., íi_bràxcî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒴𐒰͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒴𐒰͘𐓓𐒻","defs":["greedy, not satisfied, can't get enough","greed"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐒵𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐒵𐓂́͘","defs":["now"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐒵𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐒵𐓂́𐓉𐒰̄͘","defs":["muskrat","rat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷","defs":["talk","say","speak","make a speech or talk","talk about","discuss","speak of","speak a language","word","words","language","teachings","one's word","speech","prayer","talk about, discuss,\nspeak of. íðae, íðai you speak of it. iðáe, iðái I\nspeak of it. íe, ée she speaks of it","talk, speak","word, speech, vocabulary","language (speech, talk, word)","speak (talk)","speech (language, speech, word)","talk (language, speech, word)","talk (speak)","vocabulary","word (talk, speech)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓄𐒷̋ 𐒻́𐓍𐒱 𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́?","e":"who are you talking about?"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓍𐒰́𐒷 𐓉𐒱","e":"let's talk"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he sure won't talk"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓉𐒰𐒹𐒰̋𐓓𐒻 𐒻́𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"he talked wrong, inappropriately"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ Jack 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒻̋𐓇𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"Jack agrees with what I say"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_e","xref":["ékie","wíkie"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["talk for or against someone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒸𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒸́𐒽𐒷","defs":["curses (considered as scattered useless words)","things people say maliciously that are untrue","malicious false gossip"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒻́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["keep one's word","promise-keeper","keep one’s word"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷́","defs":["obey, follow, or keep true to someone's word"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["curse, bad words"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓆𐓊𐒷́𐓊𐒷","defs":["talk too long","talker, person who talks too long"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓍𐒰𐒷𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒰̄𐒷́𐓓𐒻","defs":["misconstrue"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["greeting card","gift card","greeting card, gift card (lit., ‘good\nlittle words’) (MREI).\níe ðáawaska. vp (intr.) speak clearly. íe štáawaska\nnǫpe you speak clearly (RBn HW).\níe ðuuzé. vp tape, make a recording with an\naudio device (lit., ‘take the words’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["speak clearly"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒻̄𐓉𐒰́͘","defs":["Braille","read Braille"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓍𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒷́","defs":["tape, make a recording with an audio device"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́","defs":["clear words","interpreter","clear words, interpreter. íe waská brį́\nhta mįkšé I’ll be the interpreter"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐒴𐒻́͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'll be the interpreter"},{"o":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓁𐒻́͘𐒷","e":"you are a good interpreter"},{"o":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐓅𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want to interpret for you"},{"o":"𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll be the interpreter"},{"o":"𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to interpret for you"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒷","defs":["interpret for another"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎","defs":["pure words","clean talk","clear speaking","clean talk, clear speaking. íe\nwasúhu!"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐓂𐓉𐒰","defs":["speak truthfully","talk straight"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷𐒼𐒻𐒷","defs":["crier, town crier","crier, town crier. [Archaic.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["talker (one who talks too much, is mouthy, or interrupts)","talker (one who talks too much,\nis mouthy, or interrupts [RB]; lit., ‘talk\nconstantly’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"íe + ©tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒷𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒷𐓓𐒻","defs":["say nothing","refuse to talk","[íe + aží neg] (intr.) say\nnothing;"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"iðáeži tą if","e":"I say nothing"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_eâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒹𐒰̄","defs":["mouth","mouth (02/27/95/FH/pc:okc). [Takes\n‘standing’ positional article che.] íhaa che ąníe\nmy mouth is sore"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/mouth_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒹𐒰̄ 𐒰́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["napkin"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐒻𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒹𐒰̄ 𐒻́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["napkin","napkin\n(lit., ‘with which to wipe the mouth’)\n(02/27/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/napkin_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐓓𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒹𐒰 𐓓𐒰́𐓉𐒰","defs":["broken or split lip, harelip"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒹𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["sister-in-law (wife's sister) (his/her)","sister-in-law (brother's wife, of a male) (his)","his brother’s wife or his wife’s sister\n(more precise than English ‘his sister-in-law’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"more precise than","e":"English ‘his sister-in-law’)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́͘𐒹𐒻͘","defs":["beard"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","defs":["be anxious for, be eager that something take place","be impatient","hurry someone along","be ready","[1st and 3rd persons appear\nin examples without stative pronominal] (trans.)\nbe anxious for, be eager that s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓡𐓣𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ðée hta ąną́hice mįkšé","e":"I’m anxious to go"},{"o":"𐓣𐓵𐓘́͘𐓡𐓣𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"iðą́hice mįkšé","e":"I was anxious to go to the\ndances"},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ 𐓴𐓟 𐓣͘𐓵𐓘́͘𐓡𐓣𐓲𐓟","a":"ðalée che įðą́hice","e":"I’m\nanxious for you to go [back/home]"},{"o":"𐓡𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓤𐓟 𐓣𐓵𐓘́͘𐓡𐓣𐓲𐓟","a":"hǫ́ǫpa štáke iðą́hice","e":"I’m anxious for warm\nweather"},{"o":"𐓣́𐓷𐓣𐓡𐓣𐓲𐓟","a":"íwihice","e":"I’m anxious for\nyou"}],"infl":"stat., í_hice","xref":["híceðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["mother (his/her)","the mother","a mother","aunt (mother's older sister) (his/her)","wife (my)","his/her mother, the mother, a mother\n(02/25/95/FH/pc:ok)","•• LFD 77: inǫ́hǫ <i-noΩ’-hoΩ> my mother","ask permission from s.o. for s.t.,\nask or request s.o","ask as a request","his/her or an/the aunt (mother’s elder; short form)",". íihǫ"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"mother of","e":"God’s son"},{"a":"ary ðée hce iiðáhǫǫ","e":"I\nasked Mary to go"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a,\níi_hô","vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒹𐓂͘","defs":["ask permission from someone for something","ask or request someone to do something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐓂͘𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒹𐓂͘𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["Mother's Day","Mother’s Day. ðée\nakxa íihǫhą́ąpa ók'ą hta apai they’re going to\nhave something [an event] on Mother’s Day"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"iihò + håàpa"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐓂͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["aunt (mother's older sister) his/her","his/her mother’s older sister (more\nprecise than English ‘his/her maternal aunt’)\n(04/13/95/LS/pc:ok)","his/her or an/the aunt (mother’s elder)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["iihǫ́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["aunt (mother's younger sister) (his/her)","his/her mother’s younger sister (more\nprecise than English ‘his/her maternal aunt’)","his/her or an/the aunt (mother’s younger; žį form)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["be sick or have health trouble with (an ailing part of the body or some other condition)","(trans.?) be\nsick or have health trouble with (an ailing part\nof the body or some other condition)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["húheka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒷","defs":["cut with","sever or chop by striking with","cut with, sever or chop by striking with"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret. or kaa-del., í_(kaa)se"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒷","defs":["out of breath","run out of breath from, become breathless from, choke from (some activity)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["tedious","smother\nwith smoke or dust (RBn23-14, unconfirmed).\níkiahci (variant of íkahci).\níkiðiištą. v, adj [uninfl.] [ki- inceptive + íðiištą]\n(intr.) (be) ready. íkiðiištą ątxąhé I’m ready\n(RBn14-03, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣́𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓣̄𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"íkiðiištą ątxąhé","e":"I’m ready"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["smother with smoke or dust"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒼𐒰̄𐓉𐒰𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["bell","large bell (e.g., the big bell run before a dance)","dinner bell","church bell","bell, large bell (e.g., the big bell\nrung before a dance), dinner bell, church bell\n(01/07/95/FH/pc:prod; 04/07/95/PM/pc:okt)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̄𐒼𐒰̄𐓉𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘ 𐓍𐓎̄𐒽𐒰̋𐓀𐒰͘","e":"ring the bell"}],"infl":"í- loc +\nkaahtáama"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓋𐒷","defs":["skim off the grease from the surface of the water in a kettle, by means of (a spoon, etc.)","an implement for skimming grease from food that is cooking"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓋𐒻","defs":["toilet paper","(05/02/95/LS/pc:okc;\nBE2.142)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/toilet_paper_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒷","defs":["make out of"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓂𐓐𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓂𐓐𐓂","defs":["streaked with color"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒷","defs":["talk for or against someone","speak positively or negatively of someone","take sides with respect to someone","[presumably ki- dat + íe]\n(trans.) talk for or against s.o., speak positively\nor negatively of s.o., take sides with respect to\ns.o. [An expected 3rd person form (not actually\nattested) would be íkie akxa ‘he’s talking against\ns.o.’] íðikía apái they’re talking against you"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_kie"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰","defs":["always","repeatedly","ever","often","frequent","incessant","always, repeatedly. Preston apa oðíhta\níkiiha íihpiži apai Preston’s car is always going\nbad on him (01/04/95/FH/pc:prod orig)","repetitively, every time","repetitively (every time)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒰𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["exchange","trade","swap","change (money, coins)","exchange, trade, swap,\nchange (money, coins) (1/20/83/631;\n04/13/95/FH/pc:ok). íhkihkawį ąk'ú pe they\ngave me back change (after a purchase)\n(1/20/83/631). íhkihkáwį hpaaɣé ąži mą́zeska\nbrúuze I exchanged it, but I took money.\níhkihkawį káaɣe. vp [sync. k>p, íhkikawį\n_káaɣe] (trans.) exchange one item for another,\ntrade, swap","(intr.) change, make change, make a change"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably hkik- recip + íkawî\n(otherwise unattested)"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒰𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["exchange one item for another","trade","swap","change, make change, make a change"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒷","defs":["make for someone","cause to be for someone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["talk or speak to each other using (a certain language or the hands)","[evidently\nreduplicated form of hkik- recip + íe] (trans.)\ntalk or speak to each other using (a certain\nlanguage or the hands)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_hkihkie"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂𐓋𐒷","defs":["rehearse","rehearsal"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","defs":["pass or go back and forth","pass or go back and forth (RBn23-\n07; HRE/01/17/02/pc:okc)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a?,\ni_hkíla©à?","xref":["íðišąha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐓓𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎̄𐓓𐒰","defs":["wash oneself with","[í- loc +\nhkik- refl + ðuužá] (trans.) wash oneself with.\níhkihkawį\níhkuáci\nwépukxa íhkiluužaa wash yourself with soap\n(03/16/95/JS/pc:okc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a?, í_hkiluuâa?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["depend on","count on","rely on","[í- loc +\nki- dat + nąąžį́] (trans.) depend on, count on,\nrely on (lit., ‘stand with another’) (RBn10-\n2:MOJ/79; CQ:okc). íwikinaaži įké hta akxa I\nwon’t depend on you"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣́𐓷𐓣𐓤𐓣𐓩𐓘̄𐓻𐓣 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘","a":"íwikinaaži įké hta akxa","e":"I\nwon’t depend on you. i∂ákinaaâi hta akxa you\ncan depend on it"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, ki-ret., í_kinaaâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓂͘","defs":["recognize oneself as","[hkik- refl +\nípahǫ] (trans.) recognize oneself as. íxopeštą\níhkihpahǫpe he knows he always lies (lit., ‘he\nknows himself a liar’) (RBn23-17c)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_hkihpahô"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["fog","misting rain","drizzle","mist","fog, misting rain, drizzle, mist\n(01/26/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["šóce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓇𐓊𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒼𐒻𐓇𐓊𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["kiss or caress one's own","[kik- suu + íišcįka] (trans.)\nkiss or caress one’s own"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̋𐓷𐓣𐓯𐓝𐓣͘𐓤𐓘","a":"íiwiščįka","e":"I’m going to kiss you"}],"infl":"reg. ki-del.,\níi_(ki)©cîka"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["be born again (i.e., have a recurring birth date)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["find, discover, or discern something","[ki- inceptive + íiðe]\n(trans.) find, discover or discern s.t. íiðakie? did\nyou find it? (01/24/95/FH/pc:prod orig).\níiki[ð]ape it is found;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓻𐓣́𐓟","a":"e mąžíe","e":"I can’t find my clothes"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, íi_ki∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["find one's own relative or possession"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐒽𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["come to one's senses, come to, regain consciousness","wake up, awaken","find for oneself, find one's own","[hkik- + refl + íiðe]\n(intr.) come to one’s senses, come to, regain\nconsciousness","to wake up","to regain consciousness"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̄𐒽𐒻́𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he came to his senses"},{"o":"𐒻̋𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒰! 𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒻̋𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷 𐓍𐒻𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"wake up! the coffee will make you wake up"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, ii_hkí∂e","vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["ready"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐒽𐓂́","defs":["grandmother (his/her)","grandmother (my)","mother-in-law (husband's mother) (his/her)","mother-in-law (husband's mother) (my)","great aunt (mother's mother's sister) (his/her)","great aunt (mother's mother's sister) (my)","great aunt (father's mother's sister) (his/her)","great aunt (father's mother's sister) (my)","mother's cousin (mother's mother's brother's daughter) (his/her)","mother's cousin (mother's mother's brother's daughter) (my)","father's cousin (father's mother's brother's daughter) (his/her)","father's cousin (father's mother's brother's daughter) (my)","my/his/her grandmother (father’s\nmother or mother’s mother) (02/03/95/FH/pc);\nmy husband’s mother (my mother-in-law;","grandmother (any side; also his/her grandmother)","grandmother (see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/grandmother_my_hl.mp3","xref":["ðiihkó","ihkówa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼'𐓂","defs":["belch","burp","belch, burp. ík'o akxa it’s a belch; it’s a\nburp (RBn10-21/JW&FW/77)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wawék'o"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐒽𐓂́ 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓉𐒰","defs":["grandmother (our)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂 𐒿𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐒽𐓂́ 𐒿𐓂̋͘","defs":["grandmother thunder","grandmother lightning","grandmother lightning\n(02/15/95/FH/pc:ok, but more ‘thunder’;\nBE2.79);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐒽𐓂𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒹𐒰","defs":["grandchild, grandchildren, descendants, those who follow","grandchild, grandchildren,\ndescendants, those who follow (MREI;\n02/03/95/FH/pc:uk; BE2.59, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wihcóšpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂͘𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐓂͘𐒷","defs":["hook","fishhook","hook and line","hook, fishhook, hook and line (RBn3-\nMOJ/p5, unconfirmed; 02/09/95/FH/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["glass","glass (lit., ‘whereby day strikes’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"probably í- loc + ka- instr + håàpa","xref":["okáhąpa","okáhǫpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["resemble (visually), (be) equal or similar in appearance to, look like (e.g., something carved to resemble another thing)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's making it like that"},{"o":"Mary 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘ 𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒷","e":"Mary looks just like her mother"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒵𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰","e":"make the cake like a rabbit"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["imitate, act like, make oneself equal to","[íkǫska +\nhkik- refl + ðe cau] (trans.) imitate, act like,\nmake oneself equal to"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., íkôska_hkí∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒽𐓂́𐓏𐒰","defs":["friend","catch on s.t., get caught on s.t"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/friend_sr.mp3","infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐓂𐓏𐒰","defs":["catch on something, get caught on something"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓂𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒽𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["friend (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒻́","defs":["to something sitting or round","in that (sitting or round) place","to s.t"],"pos":"post","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"m going visiting to","e":"Smokey’s"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓎𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒽𐓎𐒰́𐓊𐒻","defs":["fan made of tail feathers","fan made of tail\nfeathers","fan"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼𐓎𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼𐓎𐓆𐓅𐒷","defs":["sign with a thumbprint","make a thumbprint on a document in lieu of a signature","sign with a\nthumbprint, make a thumbprint on a\ndocument in lieu of a signature\n(HRE/12/29/01/pc, unconfirmed). íkuspa make\nyour print there (HRE/12/29/01/pc)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a?, í_kuspe?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒼'𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒼'𐓎𐓊𐒷","defs":["try to, strive to, risk, test, taste, try on, attempt","study","try, make an effort, do one's best, try one's best, make one's best effort","class, practice, practice session, workshop","try to, strive to, risk, test, taste,\ntry on, attempt","n class, practice, practice session, workshop"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓬𐓯𐓣́ 𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓤'𐓶𐓲𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"pší iðák'uce hta mįkšé","e":"I’m\ngoing to try to go there"},{"a":"trying to talk","e":"Osage. ík∏üta! try!"},{"a":"ík'uce ąkáli today a bunch of","e":"Osage young\npeople, we’re gathered together, we’ve come\nback to study Osage"},{"a":"learn the","e":"Osage language [note\nreduction of ce to e]"},{"a":"gloss by","e":"CQ; PM/7/7/94). záani\ník∏ucapí áape they all did their best"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a,\ní_k∏uce","xref":["ík'uce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["damage or hurt one's reputation or standing by doing something inappropriate, make a mistake or commit an error that brings attention to oneself (e.g., dropping something at a dance, thereby causing a commotion), goof, goof up, use bad judgment (e.g., choosing to confide something private to a gossipy person)","be in disgrace because of having made a mistake","damage or hurt one’s reputation or\nstanding by doing s.t. inappropriate, make a\nmistake or commit an error that brings\nattention to oneself (e.g., dropping s.t"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_lanà"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒽𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂́","defs":["court","court (lit.,\n‘meeting or assemblage for mistakes or\noffenses’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ílanà + hkiistó"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["innocent, having made no mistakes or blunders to disgrace oneself"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻́𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","defs":["fine, penalty","fine,\npenalty (lit., ‘pay folks for a mistake’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ílanà + wakí©upe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐒿𐒷́","defs":["dung","excrement","feces","ordure","excretory function","bowels","excrement, feces, dung, ordure, excretory\nfunction, bowels"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐒿𐒷𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐒿𐒷́𐒹𐒰","defs":["buttocks","ass","bottom","anus","rectum","asshole","buttocks, ass, bottom, anus, rectum,\nasshole"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/buttocks_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒿𐒻","defs":["phlegm","saliva","phlegm, saliva (RBn HW12; RBn10-15). íli\nðaak'í!"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐒷𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐒷𐓓𐒻","defs":["cat","puma","cat, puma\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:prod; FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒷́ 𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰Jane𐒻𐓉𐒰́𐓄𐒷","e":"this is Jane's cat"},{"o":"𐓵𐓟́ 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘","a":"ðé ilǫ́ežį akxa","e":"Jane\nihtápe this is Jane’s cat"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cat_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐒷𐓓𐒻 𐒻𐓆𐒷𐓏𐒱","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐒷𐓓𐒻 𐒻̄𐓆𐒷́𐓏𐒱","defs":["hellcat","hellcat (RBn22-08)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["iiséwaðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐓂̋͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["wildcat","wildcat (RBn1-24; DN-WHM;\nFH/10/09/01/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ilǫ́eži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐓂̋͘𐓅𐒰","defs":["son (first) (my, your, his/her)","first son in any clan (probably a baby name)","first son in\nany clan (probably a baby name)","one’s firstborn son","son (first-born; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/1st_son_hl.mp3","xref":["ilǫ́ǫhtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐓂̋͘𐓅𐒰 𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["wife (my)","wife (your)","wife (his)","wife (lit.,\n‘eldest son’s mother’) (RBn2-MOJ/p5b;\n03/16/95/MREI/pc:okc), my/your/his wife\n(vocative and referent)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐓂̋͘𐓅𐒰 𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["husband (my)","husband (your)","husband (her)","husband (lit., ‘eldest son’s\nfather’), my/your/her husband (vocative and\nreferent) (02/13/95/FH/pc:okc; RBn2-MOJ/p5b)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐓂̋͘𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["son (first) (my, your, his/her)","son (eldest)","eldest son (RBn2-\nMOJ/p9; CQ:ok; 03/13/95/FH/pc:okc).\níliðáak'i\nímąhtaha"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["htą́ą","ilǫ́ǫhpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["ask or inquire concerning one's own people or things","devil","Satan","ghost","spirit"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐒿𐓎𐒷𐒼'𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐒿𐓎𐒷𐒼'𐒻́","defs":["spittoon","spittoon. íluek'i\nhúða hand me the spittoon (03/14/95/FH/pc:ok;\nBE2.125)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðaak'į́","íli"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["which","other","one or the other"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘ Johna 𐒻̋𐓍𐒷?","e":"which of these did John see?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","defs":["other"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"ímà + k©e posit","xref":["amą́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓀𐒰͘𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘𐓉𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["the other way"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐓀𐒰𐓉𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘","e":"go the other way"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓀𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘𐓌𐒷","defs":["next (one)","other (one)","the next one"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["one or the other"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒷 𐒹𐓂͘𐒴𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘ 𐓅𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'll fix either beans or squash"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒰́͘","defs":["mother (my)","aunt (mother's sister) (my)","aunt (mother's older sister) (my)","aunt (mother's younger sister) (my)","my mother (01/06/95/FH/pc:prod;\n02/25/95/FH/pc:ok)","(our) mother","mother (our; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"more precise than","e":"English ‘my\naunt’)"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/mother_my_hl.mp3","xref":["iiną́htą","iiną́žį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒰́͘𐒹𐒻","defs":["agree","agree with, be willing to","accept","approve of",". iiną́hi","to agree with someone"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐒹𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒰́͘𐒹𐒻𐓓𐒻","defs":["disagree with","be unwilling to","object to","disagree with, be unwilling to, object\nto"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"iinåhi + aâí neg"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒰́͘𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["aunt (mother's older sister) (my)","my mother’s older sister\n(more precise than English ‘my aunt’)\n(04/13/95/LS/pc:ok)","(our) aunt, mother’s older sister","my aunt (mother’s elder)","aunt (mother’s older sister; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"iinå + htåà","xref":["iiną́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓁𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["be full and satisfied with food","feel very full, as after eating a hearty meal"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["aunt (mother's younger sister) (my)","my mother’s younger sister (more precise than\nEnglish ‘my aunt’)","(our) aunt, mother’s younger sister","aunt (mother’s younger sister; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"more precise than","e":"English ‘my aunt’)"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/aunt_mothers_younger_sister_my_hl.mp3","infl":"iinå + -âî ‘little’","xref":["iiną́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰","defs":["husband (her)","her husband"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓁𐒻̄𐓍𐒰̄𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["dipper","ladle","dipper, ladle\n(lit., ‘with which to drink water’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"í- loc + níi + ∂aahtå","xref":["níiðaahtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓁𐓂̄͘𐓅𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["be reckless with","unafraid of","not careful of","wayward"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓁𐓂̄͘𐓅𐒷","defs":["be careful with","be wary of","watch out for","have a care with regard to","be afraid of","be scared of","be careful or wary","watch out","have a care","not be reckless","be careful\nwith, be wary of, watch out for, have a care\nwith regard to, be afraid of, be scared of.\n[3rd person pl"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., íinôô_hpe","xref":["nǫ́ǫhpe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓂𐒿𐒻͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻̋͘𐒿𐒻̄͘𐓋𐒻","defs":["sweat house","sweat lodge"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘","defs":["know (e.g., a fact, the answer to a question)","understand","know as a person","be acquainted with","recognize","know someone as (being a certain way or a certain type of person)","guess","know (e.g., a fact, the\nanswer to a question)","know"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒻́𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰 𐒻́𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓂͘ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I know you love him/her"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓍𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒹𐒻́𐓓𐒻 𐒻́𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓂͘","e":"I know you don't agree with me"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓂͘ 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́","e":"I don't know"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓇𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘𐓓𐒻","e":"you don't know"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐒻́𐓇𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘?","e":"do you understand Osage?"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop\nstem, í_pahô","vc":"i-stem, strong"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰͘","defs":["turn over"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["ípaašąha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐒷","defs":["cut something with something else by pushing down on the item being cut","[í-\nloc + paasé] (trans.) cut (s.t.) with (s.t. else) by\npushing down on the item being cut (02/13/95-\n/FH/pc; 04/25/95/PM/pc:ok). íhpaase I cut it with\nit. íšpaase you cut it with it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., fortisizing stop stem, í_paase"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐒰̄𐓇𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["turnaround place, U-turn, return point, turn in the road","turnaround place, U-turn, return\npoint, turn in the road (lit., ‘by which to make\na turn’). ípaašąha šíe, ókašeįke ðalíe ðe, awáata\nmįkšé I pray for you to have a safe trip (lit., ‘you\ngo to the turnaround, you return safely, I’m\npraying’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐓄𐒰̄𐓇𐒰͘𐒹𐒰 𐓇𐒻́𐒷, 𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒸𐒼𐒷 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒷, 𐒰𐓏𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I pray for you to have a safe trip"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓊𐒷","defs":["tie down using","tie down with","bind, handcuff, or manacle using","tie into a bundle or bundles using","tie with (a cord, etc.)","[í- ‘with’ + paaxcé] (trans.) tie down using, tie\ndown with, bind, handcuff, or manacle using,\ntie into a bundle or bundles using"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒻͘ 𐒻́𐓅𐒰̄𐓐𐓊𐒷","e":"I tied it [down] using rope"},{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒻͘ 𐒻́𐓇𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓊𐒷","e":"you tied it [down] using rope"},{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒻͘ 𐒰͘𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐓄𐒰̄𐓊𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"we tied it [down] using rope"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, í_paaxce"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓄𐒷𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́͘𐓄𐒷𐒹𐒻","defs":["pillow","under the head","pillow\n(RBn1-MOJ/p54; 03/08/95/FH/pc:ok). ípehį sí\nkše ǫ́ǫ kšíe put a pillow under his foot\n(03/08/95/FH/pc). ípehį áa kše į́ kšíe put a\npillow under his arm. ípehį štǫ́ke a soft pillow\n(FH). • adv under the head (RBn1-MOJ/p54;\n03/08/95/FH/pc:ok). ípehį ípéhį į kší[ð]a put a\npillow under his/her head (lit., ‘have him/her use\na pillow under his/her head’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ípihį oðíši"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐒻𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓅𐒻𐒰͘","defs":["belt worn by men with dance clothes or outside a blanket to hold it up","any belt","belt worn by men\nwith dance clothes or outside a blanket to hold\nit up","belt"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/belt_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐒻𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐒻𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓇𐒻","defs":["pillowcase","pillowcase (RBn1-54)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["į́pehi"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓅𐒻̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["be sick with, be very troubled by (e.g., an illness, an ailing body part), have health problems due to, be in bad shape because of, be distraught about","be sick or unwell, be near death, be gravely ill","[1st person form:\ną́hpiiži, ąhpíiži, or ąną́hpiiži] (intr.) be sick\nwith, be very troubled by (e.g., an illness, an\nailing body part), have health problems due to,\nbe in bad shape because of, be distraught\nabout"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓜𐓶̋𐓲'𐓘́𐓤𐓟 𐓘́͘𐓭𐓣̄𐓻𐓣 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"brée brúuc'áke ą́hpiiži ąhé","e":"I’m sick about not being able to go"}],"infl":"stat., _(í)hpiiâi","xref":["ną ‘always’"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["pass by","come by","go by","go past","pass by, come by, go\nby, go past","come by, pass by","come (pass) by"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_p©e","xref":["ápše"],"vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["wipe with","dry with (by wiping)","wipe with, dry with (by\nwiping)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐒻́𐓄𐓎̄𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"wipe it with the shirt"}],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown","xref":["htaną́k'a ípukxa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","defs":["be thirsty for","be thirsty for.\n[Expected Mod. Os"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟","a":"níi ąną́puze","e":"I’m\nthirsty"}],"infl":"stat., í_puze"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓆𐒰","defs":["cane","walking stick","crutch","cane, walking stick, crutch"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cane_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓆𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["mean","hateful","disliked","detestible","contemptible","despicable","base","vile","infamous","spiteful"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻̄𐓆𐒷́𐓏𐒱 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓇𐒵𐒻́͘𐒷","e":"you have a mean dog"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓆𐒷́𐓏𐒱!","e":"that's mean! (an admonishment to children)"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓆𐒷́𐓏𐒱, 𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒰́͘𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"the thing [that's] hateful is that my legs won't listen to me"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓆𐒷́𐓏𐒱!","e":"he's hateful!"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓆𐒻","defs":["hate","dislike","detest","abhor","despise","hate,\ndislike, detest, abhor, despise","to hate","to dislike"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̋𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓣","a":"íiwisi","e":"I don’t like you.\níi∂asi you don’t like it. àànå∂asi nîk©é you\ndislike me"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, íi_si","vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐓂͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓆𐓂́͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["brother (younger, of a female) (her)","her younger brother\n(more precise than English ‘her brother’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓆𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["brother (younger, of a male) (his)","his younger brother (more precise than\nEnglish ‘his brother’). Mogri akxa isǫ́ka hcí\níhta ci aðáape Mogri went to his brother’s house"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["bless with"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒻̋͘ 𐒻̋𐓆𐓈𐒰","e":"bless [him/her/it] with the sun [imperative]"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a?, íi_sta?","xref":["íištope"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["use (e.g., cedar smoke or words of a prayer) to bless oneself"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘𐓁𐒰̄, 𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐓄𐒰̄𐒹𐒰́͘𐓄𐒻, 𐒻́𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"that's all, raise your hand, use it on yourselves (ending for a prayer)"},{"o":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷 𐒻̋𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒻𐓄𐒰","e":"use the fire to bless yourselves"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓆𐓈𐓂́","defs":["elbow","elbow\n(12/30/94/FH/pc:prod; 04/07/95/LS/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓏𐒱","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓆𐓊𐒷́𐓏𐒱","defs":["mischievous"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐒻𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓇𐒻́𐒼'𐒷","defs":["brother-in-law (husband's brother) (her)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a female) (her)","brother-in-law (husband's sister's husband, of a female) (her)","her sister’s husband, her husband’s\nbrother, or her husband’s sister’s husband\n(more precise than English ‘her brother-in-\nlaw’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"more precise than","e":"English ‘her brother-in-\nlaw’)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓇𐒻́𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["sister-in-law (husband's sister) (her)","sister-in-law (brother's wife) (her)","sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife) (her)","her husband’s sister, her husband’s\nbrother’s wife, her brother’s wife (more\nípasą\níwili\nprecise than English ‘her sister-in-law’). Mary\nišíkxą Mary’s sister-in-law"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"precise than","e":"English ‘her sister-in-law’). Mary\ni©íkxà Mary’s sister-in-law"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓄𐒰𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓇𐓄𐒰𐓍𐓂͘","defs":["Spanish","Mexican","French","Spaniard","any native Spanish-speaking person (especially a Mexican)","French person","Spanish language","French language","Spanish,\nMexican, French (2/24/95/FH/pc:okc; BE2.87)","n Spaniard, any native Spanish-speaking\nperson (especially a Mexican), French person;\nSpanish language, French language. [Borrowed\nfrom Spanish español.]\níštope (variant of íištope)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["agree with something","agree","agree with s.t.\nJacka háakǫ eekíe ðe tą iiðáštą I agree with what\nJack says","eye"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓲𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓟̄𐓤𐓣́𐓟 𐓵𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","a":"acka háakǫ eekíe ðe tą iiðáštą","e":"I agree with what\nJack says"},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘","a":"háakǫ iðáe tą","e":"Jack akxa íi©tà\nakxai Jack agrees with what I said"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, íi_©tà","xref":["mą́ze įįštóolą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́","defs":["eye"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́ 𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒰","defs":["open the eyes, and gaze at any object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐓊'𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́ 𐓊'𐓂́𐒼𐒰","defs":["sleepy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒴𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒴𐒻","defs":["tear","teardrop","tear, teardrop"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰̄","defs":["eyelid"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ìî©tá + háa"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐓊'𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰̄ 𐓊'𐓂́𐒼𐒰","defs":["sleepy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒻̄͘","defs":["eyebrows","eyebrows.\nJOD (slip file): ištáhi the eyebrows"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"îî©tá + hìî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒻̄𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒷","defs":["wink at each other","blink at each other"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓍𐒷 𐓍𐒻̄𐓈𐓂́𐓓𐒷","defs":["wink or blink the eyes","wink at","blink the eyes at"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓐𐒻̄͘","defs":["white person","French person","Canadian or English person","white person, French person, Canadian or\nEnglish person"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"anadian or","e":"English person"}],"infl":"evidently îî©tá + πî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒻͘ 𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓐𐒻͘ 𐒻́𐒷","defs":["English, white man's language","English, white\nman’s language","English language"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰 𐓮𐓬𐓟𐓘𐓤","a":"t speak","e":"English,\nthey’re going to whip you, you don’t know what\nyou are saying"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒻͘ 𐓆𐒰𐒼𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓐𐒻͘ 𐓆𐒰́𐒽𐓎","defs":["cantaloupe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓇𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["right","right hand, side, or arm","on the right","on the right side of","rightward","to the right","the right hand, eye, foot, etc.","the right side","the right hand","the right arm","right, on the right, rightward, to the\nright (RBn23-07, unconfirmed). íštǫka ci ha on\nthe right, rightward, to the right (RBn23-07,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓇𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒷","defs":["bless with, use to bless","bless with, use to bless (PM)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a?, íi_©tope?","xref":["ðistópe","íista"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓊𐒷𐓏𐒱","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓇𐓊𐒷𐓏𐒱","defs":["dress up in one's best attire, get dolled up or dressed up","dolled up or dressed up"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓊𐒷𐓏𐒱","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓇𐓊𐒷́𐓏𐒱","defs":["ashamed, feel ashamed"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓊𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓇𐓊𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["kiss, caress","kiss, caress\n(02/14/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, íi_©cîka","xref":["íikišcįka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","defs":["men's dance belt worn outside the blanket to hold it up","men’s dance belt worn outside the\nblanket to hold it up (01/07/95/FH/pc:prod;\nRBn14-03/LH)","men’s belt"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["his/hers, theirs (be)","theirs","belong to (him/her, them)","fit, be suitable or appropriate","from","[í- loc + htą́ka ‘big’]\n(trans.) feel good about. íhtąą akxai he feels big\nover it (RBn23-15; WF)"],"pos":"postposition","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat.?, _íhtàà?","xref":["ihtǫ́į hta įkšé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓈𐒰","defs":["be born"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["from"],"pos":"post","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓉𐒰̄͘","defs":["feel good about"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓉𐒰́ 𐓁𐒰","defs":["belong to each person","there is/was one or part of something for each person"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓉𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["uncle (father's sister's husband) (his/her)","brother-in-law (wife's brother) (his/her)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a male) (his)","his/her\nfather’s sister’s husband (his/her paternal\nuncle by marriage;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðihtą́ha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓉𐒰𐒹𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["wrong","unsuitable/unsuitably","inappropriately"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["sister (older) (his/her)","his/her older sister (i.e., the oldest\namong a group of sisters;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓈𐒰𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓉𐒰́𐓂","defs":["indeed","really","truly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓉𐒰̄𐓄𐒻","defs":["their","their. Mary Johna hci\níhtaapi Mary and John’s house"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"inalien."},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓈𐒰̄𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎","defs":["sweat lodge","sweat lodge (lit.,\n‘cleanse with heat’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"í- loc + taasúhu"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓉𐒰́𐓊𐒻","defs":["father (my)","uncle (father's brother) (my)","my father; my father’s brother (my\npaternal uncle;","(our) father","father (our, see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/father_my_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓉𐒰𐓊𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰","defs":["our heavenly father"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓉𐒰́𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["uncle (father's brother) (my)","my father’s\nbrother (my paternal uncle;","(our) uncle, father’s younger brother","uncle (father’s younger brother; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/uncle_fathers_side_my_hl.mp3","infl":"îhtáci + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓈𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["have a birthday"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓈𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["give birth to","give birth to offspring","bear a child, etc.","give birth","(intr.) give birth. íitaaðe I gave birth (FH)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̋𐓰𐓘̄𐓵𐓟","a":"íitaaðe","e":"I gave birth"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a,\nii_tá∂e","xref":["wasápe iitáipi","wéetaðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓉𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["tip","end or tip of an object"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓉𐒷́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["sister (younger) (his/her)","his/her younger sister.\nóhkie šǫ́ įkšé ihtéžį akxa mą́zeíe híðape he was\ntalking to someone on the telephone when his\nlittle sister called"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓈𐓂","defs":["expressing surprise (said to be a woman's exclamation)","expressing surprise (said to be a\nwoman’s exclamation)"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓈𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋͘𐓉𐓂͘","defs":["earring(s)","earring(s). íhįhtǫ ðíhta\nškáaɣe?","earrings"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/earring_sr.mp3","infl":"ìî + ì + htåka"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓉𐓂́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["son-in-law (daughter's husband) (his/her)","his/her son-in-law"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓈𐓃","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓉𐓃́","defs":["the future","the days to come","onward in time"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́","defs":["face"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶̄𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓘́͘𐓡𐓪̄͘","a":"įcé ðuuhpíiži ą́hǫǫ","e":"I know what I like, I like to make [bad] faces"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐒴𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́ 𐒴𐒰̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["slap"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́ 𐒴𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["slap","slap.\nįcé ðuuhpíiži. vp [sync., įcé _ðuuhpíiži] (intr.,\nį́\nį́hįhkicéže\ntrans.?) make faces (at), grimace (at) (lit.,\n‘make a bad face’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["put on makeup"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́ 𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dizzy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́ 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["picture of anything","photograph","portrait","picture of anything, photograph,"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́𐒼𐒻","defs":["uncle (mother's brother) (his/her)","his/her mother’s brother (his/her\nmaternal uncle;","his/her or a/the uncle (mother’s brother)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["place with some one for safe-keeping"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓌𐒻́͘","defs":["hit with","strike with","hit with, strike\nwith (04/13/95/FH/pc:ok; 2/10/83/p5-2/24-5/83;\nMSB; FH/09/22/01/pc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̋𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣͘ 𐓣̋𐓷𐓣𐓟 𐓵𐓟","a":"íiðachį íiwie ðe","e":"I saw you hit him with a rock"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, ii_chì"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́͘𐓋𐒻","defs":["stone house"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒻𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐒼𐓂","defs":["grandfather (his/her)","father-in-law (his/her)","his/her grandfather; his/her father-in-\nlaw (01/23/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.45).\níe (continued)","his/her or a/the grandfather (any side)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["wihcíko"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒻𐒼𐓂𐒰𐓄𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐒻𐒼𐓂𐒰𐓄𐒻́","defs":["president (e.g., of the United States)","president (e.g., of the\nUnited States; lit., ‘grandfather of all’)\n(04/17/95/LS/pc:ok; BE2.107)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ihcíko+ api"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓀𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓀𐒻","defs":["aunt (father's sister) (his/her)","his/her father’s sister (his/her paternal\naunt;","his/her or an/the aunt (father’s sister; any)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"more precise than","e":"English ‘his aunt’ or\n‘her aunt’). Johna ihcími John’s aunt"}],"xref":["wihcími"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓁𐒻","defs":["daughter-in-law (son's wife) (his/her)","his/her daughter-in-law"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wihcíni"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐒻𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["niece (brother's daughter, of a female) (her)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒻͘𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐒻́͘𐓈𐓂","defs":["brother (older, of a female) (her)","her older brother (i.e., any of her\nbrothers who is older than she is)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓓𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓓𐓂","defs":["cousin (father's sister's daughter) (his/her)","niece (sister's daughter, of a male) (his)","his sister’s\ndaughter (more precise than English ‘his\nniece’); his father’s sister’s daughter (more\nprecise than English ‘his cousin’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓌𐓂́𐒼𐒰","defs":["mouse","mouse (04/17/95/LS/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓊𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓊𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["sleep-matter-in-eyes","sand-in-eyes","sleepy-in-eyes","sleep-matter-in-eyes, sand-\nin-eyes, sleepy-in-eyes (lit., ‘put in the face’).\n-į́ɣe (variant of -wįɣe)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"îcé + oolå"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐓂𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["nephew (wife's brother's son) (his/her)","nephew (sister's son, of a male) (his)","nephew (brother's son, of a female) (her)","cousin (father's sister's son) (his/her)","grandchild (his/her)","his wife’s brother’s son, his sister’s\nson, her brother’s son (more precise than\nEnglish ‘his/her nephew’); his/her father’s\nsister’s son (his/her paternal aunt’s son;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐓄𐒰","defs":["grandchild (his/her)","his/her grandchild","his/her or a/the grandchild (general)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐓄𐒰 𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒹𐒰","defs":["great-grandchild (his/her)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓊𐓎𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓋𐓎𐒼𐒷","defs":["big mouth","big mouth (lit., ‘spoon with’) (RBn23-\n17, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["show pity with","be kind with","use kindness or pity with","show pity\nwith, be kind with, use kindness or pity with.\nónǫbre waatái ški íðak'ewaðakíapí [you] pity us\nwith this food and these prayers"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., í∂ak∏e_∂e","xref":["íkiðiištą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐓅𐒷","defs":["wait for one's own family or close persons","[kik- suu + iðáhpe]\nwait for one’s own family or close persons"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., i∂á_kihpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓅𐒷","defs":["wait, wait for","(trans., intr.) wait, wait for. [Osage Grammar\nerroneously treated this as a reg.-iða verb. Its 2nd\nperson form has sometimes been influenced by\nthe reg.-iða pattern, however, as noted for some\nexamples below.] iðáhpi akxai he’s waiting","wait (for)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., i∂á_hpe; sometimes uninfl.","vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["father (his/her)","uncle (father's brother) (his/her)","husband (my)","his/her father","his/her father (also his/her father’s brother)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["iðácežį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐒰̄𐓌𐒷","defs":["eat with","eat one thing with another"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["fatherless, illegitimate","illegitimate child"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["father (his/her)","uncle (father's brother) (his/her)","his/her father;\nhis/her father’s brother (his/her paternal\nuncle). [A diminutive form of iðáce, possibly an\nendearment.]\niðáci (variant of iðáce)","(someone else’s) uncle (father’s brother)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"i∂áce + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓍𐒷","defs":["see","find","understand","(intr., trans.) understand","go by using, travel\non (e.g., certain funds)","see, find","to see something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̋𐓏𐒻𐓍𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'll be seeing you"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐓎̋𐓓𐒰 𐒻̋𐓏𐒻𐓍𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻","e":"I haven't seen you for a long time"},{"o":"𐓏𐒷̄𐒰́𐓍𐒷","e":"I saw them"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓍𐒰́𐓍𐒻 𐒰́𐒹𐒰","e":"if I see him"},{"o":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷𐓂̄𐒿𐒰́͘𐒼'𐓂͘ 𐓄𐒷̋ 𐒻̋𐓍𐒰𐓍𐒷?","e":"who did you see at the hand game?"}],"infl":"stat., ii_∂ée","vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓍𐒷̋","defs":["go by using, travel on (e.g., certain funds)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["win, go out (in a card game)","win, go out (in a card\ngame) (1-27-83)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., íi_∂î"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["have on one's mind","want","wish","think about","have\non one’s mind. íbrilą I have it on my mind.\níšcilą, íščilą you have it on your mind. íðilą she\nhas it on her mind. ąną́ðilą, ąąðílą we have it on\nour minds"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓣́𐓜𐓣𐓧𐓘","a":"táatą íbrila","e":"I have something on my\nmind"},{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓣́𐓜𐓣𐓧𐓘͘","a":"owíhkie íbrilą","e":"I wanted to talk\nto you"}],"infl":"sync., í_∂ilà","xref":["waðílą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["thoughtlessly, in an offhand manner"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["detour around","go around","avoid","detour\naround, go around, avoid (02/27/95/FH/pc).\níšcišąha you go/are going around\n(02/09/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., í_∂i©àha","xref":["ihkílašą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["ready"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓂͘𐒷𐓍𐒻͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓍𐓂́͘𐒷𐓍𐒻͘𐒹𐒷́","defs":["be in the way","be in the middle","be in the way, be in the\nmiddle (FH 8/8/94/pc)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["appear","appear. óðąži\nwéc'a apa íðǫpe hta apai the snakes will come\nout [appear] anyway (RBn23-21)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["mį́į íðǫpe įkšé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐓂𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["straight, in a straight line"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["óðohtą","wáðohtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓍𐓂́𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["make a friend of","person who is made into a friend","[í- loc +\nhkik- refl + ðótaðe] (trans.) make a friend of","n person who is made into a friend"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, ii∂óta_hki∂e?","xref":["ðótahkiðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["be open (e.g., a door)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓂͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐓂͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["ask a question of someone","interrogate or question someone","ask questions about a certain topic"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓅𐒰","defs":["pound (measure of weight)","pound (measure of\nweight)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓪̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓣́𐓵𐓶𐓮𐓬𐓘 𐓧𐓟́𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"tooská íðuspa lébrą hkǫ́bra","e":"I want ten\npounds of potatoes"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["buy with","acquire in trade for","sell or trade for","buy with, acquire\nin trade for, sell or trade for"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., í_∂uwî","xref":["wéðuwį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["have as a bridesmaid"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓏𐒰́𐒼'𐓂","defs":["wife (his)","his wife"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓁𐒰͘𐓉𐒰́͘𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒷́𐒰͘𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘, 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐒻̄𐓏𐒰́𐒼'𐓂 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓄𐒷","e":"we're going to sell that donkey, the man's wife said"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["mother-in-law (his/her)","his/her mother-in-law.\níwehkilį v [conjug. unknown] (intr.) clothe oneself\nwith, dress in"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓏𐒷𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["clothe oneself with, dress in"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓏𐒻𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓏𐒻𐒹𐒷","defs":["mixed in","mixed among","mixed in, mixed among"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["táalį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓏𐒻𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓏𐒻𐒿𐒻","defs":["burning"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓐𐒰","defs":["laugh","laugh at","laugh. íixa leléze\nlaugh big; [be] laughing a lot\n(02/14/95/FH/pc:ok). íixa léleze [be] laughing\nover and over (03/22/95/FH/pc). íixa íkaski he’s\nrunning out of breath from laughing (FH). íixa\nakxa she’s laughing (02/14/95/FH/pc:ok). nǫ́ǫ\napa eeškítą íixa apa the grownups laughed\ntoo (lit., ‘the grownups, they too, laughed’)\n(RBn10-2:MOJ/79). íixa ðįká! don’t laugh!\n(02/14/95/FH/pc:ok). • (trans.) laugh at"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓘́𐓣","a":"iiðáxa nái","e":"I always laugh at my little brother"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/laugh_sr.mp3","infl":"reg.-i∂a, íi_xa","vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓐𐒰𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓐𐒰𐒷̋𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["be funny or laughable, cause folks to laugh at someone else's expense","laughing stock","[íixa + ée ‘say’ (?) + wa- val + ðe\ncau] (intr.) be funny or laughable, cause folks\nto laugh at s.o. else’s expense.\n(04/26/95/FH/pc:ok; 02/13/95/FH/pc:okc). • n\nlaughing stock. íixaéewaðae waškaaɣé you\nmade us laughable, you made a joke out of us\n(lit., ‘you caused folks to laugh and you did it to\nus’) (04/26/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\níixaéewa_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["snicker","smile","grin","with a grin","grinningly","[íixa + -žį ‘little’] (intr.)\nsnicker (lit., ‘laugh a little’). íixažį akxai they’re\nsnickering"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., íi_xaâî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̋𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["look at with a grin"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓒𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻̄𐓒𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["be or become embarrassed by making mistakes in front of a crowd","embarrassing","be or become\nembarrassed by making mistakes in front of a\ncrowd (RBn12-12)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["bad things","evil","unclean","sick","dirty","evil","bad things, evil (FH)","adj unclean, sick, dirty, evil"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻𐒼𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻𐒼𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["contaminate or pollute (e.g., water or air)","dirty or spoil something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻͘𐓓𐒻͘𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒻͘𐓓𐒻́͘𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰","defs":["bobcat","bobcat (ML, unconfirmed;\nFH:4/22/96/tape:uk).\nk\nká (variant of káa)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟 𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣","a":"káa che įhtáci","e":"I am grateful for this, father"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["son (his/her)","nephew (brother's son, of a male) (his)","nephew (sister's son, of a female) (her)","his/her son (any son).\nYvonnea ižį́ke akxa húheka akxa Yvonne’s son is\nsick/has a sickness (FH)","his/her or a/the son (any; general term)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"vonnea ižį́ke akxa húheka akxa","e":"Yvonne’s son is\nsick/has a sickness"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["Virgin Mary","Virgin Mary (lit., ‘his son’s mother’\nor ‘mother of his son’) (HRE/12/29/01/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wahkǫ́ta ižį́ke iihǫ́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["brother (older, of a male) (his)","his older brother\n(more precise than English ‘his brother’)\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ok).\níxope\nižǫ́ke"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓓𐓂͘𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓓𐓂́͘𐒰͘","defs":["sister (older, of a female) (her)","her older sister (more precise than\nEnglish ‘her sister’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓓𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒻𐓓𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["daughter (his/her)","niece (brother's daughter, of a male) (his)","niece (sister's daughter, of a female) (her)","his/her daughter; his brother’s\ndaughter, her sister’s daughter (more precise\nthan English ‘his/her niece’)\n(02/27/95/FH/pc:ok)","his/her or a/the daughter (any; general term)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒻𐓓𐓂𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒻́𐓓𐓂𐓇𐒻","defs":["prohibit, forbid, order or tell someone not to","disallow","be against doing or refuse or be reluctant to do something","say no when asked to do something","prohibit, forbid, order or tell s.o. not to,\ndisallow","to forbid","to prohibit"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓻𐓪𐓯𐓣","a":"iðážoši","e":"I told the children not to eat candy"},{"o":"𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓪̋𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓻𐓪𐓯𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘","a":"žįkážį hóolą iðážoši ną","e":"I always used to tell the children not to go fishing"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓻𐓪𐓯𐓣","a":"waachí iiðážoši","e":"I refuse to dance"}],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, í_âo©i","vc":"i-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋","defs":["that","that: refers to what is remote, at one side, or out of sight","these, this, this one (animate or inanimate [may apply to abstract entities], emphatic or expressing certainty or immediacy)","here, in this place"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓎́𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓂́͘𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒱, 𐒼𐒰̋ 𐓄𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐒻͘𐓉𐒰́𐓊𐒻, 𐓁𐒰 𐒻́𐓇𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘ 𐒹𐒰̋𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓌𐒷","e":"there are also the sick, these ones too, father, only you know how to heal them"},{"o":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓏𐒻𐓁𐒱 𐒼𐒰̋ 𐓌𐒷 𐒻͘𐓉𐒰́𐓊𐒻","e":"I am grateful for this, father"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋ 𐓌𐒷","e":"here it is; this is it (e.g., referring to a cup of coffee or a pile of blankets)"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"this person [sitting]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄","defs":["by striking","by sudden application of force or sudden movement","shows that the action expressed by the verb is performed by striking, as with an axe, hoe, or club, or by the object's falling and striking against the ground, etc.","shows the effect of the wind or water"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́͘","defs":["vein","artery","blood vessel","roots of trees or plants","vein or blood vessel","vein, artery, blood vessel. "],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["this one (sitting)","these (lying down or horizontal things gathered into a bundle or a sack that sits)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́͘ 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["muscle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋ 𐓌𐒷","defs":["this (standing; a default combination of demonstrative and positional article used for both concrete and abstract items)","those inanimate sitting/round things in the surrounding area (referring to a group of sitting items that would be considered 'standing' when gathered together)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋ 𐓌𐒷 𐓍𐒰̄𐓌𐒰́","e":"eat this"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋ 𐓌𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","e":"take away this thing here"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰 𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄ 𐓌𐒷́ 𐓍𐒷","defs":["group of inanimate items sitting there"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒴𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["hit or punch (e.g., hit someone on the side of the head)","tear","[kaa-\ninstr + bráze] (trans.) hit or punch (e.g., hit s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)bráze"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰͘𐓁𐒰𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐓁𐒰𐓓𐒷","defs":["for several days"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐓁𐒰𐓓𐒷 𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐓊𐒷 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I've been looking for you [for] several days"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["chief","chief (especially a keeper of a sacred pipe)","great one"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/chief_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐒼'𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐒼𐒷 𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘","defs":["assistant chief","assistant chief (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ótxątxą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["assistant chief"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐓍𐒰","defs":["said when the wind blows or wafts an odor, etc., towards a person - refers to any light object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻́","defs":["stun or kill, as a person or tree, by a blow","the killing of an enemy by a war party","the striking of an enemy by a warrior, an act which entitles him to a military honor"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒹𐒿𐓂́͘","defs":["hunting party composed of all or a large part of a tribe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂͘ 𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂́͘ 𐒿𐒻","defs":["return of people from a hunt"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒹𐒿𐓂́͘ 𐓍𐒷","defs":["migrate","travel","go on a hunting expedition","go on a hunting expedition with many or all of the tribe","go with a large party, each man taking his household"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒹𐓎̋𐓓𐒰","defs":["for a long time","for quite a while","a long time ago","long ago"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒽𐒰́͘","defs":["fan or fan off someone","fan or fan\noff s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ka-ret.?, _kahkå","xref":["kíhką"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐒰́𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["serrated, having teeth like a saw or the edge of an elm leaf","notched in many places"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘","defs":["that way","thus with certainty","in that manner","in this manner","thus","that way, thus with\ncertainty, in this manner"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ékǫ","haakǫ́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒽𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["a thud or heavy sound caused by dropping a stick"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["plenty","sufficient","enough","end of an activity","final part of something","plenty, sufficient, enough (lit., ‘only like\nthis’) (108-b/FH/001)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"kaakò + na\n‘only’"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make no more (of)","do no more","stop there","cease an unnamed activity"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["while thus","when thus","when at last","when at that time","at that time","when this was done, or being done","therefore","so","then","and then"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["strike a blow and miss the object, because the hand or weapon glides by, or the person or animal dodges","miss (a target)","miss out on (e.g., a dinner) by arriving late"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["shatter or break (e.g., glass)","shatter by striking or by sudden movement","fracture (e.g., one's skull)","break in, as a stove, skull, window pane, etc.","shatter, fracture, crack, break","broken","shatter or break (e.g.,\nglass), shatter by striking or by sudden\nmovement, fracture (e.g., one’s skull).\n[Historically probably kaaxléke;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒰̄𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷 𐓌𐒷́","e":"someone broke a window, that's the way it is"},{"o":"𐓄𐒷̋ 𐒼𐒰̄𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷?","e":"who broke it?"},{"o":"𐓇𐒻́͘𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"the boys broke the window"},{"o":"𐒰̋ 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒼𐒰̄𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷","e":"they broke your arm"},{"o":"𐒹𐒻̄͘𐓊𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰̋𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷́","e":"we broke the dishes"}],"infl":"reg. kaa-del, _(kaa)léke (1st sg.\nkaakò\nkaalò∂e\naaléke, 2nd sg. ∂aaléke, 3rd sg. kaaléke, 1st pl.\nàkáaleke); also conjugated as sync. k>p,\n_kaaléke (1st sg. hpáaleke, 2nd sg. ©páaleke, 3rd\nsg. kaaléke)","xref":["ðuuléke","kíleke","paaléke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","defs":["break an object into pieces"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒿𐓂͘𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐒿𐓂́͘𐒷𐓓𐒷","defs":["horned toad","horned toad. [Old-time Osages used to\nmake ‘woman catchers’ from the skin stuffed\nwith medicine (RB).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"ld-time","e":"Osages used to\nmake ‘woman catchers’ from the skin stuffed\nwith medicine"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["knock someone out","[kaa- instr +\nlǫ́ðį] (trans.) knock s.o. out"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)lò∂î","xref":["éena","háaną"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓀𐒰́͘","defs":["ring","ring, as a bell","the sound produced by the striking of a bell"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒰͘𐓇𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐒰͘𐓇𐒻𐒷","defs":["bounce up, be bouncy (as in a rough ride in a car or wagon)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["only that","this much","just right","just the right amount","only this much"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","defs":["break a rope in pieces or shreds by frequent blows with a stick or axe"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["break or cut a rope once with an axe or stick"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["notched (in one place)","serrature"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["brush or comb (one's hair)","curry (an animal's coat)","brush or comb (one’s hair),\ncurry (an animal’s coat) (04/20/95/LS/pc:okc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰́𐓐𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓄𐓇𐒰!","e":"brush your hair!"}],"infl":"reg. kaa-del.?,\n_(káa)p©e?","xref":["kípše","wékaapše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dry an object by blowing on it, as the wind does","sweep dry"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓄𐓐𐓂́𐒽𐒷","defs":["burst","explode","pop (e.g., a balloon)","hit someone on the back, knocking the wind out","make a thud or dull sound by striking a soft object, or the ground","clap the hands","burst, as a leaf on the forehead, by striking it with the hands","stun, crash","burst, explode, pop (e.g., a balloon); hit\ns.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)pxóhke"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","defs":["knock out","knock down","hit hard","hit with a stunning blow","give a stunning blow","stun","thrash or kill","knock out, hit hard, hit with a stunning blow,\nstun"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(káa)saaki"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐒰͘𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐒰́͘𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻","defs":["fast in movement","fleet (as a runner)","quickly","fast","rapidly","swiftly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒲","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒲́","defs":["tomorrow","on the morrow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒲𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒲́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["during tomorrow"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒷́","defs":["chop or cut with a striking blow (e.g., from a blade, such as an axe or knife)","cut with a lawnmower","chop up (e.g., long, thin sticks of wood for a fire)","chop down (not by sawing)","cut with an ax or hatchet, as a tree into firewood","[kaa- instr + -se] (trans.)\nchop or cut with a striking blow (e.g., from a\nblade, such as an axe or knife);"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret., _kaasé; or\nreg. kaa-del., _(kaa)sé"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́͘","defs":["tomorrow","on the morrow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘ 𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́͘ 𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["day after tomorrow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘ 𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻͘ 𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓊𐒷","defs":["day after tomorrow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["breakfast"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["morning","this morning","in the early morning","morning, in the morning"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓀𐒻̋͘ 𐒰͘𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷 𐓉𐒱́","e":"let's go see the morning sun coming up (as in a meeting)"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐓉𐒰̋𐒴𐒷 𐓄𐓇𐒻́𐒷","e":"this morning I went hunting"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷́","e":"the birds sing early in the morning"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/morning_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐓂𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐓂́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["cereal","breakfast food","cereal, breakfast food\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ok). [A new coinage.]\nkaasį́exci wanǫ́bre (variant: kaasį́ wanǫ́bre). n\nbreakfast (01/14/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́𐒴𐒷","defs":["breakfast","breakfast (morning meal)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́͘𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["very early in the morning","in the very early morning"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["make pieces fly in all directions, by cutting with an ax, or by shooting"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["during tomorrow","tomorrow (variant)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["close, slam, close suddenly or by striking","close,\nslam, close suddenly or by striking\n(HRE/12/29/01/pc: į not įį). ákasįce I slam"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret., _ kaasìce","xref":["ákaasįce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["shave a person"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒻́","defs":["compress, gather up or wad together with a sudden movement, pinch off (as in making balls out of cornmeal for cornmeal dumplings), grab","compress, gather up or wad together with a\nsudden movement, pinch off (as in making\nballs out of cornmeal for cornmeal\ndumplings), grab"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)skí","xref":["ðiiskí","hkilíiski","pahúkaaski"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓂͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓂́͘𐓊𐒻","defs":["test someone","try someone out","test\ns.o., try s.o. out (3-3-83-p1). ásǫci ąhé I’m\ntesting her out"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(ka)sòci","xref":["áhkiasąci","ásąci","opásące"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓅𐒷́","defs":["clear, as clear water, free from mud","limpid"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒷","e":"The water is clear."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["gash the skin by hitting with a knife, sharp stone, etc., or by falling on some sharp and prominent object","make a deep gash in the skin by hitting with a knife or stick, or by falling on some prominent or sharp object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓆𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓋𐒷́𐓆𐓋𐒷𐒼𐒷","defs":["gash the skin repeatedly by hitting with a knife, or by falling on some sharp object","tear clothing, etc., into shreds by blowing at it (said of the wind)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐓊𐓎́","defs":["slice, slit, punch through"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del.?, _(kaa)scú?","xref":["wacúe kaascú"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["ended, finished, that's all, something (e.g., soup, coffee) is finished (i.e., ready)","closing of a prayer, amen"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻","defs":["a long time","long ago","be long","for a long time","a long time (which has passed)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻 𐒿𐒻̋͘𐓄𐒷","e":"he sat a long time"},{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐒻́ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷 𐓋𐒻́ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻 𐓍𐒻́ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"she went a long way and took a long time to build her nest [they said]"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒰͘𐓏𐒰̋𐓌𐒻𐓄𐒷, 𐒰͘𐓍𐒻̋𐓇𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒱́","e":"we've danced a long time, let's stop"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"the days are longer now"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻 𐓍𐒰𐓌𐒻́𐒷","e":"here you are already!"}],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["kaahúuža","kaašǫ́ka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰́𐓇𐒻 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["a short time","a little while","a little while ago","after some time"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻́𐓁𐒻","defs":["shinny (a team ballgame played on a field with a buckskin ball, sticks, and goals at the opposite ends of the field)","shinny (a team ballgame played on a\nfield with a buckskin ball, sticks, and goals at\nthe opposite ends of the field)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ohkíce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒷́","defs":["tie up or together (e.g., shoelaces)","tie up or\ntogether (e.g., shoelaces). [Expected but\nunattested inflectional forms: 1st sg. áaške ‘I tied\nhis shoe’, 2nd sg"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ka-del., _(ka)©ké","xref":["ákaške","oðáške","okáške"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓇𐓂́͘","defs":["enough","sufficient","enough (of some activity)","final point, end (e.g., of one's earthly existence)","enough (of\nsome activity), final point, end (e.g., of one’s\nearthly existence)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓇𐓂́͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["cease, stop","reach a point of sufficiency, produce enough of something","stop work","stop what one is about, and depart","bring his visit to an end"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂͘𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓇𐓂́͘𐒷","defs":["always"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["kaašéną","kaašǫ́ka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂͘𐒷 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓇𐓂́͘𐒷 𐓌𐒷","defs":["leave it alone, let it alone, just let it sit, let it be (standing singular item or construct)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["sufficient, basta, enough","(it’s) sufficient, basta, (it’s)\nenough"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["break very fine","make crumble into pieces","crush into dust"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["raise a dust by blowing, as the wind does, or by striking"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["knock against a vessel, causing some of its liquid contents to be spilt, without upsetting the vessel"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓂́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["stop work"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓃𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓇𐓃́𐒼𐒷","defs":["good-bye, the end, the final event, nothing more"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷́","defs":["bit, portion (of any item)","twelve and a half cents","bit, portion (of any item);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷 𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷́ 𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́","defs":["quarter (25-cent coin)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰́","defs":["cut off all the grass, etc., making the surface of the ground smooth or even","hammer, hit or beat (e.g., a drum)","flatten by striking","hammer,\nhit or beat (e.g., a drum), flatten by striking","end, stop an\nactivity, put an end to s.t., cease (LS)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["ðaaštą́","ðiištą́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["end, stop an activity","put an end to something","cease","stop, that's the end, there is no more"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓇𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["pay (a debt)","pay for (a purchase)","pay (a\ndebt), pay for (a purchase). [Used to describe\nthe ceremony of paying for the drum at the Osage\nkaðǫ́ (continued)\nWar Dances.] ášupe I paid for it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ka-del., _(ka)©úpe","xref":["kíšupe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["that far","that (is) far enough"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓉𐒰̋𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["ring","make a ringing noise","ring like a bell","ring,\nmake a ringing noise, ring like a bell (RBn10-\n2:MOJ/79)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["íikaahtamą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓉𐒰́𐓉𐒰𐓍𐒰","defs":["wear a plaited whip into shreds by long usage","break up coals on fire into small pieces by frequent blows"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["deep mud, such as cattle get mired in","slough","mire: said of horses and oxen","miry","boggy","marsh mire","stick, get stuck (RB)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.? kaa-del.?, _(káa)taace?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓉𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["make a rope come unplaited by striking or blowing it (the latter being done by the wind)","knock and object to pieces, to make it fall apart"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["that far","while","meanwhile","awhile","for a while","after a while","a little while","that (is) far enough"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰́𐓋𐒷","defs":["that remote or unseen standing inanimate object or collection of inanimate objects","that subject or matter"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓋𐒷́","defs":["skim off the grease from the surface of the water in a kettle"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["heat, hot","apple; fruit","apple or fruit",". hką́ące"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓘̋𐓺𐓪","a":"hką́ące áazo","e":"I like apples"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["apple","fruit","plum"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/apple_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐒻͘𐓇𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓇𐓊𐒷","defs":["peach","peach\n(03/07/95/PM/pc:ok; BE2.102)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓂̄𐒿𐒰́͘","defs":["pie of any sort (fruit, cream, etc.)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/pie_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓅𐒰́ 𐒰́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["pear","pear (lit., ‘apple with a nose\nplaced upon it’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dried fruit"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["prune"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["plum"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓊𐓎̄𐓈𐒰 𐓄𐒷","e":"the plum is ripe"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓒𐒻 𐓊'𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓒𐒻 𐓊'𐒰̋𐓍𐒷","defs":["lemon","lemon (02/15/95/FH/pc:ok;\nBE2.78)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/lemon_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓒𐒻 𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓒𐒻 𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["apricot","apricot (01/06/95/FH/pc:ok, ok;\nBE2.3)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐒰̄͘","defs":["burial stick, red stick put into coffin at head or foot, made of special wood","burial stick, red stick put into\ncoffin at head or foot, made of special wood"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["tomato"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["fruit juice","fruit juice (t#14a-p5;\n04/14/95/FH/pc)","juice"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"hkåàce + níi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐓊'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓊'𐒷́𐓊'𐒷","defs":["skim off the particles of grease from the surface of the water in a kettle"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷𐓒𐒻","defs":["orange"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/orange_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓊𐒻́","defs":["wipe (any surface)","remove some substance from a surface by wiping, raking, or shoveling","wipe clean (after using the toilet)","wipe (any\nsurface);"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)cí"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻́͘","defs":["across","across an object at right angles","at right angles with"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻͘𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓊𐒻́͘𐓓𐒷","defs":["scrape or push aside"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)cìâe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓊'𐓂́","defs":["shave the head","(intr.?)\nshave the head"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del.?, _(kaa)c∏ó?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐓎́","defs":["wipe or scrape clean, as a child, after it has stooled: so described because a corn cob or stick is used for the purpose","scrape off, as snow, with a hoe or axe","paw away the earth or snow, as horses do"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓊𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓊𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["sweep","sweep (with any object)","dust or sweep, as with a broom, but not with a brush","push litter off a floor","sweep\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del.,\n_(kaa)cúxe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["attack","charge upon an enemy","raid","threaten","rush on or attack him, her, or it","a menace"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒰͘𐒵𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰́𐓍𐒰͘𐒵𐒷","defs":["at or to that unseen place"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["that sitting one (animate object)","that curvilinear inanimate object","that part","that standing animate object, or that curvilinear inanimate object, at one side (but seen) or out of sight (but heard)","that one standing, the object of an action","seen, and near the speaker"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓆𐒼𐒻","defs":["sweep together, as wheat, etc., scattered on the ground or floor"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓍𐓂́","defs":["over there","then, and then, and next, and then\nimmediately, and right away","and","and (sequential) . . . and then",". kaðǫ́"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["kóe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂́͘","defs":["then","and then","and next","and then immediately","and right away","in or at that place or time","and","an introductory and","here next to"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐒰́͘𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐓇𐓂́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓍𐓎́𐒷𐓓𐒻 𐒹𐒻̄͘ 𐓁𐒰̄𐓓𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"he was talking to me, then all of a sudden he changed his mind"},{"o":"𐒰𐓏𐒰́͘𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐓇𐓂́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂͘ 𐓑𐒰̄𐒼𐒷́ 𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"he was talking to me, then suddenly he started to cry"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂͘ 𐒹𐒰̋𐒼𐓂͘?","e":"and then what happened?"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓇𐒵𐒻́͘𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂͘ 𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒲𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐓍𐒰𐓌𐒻́𐒷?","e":"what is your name and where did you come from?"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐒿𐓂́͘𐒰𐓓𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂́ 𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"it's raining cats and dogs"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓍𐓂𐓏𐒰","defs":["Kiowa"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰","defs":["horse","pony","nag","horse, pony"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/horse_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["neighing or the whinnying of a horse"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["currycomb"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐒻͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐒻͘𐒿𐒷́","defs":["horse dung","manure"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐒽𐒻𐓄𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["horse race","horserace (04/13/95/FH/pc:ok;\nBE2.68)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐒰 𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓁𐒰́͘𐓉𐒰 𐓆𐓊𐒷̋","defs":["mule"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓂𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓂𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["horse stall"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓅𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘","defs":["horse's mane"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓆𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓆𐒻́𐒹𐒰","defs":["hoof of a horse"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓆𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓆𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["horse's tail"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓇𐓂͘𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓇𐓂́͘𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["gelding"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓈𐓂̋𐒼𐒰","defs":["stallion"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓋𐒻","defs":["barn"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻","defs":["horse doctor","veterinarian"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["oats","horse feed"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷 𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["oat field"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐒻","defs":["wild horse","untamed horse"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["gray horse","roan horse","Grayhorse camp (near Fairfax,\nOklahoma) (02/03/95/FH/pc:ok: use hkáwaxoce\nfor the town name)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["colt","pony"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰̄𐒿𐒻̄͘","defs":["ride horseback","horseback, mounted on a horse","[hkáwa + álįį]\n(intr.) ride horseback (02/09/95/FH/pc:ok). •\nadv horseback, mounted on a horse"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰̄𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓄𐒻 𐓌𐒷","e":"they have gone horseback riding"}],"infl":"reg., hkáwaa_lîî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰̄𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒷̋","defs":["go on horseback"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒷̋𐒻 𐓌𐒷́","e":"he has gone on horseback"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓄𐒻 𐓌𐒷́","e":"they have gone on horseback"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["horse herder, horse watcher","horse herder, horse\nwatcher (WHM981022, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hkáwa + tòpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷́𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["beer","beer (lit.,\n‘horse urine’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐒰͘𐓍𐒰̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́ 𐓋𐒷","e":"let's go drink some beer [said to one person]"}],"infl":"hkáwa + céâenii"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓈𐒰͘𐓏𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘","defs":["Bartlesville, Oklahoma","Bartlesville, Oklahoma (lit., ‘little-horse town’)\n(RBn2-MOJ/p32; HRE/01/17/02/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hkáwa + -âî ‘little’ +htåwà"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒻́͘","defs":["cut in a circle"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["soar, as an eagle"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒰́","defs":["excel","go beyond","outrun","outstrip","outdistance","beat someone in a race","beat s.o","creek, branch (e.g.,\nof a stream or brook) (RBn1-MOJ/p13;\n04/07/95/LS/pc:ok). [This term was used for\n‘creek’ by some older Osage speakers in\nOklahoma in the 1990s. The variant forms with\nfinal e are unexpected.] káxa akxa okü´hpu akxa\nthe creek is full (RBn10-6:JW)","creek"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(káa)xa (inflection is\nirregular in that ka seems to be retained in 3rd pl.\nkáaxa)","xref":["žą́ą káxa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒰","defs":["limb, bough, or branch of a tree","branch of a tree","limb","branch of a stream","branch (e.g., of a stream or brook)","stream of water","creek or river","creek"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["branch","small creek or stream"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make, fix, prepare, bake","build","make or force someone to do something","cause something to be a certain way","turn on","do, perform, engage in","make it (in a card game)","make","do","act","behave","cause"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒰 𐓅𐒰̋𐓑𐒷","e":"I made coffee"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋𐓒𐓎𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓈𐓂́𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰","e":"make some grape juice"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰","e":"go bake a cake"},{"o":"𐓂̋𐒹𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓌𐒷́","e":"it was well prepared [cooked well]"},{"o":"Arthur 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 Mongrain 𐓅𐒷́𐓑𐒷 𐓏𐒻́͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"Arthur made Mongrain a gourd"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["crow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["the sound of scraping china dishes"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷 𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓐𐒷 𐒹𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["the cry of a crow","a croak"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰́𐓐𐒷 𐓉𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["raven","big crow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒻́𐓍𐒰","defs":["make fall to the ground by striking, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["break off, break by striking (a long object, such as a stick)","be broken (when used with continuative auxiliary akxa or apa)","break, as a nail, ear of corn, stick, etc., by striking, without breaking it entirely in two","break or be broken by falling","[kaa- instr +\nxǫ́] (trans.) break off, break by striking (a long\nobject, such as a stick)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐓄𐓇𐒷 𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷","e":"he broke the cradle board"},{"o":"𐓉𐒰́𐒹𐓎 𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"they said he broke his neck"}],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)xò"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐓎́","defs":["brush"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["break, as any small or thin object, requiring little force, as a pecan nut","split, split open, crack or splinter by sudden impact"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓒𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓒𐒰́͘","defs":["scold","reprimand","chastise","censure","bawl out","scold, reprimand, chastise, censure,\nbawl out (RBn12-06; 03/08/95/MREI/pc:ok).\náazą I scold"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓘𐓷𐓘̋𐓺𐓘͘","a":"záani awáazą","e":"I scolded them all"},{"o":"𐓷𐓣̄𐓺𐓘́͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wiizą́ hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to bawl you out"}],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)zå"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓒𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓒𐒰́͘ 𐓍𐒷","defs":["go without fear to one or more persons who are in a bad humor"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓒𐒰͘𐓒𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓒𐒰́͘𐓒𐒰͘","defs":["scold over and over","keep on scolding","[reduplicated form of kaazą́] scold over and\nover, keep on scolding"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. kaa-del., _(kaa)zåzà"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["Kaw","Kansa (tribe or tribal member)","Kaw Indian","Kaw, Kansa (tribe or tribal member)\n(02/13/95/FH/pc:ok, PM ok; BE2.73)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓓𐒻́","defs":["drive (a vehicle)","herd (animals)","make or force someone to do something","command someone to do something","blow with force (as in blowing one's nose)","drive a team of horses or an automobile","drive (a vehicle), herd (animals)\n(01/20/95/PM/pc:ok)","make or force s.o","drive (something, e.g., a car)","drive (e.g., a car)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg. kaa-ret., _kaaâí","xref":["ákaaži","kíži","wakáaži"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒰𐓓𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒰𐓓𐓂́","defs":["hull walnuts by pounding"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒷̋","defs":["turtle","tortoise","terrapin","turtle, tortoise, terrapin\n(04/06/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.145)","positional article for dispersed,\nscattered, or randomly located entities\n(modifies noun or noun phrase)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓭𐓘̄𐓡𐓣́𐓤𐓟","a":"hpaahíke","e":"I sorted the beans"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒷","defs":["positional article for dispersed, scattered, or randomly located entities (modifies noun or noun phrase)","around, in dispersed locations or with dispersing action","the scattered inanimate objects"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻𐒼𐒷 𐓄𐒰̄𐒹𐒻́𐓄𐒱, 𐓇𐒵𐓎̋𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎 𐓉𐒱","e":"be sorting the [scattered] dirty clothes, let's you wash them (i.e., 'how about you [pl.] wash them?')"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷́𐒼𐒷 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓓𐒻𐒼𐒷","e":"these bad things [scattered around]"},{"o":"𐓂𐓇𐓊𐒷́𐒼𐒷","e":"remainders or leftovers that are scattered around"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓄𐒷́𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","e":"wrap up those blankets [lying around haphazardly, not stacked neatly]"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐒰̄𐓏𐒰","e":"count the [scattered] birds"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐒷́","defs":["dig","dig up","dig, dig up","to dig something up"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒼'𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I'm going to dig potatoes"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼'𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́","e":"we're going to dig potatoes"},{"o":"𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"hta aðįhé","e":"I’m going to dig potatoes"}],"infl":"reg. _k∏é","vc":"regular"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒷𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒷𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["box turtle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒷𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒷́𐓁𐒰","defs":["the inanimate objects which were scattered then"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["notched (in one place)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒷𐓇𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒷𐓇𐓈𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["soft-shelled turtle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒷𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒷̄𐓈𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["shadow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒷𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒷́𐓍𐓂","defs":["clear sky, as after a storm"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻","defs":["in","into","at","on","to something plural or multiple","in, into, at, on","fly (as birds do), ride in\nan airplane"],"pos":"post","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́ 𐒼𐒻 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐒷̄𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒻́𐒹𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒷","e":"he also liked the way they danced in the wind"},{"o":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒻 𐓂𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘","e":"I live in town"},{"o":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓑𐓂́ 𐒰́𐓀𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐒼𐒻","e":"up into the mountains"},{"o":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓑𐓂́ 𐒼𐒻 𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"they went to the mountains"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐒼𐒻 𐓄𐓇𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒷","e":"I went to the dances"}],"infl":"reg.?, _kìî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻-","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻","defs":["dative prefix, indicating that an action is done in the presence of someone [e.g., egie 'speak in the presence of someone'], for the benefit of someone [\"benefactive\"], in place of someone, or to someone else's possession; can also indicate action transferring something to someone","to","for"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻-","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻","defs":["anew","again","in reaction","in return","back"],"pos":"verb > ???","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻̋͘","defs":["fly (as birds do)","ride in an airplane","airplane"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/airplane_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐒻́͘","defs":["carry","carry on the back","carry a load on the back","carry, carry on the\nback"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒰̋𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒻𐒼𐒻́𐒼'𐒻͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐒰̋𐓄𐒰","e":"I'll carry you on my back, he said"},{"o":"𐒼'𐒻́͘ 𐓍𐒷̋","e":"they are carrying them on their back"}],"infl":"reg. _k∏ì"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐒰𐓊𐒻","defs":["wipe oneself (in the bathroom, after using the toilet)","[hkik- refl + kaací]\n(intr.) wipe oneself (in the bathroom, after\nusing the toilet)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒰𐓊𐒻?","e":"did you wipe yourself? (in the bathroom only)"},{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒽𐒻́𐒰𐓊𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"the children are wiping themselves"},{"o":"𐒽𐒻𐒰́𐓊𐒻𐓄𐒻","e":"wipe yourselves"}],"infl":"reg., _hkíaci"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐒷𐓈𐓂̋𐓄𐒰","defs":["eight"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒻́𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓂̋𐓄𐒰 𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷́","e":"they [used to, always] put in eight"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/eight_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐒷𐓈𐓂́𐓄𐒻͘","defs":["eight times"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒹𐒰𐓒𐒷","defs":["flee from a person, etc.","shun","avoid","evade"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["be chief over","be chief for or over a people","be chief of a tribe","be chief\nover"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kíhike"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒹𐓂̄͘","defs":["like, love","like, love.\n[Synonymous with kiðálį.] wažáže ónǫbre ą́hǫǫ\nI like Osage food (02/16/95/FH/pc:okc)","like, like to do things","like (see chap. 10)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐓂́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐒰́͘𐒹𐓂̄͘","e":"I like Osage food"},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒰́͘𐒹𐓂̄͘","e":"when you cook I like it"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐒰́𐓇𐓈𐓂͘ 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒰́͘𐒹𐓂̄͘","e":"when you sing I like it"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒾𐓎𐒷 𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒻́𐒹𐓂̄͘?","e":"what kind of candy do you like?"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐓍𐒻́𐒹𐓂̄͘ 𐒻́𐓇𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘?","e":"do you know what you like?"}],"infl":"stat. ki-del., _(kí)hôô","xref":["hǫ́ǫži"],"vc":"ki-stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒹𐓂͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓓𐒻","defs":["dislike something","grieve, be unhappy","grief","anything one doesn't like","[kíhǫǫ + aží\nneg] (trans.) dislike s.t. (FH); (intr.) grieve, be\nunhappy"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat. ki-del. _(ki)hòôâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒹𐓎́𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["sick, suffer from an illness","be sick, suffer from an illness"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat., ki-del., _(ki)húheka (1st dual\nand 1st pl. subject can be either à- or wa-; ki- is\nsometimes omitted in 3rd person subject forms\nas well)","xref":["húheka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼-","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒼","defs":["one's own (suus prefix: object belongs to or is related to the subject)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼-","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒼","defs":["reflexive prefix: oneself, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves","reflexive prefix with benefactive interpretation: for oneself, for myself, for yourself, for himself, for herself, for itself, for ourselves, for yourselves, for themselves","with reflexive possessive (suus) interpretation (object is possessed by subject): my, your his, her, our, their","reciprocal prefix: each other, one another","reciprocal prefix with indirect interpretation (dative, benefactive, etc.): for each other, to each other, with each other"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓉𐓂́͘𐓄𐒰 𐓍𐒻͘","e":"watch out for yourself"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐒷 𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓉𐓃 𐓋𐒷","e":"let me look at my cake"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐒽𐒻́𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"the man and woman love each other"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘ 𐒽𐒻́𐒼'𐓎 𐓄𐒷","e":"they gave each other blankets"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐒽𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐓄𐒰̄𐒹𐒰́","e":"pray for each other, raise it up"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒽𐒰͘","defs":["fan off, as at a peyote meeting","fan, fanning"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒻𐒼𐒻́𐒽𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"they're going to fan you off"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻𐒼𐒻́𐒽𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓄𐒰, 𐓍𐒷","e":"these people want to fan you off"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼𐒻́𐒽𐒰͘","e":"fan me off"},{"o":"𐒼𐒻́𐒽𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰","e":"fan him off"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒼𐒻́𐒽𐒰͘","e":"fan them off"}],"infl":"reg. ki-ret.,\n_kíhkà","xref":["kahką́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["make over, do over, repair or fix something (belonging to oneself or to another person, e.g., repair a torn place in a dress), redo, reform","repair","mend","vamp","make an object over or anew"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make or produce for someone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐒰͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒼'𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["comfortable"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒼'𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["rest","[hkik'ą́ze + hkíðe ‘make oneself’] (intr.) rest\n(lit., ‘make oneself comfortable’) (RBn10-\n5:MOJ/79)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., hkik∏åze_hki∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐒻́͘","defs":["carry his own on his back"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒻͘𐓁𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐒽𐒻͘𐓁𐒻͘","defs":["curly","kinky","tangled","curly, kinky, tangled"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"orrowed from","e":"English kinky.]\nhpaxìî hkíhkînî curly hair, black"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂́͘","defs":["paint the face of a deceased person, apply face paint","makeup, cosmetics, face paint","paint the\nface of a deceased person, apply face paint\n(RBn12-07, unconfirmed)","n makeup, cosmetics, face paint"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"in the religious","e":"Indian way\nfor burial]?"}],"infl":"reg.? ki-ret.?, _kik∏ò?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒽𐓂̄𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["run off (on someone), abandon, leave (someone)","[ki- suu (or dat or both?)\n+ hkóopše] run off (on s.o.), abandon, leave\n(s.o.)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.? (not known whether ki-del. or\nki-ret.), _kíhkoop©e?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["want something that is another's","[ki- dat + kǫ́ða] (trans.) want s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem+sync.,\nkí_kô_∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐒼𐓍𐒷","defs":["again"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒼'𐓎","defs":["give back an object to the owner","give back","[ki- inceptive +\nk'ú] (trans.) give back (01/31/95/FH/pc:ok)","[kik- suu + k'ú]\n(trans.) give to one’s own, give away to one’s\nown people"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́𐓨𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓣́𐓤'𐓶 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"haaskámi wį akík'u hkǫ́bra","e":"I want\nto give you [my relative] a shawl"}],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kík∏u","xref":["wakík'u"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒼'𐓎́","defs":["give each other","[hkik-\nrefl + k'ú] (trans.) give each other"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘ 𐒽𐒻𐒼'𐓎́𐓄𐒷","e":"they gave each other blankets"}],"infl":"reg., _hkik∏ú"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒼'𐓎","defs":["give to one's own, give away to one's own people"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒽𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["shoot each other","shoot at each other","[hkik- recip +\nhkúce] shoot each other, shoot at each other"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hkihkúce"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["mourn","mourn\n(RBn22-12)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kíkxà"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒼𐓐𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐓐𐓂","defs":["put on or prepare a feast for another or others, invite others to feast","feast","kíhpą (continued)\n(trans.) put on or prepare a feast for another or\nothers, invite others to feast\n(04/25/95/PM/pc:okc; PM:2001:ok)","feast (noun)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓸𐓪́ 𐓘𐓩","a":"wažáže kikxó an","e":"Osage feast or dinner"}],"infl":"reg.? ki-ret.? _kíkxo?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["marry each other","[hkik- recip + lą́ke]\n(intr.) marry each other"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hkilåke","xref":["mį́įląke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒰̋𐓏𐒰","defs":["count oneself","[hkik- refl +\nðaawá] (intr.) count oneself"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓁𐒻́𐓍𐒰𐒷𐓄𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒷̋ 𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰̄𐓄𐒷 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒰̋𐓏𐒰 𐒷̋ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓄𐒻","e":"they say it is good to give but not to count yourself"}],"infl":"reg., _hkiláawa"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["bite oneself","[hkik- refl + ðaaxǫ́]\n(intr.) bite oneself"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hkilaaxò","xref":["ðiižóži","hkilíižoži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒰́𐓒𐓂","defs":["relax, recover, come to, after being unconscious","[contains hkik- refl]\n(intr.) relax, recover, come to, after being\nunconscious. ðahkílazo?"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓒𐓂?","e":"did you get relaxed?"},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓆𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷 𐒰̄͘𐓒𐒻́͘ 𐓍𐒷𐒼𐓂̋͘𐓊𐒻 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓒𐓂","e":"I was tired but now I'm recovered"},{"o":"𐓓𐓎́𐓂𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓒𐓂 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"my body is recovering"},{"o":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒰́𐓒𐓂 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's waking up (as after surgery)"},{"o":"𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓘𐓺𐓪","a":"ahkílazo","e":"I was tired but now I’m recovered"}],"infl":"reg., _hkilázo"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓓𐓂𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒰̋𐓓𐓂𐓓𐒻","defs":["curse a person","say bad things about someone, \"down\" someone by slandering, maligning or belittling"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","defs":["break something of one's own by shattering","shatter one's own","[kik- suu + kaaléke] (trans., intr.) break s.t. of\none’s own by shattering, shatter one’s own.\n[Expected but unattested Mod. Os"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+reg.?, _kí_leke","xref":["ðuuléke","paaléke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐒼𐓃𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐒽𐓃𐓐𐒷","defs":["turn oneself around"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰́𐓀𐒰𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒰 𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐒽𐓃𐓑𐒰","e":"turn yourself the other way"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓆𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐓆𐒰͘","defs":["turn oneself around","change one's ways","[hkik- refl + ðiisą́ða] (intr.) turn\noneself around"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐓆𐒰͘𐓄𐒻 𐒻𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓂̄͘𐓏𐒻́𐒴𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐒰́͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"the man turned around and said, \"I'll sure be glad when I get rid of you\""},{"a":"ll sure be glad when","e":"I get rid\nof you”"}],"infl":"reg.,\n_hkilíisà(∂e)"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐓆𐒼𐒻","defs":["gather up for oneself, gather together for oneself","gather with each other, gather together","gathering of people, meeting, gathering with each other","[hkik- refl/recip +\nðiiskí] (trans.) gather up for oneself, gather\ntogether for oneself","(intr.) (with reciprocal interpretation)\ngather with each other, gather together"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒻̄𐓆𐒼𐒻 𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"those little things that you've got, small items, are you going to gather them up?"},{"o":"𐓍𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒻̄𐓆𐒼𐒻 𐓉𐒰 𐓄𐒰̄͘𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are you all going to gather [together with each other]?"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐓆𐒼𐒻 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"the first day of the week, they're going to gather together"}],"infl":"reg., _hkilíiski"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["do laundry for oneself","wash clothes for oneself","[hkik- refl + ðiiškí] (intr.) do\nlaundry for oneself, wash clothes for oneself"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓥𐓣̋𐓧𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣","a":"ahkíiliški","e":"I did laundry for myself"}],"infl":"reg.,\n_hkilíi©ki"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["ready oneself","get oneself ready","[hkik- refl + ðiištą́]\n(intr.) ready oneself, get oneself ready"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓣̄𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓣 𐓳𐓟","a":"ahkíliištą ąkái hce","e":"I’ve got myself ready, let’s go"},{"o":"𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓣̄𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","a":"ahkíliištą","e":"I’m ready"}],"infl":"reg., _hkílii©ta"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻́𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻","defs":["assemble themselves"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓒𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐓒𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["stretch oneself","[hkik- refl +\nðiizíðe] (intr.) stretch oneself (FH)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, _hkilíizi∂e?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓓𐓂𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐓓𐓂𐓓𐒻","defs":["mistreat one another","hurt one another physically or emotionally","[hkik- recip +\nðiižóži] (intr.) mistreat one another, hurt one\nanother physically or emotionally"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻̋𐓓𐓂𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"the people are mistreating each other"}],"infl":"reg., _hkilíiâoâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓐𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐓐𐒷 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["bee"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓐𐒷𐓀𐒲","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐓐𐒷𐓀𐒲","defs":["honey"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/honey_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐓓𐒷","defs":["curse, bewitch or \"witch\" someone","cast a spell on a person","[apparently\ncontains ki- dat] (trans.) curse, bewitch or\n“witch” s.o., cast a spell on a person\n(04/25/95/PM/pc:prod; FH/ok). [The form kilǫ́ɣe\nwould have been expected instead, judging from\nMod. Os. íðǫɣe and ilǫ́ɣe, LFD’s hkilǫ́ɣe, and\nrelated forms in KS.]"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-del.?, _(ki)lòâe?"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐒹𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎̋𐒹𐒷𐓄𐒷","defs":["urinate","[hkik-\nrefl + ðuuhépe] (intr.) urinate (lit., ‘make\noneself lighter’;"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎̋𐒹𐒷𐓄𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to urinate"}],"infl":"reg.?/uninfl., _hkilúuhepe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎́𐓅𐒻̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["make a mistake causing dishonor to oneself","do or cause oneself ill or harm","harm oneself by making a serious mistake","[hkik- refl +\nðuhpíiži] (intr.) make a mistake causing\ndishonor to oneself, do or cause oneself ill or\nharm, harm oneself by making a serious\nmistake"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐓎𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐓂́𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐒴𐒻͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I made a bad mistake but I'll carry myself on anyway"},{"o":"𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"hta mįkšé","e":"I made a bad mistake but I’ll carry\nmyself on anyway"}],"infl":"reg., _hkilúhpiiâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎̋𐓇𐒰𐓏𐒰","defs":["undress oneself","[hkik- refl +\nðuušáwa] (intr.) undress oneself"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hkilúu©awa"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎̋𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["undress oneself","[hkik- refl + ðuuštáke] (intr.)\nundress oneself"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\n_hkilúu©take"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎́𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["fail in doing, making, or completing anything for himself, as for want of time, or because the object is too heavy to be lifted, pulled, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎̋𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎","defs":["clean oneself","[hkik- refl +\nðuuwásu] (intr.) clean oneself. hkilúuwasu!"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎̋𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎!","e":"clean yourself up!"}],"infl":"reg., _hkilúuwasu"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["buy for oneself","[hkik- refl + ðuwį́]\n(trans.) buy for oneself"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","e":"I bought a car for myself"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́𐒷 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷","e":"I'm buying it for myself"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"he bought stuff for himself"},{"o":"𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"she's buying it for herself"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"she bought that for herself"}],"infl":"reg., _hkíluwî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐒿𐓎̋𐓒𐒷","defs":["take something of someone's own away","take someone's own from him/her","[ki- dat + lúuze]\n(trans.) take s.t. of s.o.’s own away, take s.o.’s\nown from him/her. kíluuza!"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kilúuze"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐓀𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["against the wind, stream, or current","upstream"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐓀𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒿𐒷","defs":["facing the wind, etc."],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐓂͘","defs":["hear about his or her own","hear something about someone or something belonging to or connected with oneself","[kik- suu + nąk'ǫ́] (trans.) hear s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret.,\n_kínàk∏ô"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["come back to consciousness","regain consciousness"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["revive"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒻́","defs":["recover from sickness","revive from unconsciousness","heal","recuperate","recover from illness","[ki- inceptive + ní\n‘be well, live’] (intr.) heal, recuperate, recover\nfrom illness (lit., ‘be alive anew’)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"it's healing (e.g., a sore)"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"that one over there is recovered"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻𐒼𐒻́𐓁𐒻𐒷?","e":"are you recovered?"},{"o":"𐓘𐓤𐓣́𐓩𐓣𐓟","a":"akínie","e":"I’m recovered"}],"infl":"stat. ki-ret. (2nd person),\nreg. ki-ret. (1st sg.), _kiní","xref":["kitą́he"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓁𐒻","defs":["live for one","live for another or others","have a kinsman or friend alive"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒻 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒻́ 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["heal","restore to health"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰","defs":["understand, be able to understand","(intr., trans.)\nunderstand, be able to understand","understand"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̋𐓍𐒱 𐓍𐒻́𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒱́ 𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐓇𐒷","e":"those of you who can understand (said when addressing a crowd, some of whom do not understand Osage)"}],"infl":"stat. ki-del., _(kí)opxa","xref":["wáopxa"],"vc":"ki-stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["ignorant (of something), be vague about, not understand, be unable to understand","[kíopxa + aží neg] n (trans., intr.)\nbe ignorant (of s.t.), be vague about, not\nunderstand, be unable to understand (RBn1-\n23; 04/06/95/PM/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́͘𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓻𐓣","a":"ą́opxaži","e":"I don’t understand"}],"infl":"stat. ki-del.,\n_(kí)opxaâi","xref":["pxáðaži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓂̄͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["leave behind one's own","[kik- suu +\nǫ́ǫða] (trans.) leave behind one’s own"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync., _kíôô_∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓂͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐓂͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["divorce, throw each other away (usually used for the process of divorce)","[hkik- recip +\nǫ́ǫðe] (intr.) divorce, throw each other away\n(usually used for the process of divorce). [Once\nthe divorce is accomplished, ohkóǫðe is more\nlikely to be used.] hkíǫðe apai they are getting a\ndivorce, they’re separated, they are throwing each\nother away (04/06/95/PM/pc:ok; BE2.32)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync., _hkíô_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰","defs":["cherish, love, like, treasure or honor someone","[ki- dat + óxta]\n(trans.) cherish, love, like, treasure or\nhonor s.o. [In 3rd person form, this verb is\nindistinguishable from suus kíoxta.] wíoxta\nI love you (RB)","[kik- suu + óxta]\n(trans.) love one’s own (relative[s] or s.o","like or love someone","love someone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓣́𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘","a":"wíoxta","e":"I love you"}],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kíoxta","vc":"ki-stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰","defs":["love one's own (relative[s] or someone else close)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓄𐒰͘","defs":["call or visit to ask or summon someone to attend or appear before others","invite someone (not a relative)","call or halloo to another","call from a distance","summon","call to appear","[ki- dat + pą́] (trans.) call or visit to ask or\nsummon s.o","call, invite","invite (call)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓣́𐓭𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣́𐓟","a":"wíhpą achíe","e":"I came to invite you"},{"a":"ðáašpą you invited","e":"John"},{"o":"𐓷𐓣̋𐓭𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wíihpa mįkšé","e":"I’m inviting\nyou"}],"infl":"reg. ki-del., (kí)_pà; sometimes reg. ki-\ndel. +sync. fortisizing stop stem, _(kí)_pà (ki-\nmay appear in forms without full inflection)","xref":["kíhpą"],"vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐓄𐒰́𐒹𐒿𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["cast his own skin"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷𐓊'𐒰 𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂𐓊𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓂","e":"The snake casts his own skin (is doing it)."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐓄𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["race","run in a competition","run a race","[perhaps contains\nhkik- refl] (intr.) run in a competition\nhkilúhpiiži\nhkohkóma\n(perhaps lit., ‘place oneself first’) (FH)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _hkipánà","xref":["hkáwa hkipáną","níhkahkipáną"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐓄𐒰́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["push himself along","push off the boat in which he is, by pushing with his feet or an oar, against the bank or shore"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒻𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐓅𐒻́𐓂͘","defs":["know or learn for oneself","[hkik- refl +\nhpíǫ] (trans.) know or learn for oneself"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync.+sync.\nnasal vowel stem, _hki_hpí_ô"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓅𐒻̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["sad"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["brush or curry the mane or coat of an animal","brush or comb someone's hair","[ki- dat + káapše]\n(trans.) brush or curry the mane or coat of an\nanimal (RBn2-MOJ/p6; 04/13/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓤𐓣́𐓬𐓯𐓟","a":"akípše","e":"I brushed her hair, I combed her\nhair"}],"infl":"reg. ki-ret. _kíp©e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓆𐒷","defs":["cut something for someone","cut wood, etc., for another","[ki- dat + kaasé]\n(trans.) cut s.t. for s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kíse"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐓆𐓈𐒰́","defs":["leech"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻̄𐓆𐓈𐓂́","defs":["assemble (as for a council)","assemble in council","gather for council","meet and talk things over","assemble\n(as for a council), gather for council, meet and\ntalk things over"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.? ki-ret.?, _kiistó?","xref":["hkiistó"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻̄𐓆𐓈𐓂́","defs":["council meeting","tribal council session","conference","council meeting, tribal council session\nmeeting; conference"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["kiistó"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂 𐓂𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻̄𐓆𐓈𐓂́ 𐓂𐓀𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["council member","senator","congressional representative","lawmaker","legislator","council\nmember, senator, congressional representative,\nlawmaker, legislator (lit., ‘walks to council’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻̄𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓋𐒻","defs":["courthouse","council house","courthouse\n(01/13/95/FH/pc:okc; BE2.26), council house"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hkiistó + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓎𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓎́𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["forget","[kisúðe + aží neg] (trans., intr.)\nforget"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-\nret., _kisú∂aâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓎́𐓍𐒷","defs":["remember"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐒼𐒻́𐓆𐓎𐒷","e":"I remember you"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼𐒻́𐓆𐓎𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́ 𐒻͘𐓉𐒰́𐓊𐒻 𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷́𐓍𐒰 𐓍𐒻͘","e":"we're remembering her, father, bless her"},{"o":"𐓷𐓣𐓤𐓣́𐓮𐓶𐓟","a":"wikísue","e":"I remember\nyou"}],"infl":"reg. ki-ret.,\n_kisú∂e","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","defs":["play with someone (i.e., with any animate being)","[ki- dat +\nškáce] (trans.) play with s.o. (i.e., with any\nanimate being)","[kik- suu +\nškáce] play with s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kí©kace"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","defs":["play with someone related to oneself, or with animate being of one's own"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","defs":["pay someone","pay for someone","pay a person","[ki- dat + kašúpe]\n(trans.) pay s.o., pay for s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"ąkíšupa ði if","e":"I eat, you pay for it"},{"a":"for what","e":"I did]"},{"o":"𐓘́𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟","a":"ákišupe","e":"I\nrepaid him. ∂áki©upe you repaid him. ∂akí©upe?\ndid you pay them back?"}],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., _kí©upe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","defs":["pay back","repay","reimburse","pay a debt"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷","defs":["improve (with regard to an illness), get better","[ki- inceptive +\ntąhé] (intr.) improve (with regard to an illness),\nget better (02/13/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn1-MOJ/p39)","[ki- inceptive +\ntąhé] (intr.) heal fully, get well. [Contrast kitą́he\n(reg.).] ąkítąhe I got well","get better"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want you to get better"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰 𐓓𐓂́𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓀𐒰́͘𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱, 𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓎","e":"he's haywire with peyote but he'll be all right at daylight"},{"o":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want him/her to get better"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́𐓍𐒻𐓉𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"if we touch only your garment, we get well"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰","e":"we want to get better"}],"infl":"stat. ki-ret., _kítàhe","xref":["kiní"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷","defs":["heal fully, get well"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰̄𐒼𐒷","defs":["fight, fight against","[ki- dat +\ntaaké] (trans.) fight, fight against"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐓂́͘𐒽𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰̄𐒼𐒷","e":"we fight the Poncas"},{"a":"ąkítaake we fight the","e":"Poncas"}],"infl":"reg.? ki-ret., _kítaake"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["see someone","look with regard to someone, look down on (benevolently), watch over","[ki- dat\n+ tǫ́pe] (trans.) see s.o.;","[ki-\ndat + tǫ́pe] look at s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓟 𐓥𐓪͘𐓜𐓘","a":"ðe hkǫbra","e":"I want\nyou to [come and] look down upon us"}],"infl":"reg.+sync., _kí_tôpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["look at something that belongs to someone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["make war against","go on the warpath against the enemy","invade"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["squeak"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓊'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓊'𐒷","defs":["lose his kinsman, etc., by death"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓊𐓎","defs":["wipe or scrape clean for another"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒰́","defs":["each"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒷 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒷 𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒰́ 𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘𐓄𐒷","e":"each person, everyone has this sickness"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["apart","separate","separation","moving in opposite directions"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷́","defs":["beside each other","beside each\nother (12/30/94/FH/pc:prod). hki[ð]etóopa eight\n(lit., ‘two fours beside each other’)","[kį́į + ðe cau] (trans.) throw\n(lit., ‘cause to fly’) (01/10/95/FH/pc:prod)","allow (own relatives) to","throw",". kíðe"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg. kìî_∂e","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓍𐒻̄𐓐𐓂͘","defs":["break off or break someone's (e.g., body part)","[ki- dat +\nðiixǫ́] (trans.) break off or break s.o.’s (e.g.,\nbody part). áa ðíiðiixǫpe they broke your arm.\náa kíðiixǫpe they broke his arm"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat. ki-del., _(kí)∂ixô"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["buy for someone","buy in someone's place for the benefit of a third person","[ki- dat\n+ ðuwį́] (trans.) buy for s.o., buy in s.o.’s place\nfor the benefit of a third person. ábruwį I\nbought it for him","buy\nfrom s.o. (s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. ki-ret., kí_∂uwî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["buy from someone (something that belongs to that person)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐓎̋𐓒𐒷","defs":["take away from someone","[ki- dat +\nðuuzé] take away from s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒻𐓍𐓎̋𐓒𐒰 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘","e":"go take it away from him"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̋𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰́͘𐓇𐓊𐓎̄𐓒𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒻́𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are you going to take pennies/change away from me?"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐒰́͘𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒷","e":"God takes away bad things from me"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒷","e":"God takes away bad things [from us, from them]"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒷́𐒹𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐓆𐒻𐓆𐒻́ 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́, 𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐒰͘𐓍𐓎̋𐓒𐒱","e":"I am weak but thou art strong, Jesus keep me from all wrong"}],"infl":"sync. ki-del., (ki)_∂úuze"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["stingy","refuse to spare his property to another","stingy or selfish with, reluctant to share something of one's own because of valuing it so highly","value, prize, or treasure something","value highly some particular property"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻́𐓓𐒻","defs":["generous","liberal","share his property to another"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓏𐒰̄𐓈𐒰","defs":["pray for","[ki- dat +\nwaatá] (trans.) pray for (RBn10-15,\nunconfirmed). [Expected forms are as follows:\náawaata ‘I pray for him’, ąðáawaata ‘you pray\nfor me’, ąkíwaata ‘we pray for him’, awáawaata\n‘I pray for them’, ą́ąwaata ‘pray for me’,\nðíiwaata ‘he prayed for you’, kíwaata ‘pray for\nhim’, wáawaata ‘pray for us’, wáawaata ‘pray\nfor them’.]\nkíwalį (variants: kíwahlį, kíwali). v, adj [stat. ki-\ndel., _(kí)walį] [ki- dat + wálį ‘selfish’] [Mod.\nOs"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-del. _(kí)waata"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐓉𐒰́𐒽𐒰","defs":["be a chief over them","act as chief for another tribe"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐒻́𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","defs":["despair, mistrust oneself, not trust oneself, doubt oneself, give up"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻̄𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["break one's own (e.g., body part)","(intr.?) break one’s\nown (e.g., a body part)","[ki- dat + xǫ́] s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat. ki-del., _(ki)xò","xref":["ðiixǫ́","kíðiixǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","defs":["respect","[perhaps ki- dat +\nxópe] (trans.) respect (RBn1-41)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐒻𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒼𐒻́𐓒𐓂","defs":["happy","feel enjoyment","have fun","have a good time","enjoy","like","happy or glad about something","enjoy, like","like (see chap. 10)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"ki-stative"},{"hw_osage":"*𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂","defs":["grandmother","great aunt (mother's mother's sister)","great aunt (father's mother's sister)","mother's cousin (mother's mother's brother's daughter)","father's cousin (father's mother's brother's daughter)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐓂́","defs":["hole","play; (intr.) gamble"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _k∏ò","xref":["ok'ó"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂͘","defs":["a word used at the end of an optative phrase, esga being at the beginning"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓍𐒷𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒷𐒰͘𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒼𐓂͘","e":"Oh that I was like this standing animate object."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐓂́͘","defs":["play","gamble"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["not to know how to make or do anything correctly","failure to do a thing for lack of skill","unskilled","be unskilled (at)","not know how (to)","(trans., intr.) be\nunskilled (at), not know how (to)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. k>p, _kòâîka"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒴𐒻͘𐒴𐒻͘𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂́𐒴𐒻͘𐒴𐒻́͘𐒰","defs":["staggering"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒴𐒻͘𐒴𐒻͘𐒰 𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂́𐒴𐒻͘𐒴𐒻́͘𐒰 𐓍𐒷","defs":["go staggering"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒴𐒻͘𐒴𐒻͘𐒰 𐓍𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂́𐒴𐒻͘𐒴𐒻́͘𐒰 𐓍𐒷 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["make one go staggering by pushing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["edge","border or edge of an object"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐓂͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐓂́͘𐒹𐒷","defs":["lay into"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _k∏òhe","xref":["ohkík'ǫhe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂́𐒽𐒰 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["marbled godwit"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂𐒼𐒷́","defs":["thud","sound of a drum when beaten","sound produced by striking a drum","sound of something soft and heavy falling to the ground"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒼𐓂𐓀𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂𐒽𐓂́𐓀𐒰","defs":["cucumber","pickle","pickle, cucumber\n(03/07/95/FH/pc:ma; BE2.102). [Possibly\nborrowed from English cucumber.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒼𐓂𐓆𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂́𐒽𐓂𐓆𐒰","defs":["pig","hog","shoat","pork","pig, hog, shoat,\npork (t#14a-p4). [Possibly borrowed from French\ncochon.] hkóhkosa léze [expected form: . . . léže]\nspotted pig","ham","anything from a pig (besides bacon)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒼𐓂𐓆𐒰 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂𐒽𐓂́𐓆𐒰 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["hoggish"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒼𐓂𐓆𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂́𐒽𐓂𐓆𐒰 𐓀𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["sow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒼𐓂𐓆𐒰 𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂́𐒽𐓂𐓆𐒰 𐓉𐒰̋","defs":["pork"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐒼𐓂𐓆𐒰 𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂𐒽𐓂́𐓆𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻","defs":["lard","pork fat","lard, pork fat\n(03/08/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðiihkóįɣe","hkilíihkǫįɣe","opáwįɣe","-wįɣe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂͘𐓄𐒷́","defs":["hackberry","hackberries","hackberry, hackberries"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂͘𐓄𐒷 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂͘𐓄𐒷́ 𐒹𐓎","defs":["hackberry tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂̋𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["sneak off","flee","run away","sneak off, flee, run away","run away, flee","run away (flee)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰𐒽𐓂̋𐓄𐓇𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒰̄𐓄𐒷́","e":"she says I'm always sneaking off"},{"o":"𐓇𐒻́͘𐓉𐓂𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒻̄𐓍𐒰́𐓍𐒷 𐒽𐓂̋𐓄𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"the boy that I saw was running away"}],"infl":"reg., _hkóop©e","xref":["kíhkoopše"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐓂͘𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂́͘𐓆𐓎","defs":["dice","Osage dice","dice, Osage dice\n(RB, 01/20/95/FH/pc:prod orig)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼'𐓂́͘𐓆𐓎 𐒼'𐓂́͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓄𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰","e":"I guess they went to play dice"},{"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓬𐓟 𐓮𐓤𐓘","a":"aðáape ska","e":"I guess they went to play dice"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dice_indian_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐓂͘𐓆𐓎𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐓂́͘𐓆𐓎𐒼'𐓂́͘","defs":["Osage dice game","[k'ǫ́su + k'ǫ́] (intr.)\nplay dice. • n Osage dice game\n(01/20/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.31)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., k∏òsu_k∏ò"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐓇𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂𐓇𐒰","defs":["curve"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"accent perceived as equal in both\nsyllables; possibly koo©á?","xref":["hpasúkoša"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́","defs":["farther over there","beyond","on the other side of something","ahead","farther over there, beyond, on the\nother side of s.t. (04/19/95/FH/pc:okc)","that yonder, that (person or thing)\nover there (beyond speaker and hearer)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓉𐒰 𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́ 𐒷𐓊𐒻́","e":"the tree is on the other side of the fence"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂̄𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["to/from farther away (in space)","farther back, farther ahead (in time or space)","beyond","the next to last","the one before last","the one after next","the one past the next","go away","depart","(to/from) farther\naway (in space);"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"kootáha alį́į hkǫ́bra move over because","e":"I\nwant to sit down"}],"infl":"kóota + ha ppn","xref":["hą́ąpa kootáha ce","kaasį́ kootáha","sitǫ́į"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂́𐓈𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["that standing animate object, in sight, which is beyond a certain point or place"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂́𐓍𐒰","defs":["friend","friend (01/30/95/FH/pc:prod orig)","want, desire. [2nd person form customarily\nlengthens the ǫ́ in interrogatives, though this is\nnot normally indicated in writing: škǫ́ǫšta ‘do\nyou want?’.] hkǫ́bra I want (03/16/95/JS/pc:ok)","want"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐓂́𐓍𐒰 𐓍𐒻́ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"they were friends"},{"o":"𐒽𐓂́𐓍𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́ 𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐓂͘ 𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐒻́͘𐓄𐒷","e":"my friend has two horses just alike"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘ 𐓘́𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"wažážeíe hpíǫ áhkǫ́bra","e":"I\nwant him to learn Osage [áhkòbra: triple\nconjugation]"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem+sync., _kò_∂a;\ninfrequently with triple conjugation, reg.+sync.\nfortisizing stop stem+sync., _ _kò_∂a","vc":"strong, br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["want","desire","wish for","prefer"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","e":"I don't want to (do something)"},{"o":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓏𐒻𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want that for you"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰?","e":"do you want one of these?"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓂͘","e":"do whatever you want to do"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰?","e":"do you want this?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["teach something to someone","show someone how to do something","pretend, feign,","teach s.t. to\ns.o.;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒼𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"my aunt is going to teach him"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓁𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"my aunt is going to teach you"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐒼𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to show you"}],"infl":"sync. k> p, _kòze","xref":["hkihkǫ́ze","kšíǫze","wakǫ́ze"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷́","defs":["pretend","make believe","feign"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓂𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓂́𐓓𐒻","defs":["a great distance"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐒼𐓃𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓃́𐓐𐒷","defs":["turn","turn around"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐒷","defs":["positional article for an entity that is lying down or long, used after a noun or pronoun that is not an active subject","positional article that indicates plurality of an inanimate entity that takes the tse 'standing' positional in the singular","lying down or long (used clause-finally; often followed by abe, denoting reported information","the reclining animate object","the (dead body)","the long inanimate object","the long rectilinear collection, as a forest","positional article for an\nentity that is lying down or long, used after a\nnoun or pronoun that is not an active subject"],"pos":"positional","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻𐓆𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐒴𐒻́͘","e":"I have the queen of spades"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘ 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"is his or her mother [who is bedridden or lying down] all right?"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘ 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱?","e":"how is your [bedridden] mother?"},{"o":"𐓀𐓂́͘𐓓𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒷́ 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓀𐓂́͘𐓓𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒷́ 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰̄𐓓𐒻 𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐓇𐓂̄͘𐓇𐓂́͘𐓏𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"heaven and earth shall pass away but my word will endure"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓄𐒷̋ 𐒷̋ 𐒼𐓇𐒷?","e":"that [one] lying over there, who is it?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓇𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐒷́𐓊𐒻","defs":["at, by, in, or on the horizontal inanimate object","at, by, or on the reclining or dead animate object"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓇𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐒻𐒿𐒷́","defs":["have gone back","have come and gone"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓇𐒻𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐒻́𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["teach","teach something to someone","teach another","instruct","show someone how to do something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐒼𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["miss","glance or slide off"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐒼𐓇𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["causative and 1st dative of \"-𐓍𐒷\"","allow, have something done",". kšíðe"],"pos":"verb > ???","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓇𐒻𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐒻́𐓐𐒷","defs":["make or do something to or for another","make or do something for another","make something for another","make or prepare for someone (e.g., prepare a bed, clothing, or food)","fix (prepare or repair) for someone","have or make something or someone be a certain way, have or make someone do something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓇𐒻𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐒻́𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻́","defs":["a bird which keeps on the ground, i.e., does not sit in trees"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓇𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["son (second)","one of the ordinal birth-names of the second son","second son (in any\nclan)","second son (variant)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓒𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"second son's dog is yellow"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/2nd_son_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐓎́","defs":["give","give away an object","pass something to someone (e.g., at the table)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"Bob 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 Joe 𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒼'𐓎́𐓄𐒷","e":"Bob gave Joe a blanket"},{"o":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐓇𐒰́𐓅𐒷 𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒼'𐓎́ 𐒰𐓄𐒱, 𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻","e":"the doctors gave him only six months"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓎́𐓄𐒷","e":"he gave you a blanket"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰͘𐒼'𐓎́𐓄𐒷","e":"he gave me a blanket"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼'𐓎́𐓄𐒷","e":"it was given to me"}],"infl":"reg., _k∏ú"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼'𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼'𐓎́𐒷","defs":["scratch an itch","scratch\nan itch"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _k∏úe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒽𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["shoot","fire a gun","shoot a bow and arrow","shoot someone","shoot at someone","fire a gun, shoot a\nbow and arrow (03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓥𐓶́𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟","a":"ahkúce ąži akšį́įce","e":"I shot at it but I missed it"}],"infl":"reg., _hkúce","xref":["hkihkúce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓐𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["son (third and beyond)","third son or subsequent son","third son","son (third-born; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓐𐒰𐓄𐒱","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓐𐒰𐓅𐒱́","defs":["son (baby, of a female)","brother (baby, of a female) (said to be used by a woman to refer to her youngest brother or to her youngest son if she has at least two older sons)","brother (baby, of a female) (my)","brother (baby, of a female) (your)","brother (baby, of a female) (her)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒼𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒼𐓐𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["son (third and beyond)","third son or\nsubsequent son (in any clan)","one’s third-born (and beyond) son","son (third-born; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/3rd_son_hl.mp3","xref":["mą́zek'ąsaaki"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["placed","mad, angry"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘̋𐓭𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"iiðáahpe hta mįkšé","e":"I will wait until he goes away\nmad [angry]"}],"xref":["ólą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́͘","defs":["mad, angry"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["marry a woman","take as a wife","take a wife","marry a woman, take\nas a wife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _låke","xref":["hkilą́ke","mį́įląke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰𐓄𐓐𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́𐓄𐓐𐒰̄͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["mosquito","mosquito\n(02/25/95/FH/pc:ok). [Hominy usage.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́𐓋𐒷","defs":["eat his or her own","[kik- suu +\nðaacé] name one’s own, call one’s own by\nname"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _láace"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["name one's own","call one's own by name"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["unbraided","unwoven","unbraid or untie","become raveled as a braided or plaited lariat"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["miss"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["big","large","broad","wide","great","greatness","stupendous","prodigious","magnitude","important","fat, overweight"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒻́𐒹𐒰̄ 𐒿𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"she has a big mouth"},{"o":"𐒿𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒷 𐓉𐒰́͘","e":"very large"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰̄𐓀𐒲́ 𐓌𐒷 𐒿𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒻 𐒷𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"what I did was important"},{"o":"𐒿𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒷 𐒴𐒻́͘𐒷","e":"I'm fat"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒷 𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒷 𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́𐓄𐒷","defs":["\"the broad insect with thick hair,\" a mythical character, supposed to be as large as a buffalo bull, and styled the chief or king of the land insects and worms"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒷 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["huge, enormous, exceedingly large"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒷𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒷𐒹𐒰","defs":["extending of a broad or wide tract"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒷𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒷𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["chubby, very large","chubby, very large (RBn1-\nMOJ/p22; 01/09/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰̋𐓐𐓂͘","defs":["break something of one's own by mouth","[kik- suu + ðaaxǫ́] break\ns.t. of one’s own by mouth"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _láaxô"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰́𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["crush his own (crawfish, etc.) by biting"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒰𐓓𐒻̋͘","defs":["skinny (e.g., a person or a tree), slim, slender, thin","lean (describes a person or an animal, not meat)","poor, pitiful, gaunt, haggard","skinny (e.g., a person or a tree), slim,\nslender, thin;","thin, skinny, slender","skinny (thin)","thin (skinny)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒿𐒰𐓓𐒻̋͘ 𐓍𐒲𐓇𐒷́","e":"you're really skinny"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷","defs":["placed upright or in a standing position"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘","defs":["ten","tenth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐒽𐒻𐒷𐓈𐓂̋𐓄𐒰","defs":["eighteen","eighteenth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓄𐒷𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓅𐒷́𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["seventeen","seventeenth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓆𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["fifteen","fifteenth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓇𐒰́𐓅𐒷","defs":["sixteen","sixteenth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓈𐓂̋𐓄𐒰","defs":["fourteen","fourteenth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓋𐒷 𐓏𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["nineteen","nineteenth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["thirteen","thirteenth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́","defs":["twelve","twelfth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓏𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒷","defs":["eleven","eleventh"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/eleven_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["hundred","hundredth","one hundred"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/one_hundred_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒽𐒻́𐒷𐓈𐓂́𐓄𐒰","defs":["eighty","eightieth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓋𐒷 𐓏𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["ninety","ninetieth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓄𐒷𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓅𐒷́𐓍𐓂̋𐓄𐒰","defs":["seventy","seventieth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓆𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["fifty","fiftieth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒰́𐓅𐒷","defs":["sixty","sixtieth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓈𐓂̋𐓄𐒰","defs":["forty","fiftieth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓋𐒷 𐓏𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["nine","ninth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/nine_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["thirty","thirtieth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́","defs":["twenty","twentieth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/twenty_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["ten times"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["shatter"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["vomit"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂͘𐓄𐒷 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷𐓈𐒰́͘ 𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷 𐓓𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["redtailed hawk","redtailed hawk\n(04/20/95/LS/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓈𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷𐓈𐓂́͘","defs":["hawk","hen hawk","falcon","hawk (01/04/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["letą́ ǫ́pe žúuce","letǫ́wį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓈𐓂͘ 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷𐓈𐓂́͘ 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["sparrowhawk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓈𐓂͘𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷𐓈𐓂́͘𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["black hawk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"letò + sápe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒰𐓒𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒰́𐓒𐒰","defs":["striped here and there"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["striped","lined (having lines)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/striped_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒰","defs":["spotted, figured, as calico"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒷́𐓓𐒷","defs":["spotted","having spots in one place","speckled","stippled","spotted, speckled, stippled\n(05/02/95/LS/pc)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"although this name not used for","e":"Osage corn)"},{"a":"hpáata léže decorated","e":"Easter\neggs"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻̋͘","defs":["sit"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _lìî","xref":["álįį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻͘𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻͘𐒼𐓂́","defs":["gravy","mixed, as bread with meat","gravy (03/07/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐒿𐒻͘𐒼𐓂́ 𐓏𐒻𐒼𐓆𐒻́𐓑𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to make you some chicken gravy"},{"o":"𐓷𐓣𐓤𐓮𐓣́𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wiksíɣe hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to make you some\nchicken gravy"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻𐒿𐒷́","defs":["pass by a place, on the way back or homeward","pass to any place in his own lodge, etc."],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻͘𐒿𐒻͘𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻͘𐒿𐒻́͘𐒷","defs":["sleep sitting up","sleep sitting up\n(RB, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻𐓆𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻̄𐓆𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["turn, turn over, reverse or invert one's own","[kik- suu + ðiisą́ða]\n(trans.) turn, turn over, reverse or invert one’s\nown (04/06/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻̋𐓆𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","e":"I turned over my blanket"},{"o":"𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣̋𐓮𐓘͘𐓵𐓘","a":"haxį́ alíisąða","e":"I turned\nover my blanket"}],"infl":"reg., _liiså∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻̋𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["do one's own laundry","wash one's own clothing or hair","[kik- suu +\nðiiškí] (intr.) do one’s own laundry, wash one’s\nown clothing or hair","wash own hair or laundry","wash (own hair or laundry)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓧𐓣̋𐓯𐓤𐓣","a":"alíiški","e":"I did my\nlaundry"},{"o":"𐓘𐓧𐓶̋𐓯𐓤𐓣","a":"alúuški","e":"I did my laundry"}],"infl":"reg., _líi©ki","vc":"ki-ð-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻͘𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻́͘𐓐𐒰","defs":["bobcat","bobcat (RBn HW10; unconfirmed; FH:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻̋𐓐𐓂͘","defs":["break one's own (body part or possession)","[kik- suu + ðiixǫ́] (trans.)\nbreak one’s own (body part or possession)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓧𐓣̋𐓸𐓪͘","a":"alíixǫ","e":"I broke my own"}],"infl":"reg., _líixô"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐒻͘𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐒻̋͘𐓓𐒷","defs":["sparks that fly from a fire","sparks that fly from a\nfire"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̋͘","defs":["call one bad names","call someone a bad name","revile","revile someone","\"blast\" someone in an argument","curse","say bad words, curse","sulk, be angry, mutter in complaint","call s.o. a\nbad name, revile s.o., “blast” s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _lòô","xref":["lǫ́ǫlǫǫ","walǫ́ǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂͘","defs":["thunderbird","thunder-birds, etc.","the thunder deity","the thunder-god"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘ 𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̄͘ 𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["thunder","thunder"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘ 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̄͘ 𐒹𐓎̋","defs":["large amount of thunder","lots of thunder","large amount of thunder, lots of\nthunder (02/15/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘ 𐒻𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̄͘ 𐒻𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","defs":["Thunder clan","person of the Thunder clan","Thunder clan, person of the\nThunder clan"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘ 𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̋͘ 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","defs":["thunder people"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘ 𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̄͘ 𐓍𐓎́𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","defs":["thunder with lightning"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒿𐒻","defs":["thunder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̋͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["lightning","lightning. (lit., ‘stripes from\nthunder’?)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̄͘𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["thunder","thunder (RBn1-1)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̄͘𐒹𐓎̋","defs":["Osage wedding hat (top hat with colorful plumes that may be worn by the bride in an Osage wedding)","Osage\nwedding hat (top hat with colorful plumes that\nmay be worn by the bride in an Osage\nwedding) (MREI/6/7/94/num94;\n01/04/95/FH/pc:ok; FH/8/30/94)","Osage wedding hat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"may be worn by the bride in an","e":"Osage\nwedding)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘𐒿𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂̋͘𐒿𐓂̄͘","defs":["call names, revile, or curse over and over","[reduplicated form of lǫ́ǫ]\n(trans.) call names, revile, or curse over and\nover"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _lòôlôô"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂́͘𐓅𐒰","defs":["cherry","common cherry"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["snore","snore. ðáloce? ðalóce?"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _lóce; accent seems to be variable in\n1st sg. and 2nd sg.","xref":["c'élǫðį","kaalǫ́ðį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["drunk","inebriated","intoxicated","foolish, silly, beside himself with anger, etc."],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒻𐒽𐓂́𐓏𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐒰̄𐓀𐒻́","e":"I think your friend [sitting] is drunk"},{"o":"𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻 𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓓𐒰̄𐓀𐒻́","e":"I think he [moving] is drunk"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻𐒽𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓐𐒰?","e":"is your friend [standing] drunk?"},{"o":"𐒰̄𐒿𐓂́͘𐒴𐒻͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to get drunk"},{"o":"𐓍𐒰̄𐒿𐓂́͘𐓇𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓍𐒲𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are you going to get drunk?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓇𐓄𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎𐓇𐓄𐓎́","defs":["shell her own dried corn with the hand"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎𐓇𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["vein in the body"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably ki- suu + ∂ii©úpe/∂uu©úpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎́𐓍𐒰̄𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["fix one's own","fix up something of one's own","[kik- suu + ðuðáalį]\n(trans.) fix one’s own, fix up s.t. of one’s own"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _lú∂aalî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎̋𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎","defs":["wash your own (body part or possession)","[kik- suu + ðuuwásu]\n(trans.) wash your own (body part or\npossession). nąąɣü´ce lü´uwasü!"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓑𐓎𐓊𐒷 𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎!","e":"wash your ears!"}],"infl":"reg., _lúuwasu","xref":["hkilúuwasu"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["buy something of one's own (buy back)","buy for one's own (people, family)","[kik- suu + ðuwį́] (trans.)\nbuy s.t. of one’s own (buy back) (1/2/147-190).\náluwį I bought it back and it belonged to me (lit.,\n‘I bought my own’). • buy for one’s own\n(people, family)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _lúwî"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎̋𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["lose one's own","[kik- suu +\nðuuxpáðe] (trans.) lose one’s own"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷 𐒰͘𐒿𐓎̋𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","e":"we lost our pencils"}],"infl":"reg., _lúuxpa∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎̋𐓒𐒷","defs":["get, take, or take away one's own","take his own","[kik- suu + ðuuzé] get,\ntake, or take away one’s own"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐓎̋𐓒𐒷?","e":"did you get your letter?"}],"infl":"reg., _lúuze"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓓𐒰","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎̋𐓓𐒰","defs":["wash one's own (body parts or possessions)","wash his or her own","wash (one's face)","[kik- suu + ðuužá] (trans.)\nwash one’s own (body parts or possessions)\n(1-20-83-p1)","wash own body or things","wash (own body or things)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐒿𐓎̋𐓓𐒰 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want to wash my hands"},{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰́͘ 𐒹𐒰͘𐓍𐒷́ 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐓎̋𐓓𐒰?","e":"are you washing your car tonight?"},{"o":"Preston 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰͘𐓍𐒷́ 𐒿𐓎̋𐓓𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"Preston is washing his car tonight"},{"o":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐒰͘𐒿𐓎̋𐓓𐒰","e":"we wash our hands"},{"o":"𐒻̄͘𐓊𐒷́ 𐒿𐓎̄𐓓𐒰́, 𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐒻","e":"wash your face, also your hands"}],"infl":"reg., _lúuâa","vc":"ki-ð-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎́𐓓𐒻","defs":["slow, slowly, slower","slow, slowly,\nslower","slowly"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/slow_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓓𐒻 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎́𐓓𐒻 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make slower, slow down"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐒿𐓎𐓓𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐒿𐓎́𐓓𐒻𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["slow down, take it slow","[lúži + hkik- refl + ðe cau] (intr.) slow down,\ntake it slow (lit., ‘make oneself slow’).\nm\nmáihka (variant of mą́įhka)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., lúâi_hki(∂)e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘","defs":["related to the ground or the earth","arrow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓭𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","a":"ðée hpáaɣe","e":"I’m going to let the arrow go again"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘","defs":["arrow","staff used at peyote meetings"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐒹𐒻́͘","defs":["grass","hay","grass, hay\n(02/03/95/FH/pc:okc; BE2.60)","grass or hay","knife","grass (hay)","hay (grass)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"possibly\nmàà- ‘earth’ + hìî ‘hair’","xref":["paa-","-se"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻͘","defs":["knife"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/knife_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐒹𐒻́͘ 𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒷́","defs":["cut the grass"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐒹𐒻́͘ 𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐒷́","defs":["cut the grass"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓅𐒰𐓆𐓎́","defs":["knife point"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐒹𐒻́͘ 𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂","defs":["green"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/green_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐒹𐒻́͘ 𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂 𐒷̋𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["green"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐒹𐒻́͘𐓅𐒰","defs":["ragweed","ragweed (lit., ‘bitter grass’) (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐓅𐒷","defs":["axe","spade (e.g., for gardening)","spades (suit in a deck of cards)","axe\n(01/06/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻𐓆𐓄𐒷 𐓁𐒰́͘𐓑𐒷 𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘","e":"he broke the ice with his axe"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻𐓆𐓄𐒷 𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒰́, 𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐓈𐓂𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰̋𐓆𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́ 𐓋𐒷","e":"get the axe and let's go cut some wood"},{"a":"band that the","e":"Oberlys"}],"xref":["hámąsi","mą́ąhįsu","mą́ąhįsu wak'ó"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐓅𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["hatchet","hatchet (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒹𐒻͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻͘𐓉𐒰̋͘","defs":["superintendant (as of the Osage Agency)","officer or other white person of rank","the government","white person (archaic or rare)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́","defs":["medicine","aspirin, or any other kind of medicine","peyote","peyote, aspirin, or\nany other kind of medicine\n(02/24/95/FH/pc:okc)","skunk\n(03/10/95/PM/pc:ok; BE2.122). [During the early\ntwentieth century, some Osages enjoyed eating\nskunk and would have white hunters kill and\nclean skunks to deliver to them at their houses.\nMr. George Sells often did so for hǫǫpé tóohka\n(AMS:pc).]","skunk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰𐓓𐓂́𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓀𐒰́͘𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱, 𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓎","e":"peyote is moving throughout his body, but he will recover at/by dawn"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["skunk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/skunk_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́ 𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["pharmacist","druggist","one who has medicine","pharmacist,\ndruggist, one who has medicine\n(04/17/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓍𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒷𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰 𐓂𐓍𐒰̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒷̄𐓁𐒰́͘","defs":["liquid medicine","medicine that comes in liquid form only","liquid medicine,\nmedicine that comes in liquid form only (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́ 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐒼'𐒷","defs":["administer a shot or innoculation"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́ 𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒴𐒻𐒼'𐒷","e":"I gave you a shot"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["poison","bad medicine","poison,\nbad medicine"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷𐒹𐓎̄𐓆𐓊𐒷̄ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻𐓄𐒷","e":"the bite of a tarantula is poison"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́ 𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́","defs":["gayfeather","dotted gayfeather","Kansas gayfeather","blazing star","dotted button-snake-root","starwort","Liatris punctata, gayfeather,\nblazing star, dotted gay feather, Kansas\ngayfeather, dotted button-snake-root, starwort\n(lit., ‘hard/strong medicine’;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́ 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["coffee"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́ 𐓐𐓂́𐓄𐒷","defs":["sacred medicine","peyote, as used in a peyote meeting","sacred medicine\n(RB).\nmą́hkažóika. v, adj [uninfl.] [mąhká + žúoka]\n(intr.) (be) haywire or crazed with medicine,\nhave one’s body affected by peyote"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"màhká + xópe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓅𐒰","defs":["pepper","pepper (lit., ‘bitter medicine’)\n(02/24/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/pepper_hl.mp3","infl":"màhká +\nhpá"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓅𐒰 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["black pepper","black pepper (lit., ‘black\nmedicine’) (03/07/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓅𐒰 𐓓𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["red pepper"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓅𐒰𐓂̋𐓓𐓎","defs":["pepper shaker"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒱𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒱𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́","defs":["cup, coffee cup: refers to any cup","cup (lit., ‘wherein coffee is\nput’, coffee cup: refers to any cup)\n(01/14/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓍𐒰̄𐓌𐒷́","defs":["Native American Church meeting, peyote meeting"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐓂́͘𐒽𐒰 𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰̄𐓌𐒷́ 𐓇𐓊𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐓍𐒲𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are you going to the meeting over at Ponca?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["chest","chest\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:prod; RBn1-MOJ/p27)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒼𐒷 𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["tuberculosis","consumption","tuberculosis, consumption"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐒽𐒻","defs":["take hold of one another, similar to wrestling","take hold of\none another, similar to wrestling"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷","defs":["down"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒿𐒻́͘","defs":["go home"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓅𐒻̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["worthless thing","something of no value","bad weather","bad shaft of an arrow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓆𐒰𐓆𐒷","defs":["sauerkraut","sauerkraut (lit., ‘arrow cuttings’) (RB,\nunconfirmed; 03/08/95/MREI/pc:uk;\n04/19/95/FH/pc:uk).\nmą́ąse, mą́ąsi (variants of mǫ́ǫse)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"måà + sase"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒻͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰𐓇𐒻́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["to or on the other side","opposite","to or on the other side, opposite\n(RBn, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["súhkahtąą mą́šǫ oðį́įke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓆𐓈𐓂","defs":["mud","muddy"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓆𐓈𐓂","e":"the road is muddy"},{"o":"𐓋𐒷́𐓍𐒷 𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓆𐓈𐓂","e":"a muddy tire"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["vote","vote for","endorse, as a check"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐒻","defs":["up above","the arch of heaven","zenith","be upward or upright","be\nupward or upright"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _må©i","xref":["ámąši","ðuumą́ši"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰́","defs":["crawfish"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐓂͘","defs":["feather","feathers of certain kinds of birds (such as eagle, hawk, and macaw)","fan made of feathers or loose feathers (as used in peyote meetings)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐓂𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓇𐓂́𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["dusty"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓇𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["dusty (as of a table top)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["slippery (as of a surface)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"màà- + ©táha"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓇𐓊𐒷́","defs":["be warm weather","hot weather","sunny weather"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sunny_hot_weather_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐓊𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐓊𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["rabbit","hare"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rabbit_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["slide (e.g., on ice)","slide (e.g.,\non ice)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓈𐓂̋𐒽𐒰","defs":["moist"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"màà- + toohká"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓌𐒷́","defs":["in the center of something (centrally located)","within","underneath","in the center of s.t. (centrally\nlocated), within, underneath (03/23/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓌𐒷́𐓉𐒰","defs":["inside","within","interior of anything"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["walk","go by walking","go by foot","go away","go","go on","get moving","go ahead","approach, move in closer","stay","act or live a certain way","go around a certain way"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻́ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"she's walking home"},{"o":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐒰́𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́","e":"walk around the table"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘ 𐒻́𐒼'𐓎𐓊𐒰","e":"try to walk"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘𐓄𐒻","e":"go away [pl. addressee]"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷 𐒰𐒾𐓎 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́","e":"go get the newspaper"}],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘ 𐒰𐓍𐒷̋","defs":["go for a walk","go walking"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰́𐓍𐒷","e":"let's go for a walk"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["herd","drive"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓍𐓂́͘","defs":["steal","filch","rifle","rape"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., màà_∂ò","xref":["mąąlǫ́","wak'ó mąąðǫ́štą","wamą́ąðǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["sky","weather","the upper world"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/weather_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓐𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓐𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["deceive oneself, be mistaken"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓐𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["deceive, trick, lie, swindle, defraud, fool"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓐𐓄𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓐𐓄𐓎","defs":["cloud","cloudy"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cloud_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["metal of any kind","lead or iron (metal)","wire","cable","metal of any kind, lead or iron (metal);\nwire, cable"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷 𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓉𐒰","defs":["wire or metal fence","wire or\nmetal fence (04/06/95/LS/pc:ok;\n03/16/95/MREI/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷 𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷 𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["glasses","eyeglasses","spectacles","lorgnette","any device worn over the eye or eyes"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷 𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐓂𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷 𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["sunglasses","sunglasses (lit., ‘black\nmetal to place on the eyes’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷 𐓁𐒻 𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓈𐒰̋𐒽𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["hot water heater"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓂𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["call by phone","telephone"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷 𐓊𐓎𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓋𐓎́𐒼𐒷","defs":["metal spoon","spoon (metal)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷 𐓏𐒷𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓏𐒷́𐓄𐒰̄𐓌𐒷","defs":["sewing machine","sewing machine (lit., ‘metal with which\nto sew stuff’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"måze + wa- val + í- loc +\npaaché"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐒻́𐒷","defs":["radio","recording device","tape recorder","tape player","phone","phone call","radio (RBn12-06);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"måze + íe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐒻𐒷 𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐒹𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["make a call by phone"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐒻𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒷","defs":["converse by phone","talk on the phone","conversation by phone","phone call"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐒻𐒷 𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒷 𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒷 𐒹𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["make an outgoing phone call","call someone to converse on the phone"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐒼'𐒰͘𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐒼'𐒰́͘𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻","defs":["telegraph","telegraph wire","message sent by wire","telegraph,\ntelegraph wire, message sent by wire (lit., ‘fast\nmetal’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"måze + k∏åsaaki"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐒼'𐒰͘𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻 𐓍𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐒼'𐒰͘𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻 𐓍𐒷̋ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["send by wire, send there by telegraph"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["telephone","telephone\n(lit., ‘talk to each other over a wire’)\n(03/16/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"måze + ohkíhkie"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["money","coin","silver","money, coin, silver\n(lit., ‘white metal’) (02/25/95/FH/pc:ok;","bank (financial)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","e":"interest money"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓂̄𐓈𐒰 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","e":"lease money"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐓎̄𐓉𐒰̋͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐒼'𐓎𐓄𐒷","e":"you gave them a lot of money"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐓎̄𐓉𐒰̋͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐒼'𐓎𐓄𐒷","e":"you gave us a lot of money"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒰̋𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓇𐓊𐒻́͘ 𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́?","e":"how much money do you have?"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/money_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐓄'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐓄'𐒻͘","defs":["medal","medallion","medal, medallion (lit., ‘coin\nworn around the neck’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓒𐒻́","defs":["gold (metal), coins","gold (metal), coins (lit., ‘yellow\nmoney’) (05/01/95/LS/pc:ok; BE2.59)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓒𐒻 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓒𐒻́ 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["gold (in color), golden, goldlike","gold color"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́","defs":["purse","wallet","pocketbook","money bag","handbag","billfold"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓋𐒻","defs":["bank","bank (lit., ‘money\nhouse’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bank_sr.mp3","infl":"måzeska + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["bells (such as the ones dancers tie around their legs)","bells (such as the ones dancers tie\naround their legs) (04/19/95/FH/pc:prod)","bells for men’s dance clothes","bells (for men’s dance clothes)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓏𐒷𐓂𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓏𐒷́𐓂̄𐒹𐓂͘","defs":["cookstove","metal stove","cookstove, metal stove (lit., ‘metal to\ncook things with’)","stove"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"måze +\nwéoohò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰́͘","defs":["earth","world","land","country","countryside","farm","allotment","allotment\n(04/17/95/LS/pc:ok), farm","earth (12/30/94/FH/pc/pron), world"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"ane and","e":"Ann had come to visit the farm"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/land_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘","defs":["earthquake","earthquake (lit., ‘earth move’)\n(04/07/95/LS/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["heaven"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷 𐓂𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷́ 𐓂́𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["live this life"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓒𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻","defs":["world, whole world, universe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰𐒼𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰́𐒽𐓎","defs":["medicine bundle","medicine bundle (RBnote-nd-1/p20,\nunconfirmed; 02/24/95/FH/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰́͘𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["countryside"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"måâà + htåà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","defs":["map, chart of land, plat","map, chart of\nland, plat (lit., ‘earth letter’)\n(04/17/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"måâà + wáleze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["garlic","onion","garlic, onion\n(03/02/95/FH/pc; BE2.98)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒲𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒲́𐒽𐒰","defs":["soil","ground","earth","clay","mud","dirt"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒲𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒲́𐒽𐒰 𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐓂","defs":["hoe up earth in hills"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒲𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒲́𐒽𐒰 𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓂","defs":["hill up the earth with the hands by pulling it together from all sides"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒲𐒼𐒰 𐒻𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒲́𐒽𐒰 𐒻́𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["hoe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘","defs":["sun","moon (used in phrases such as \"east door, west moon\" [a way of running peyote meetings])","blanket, robe, garment, any item worn like\na blanket or robe","I am, I was, I live, I exist as","blanket or robes (general term)","robes"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sun_hl.mp3","infl":"alternate form of 1st sg. of ∂ì; cf. brì","xref":["mį́įǫpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́͘","defs":["I am","I was","I live","I exist as"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́͘","defs":["blanket","robe","garment","any item worn like a blanket or robe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘ 𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["daughter-in-law (son's wife) (my)","daughter-in-law (son's wife) (your)","daughter-in-law (son's wife) (his/her)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘ 𐒻𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘ 𐒻́𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["sunrise","the emergence of the sun","sunrise, the emergence of the sun\n(lit., ‘sun appears’). [Takes ‘sitting’ positional\narticle įkšé.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘ 𐒻𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘ 𐒻́𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["east"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘ 𐓂𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́͘ 𐓂𐒽𐒰́͘𐓊𐒻","defs":["January"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘ 𐓂𐒼'𐒲𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘ 𐓂𐒼'𐒲́𐒼𐒷́","defs":["March (the month when the sun is just teasing: e.g., sun in the morning but blizzard in the afternoon)","March"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒰𐓆𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̄͘𐒰́𐓆𐒰","defs":["black person","black\nperson (lit., ‘sun-blackened’) (HH-T8a-p5;\n01/07/95/FH/pc:ok:all)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["mįhkása"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒹𐒰𐓇𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒹𐒰́𐓇𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["robe worn with the hair outside"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["sundown, evening"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓣𐓵𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"mį́įhiðe kši hta ąhé","e":"I go onward toward the west"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒹𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒹𐓎𐓍𐒷","defs":["daybreak, dawn, morning, moment when the sun is coming up","daybreak, dawn, morning, moment\nwhen the sun is coming up"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["female","female","female (of animals)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["šǫmį́įka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́͘𐒽𐒰̄","defs":["raccoon","raccoon\n(MOJt150; BE2.111; 04/20/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/raccoon_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻𐒽𐒰́𐒼'𐒷","defs":["star","mushroom","star;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/star_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐒷 𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻𐒽𐒰́𐒼'𐒷 𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["morning star","morning star.\n[Takes ‘sitting’ positional article įkšé.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐒷 𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻𐒽𐒰́𐒼'𐒷 𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["falling star","meteor","falling star, meteor"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐒷 𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻𐒽𐒰́𐒼'𐒷 𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["orbit of star","orbit of star (lit., ‘star path’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐒼𐒰𐒼'𐒷𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻𐒽𐒰́𐒼'𐒷𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["morning star","morning star (lit., ‘great star’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒰","defs":["black person","black person (01/07/95/FH/pc:prod).\n[Slang; a corruption, blending mįįása ‘black\nperson’ (lit., ‘blackened by the sun’) with mį́hkaa,\nmįhká(a) ‘raccoon’;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 1st singular sitting or lying down subject"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋𐓁𐒰","defs":["daughter (first) (my)","daughter (first) (your)","daughter (first) (his/her)","eldest daughter","eldest daughter (01/09/95/FH/pc:prod).\n[Pawhuska district usage.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/1st_daughter_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["moon","month","month's time","moon, month,\nmonth’s time"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"used in","e":"Osage and are not natural for Osage\nspeakers"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/moon_hl.mp3","xref":["mį́į ‘sun","moon’"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐓂𐓍𐒰̄𐒼𐒷","defs":["clock, o'clock, time, time of day","clock, o’clock, time of day","clock (o’clock)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐓂𐓍𐒰̄𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓉𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["hour"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓄𐒰𐓄𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐓅𐒰𐓄𐓂","defs":["late afternoon, but not close to dark","late afternoon, but\nnot close to dark (HRE/01/17/02/pc:RBn1-10;\nWF:ok: 12/30/94/FH/pc/uk). [Synonymous with\nmį́įhiðe (HRE).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"mìî ‘sun’ + hpapó ‘going down’ (not\notherwise attested in the Mod. Os. data, but\npresumably related to papó)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓈𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̄͘𐓈𐒰̋𐓇𐓊𐓎̄𐓊𐒷","defs":["sunbeam","sunbeam (lit., ‘warm by heat\nfrom the sun’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"mìî +\ntáa- + ©cúuce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["bow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷𐒽𐒰͘","defs":["bowstring","trigger","bowstring (LF,\nunconfirmed; 04/07/95/PM/pc:uk;\n04/19/95/FH/pc:uk); trigger"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"mìce + hkå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰́ 𐒹𐓎","defs":["Osage orange tree, bois d'arc","Osage orange tree, bois d’arc\n(RBn22-01)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐓊𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻𐓌𐓂́","defs":["lion"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓋𐓎́","defs":["grizzly bear"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/brown_bear_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̄͘𐓍𐓂́𐓉𐒰","defs":["noon, midday, high noon, sun seen straight overhead","noon, midday","noon"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̄͘𐓍𐓂́𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["lunch, noon meal, dinner eaten at midday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓍𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̄͘𐓍𐓂́𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐓂́͘","defs":["midday songs, noontime songs","midday songs, noontime\nsongs"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́͘𐓏𐒰̄𐓄𐒰̄𐓌𐒷","defs":["woman's broadcloth blanket","woman’s broadcloth blanket","blanket (a woman’s)","blanket (a woman’s; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"mì\n‘blanket’ + wáapaache ‘ribbon work, sewing’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻͘𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̄͘𐓏𐒰̋𐓍𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["sun songs","sun\nsongs (based on LF)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"mìî + waa∂ò + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́𐓐𐒰","defs":["duck","goose","game bird or other large bird"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/duck_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐓐𐒰 𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́𐓐𐒰 𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["swan"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐓐𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻́𐓐𐒰 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["goose","big goose","big duck"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐒻𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐒻̄𐓐𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["homosexual","lesbian","gay person"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐓂͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓀𐓂̋͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["cliff","bank","escarpment","mountain","cliff, bank, escarpment, mountain"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐓂͘𐒼𐒷 𐓒𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓀𐓂̋͘𐒼𐒷 𐓒𐒻́ 𐓉𐒰́͘","defs":["meadowlark","meadowlark (lit., ‘large yellow\nchest’) (RBn18-01, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐓂͘𐓁𐓃","hw_apa":"𐓀𐓂́͘𐓁𐓃","defs":["prairie chicken"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓲𐓟́ 𐓬𐓯𐓣́𐓟","a":"océ pšíe","e":"I went to look for quail and prairie\nchicken"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐓂͘𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐓂́͘𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["older generation","forebears","ancestors",". mǫ́pše"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓀𐓎𐓆𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓀𐓎𐓆𐒼𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["Creek Indians","Creek Indians (04/07/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰","defs":["only","just","solely","not anything else than","not anything but","only, just, solely, not any-\nthing else than, not anything but","now, but, well","habitually","always"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒷̄𐓁𐒰́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓁𐒰, 𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷 𐓀𐒸́, 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐓄𐒱","e":"soon it will be only God, put him first, carry yourself that way"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰𐓓𐓎𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻́, 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓋𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐓎𐓄𐒷","e":"we didn't put a knife or fork on, we just put spoons on"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓂̄𐓊𐒷̋𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"he eats too much and he doesn't do anything but dance"}]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰","defs":["a sign of past action, added to classifiers, verbs, nouns"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["now","but","well","I wonder"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐓊𐒻 𐒿𐒻̋𐒷?","e":"[now,] when did she get back?"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒿𐒻̋𐒷?","e":"but when is she coming back?"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒿𐒻̋𐒷?","e":"well, when is she coming back?"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰̋𐒼𐓐𐒰͘𐓉𐒰 𐒿𐒻́?","e":"now, when in the future does she return?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["always","repeatedly","habitually","customarily","usually","recurringly","continually","continue to","used to"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐒷 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"they always said"},{"o":"𐓀𐒻́͘𐓐𐒰 𐓉𐒰̋͘, 𐒹𐒰́͘ 𐓏𐒻́𐒷 𐓁𐒻́ 𐒼𐓇𐒻 𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒴𐒷̋ 𐓁𐒱","e":"well, I always go near water, said the goose"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓃́ 𐓇𐓊𐒷̋ 𐓁𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"you're always going to go to dances"},{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓓𐓂𐓇𐒻 𐓁𐒰͘","e":"I always used to tell the children not to go fishing"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘𐓄𐒻 𐓁𐒰͘","e":"he continues to be a good horse"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["distributed to each"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻𐓉𐒰́ 𐓁𐒰","e":"it belongs to each of them"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["wood"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘-","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘","defs":["on or with one's foot or feet","action of the feet","by foot"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒴𐓂͘𐒴𐓂͘𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒴𐓂́͘𐒴𐓂𐓆𐒷","defs":["make ice crack repeatedly by walking on it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["bark of a tree","outer bark of a tree","board"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒹𐒰 𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰 𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒽𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["plank","board","floorboard","floor"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒹𐒰 𐒴𐒰𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰 𐒴𐒰𐒼'𐒰́","defs":["board","plank","lumber"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒹𐒰 𐒻͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰 𐒻́͘𐓋𐒻","defs":["bark lodge"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰","defs":["back (of a human or animal's body)","back","back (of a human or animal’s body)\n(12/30/94/FH/pc:ok)","maybe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"understand","e":"Osage)"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/back_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["maybe"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻̋͘ 𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓄𐓇𐒻́ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"maybe I'll go tomorrow"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐒰̋͘𐒼𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"maybe he'll run"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰𐒿𐒷","defs":["saddle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["run","run, as an animal, not as a person","run (RBn12-07). ší\nhkǫ́hkǫe apai, žįkážį apa páskuha nąąkí apai he\nwent round and round, as children ran beside him\n(RBn10-2:MOJ/79)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/run_sr.mp3","infl":"reg., _nåàke","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂́͘","defs":["hear","hear about","understand","hear, hear about, understand (RBn10-\n5:MOJ/79). ánąk'ǫ, aną́k'ǫ I heard it. ðánąk'ǫ,\nðaną́k'ǫ you heard it","to listen to something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻́𐒷 𐒰͘𐓍𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́ 𐓄𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐒷 𐒰͘𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"you all don't want to hear me talk, but I'm talking"},{"o":"Tony 𐓍𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐓂͘?","e":"did you hear about Tony?"}],"infl":"reg., _nàk∏ò","xref":["ánąk'ǫ","ónąk'ǫ"],"vc":"regular"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰𐒼𐓃","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰𐒽𐓃́","defs":["both","pair, couple, the two of them"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒰𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒰́𐓇𐒷","defs":["continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2nd plural (i.e., plural addressee) sitting subject","ye who"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["shatter by foot or with the foot","[nąą- instr + léke] (trans.) shatter\nby foot or with the foot"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?,\n_nààléke?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐓂͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐓂̋͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["sneaky, hide, be sly, secretly scheme against someone, go behind someone's back, be cunning (as Coyote is in stories)","hide, conceal","on the sly, covertly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐓂͘𐒹𐒰 𐒰𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐓂̋͘𐒹𐒰 𐒰́𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["conduct espionage, spy, have under surveillance"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐓂͘𐒹𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐒿𐓂̋͘𐒹𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐓂͘","defs":["eavesdrop"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒰́͘","defs":["on and on","continually","keep on with the action of the verb"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻́͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["pipe","smoke","pipe, smoke"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻́͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒰́𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["light a pipe by putting a coal of fire on it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻́͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻́𐓄𐒰","defs":["pipe bowl"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻́͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make a smoke","roll a cigarette"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻́͘𐓂𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want to make a smoke, as in a peyote meeting"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐒻́͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐓓𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["pipe with a bowl made of red pipestone"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰𐓁𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰𐓁𐓎́","defs":["tobacco"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰𐓁𐓎 𐒴𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","e":"I chew tobacco."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰𐓁𐓎 𐓍𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰𐓁𐓎́ 𐓍𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["chew tobacco"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰𐓁𐓎 𐒴𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","e":"I chew tobacco."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐓎𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓁𐓎́𐒹𐓎","defs":["tobacco"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/tobacco_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["break a cord or string in two with the foot"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐓐𐓂́𐒽𐒷","defs":["make an object burst open with a popping sound, by treading or jumping on it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓆𐒰͘𐓆𐒰͘𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓆𐒰́͘𐓆𐒰͘𐓏𐒰","defs":["clap (e.g., the hands)","clap\n(e.g., the hands). íixa apa šáake nasą́sąwa škí\napai they laughed and clapped their hands\n(RBn10-2:MOJ/79, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, _nàsåsàwa?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓆𐒰́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["hold an object firmly by treading on it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓆𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["make earth, snow, etc., fly in all directions by kicking"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓆𐓈𐒰́","defs":["kick","stomp the ground, trampling or flattening it","[nąą-\ninstr + stá] (trans.) kick (RB-MOJ); (intr.)\nstomp the ground, trampling or flattening it\n(lit., ‘make bare by foot’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _nààstá?","xref":["kaaštá","ostá "]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓇𐒰𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓇𐒰́𐓍𐓂","defs":["make small bells, on the clothing, etc., rattle when the wearer dances"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["only, just, even only, merely, solely","only,\njust, even only, merely, solely"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣 𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"níhkaši aní hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to live [just] one day at\na time"}],"infl":"na ‘only’ + ©ki"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰𐓇𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́𐓇𐓂͘","defs":["at least","leastways","at least, leastways"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓰𐓘̋𐓰𐓘 𐓟́𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓟́𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"tą táata éžiški ékimą ną when","e":"I like somebody,\nI’ll do anything for them"},{"o":"𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"ną when","e":"I like somebody, I’ll do anything for\nthem"},{"o":"𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓪̋𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓻𐓪𐓯𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘","a":"žįkážį hóolą iðážoši ną","e":"I always used to\ntell the children not to go fishing"}],"xref":["šíną","štą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓇𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓇𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["make small bells, as on clothing or moccasins, rattle, when the wearer dances"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓉𐒰́͘","defs":["ear","external ear","ear (of a person or animal)","outer part of ear","earlobe","ear (of a person\nor animal), outer part of ear, earlobe\n(12/30/94/FH/pc:prod: short final a;\n01/20/95/PM/pc:ok both)","what if, what would you think if"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓉𐒰́͘𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["mule","jake mule","donkey","burro","ass"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓉𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["scatter in pieces, as wood or snow, by kicking or treading on"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐓐𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["not apt","he is not apt"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓊𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓋𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["not apt"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓋𐒷","defs":["apt"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓏𐒰͘𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘𐓒𐒻","defs":["be jealous about someone in regard to the opposite sex (the jealous person is usually female)","woman who is jealous (e.g., about her spouse or boyfriend)","be jealous about s.o"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _nåwàzi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒰𐒹𐓎","defs":["spine","backbone"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒰𐒹𐓎 𐓁𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒰𐒹𐓎 𐓁𐒻́𐒷","defs":["backache"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["ice"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓑𐒷 𐓈𐓂𐒰 𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒰́!","e":"get some ice!"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓑𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓈𐒰̋𐓆𐒼𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"the ice has melted"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓑𐒷 𐓍𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓇𐓂͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱 𐒹𐒻̋ 𐓍𐒻̄𐓐𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"while he was chewing ice, he broke his tooth"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/ice_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["spirit","sanity"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷 𐒼𐒻𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷 𐒼𐒻́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["ice cream"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷 𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷 𐓄𐒰̄𐓒𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["ice cream"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["ice water"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́","defs":["refrigerator","icebox","cooler","ice chest"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["sober","not drunk","clear-minded","in one's right mind","staid","dignified","clearness of mind","return to consciousness","sane"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["be stupefied from fright after talking with or dreaming of spirits","become dizzy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷𐓋𐒻","defs":["refrigerator","icebox","cooler","ice chest"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["sleet","sleet"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰˙𐓐𐒷𐓓𐒻˙ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰.","e":"It's sleeting."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓐𐒻́","defs":["wake or awaken by (nudging someone with the) foot","[nąą-\ninstr + -xi] (trans.) wake or awaken by\n(nudging someone with the) foot"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _nààxí","xref":["ðixí"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄`𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["break by foot","break with the foot","[nąą-\ninstr + xǫ́] (trans.) break by foot, break with\nthe foot"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _nààxò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓐𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["ear","inner ear","act of hearing, understanding, paying attention, heeding advice"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐓎𐓊𐒷 𐓁𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓐𐓎́𐓊𐒷 𐓁𐒻́𐒷","defs":["have an earache","earache"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐓎𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓐𐓎́𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["deaf"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓑𐓎́𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐒷́𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓁𐒰","e":"he's deaf"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["stand","be standing","stand up","get up","rise to his feet","terminate ongoing activity preparatory to departing","come to a stop","stop, cause to stop (e.g., a motor or something engaged in an activity)","halt, detain someone who is passing by","stand, be standing","stand, stand up, step on","stand (stand up, step on)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓻𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓤𐓸𐓙","a":"aną́ąži ąkatkxai","e":"I’m\nleaving"}],"infl":"reg., _nààâì","xref":["oðókiną́ąžį","okínąąžį"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋","defs":["water","any fluid","liquid","sap","river","rivulet","creek","be well or all\nright, be in good health","water, any fluid, liquid\n(03/16/95/JS/pc:prod; BE2.151)","you are/were, you are/were a certain\nway or a certain thing, you live(d) or exist(ed)\nas, you are/were characterized by a quality"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓌𐒷 𐒹𐓎̄𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰","e":"pass the water"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐒰́𐓄𐓇𐒷 𐓏𐒰́𐒼'𐓎𐒷","e":"pass the water around"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓁𐒻́𐓁𐒻","e":"cold water"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓑𐒷 𐓁𐒻̋","e":"ice water"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓟́𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"wawépahǫ aní šǫ́ ąhé","e":"I’m a witness and I’m still\nliving"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/water_sr.mp3","infl":"2nd person form of\n∂ì","xref":["ðį́","ónie"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́","defs":["be well or all right","be in good health","exist","live","be alive","be living"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻","defs":["suffixed to a verb, implies that a certain effect was nearly produced","nearly"],"pos":"verb > ???","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒴𐒰𐓊𐒻𐓍𐓂͘𐓁𐒻 𐓂.","e":"I bit it nearly in two."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́͘","defs":["you are/were","you are/were a certain way or a certain thing","you live(d) or exist(ed) as","you are/were characterized by a quality"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰˙ 𐓈𐒰˙𐓏𐒰˙𐒿𐒰 𐓁𐒻˙𐒷?","e":"What clan are you?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐒰́𐓄𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["beer"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́ 𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["wave","waves","wave or waves driven by the wind"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́ 𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["splash water"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐒼'𐓎 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́ 𐒼'𐓎 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂́͘","defs":["songs of the giving of life: the name of the first degree of the Osage secret society"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐓄𐓂𐓆𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻 𐓄𐓂́𐓆𐓋𐒻","defs":["fire extinguisher"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́ 𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓂́","defs":["wave"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["ocean","sea","Mississippi River","Mississippi River\n(lit., ‘big water’), ocean, sea"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓉𐒰̋͘ 𐒰́𐓍𐓎̄𐓉𐒰 𐒴𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to go across the ocean"},{"o":"𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"brée hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to go across the ocean"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐓊'𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓊'𐒰̋𐓍𐒷","defs":["vinegar","vinegar (lit., ‘sour water’) (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐓏𐒷𐓊'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓏𐒷́𐓊'𐒰","defs":["water moccasin","water moccasin (RBn HW13)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́ 𐓓𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["Arkansas River"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻𐒰́","defs":["breathe"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒰 𐓍𐓎𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻𐒰́ 𐓍𐓎𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["be unable to get his breath"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻͘𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["water-strider bug","water-strider bug.\nniiámąsa, niiámąse (variants of níimąse)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níi + ámà∂î"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["quiet"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒷","defs":["hurt","experience pain","hurt,\nexperience pain","be hurt, in pain"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg./stat., _níe (reg. for 1st sg. subject, reg.\nor stat. for 1st pl. or 2nd person subject)","xref":["waníe"],"vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̄𐒹𐒰̋","defs":["algae","surface of water","algae (lit., ‘water’s\nskin/surface’);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níi + háa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̄𐒹𐒰̋ 𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["blue (as distinct from green)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰","defs":["man","person","husband (my)","man, person"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/man_sr.mp3","xref":["iiníhka","níhkašie"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["husband (his/her)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["black person","African American","black person,African American\n(01/07/95/FH/pc:prod; BE2.9)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["sáežį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["husband (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["determined, strong-willed (person)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["husband (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐓓𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["Indian","Indians","Indian, Indians (lit., ‘red man’,\n‘red people’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̄𐒼𐒰̋𐓄𐓐𐓂𐒽𐒷","defs":["soda pop","soft drink","soda pop, soft\ndrink (lit., ‘liquid explodes’)","soda, pop"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"níi + kaapxóhke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐒻𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓆𐒼𐒷","defs":["scarecrow","scarecrow (lit., ‘similar to a\nperson’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐓂𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐓂𐓁𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["pupil of the eye"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","defs":["the people","a people","man","person","be a man","be human beings","live","exist","the people, a people\n(03/07/95/PM/pc:ok)","live, exist"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓘𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hǫ́ǫpa húu aníhkašie hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to\nlive a long time"}],"infl":"reg., _níhka©ika"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓌𐒻́","defs":["country","country (lit., ‘people\nplentiful’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause him to be a human being or man"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["little people (small beings in Osage mythology)","little people (small beings in\nOsage mythology) (PM)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"small beings in","e":"Osage mythology)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2nd singular sitting subject","you are characterized by [the preceding expression, which may be a noun phrase]","you who are","you who sit"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐒿𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["scrambled","soft, as mud mixed with much water","miry"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷 𐒴𐒰̋𐓌𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to eat scrambled eggs"}],"xref":["níwahce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["swim"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒷","defs":["abroad, overseas","ocean"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐒼𐒷 𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒷́𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰 𐓁𐒻̋𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓄𐒻 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"the chief and superintendent went abroad"},{"o":"Sara 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓁𐒻̄𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒰 𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"Sara went abroad"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻̄𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐓆𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓄𐒻 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"they went across the water (the ocean)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐓁𐒻","defs":["cold (used for inanimates only)","cool to the touch","cool, as weather","cool weather","cold water"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓉𐓂̋𐓓𐓎 𐓁𐒻́𐓁𐒻 𐓏𐒻͘","e":"a cold meat pie"},{"o":"𐓉𐓂̋𐓓𐓎 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓁𐒻́𐓁𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"the meat pie is cold"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓁𐒻́𐓁𐒻","e":"cold water"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐓁𐒻 𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓑𐒷 𐓍𐒷́𐓌𐒷, 𐓁𐒻́𐓁𐒻 𐒰𐒹𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"it's cold, this weather, cold has arrived here"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓑𐒷 𐓁𐒻́𐓁𐒻 𐒰𐒹𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"it's cold here"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓁𐒻","defs":["spring, well (sources of water)","spring","well"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́","defs":["pitcher","pitcher (lit., ‘pour water\ninto it’) (t14b-p1; 04/17/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"níi + ooâú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́","defs":["salt shaker"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níiskue + ooâú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓆𐒼𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓆𐒼𐓎𐓍𐒷","defs":["salt","rock salt"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","class_materials"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓇𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻𐓇𐒼𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐓂","defs":["martin"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["drizzle","mist","gray rain","haze","drizzle, mist, gray rain,\nhaze"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níi + ©óce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓈𐒰","defs":["flood","flooding water","running water that is flooding (as over a spillway)","freshet","high water","the overflowing of a stream","flooding water, running\nwater that is flooding (as over a spillway)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓈𐒰́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"water is running over (e.g., a spillway)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓈𐒰","defs":["elephant"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̄𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["pond","pond (lit.,\n‘round water’). [Takes ‘sitting’ positional article\nįkšé.] níi táahpa įkší žįka nǫ́ǫðe ðáalį, ecíe ska\nąąžį ąkátxa the pond is a good place to raise\nchildren, we think it’s there (RBn19-04; CQ:okc;\nBE2.105; 03/10/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒻́ 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓍𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘, 𐒷𐓊𐒻́𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒰̄͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰́𐓈𐓐𐒰","e":"the pond is a good place to raise children, we think it's there"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/pond_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐓋𐒷","defs":["cold","feel cold (animate subject)","be cold, as a person or animal","be\ncold, feel cold (animate subject). [Replacement\nof final e by a before the completed action\nmarker (a)pi and the negative marker (a)ží is\nespecially variable with this verb.] níąhce I’m\ncold (01/19/95/FH/pc:ok)","be cold","be cold (stative)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"stat. ní_hce","vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["rump","buttocks","haunch","body","lower part of the back","hips"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐓒𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷 𐓒𐒻 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["bumblebee"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷𐒼'𐒰","defs":["hearts (suit in a deck of cards)","hearts (suit in a deck of cards)\n(RBn10-21/JW, unconfirmed).\nnį́e (variant of nį́ ‘you are’).\nnį́į (variant of ðaanį́į).\nnį́į (variant of níi)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓍𐒰̄𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["dipper","ladle","dipper, ladle (lit., ‘with which to drink\nwater’) (T14b-p1; 04/07/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níi + í- loc +\n∂aahtå","xref":["íniiðaahtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["allow to live","permit to live","[ní ‘live’ + ðe cau] (trans.)\nallow to live","give away, divest\noneself of","give away"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"haxį́ ðé niáðe atxąhé","e":"I’m giving this\nblanket away"}],"infl":"reg., ní_∂e","xref":["waníðe"],"vc":"ðe-causative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["give away","divest oneself of","be out of","be lacking"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐓌𐒷","defs":["cold (an impersonal weather expression, not used for people)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐓁𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐓋𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"it's very cold weather"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cold_weather_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻́𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","defs":["stomach","paunch"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["ashes"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["xóce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒷𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒷́𐓂̄𐓓𐓎","defs":["flask for gunpowder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níixoce + wa- val + í- loc +\nooâú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓊𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̄𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐓂̄𐓓𐓎","defs":["ashtray","ashtray (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níixoce + óoâu"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎","defs":["rain","rain","(trans., intr.) rain (01/24/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"it is raining"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐒿𐓂́͘𐒰𐓓𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂́ 𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"it's raining cats and dogs"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"it's not raining"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎 𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"it's stopped raining"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐒷 𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"tomorrow it will rain"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rain_sr.mp3","infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎 𐓂𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎 𐓂𐓐𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["toad"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎 𐓐𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎 𐓐𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["drizzle","mist","fine raindrops","drizzle, mist, fine raindrops (lit.,\n‘small rain’) (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎 𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["drizzle","mist","drizzle, mist (lit., ‘gray rain’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́𐓄𐒰","defs":["sleet","sleet (lit., ‘rainy snow’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níiâu + pá"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓒𐓎̄𐓊𐒷","defs":["river","river\n(lit., ‘red water’)","river, especially the Arkansas River"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"níi + âúuce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎̄𐓊𐒷 𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["plum"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̋𐓓𐓎𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["a rain shower","a rain shower (lit.,\n‘small rain’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"níiâu + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́𐓓𐓎","defs":["light rain","spinkle","light rain, sprinkle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reduplicated form\nof níiâu"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̋͘","defs":["be old","grow up to adulthood","mature","grown","older","adulthood","grownups","adults","old folks","elders in times past","old ones","advanced age","old age","be\nold, grow up to adulthood, mature\n(03/02/95/FH/pc:okc)","n adulthood, grownups, adults\nnįǫ́papai\nnǫ́ǫhpaži\n(03/02/95/FH/pc:okc)","old, elderly","old (elderly)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓩𐓪̄͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ánǫǫ mįkšé","e":"I’m old. ∂anòô nîk©é, ∂ánôô nîk©é you’re old"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/old_hl.mp3","infl":"reg., _nòô","xref":["hcéka nǫ́ǫ","ónǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘ 𐒰𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̋͘ 𐒰𐒹𐒻́","defs":["grow up"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̋͘ 𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["grow up, reach maturity"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["eat","eat as when hungry","consume"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂͘𐒹𐓂̋͘","defs":["wayward (said of females only, not applicable to a male)","wayward (said of females only, not\napplicable to a male)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓅𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["not to be afraid to face danger","unafraid","fearless","[nǫ́ǫhpe + aží neg]\nunafraid, fearless"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., nòô_hpaâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̄𐓄𐒷́","defs":["palm of the hand","fist","hand","hands","paw"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓅𐒷","defs":["fear to face danger","be afraid or scared","fear seen danger","be afraid of, be scared of, fear","[w is\nsporadically heard in 1st sg. (nǫ́ǫwahpe)] (intr.)\nbe afraid or scared","be afraid (of)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓍𐒰𐓅𐒷?","e":"are you afraid?"},{"o":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐒰𐓅𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm not afraid"},{"o":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐒰𐓅𐒰 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I don't want to be afraid"},{"o":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓅𐒰!","e":"be careful! have a care! (an admonishment to someone who exaggerates when speaking, to tell the person to hold himself or herself back)"},{"o":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓅𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓄𐒻","e":"don't be afraid [pl. addressee]"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/scared_of_something_sr.mp3","infl":"reg., nòô_hpe","xref":["íinǫǫhpe"],"vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒷 𐓊'𐒻͘𐓇𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒷́ 𐓊'𐒻́͘𐓇𐒰","defs":["bent or cramped hand"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒷𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓅𐒷́𐒹𐒻","defs":["hungry","be hungry"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓅𐒷́𐒹𐒻 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I'm hungry [moving]"},{"o":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓅𐒷́𐒹𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's hungry"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒰́𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓁𐓂͘𐓅𐒷́𐒹𐒻𐓄𐒷","e":"the bear was hungry"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐒽𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐓁𐓂͘𐓅𐒷́𐒰͘𐒹𐒻","e":"no, I'm hungry"}],"vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓅𐒷𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["dangerous (to behold)","be scary","make folks fearful","fearful thing","something to be afraid of","Fearful One"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄'𐒻́͘","defs":["wear around the neck","wear a necklace","wear around the neck (02/27/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓎̋𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐓂́͘𐓄'𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"she's wearing beads around her neck"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓎̋𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐓂́𐒷 𐓁𐓂́͘𐓄'𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"they've got beads around their neck"}],"infl":"reg.?, _nôp∏ì?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓄𐒻𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒻𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["ring (for wearing on the finger)","ring (for wearing on\nthe finger) (lit., ‘put it on the fist’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"nôôpé + oolå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["raise, rear, bring up","cause to reach maturity","raise or bring up","[nǫ́ǫ + ðe cau] (trans.)\nraise, rear, bring up"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒻́ 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓍𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘, 𐒷𐓊𐒻́𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒰̄͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰́𐓈𐓐𐒰","e":"the pond is a good place to raise children, we think it's there"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰̄𐓒𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻 𐓁𐓂̋͘𐒰͘𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"I was raised without being scolded (given favored treatment)"},{"o":"𐓩𐓪̋͘𐓷𐓣𐓵𐓟","a":"nǫ́ǫwiðe","e":"I raised you"}],"infl":"reg., nòô_∂e","xref":["nǫ́ǫwaapi"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓂͘𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓏𐒰̄𐓄𐒻","defs":["those who raised us, our forebears, all our parents, the old ones, somebody older than us","those who\nraised us, our forebears, all our parents, the\nold ones, somebody older than us\n(03/02/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- ‘us’ + nòô∂e + api"},{"hw_osage":"𐓁𐓎𐓓𐓎𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓁𐓎̄𐓓𐓎́𐓓𐓎","defs":["sprinkle","rain lightly","sprinkle, rain lightly"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒴𐒷̄ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰 𐒰͘𐓒𐒻 𐓁𐓎̄𐓓𐓎́𐓓𐓎 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"I wanted to go fishing this morning, but it was sprinkling"}],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["níižúžu"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂","defs":["masculine oral period, used when the one addressed is nearby","masculine oral stop","masculine imperative sign","do, engage in (an\nactivity [rare usage])","suffer from,\nhave as an illness, be sick from. [Perhaps more\nliterally ‘be enveloped by (sickness)’, ‘(sickness)\nlies upon s.o.’; cf"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"ary mą́ąke púze ǫǫ́ nąðe áape","e":"Mary has\ntuberculosis"},{"o":"𐓪̋͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"ǫ́ǫ mįkšé","e":"I have a bad cold"},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓯𐓝𐓶̋𐓲𐓟 𐓘́𐓨𐓫","a":"haaská ščúuce ámǫį","e":"I’m wearing\nwarm clothes"}],"infl":"sync., nasal vowel stem, (á)_òô\n(1st sg. and 2nd person subject forms, regularly\nmòô and âòô, respectively, may have an\nadditional initial accented á, the status of which is\nunclear: ámôô, áâôô áâòë)","xref":["ékiǫ","éǫ","háaǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂","defs":["a sign of the masculine imperative"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂","defs":["wound","hurt"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂-","hw_apa":"𐓂́","defs":["in","place at which, culmination of (a certain action or state), wherein (a certain thing takes place)","loc place at which, culmination\nof (a certain action or state), wherein (a\ncertain thing takes place)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓎̄𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻́𐓄𐒷 𐓁𐒰̄͘, 𐓍𐒷 𐓂́𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻 𐒻𐒿𐓂̋͘𐓇𐒼𐒰","e":"many of you have come back to this place of the𐒻𐒿𐓂̋͘𐓇𐒼𐒰dances"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂̋͘","defs":["suffer from","have as an illness","be sick from","wear","use"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́͘","defs":["do, engage in (an activity)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂͘","defs":["hazelnut","hazelnuts"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒹𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["small amount","amount not quite filling a container or vessel, less than the full amount (especially of liquids)","portion that fills a container approximately half full","small amount, amount\nnot quite filling a container or vessel, less than\nthe full amount (especially of liquids);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼'𐓎́, 𐓂𐒹𐒷́𐓄𐒷","e":"give me some water, about half a glass, not quite full"},{"o":"𐓂𐒹𐒷́𐓄𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼'𐓎́","e":"give me [it] about half full"}],"xref":["hépe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["fast","rough(ly)","bad(ly)","untamed","forceful(ly)","pushy","abrupt(ly)","very strong(ly)","fierce(ly)","hard","with force","quickly","worse","more intense","stronger"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́ 𐓂́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","e":"the wind is really strong"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓆𐓂͘𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒻́𐒷 𐓂́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐓄𐒷","e":"brother is really a strong talker"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓆𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐓂́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒻́𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"brother is really talking strong"},{"o":"𐓇𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻𐒷 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻̋͘ 𐓂́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓇𐓄𐒰̋𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","e":"you didn't look when you sat down hard, and you sat in water and splattered it, made it shoot out"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻𐒷 𐓂́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻̋͘ 𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓅𐒰̋𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","e":"it is really bad that when I sat down quickly I splattered water"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒹𐒻́","defs":["beat, conquer, best someone in a game (not used for a race)","win","beat, conquer, best s.o","[wa- val + ohí] (intr.) win at a\ngame or contest, defeat others, best everyone in\na game, be the winner (03/16/95/MREI/pc:ok).\noáhi/wáhi/owáhi I win (03/16/95/MREI/pc:okc).\níkiha owáhi I win repeatedly\n(03/16/95/MREI/pc:okc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓰𐓪́𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓡𐓣","a":"ówe tóa owáhi","e":"I won\nsome groceries"}],"infl":"reg., ó_hi","xref":["óhi"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒹𐒻","defs":["win at a game or contest","defeat others","best everyone in a game","be the winner","win something"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒹𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["habitual winner","someone who wins constantly or repeatedly","habitual winner, s.o. who\nwins constantly or repeatedly"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"óhi + ©tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒹𐒻̋𐓍𐒰","defs":["bathtub","place to bathe","place to swim","bathtub, place to bathe,\nplace to swim"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + hii∂á"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒹𐒻̋𐓍𐒰𐓋𐒻","defs":["bath house","bath house\n(01/19/95/FH/pc:ok"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ohíi∂a + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒿𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒹𐒿𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["brush","thicket","undergrowth","dense forest","grove","woods"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒿𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂̄𐒹𐒿𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["not to reach to, overtake, etc.","be smaller than","secondary","of less importance","inferior","failure to beat in a race","do something not quite right, do imperfectly, make a poor performance of or fail at","fall short, fail, miss the mark","not up to par, inferior, poor, subpar, inadequate"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒹𐒿𐒷́","defs":["chase","chase away","run off","overtake","reach to"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐒿𐓂𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒹𐒿𐓂́𐒼'𐒰","defs":["hollow, as a tree or log","hollow tree or log","hollow"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["cook, prepare (e.g., food)","[probably ó- loc +\nhóo] (intr.) bark, woof (as a dog does)","cook, prepare (e.g.,\nfood). ooáhą, ooáha, oowáhą, oowáha I prepare\nit. ooðáhą, ooðáha you prepare it","cook, person who\ncooks","[wa- val + oohǫ́] (intr.)\ncook things, cook stuff. óohǫ ąwą́ąxta I love to\ncook (FH)","cook, prepare","a cook","cook (prepare)","cook"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂̄𐒹𐓂́͘ 𐒴𐒻̋𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","e":"I'm finished cooking"},{"o":"𐓉𐒰̋𐒿𐒻𐒼𐓂 𐓂𐓏𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘","e":"I cooked some meat gravy"},{"o":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐒹𐒰̋𐓁𐒰͘ 𐓂̄𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓇𐒷́?","e":"how many chickens are you cooking?"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓄𐒰 𐓂̄𐓏𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷","e":"I am cooking four"},{"o":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰̄𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓂̄𐒹𐓂́͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓌𐒷́","e":"they cooked the turkey soup well"}],"infl":"reg., óo_hô","xref":["óohǫ"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂͘𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓂́͘𐒹𐓎","defs":["hazel"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["sickness","sickness. óhuheka óhesaži wį ąhkíǫ́ðe\nwe’ve come upon a bad sickness\n(02/01/95/FH/pc:prod orig;\n03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂́𐒹𐓎𐒹𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓂́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰͘𐒽𐒻́𐓂́͘𐓍𐒷","e":"we've come upon a bad sickness"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒽𐒰͘","defs":["space, room (in the sense of an unoccupied area)","space, room (in the sense\nof an unoccupied area). óhka lą́ąðe a large\nspace","help,\nhelp s.o","help"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂́𐒽𐒰 𐒿𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒷","e":"a large space"},{"o":"𐓂́𐒽𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐒼'𐒰","e":"a small space"},{"o":"𐓂́𐒽𐒰͘ 𐒷𐓊𐒻́𐓉𐒰?","e":"is there room over there? (asking for room for someone to sit)"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"wažážeíe ąwą́ðahką hkǫ́bra","e":"I want\nyou to help me with the Osage language"}],"infl":"reg., ó_hkà","xref":["okíhką"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒽𐒰͘","defs":["help, help someone with a task, assist, aid"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼'𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘","defs":["put on a program","hold an event","have a \"doings\"","act like","act","deed","ways","custom","rite","ceremony","personality","personal characteristics","put on a\nprogram, hold an event, have a “doings”","(trans.) act like"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰","e":"they're going to have a program"},{"o":"𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰̋𐓌𐒻 𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐓄𐒱","e":"when we're going to have something, it always rains"},{"o":"𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰̋𐓌𐒻 𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"whenever we want to have something, it always rains"},{"o":"𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓐𐒻͘ 𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's acting like a white man"},{"o":"𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘ 𐒷̋ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","e":"don't try any funny stuff"}],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["window","pane of glass","window glass","window;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒰 𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐓉𐒰͘","e":"close the window"},{"o":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐓍𐓎̄𐒰́𐓒𐒰","e":"open [all] the window[s]"},{"o":"𐓇𐒻́͘𐓉𐓂𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒰̄𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"the boys broke the window"},{"o":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒰̄𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐓍𐒷","e":"someone broke a window, that's the way it is"},{"o":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓆𐓊𐒷","e":"a small window"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/window_hl.mp3","infl":"ó-\nloc + kaa- instr + håàpa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒰́𐓆𐓄𐒷","defs":["window shade","window shade (RBn HW11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒰́𐓆𐓄𐒷 𐓍𐓎̄𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐒻","e":"raise the window shade"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒿𐒷","defs":["face a certain direction"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐒿𐒰!","e":"face the other way!"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓅𐓂","defs":["sick from eating too much"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒰́͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["middle","in the center","at the halfway point","the middle of one","in the middle","in a straight line with another"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰͘𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒰́͘𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓋𐒻́͘","defs":["hit the object in the middle","hit the mark"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","defs":["take charge of things in general for another","take care of or handle s.t","[wa- val + okášą] (intr.)\ntake charge of things in general for another.\nókašape ną ðe ánąąžį mąbrį́ ški tą even when I\nget there (go and stand up there), he always takes\ncharge of things"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐓁𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷 𐒰́𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓀𐒰͘𐒴𐒻́͘ 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘","e":"even when I get there (go and stand up there), he always takes charge of things"},{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰́͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'll take care of the kids"},{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"owíkašą hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll take care of you"}],"infl":"reg., ó_ka©à","xref":["okáše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓇𐒰͘","defs":["take care of or handle something specific for someone","take charge of, undertake, supervise or have the responsibility for something specific in response to a formal request (e.g., taking care of the food for an event)","go on an errand, set out on or undertake a new task under one's charge"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'll take care of you"},{"o":"𐓂𐓏𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰͘ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm taking care of it for somebody"},{"o":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰, 𐓋𐒷̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐒷́𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐓏𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷́","e":"my dog takes care of horses and cows"},{"o":"𐓋𐒷́𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓇𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"he's taking care of the cattle [for someone else]"},{"o":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓇𐒰","e":"take care of the meat (includes cutting it up for different dishes, cooking the ribs outside, activities mostly performed by men, with women slicing the meat for meat gravy)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓇𐒷","defs":["take care of, see to (especially a person)","be suffering a period of\nillness, be troubled, distracted, or impeded by\nproblems or sickness (MREI). ókaše akxa he’s\nsick (RBn1-40). ókaše akxái she or he is sick or\nis not feeling very well (03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok)","n spell of illness or trouble of any kind\n(MREI). [The period of illness is ókaše, while the\nillness itself is húheka (02/13/95/FH/pc).]"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"he's taking care of him/her"},{"o":"𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'll take care of you"},{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"owíkaše hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll take\ncare of you"}],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["óhkihkaše","okášą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷","defs":["be suffering a period of illness, be troubled, distracted, or impeded by problems or sickness","spell of illness or trouble of any kind"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"he's sick"},{"o":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"she or he is sick or is not feeling very well"},{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"his car is holding him back"},{"o":"Preston 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"Preston's hands are causing him trouble"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒷","defs":["tie (e.g., shoelaces)","tie up (e.g., a dog or a horse)","[ó- loc + kašké]\n(trans.) tie (e.g., shoelaces), tie up (e.g., a dog or\na horse)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ka-ret., o_ká©ke","xref":["oðáške","wapíokaške"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒽𐒰𐓊𐒷","defs":["cook, grill, barbecue, cook outside (refers only to cooking meat on a rack, as for barbecue)","[ó-\nloc + -hkace] (intr., trans.) cook, grill,\nbarbecue, cook outside (refers only to cooking\nmeat on a rack, as for barbecue) (RBn1;\nBE2.86; 01/11/95/FH/pc:ok; 02/24/95/FH/pc:okc;\n04/13/95/LS:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["táahkace"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒰́͘𐓊𐒻","defs":["alone","isolated","by oneself","individual","distinct","single","sole","apart from anyone else","solitary","separate"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐒽𐒰́͘𐓊𐒻 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I am by myself"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒻 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒰́͘𐓊𐒻 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["isolate"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰͘𐓊𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́͘𐓊𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["ace in a deck of cards"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["crowd someone"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐓂𐒽𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐒰͘𐓏𐒰̋𐓌𐒻 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I'm really crowding everybody but I'm dancing"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻 𐓂𐒽𐒲́𐒼𐒷","e":"I'm crowding people"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒱","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒱","defs":["sickly","sickly (RBn22-09)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ókaše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["around","soaring in circles"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒸𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒸𐒽𐒷","defs":["idle, useless, with nothing to it, meaningless"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐓄𐒰","defs":["Quapaw Indians","throw off\n(suddenly severing or moving s.t. or s.o"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓬𐓘̄𐓸𐓪́ 𐓲𐓣𐓰𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓘́𐓤𐓘𐓸𐓬𐓙","a":"paaxó citxa oákaxpai","e":"I threw him off the hill"}],"infl":"reg., o_káxpa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐓄𐒰","defs":["throw off (suddenly severing or moving something or someone from something)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́ 𐓊𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰 𐓂𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒱","e":"I threw him off the hill"},{"o":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́ 𐒼𐓇𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"he threw him off the hill"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"he said the horse threw him off"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓄𐒷","e":"he got thrown off the horse"},{"o":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒻́𐓈𐓐𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒱","e":"we threw him off the hill"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒷","defs":["converse with","interview","talk with or to","call on the telephone","[originally a reciprocal form ‘speak with\neach other, converse’ (ó- loc + hkik- recip + íe),\nnow used regularly as a transitive form] (trans.)\ncall on the telephone","get-together, meeting of a group of","talk to someone, talk on telephone, a talk","a talk","talk to someone (talk on the telephone)","talk"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒽𐒻 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","e":"I don't want to talk to you"},{"o":"𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐒰𐓌𐒻́𐒷","e":"I came to talk to you"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷","e":"I'm talking to all you Osages"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm talking to all you Osages"},{"o":"𐓂͘𐓏𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐓇𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒲𐓇𐒷́ 𐒻̋𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","e":"when you [pl.] were talking to me you lied"}],"infl":"reg.,\no_hkíe","xref":["ohkíhkie","okíhkie"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒷","defs":["get-together, meeting of a group of people to converse"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐓓𐒻́͘ 𐓈𐓂𐒰 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐓓𐓂́𐒰͘𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́, 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐒻́𐒼'𐓎𐓊𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰́𐒿𐒻","e":"today a bunch of Osage young people, we're gathered together, we've come back to study Osage"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷","defs":["talk with one another, converse with one another (usually more than two people)","[hkik- recip +\nohkíe] talk with one another, converse with\neach other (usually more than two people)","hold a conversation","a conversation","conversation"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐓉𐒱́","e":"let's talk to each other"}],"infl":"reg., o_hkíhkie","xref":["óhkiache"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒻́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["follow one's own","be true to one's own","obey one's own","[kik- suu + opšé]\n(trans.) follow one’s own, be true to one’s own,\nobey one’s own. íe owákipše I have followed\ntheir [my parents’] word. íe ąkókipše hta ąkáðe\nwe will keep our word"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., o_kíp©e","xref":["íe okípše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐓆𐓊𐒷","defs":["half (of anything)","half dollar","half (of anything), half dollar\n(01/04/95/FH/pc; BE2.63; RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐓋𐒷","defs":["tribe other than Osage","enemy","stranger","tribe other than\nOsage (including western tribes), “off-tribe”","enemy, stranger","[kik-\nsuu + océ (but with unexpected c rather than hc)]\n(trans.) look for or search for s.t. or s.o","[ki- dat + océ] look\nfor or search for s.t. or s.o. for another.\n[Possibly reg. ki-del. conjugation, but there are\nno examples available.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓍𐒷 𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐓋𐒷?","e":"what tribe is he?"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐓋𐒷 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓐𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́?","e":"that one sitting over there, what kind of tribe is he?"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒽𐒻́𐓌𐒷","defs":["joint"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["look for or search for something or someone lest or misplaced (often something or someone belonging to oneself)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒼𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["look for or search for something or someone for another"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒾𐓎𐓍𐓂𐒹𐒿𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒾𐓎𐓍𐓂́𐒹𐒿𐒰","defs":["tunic"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒾𐓎𐓍𐓂𐒹𐒿𐒰 𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒾𐓎𐓍𐓂́𐒹𐒿𐒰 𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰́𐓏𐒰","defs":["bare the arm by pulling up the sleeve (of the coat, shirt, or dress)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂̄𐒿𐒰́͘","defs":["put into","place inside of","pour round items into (e.g., fruit into pies)","add items to cooking","pour liquid into","put a stake in a pile when gambling, as in poker","inclose","put into, place inside\nof, pour round items into (e.g., fruit into pies),\nadd items to cooking, pour liquid into"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., oo_lå","xref":["hkąącóolą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["pout","sulk","sulky"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["hat, head cover, item worn on the head","[probably contains oolą́]\n(trans.) wear on the head, put on the head, don\nas a hat. óoląke oolą́ka put on your hat\n(03/22/95/PM/pc:okc; RBn10-12:JW). • adj with\nthe head covered","hat, head cover,\nitem worn on the head (RBn1-20). óoląke sápe\nše ðíhta?"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/hat_sr.mp3","infl":"wa- val + oolåke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂̄𐒿𐒰́𐒽𐒷","defs":["wear on the head, put on the head, don as a hat","with the head covered"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒿𐒷́","defs":["put a curvilinear object, book, paper, etc., into a long drawer","stand an object in a room, as to put a tall stove into a room, or a tall object into a barrel","put a standing or upright object in a receptacle","chase,\nchase away, run off. c'áiži, wak'óžį apa olé apai\nthe old man and old woman chased him (RBn10-\n2:MOJ/79)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_lé"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘","defs":["sit in","occupy (a seat)","be seated on","sit down on","take a seat on","ride","ride in","live in or at","dwell in","inhabit","live within metaphorically (e.g., a person's heart)","[ó- loc + lį́į] (trans.) sit in,\noccupy (a seat), be seated on, sit down on, take\na seat on"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓻𐓶̋𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓙","a":"žúuce žį́ ðiitą́ owálįį hkǫ́brai","e":"I want to ride in\nyour little red wagon"}],"infl":"reg., o_lìî","xref":["álįį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰","defs":["easy","cheap","inexpensive","easy, cheap,\ninexpensive"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂́𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰 𐓐𐓊𐒻́͘","e":"it's easy"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓀𐒰𐒽𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒺𐓎 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"cheap things are coming"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰𐓐𐒻͘ 𐓂́𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he made the blankets cheap in value"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓀𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["live","walk in, be in, among, or throughout an area or a group of people","be active within (as a substance within a body)","[ó- loc + mąðį́] (intr.) live","[wa- val +\nomą́ðį] (intr.) walk among folks, live among\nothers.\nomą́hą. n, adj Omaha (tribe or tribal member)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓟̋𐓷𐓣𐓩𐓘 𐓨𐓪́͘𐓻𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓟́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓘 𐓪𐓘́𐓨𐓘͘𐓜𐓣͘","a":"wéewina mǫ́žǫ ðé škaškáða oámąbrį","e":"I\nwant to thank you for this good life [that I live]"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓨𐓟́𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wanǫ́bre akxa oméį mįkšé","e":"I’m just sitting there,\nthat peyote is working in me"}],"infl":"reg.+sync., ó_mà_∂î","xref":["omą́įžį","taaké omą́ðį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓀𐒲𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓀𐒲́𐒽𐒰","defs":["year"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓀𐒻𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓀𐒻́𐓓𐒷","defs":["blanket","quilt","bedclothes","bedding","rug","carpet","mattress","pallet","blanket, quilt,\nbedclothes, bedding; rug, carpet\n(01/07/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn2-MOJ/p3; RBn2-02).\n[Takes ‘sitting’ positional article į́kšé.] omíže\naðúsu cover her with a blanket\n(01/07/95/FH/pc:ma; 04/07/95/PM/pc:uk;\n04/07/95/LS/pc:uk,ma; BE2.9)","pajamas, bedding","bedding (bundle of bedding, pajamas)","pajamas (bedding, bundle)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓀𐒻́𐓓𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐓎́𐓆𐓎","e":"cover her with a blanket"},{"o":"𐓂𐓀𐒻́𐓓𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼𐓇𐒻𐓐𐒰","e":"fix my bedclothes"},{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓈𐒰̄𐓍𐓎́𐓅𐒻̄𐓓𐒻𐓄𐒷, 𐓂𐓀𐒻́𐓓𐒷 𐓍𐓎𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻𐓄𐒻 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","e":"children are destructive, they have ruined the rug"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘","defs":["hear a rumor, have foreknowledge of an event","rumor, something heard about","[wa- val + ó- + nąk'ǫ́]\n(intr.) hear a rumor, have foreknowledge\nof an event. óðanąk'ǫ́?"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ó_nàk∏ô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["stand in there, get in or stay in there, as in a room or place","stand in anything","standing in","attend","wear or put on (footwear or clothing)","[ó- loc\n+ nąąžį́] (trans.) wear or put on (footwear or\nclothing) (RB)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓂𐓁𐒰̋𐓓𐒻͘!","e":"stay there! (as in your room)"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓄𐓂́𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓋𐒻 𐓂𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","e":"attending school"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒷́ 𐓂𐓁𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","e":"get into these"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓂𐓁𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","e":"here, put it/them on"}],"infl":"reg. o_nåàâî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓁𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓁𐒻𐒷","defs":["breathe","draw breath","sound","breathe, draw\nbreath"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓁𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓁𐓂͘","defs":["old age","old age. ónǫ kši\npšíe ðe I’m old, I’ve arrived at old age"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓬𐓯𐓣́𐓟 𐓵𐓟","a":"pšíe ðe","e":"I’m old, I’ve arrived at old age"}],"infl":"apparently ó- loc + nòô","xref":["nǫ́ǫ ahí"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓁𐓂͘ 𐒰𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓁𐓂͘ 𐒰𐒹𐒻́","defs":["get old"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["food","groceries","rations","meal","dinner","food, groceries, rations. ónǫbre ážupi\nserve the food (01/30/95/FH/pc:ok). ónǫbre húu\nážupi ché there is lots of food set out\n(01/30/95/FH/pc:produced corrected). ónǫbre húu\noohǫ́pi ché they cooked many foods, a lot of food"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"oðówe kǫ́ða apai they want","e":"Carolyn to oversee\nthis dinner"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cooked_food_sr.mp3","xref":["wanǫ́bre"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐒰̋𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["raise up, hold up","put on, don (as clothing)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓭𐓘̋͘𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"ohpą́ąhą ąhé","e":"I’m putting this coat on"},{"o":"𐓷𐓟́𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓭𐓘̋𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wéhkili wį ohpáahą mįkšé","e":"I’m putting on my\nclothes"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop\nstem, o_páahà","xref":["ðuhpáahą","hpaahą́","paahą́","wéhkilį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐒰́𐒼'𐓂","defs":["punch a hole in","cut a hole in by pushing","[ó- loc + paak'ó]\n(trans.) punch a hole in, cut a hole in by\npushing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably sync.\nfortisizing stop stem, o_pák∏o"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["have it in for","consider someone an opponent",". (trans.) have it in\nfor;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["áhkiasąci","ásąci","kasǫ́ci"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓄𐒰̄𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["overbearing (describes someone who is always butting in, interrupting)","overbearing (describes s.o"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓄𐒰̄𐓌𐒷","defs":["sewing","sewn, sewn together","sewing\n(lit., ‘wherein stuff is sewn’). • adj sewn, sewn\ntogether (RBn1-MOJ/p4304/19/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + ó- loc + paaché","xref":["óhkihpaache"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐒰́𐓋𐒷","defs":["herd","herd (LF, unconfirmed)","hang up\n(e.g., clothing)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄'𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄'𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["steam, emit vapors, produce a rising fog (such as fog from water in a pond, lake, or swamp)","fog rising from standing water when the sun shines on it","steam or vapor arising"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐒰́𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["wander, roam, rove, travel around","go for a ride, drive around for pleasure, go on an excursion","excursion, ride"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐒰́𐓒𐓂","defs":["index finger","outside corner or angle","index finger (RBn10-9:JW;\n01/24/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"apparently ó- loc +\npázo ‘finger’","xref":["šáake opázo","wéapazo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓅𐒷́","defs":["enter or go in/into","enter formally (as into a peyote meeting)","enter or go in/into, enter formally (as\ninto a peyote meeting) (04/13/95/FH/pc:ok)","hip, hips, tail, buttocks\n(04/11/95/LS/pc:ok). ǫ́pe htą́ke big hips\n(02/09/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.67; BE2.74)","enter, go in","enter (go in)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐓈𐒰 𐓋𐒻 𐓂𐓍𐒰́𐓅𐒷?","e":"when are you going in the house?"},{"o":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒰́𐓅𐒷","e":"you went in at sundown"},{"o":"𐓂𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓊𐒻́ 𐒷𐓊𐒻́𐒹𐒰 𐓂́𐓅𐒷𐓄𐒻 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"the house has been broken into"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐒰̋𐓌𐒻 𐓋𐒻 𐓂𐓅𐒷́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"those ones [dogs] keep wanting to come inside the house"},{"o":"𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓅𐒷","e":"we're going in at sundown"}],"infl":"reg., o_hpé","xref":["letą́ ǫ́pe žúuce"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["hip","hips","tail","buttocks","buttocks or rump"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐒷́𐓁𐒻","defs":["detect, find out about or partially uncover an undisclosed idea or plan (such as a surprise party), discover in part but not fully, get wind of, get word of, get a feeling about something without full knowledge of it","detect, find out about or partially\nuncover an undisclosed idea or plan (such as a\nsurprise party), discover in part but not fully,\nget wind of, get word of, get a feeling about s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓭𐓟́𐓩𐓣 𐓚𐓡𐓟́","a":"ohpéni ąįhé","e":"I\nfound out, I have a feeling"},{"a":"who found out about","e":"John? who did John find out about?"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, o_péni"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐒷́𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["tie in a bundle or wrap up something specific","tie in a\nbundle or wrap up s.t. specific","[wa- val +\nopétxą] (intr.) wrap or tie up stuff as a bundle.\nópetxą put it inside and wrap it up (as inside a\nblanket or in a cloth)","tie up"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.\nfortisizing stop stem?, ó_petxà?","vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["wrap or tie up stuff as a bundle"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓄𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["trash, things scattered around (as in a messy house), scattering, collection of scattered things","trash, things scattered\naround (as in a messy house), scattering,\ncollection of scattered things"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["disobey","[opšé + aží neg] (trans.)\ndisobey"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_p©áâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷́","defs":["obey","follow","heed","obey, follow, heed","obey, follow","obey (follow)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg. o_p©é","xref":["íe opšé","okípše"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰́","defs":["down the middle","follow (as a path), go through or down (as a\nroad) (RBn22-04, unconfirmed)","elk (04/25/95/PM/pc:ok;\n12/30/94/FH/pc:uk; BE2.41; RBn1-24)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_pxå","xref":["opxą́pxą́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["follow (as a path)","go through or down (as a road)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓄𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["elk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓄𐓐𐒰͘𐒹𐒰̄","defs":["elk skin","elk skin\n(4/25/95/PM/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ópxà + háa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒻͘ 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓄𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒻̋͘ 𐒷𐒼𐓂́͘","defs":["light brown","dun colored"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓆𐒱","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓆𐒱́","defs":["burn, be on fire","set fire to, burn"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓆𐒻","defs":["alight (from)","get off (e.g., a horse)","get out of (e.g., a car)","(intr., trans.) alight (from), get\noff (e.g., a horse), get out of (e.g., a car). ósipi\nget out [pl. addressee]","to hit something"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"infl":"reg., ó_si","xref":["wísi"],"vc":"regular"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓆𐒼𐒻","defs":["arch of the foot"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰́","defs":["slide, slip"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_stá","xref":["štáha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["running as a group, hurrying toward something, being rushed or rushing in a row","running\nas a group, hurrying toward s.t., being rushed\nor rushing in a row (FHt128)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"apparently ó- loc + stówe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓆𐓎́","defs":["seed","grain"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓇𐒷","defs":["exist plentifully","lots, abundance, plenty, profusion of something","exist plentifully\n(03/23/95/FH/pc). [Nearly synonymous with\nochí, but óše cannot be used with žįkážį ‘child’\nor haxį́ ‘blanket’, for example (LS).] táatą óše\nsomething plentiful (FH). ónǫbre óše a lot of\nfood (lit., ‘food-wise there is plenty’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓇𐓈𐒰́","defs":["yard","lawn","cleared area","bare ground","yard, lawn,\ncleared area, bare ground"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably ó- loc + ©táha"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓇𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓇𐓊𐒷́","defs":["remain","be left or left over","leave (as leftovers)","spare","remainder","rest","leftover amount","remain, be left or left over\n(02/15/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷 𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐓂𐓇𐓊𐒷́?","e":"is there any peyote tea left?"}],"infl":"reg., o_©cé","xref":["oðáašce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓇𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓇𐓊𐒷́ 𐒼𐒷","defs":["remainders, leftovers, or rest (scattered around)","remainders, leftovers, or rest\n(scattered around)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓈𐒰̋","defs":["frozen","[wa- val +\nootá] (intr.) ask for stuff to be loaned, borrow\nthings","[wa- val + otáa]\n(trans.) freeze in/to another substance, make\ns.t. freeze"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓈𐒰̄","defs":["freeze in/to another substance","make something freeze"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["not quite","the larger part"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓉𐒰́͘𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["between","in between","the space between things","at a place on the way"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓈𐒰́𐓅𐒰","defs":["entrails, part of the stomach resembling little books or pages, used for soup","entrails, part of the stomach\nresembling little books or pages, used for soup\n(04/07/95/LS/pc:ok; 3/3/83/p2). [Also called\n“bible,” it lies in layers and has a fringe on\nit;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓉𐒰́𐓒𐒰","defs":["good looking","handsome","beautiful","very pretty","beautiful, pretty"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/pretty_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓉𐒰́𐓒𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["ugly","homely","not pretty or handsome","ugly, homely, not\npretty or handsome (02/27/95/JS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/ugly_hl.mp3","infl":"ohtáza + aâí","xref":["ožą́ke ohtą́na"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐒱𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓉𐒱𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["safely","safely (RB, unconfirmed).\nóhtaiðįke alí hkǫ́bra I want to return safely"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["put on (e.g., pants, shoes)","put on (e.g., pants, shoes). lį́įka, hǫǫpé ðé otxá\nsit down, put these shoes on (RBn1-MOJ/p38)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_txå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓊𐒷́","defs":["look for or search for something or someone (for one's own purposes, not because it or he/she was previously lost)","hunt for, go hunting for (small game)","look for or search for\ns.t. or s.o. (for one’s own purposes, not because\nit or he/she was previously lost) (2/22/95/FH).\n[Contrast okíce ‘find again that which was lost’.]\noáce, owáce I look for","[wa- val + océ] (intr.)\nsearch, search for stuff, look for things. óce\nðaįšé?","look for, search for, hunt","hunt (search, look for)","look for (search)","search (look for, hunt)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓈𐒰́","e":"look for it!"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓂𐓊𐒷́ 𐓄𐓇𐒻́𐒷","e":"I went to look for a shirt"},{"o":"Bill 𐓂𐓏𐒰́𐓊𐒷 𐓄𐓇𐒻́𐒷","e":"I went to look for Bill"},{"o":"𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐓊𐒷 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I've been looking for you"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒲𐓇𐒷́?","e":"what are you looking for?"}],"infl":"uninfl. or reg., ó_ce","xref":["óceštą"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["search, search for stuff, look for things"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂́𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒲𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are you looking for things?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓊𐒷́𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["snoop or look for constantly","[océ + štą] snoop or look\nfor constantly (lit., ‘searches constantly’).\nóceštą. adj, v [reg., ó_ceštą] [óce + štą] (be)\nsnoopy"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o_cé©tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓊𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["snoopy","snoop, someone who looks for things constantly, someone who likes to get into another's things"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓊𐒷́𐓋𐒻","defs":["fireplace in a home or in a place used for religious purposes, including the ceremonial fireplace used in the peyote times","fireplace in a\nhome or in a place used for religious purposes,\nincluding the ceremonial fireplace used in the\npeyote times"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably océ∂e + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓊𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["build a fireplace or fire","fireplace or fire for cooking or warming oneself","place to build a fire","stove","(intr. [perhaps trans.?])\nbuild a fireplace or fire"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐓂̄𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓊𐒷́𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒻, 𐓂̄𐒹𐓂́͘𐓄𐒻","e":"if you want to cook a chicken, build a fire and cook it"}],"infl":"reg.?, océ_∂e?","xref":["áceðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓊𐒷́𐓓𐒷","defs":["urinal","urinal (04/26/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + céâe","xref":["ožéhci"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓊𐒷́𐓓𐒷𐓋𐒻","defs":["bathroom","toilet room","john","water closet","outhouse"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bathroom_restroom_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓌𐒻́","defs":["plentiful","many","abound","exist in large quantity","a lot of","full of (e.g., worms)","excessive or the most extreme","worst or best (above all others in a certain aspect)","whip strongly, beat\nup, spank or “get” s.o, drub, thrash","[wa- val + ochį́] (intr.) hit or\nbeat things (such as a drum). óchį ðáalį káaɣį\naha wíkie whenever he hits [drum] well, there’s a\nprayer (RBn10-18;"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰 𐓮𐓬𐓟𐓘𐓤","a":"t speak","e":"English well)"}],"infl":"reg., ó_chî","xref":["ochį́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓌𐒻́͘","defs":["strike, beat, or hit an object","whip strongly, beat up, spank or \"get\" someone, drub, thrash","hit or strike (e.g., a drum or a person)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓌𐒻͘","defs":["hit or beat things (such as a drum)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓋𐒻́𐒿𐒷","defs":["home","place to live","abode","household that one lives in","furnishings, furniture","home, place to live,\nabode, household that one lives in (lit.,\n‘wherein one has a household’) (LS)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓋𐒻́𐒿𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒻̋𐓍𐒷 𐓍𐒻́ 𐒰̄𐓄𐒷","e":"she found a good place to live"}],"infl":"ó- loc + hcíle"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓊'𐒻͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓊'𐒻́͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["stopped up, stuffed up, congested"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂̋͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["throw away","throw","leave or quit someone","discard someone or something","toss out","ǫ́ǫ_ða[_]ðe)] (trans.) throw away,\nthrow, leave or quit s.o., discard s.o. or s.t., toss\nout (FH,pc, 8/8/94)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync., _òô_∂a\n(possibly òô∂a and òô∂e have the same base\nform, [_","xref":["hkíǫðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["follow (e.g., a path, a person, God's word, a car, or a horse)","follow, either directly, or some time after","accompany","be behind","be attached to the back","be hanging (on the back of or behind something else)","follow (e.g., a path, a person, God’s word, a car,\nor a horse) (01/26/95/FH/pc; PM)","follow"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓂𐒴𐒰́𐒹𐒰","e":"I followed the horse"},{"o":"𐒼𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒻̄͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰, 𐒼𐓂́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷 𐓌𐒷","e":"he followed the butterflies so that he could watch them"},{"o":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂͘𐓍𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́","e":"we want to follow your word"},{"o":"𐓪𐓜𐓘́𐓡𐓙","a":"obráhai","e":"I heard it like that, I’m going to follow it\nlike that [woman speaking]"},{"o":"𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓪𐓜𐓘́𐓡𐓘","a":"hkáwa obráha","e":"I followed the\nhorse"}],"infl":"sync., o_∂áha","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰̄𐓍𐒷̄","defs":["go with, go following","[oðáha +\naðée] (trans.) go with, go following.\nówaðahašcée?"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync., o_∂áha_(a)∂ee (object\ninflection and reg. subject inflection in first slot,\nsync. subject inflection in second slot)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒰̋𐒼𐒷","defs":["tell (e.g., news, stories)","relate","narrate","recite","state","proclaim","inform","say so","bid","tell (e.g., news,\nstories), relate, narrate, recite, state, proclaim,\ninform, say so (03/16/95/FH/pc:ok)","(intr.) bid","[wa- val + oðáake]\n(intr.) tell things, inform","n story, tale, legend, narrative, telling of s.t.,\nreporting of news","story"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒴𐒰̄𐒼𐒷","e":"I've told you everything"},{"o":"𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒴𐒰̄𐒼𐒷 𐓁𐒰́","e":"I used to tell you it"},{"o":"𐒹𐒻́𐒼𐓂 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒴𐒰̄𐒼𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰","e":"you want me to tell a story"},{"o":"𐓄𐒷̋ 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓍𐒰̄𐒼𐒷?","e":"who told you that?"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓍𐒰̄𐒼𐒷?","e":"what did he tell you?"}],"infl":"sync., ó_∂aake","xref":["óðaake","ohkílaake"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄𐒼𐒷","defs":["tell things","inform","story","tale","legend","narrative","telling of something","reporting of news"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐒼'𐓂͘","defs":["pitch (a card game)","pitch (a card game: lit., ‘telling it\ngame’;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["newspaper","letter","magazine","newspaper, letter, magazine\n(lit., ‘document with writing that tells things’)\n(02/27/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.93)","magazine, newspaper, or newsletter","magazine (or newspaper, printed matter)","newspaper (magazine, newsletter, printed matter)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒷","defs":["tie (as a shoe)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., o_∂á©ke","xref":["okáške"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒰̋𐓇𐓊𐒷","defs":["leave by mouth (e.g., remaining food)","[ðaa- instr + ošcé]\n(trans.) leave by mouth (e.g., remaining food)","lunch, food taken home from a feast\n(02/24/95/FH/pc:okc; BE2.83) . • v [sync.,\nó_ðaašce] [wa- val + oðáašce] (intr.) leave some\nas a remainder by mouth"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., o_∂áa©ce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐓊𐒷","defs":["lunch","food taken home from a feast","leave some as a remainder by mouth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒻","defs":["worry about, feel concern over, be concerned about","focus on, pay attention to, look into, attend do, think about","anxiety","anxious","deeply concerned","solicitous","worry about, feel concern\nover, be concerned about (05/01/95/LS/pc:ok;\nFH:4/24/96/prod). óðąąceši mįkšé I’m worried"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓍𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒻 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm worried about money"},{"o":"Mary 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒻","e":"Mary is worried about something"},{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's worried about his car"},{"o":"𐓓𐒷́𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓊𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻́ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"Little-legs is worried about us"},{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒻","e":"pay attention to the children"}],"infl":"uninfl./reg.,\nó∂ààce_©i"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒻 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐒻 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["disuse, be unconcerned with, disregard, not pay attention to","be unobserved, as a custom"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒰̋𐓒𐒷","defs":["whoop, ululation (applies only to the noise that women make)","whoop, ululation\n(applies only to the noise that women make)\n(RBn22-08)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + ∂aazó"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒰̋𐓒𐓂","defs":["female singers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- + ∂aazó"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻","defs":["in spite of everything, inevitably, contrarily, anyhow, anyway, even so, regardless, notwithstanding everything, however, nevertheless, at any rate","get it, do it or make it despite something, have one's way"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒼𐒻́𐒷","e":"it's that way anyway"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"in spite of everything it's raining"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"in spite of it, they're dancing"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐓌𐒷 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"in spite of the fact it's raining, they're dancing"},{"o":"𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓓𐓂𐓇𐒻 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐓂́𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"I said no, but he's going to have his way"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂̋͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["throw away","discard","leave behind","remove, as from office","quit someone","divorce or separate from","ǫ́ǫ_ða[_]ðe)] (trans.) throw away, discard,\nleave behind, remove, as from office (FH).\náǫǫbra I threw something away"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓪̄͘𐓜𐓘","a":"áǫǫbra","e":"I threw something away"},{"o":"𐓤𐓘̋𐓴𐓟 𐓪̋͘𐓜𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"káache ǫ́ǫbre hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to throw\naway that stuff [stack of trash]"},{"a":"sure be glad when","e":"I get rid of you”"}],"infl":"(reg.+) sync., (_)òô_∂e (possibly òô∂a\nand òô∂e have the same base form,\n[_"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐒴𐒰͘","defs":["smoke, cause to smell, as in making cedar smoke for a cleansing or a blessing","[ó- loc + ðíbrą] (trans.)\nsmoke, cause to smell, as in making cedar\nóðąąceši ðįké\noðíiną\nsmoke for a cleansing or a blessing (lit.,\n‘wherein one causes there to emanate an odor’)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., o_∂íbrà","xref":["xǫǫcóðibrą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐒼'𐒷","defs":["drop something into (e.g., eyedrops into eyes)","drop s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["catch (a person or an animal)","catch hold of","arrest","grasp","hug","embrace","take or have hold of","take hold of someone's body part","hold","hold on to","embrace as a tradition","take hold of a female, in order to marry her","take hold of\ns.o.’s body part, take or have hold of, grasp,\nhug, embrace, catch (a person or an animal)","catch, hug","catch (or hug)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync., o_∂ìîke (variant\no∂îî is sometimes uninfl.)","xref":["mą́šą oðį́įke","mą́ze oðóbrįįke"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["pants","trousers","underwear"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻͘𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["lock (e.g., a house door, a trunk, a car door)","lock (e.g., a house door, a trunk, a car\ndoor)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"expected","e":"Mod. Os. form: o©cìîmà or\no©§ìîma] you fastened it"}],"infl":"sync., o_∂ìîmà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻̋𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["fasten, button (e.g., an old-fashioned shoe with buttons or a sweater with buttons)","zip","tie up","rope (e.g., a calf)","fasten, button (e.g., an old-fashioned\nshoe with buttons or a sweater with buttons),\nóðąąceši (continued)\nzip, tie up, rope (e.g., a calf)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.?, o_∂íinà?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["umbrella","umbrella (04/06/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓁𐒻 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["parasol"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["flutter"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓇𐒻","defs":["wrap","cover (for a tipi, sweat house, pillow, etc.)","wrap (01/14/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., o_∂í©i","xref":["wacúexǫ oðiši"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["rein a horse that is running","restrain, as by pulling the reins","stop, halt (e.g., the horse pulling a buggy, the motion of a car)","curb motion","check a horse's forward movement","stop, halt (e.g.,\nthe horse pulling a buggy, the motion of a car),\ncurb motion, check a horse’s forward\nmovement (03/14/95/MREI/pc; BE2.128; RBn1-\nMOJ/p40; HH/14-a/172ff&pc: ooðíitą)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., o_∂íità","xref":["oðókiną́ąžį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["car","wagon","car, wagon","work, occupation, position (LF)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going in a car"},{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"they're going in a car"},{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰","e":"start the car"},{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"the car won't start"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/car_hl.mp3","xref":["waðíhtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["work, occupation, position"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒼'𐒰͘𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒼'𐒰́͘𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻","defs":["train","locomotive","train (lit., ‘pulls fast’),\nlocomotive (03/23/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.144; RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘","defs":["by car"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓊𐒻 𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓋𐒻 𐓂𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["trailer","trailer (lit., ‘rolling house\nfollowing’) (04/13/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓋𐒻𐓓𐒷́","defs":["car door"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘𐓋𐒻","defs":["garage","garage (lit., ‘car\nhouse’) (01/31/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.53)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"o∂íhtà + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐓊𐒻 𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘𐓋𐒻 𐓋𐒻́𐓓𐒷","defs":["garage door"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["be among others in","be a member of (e.g., a club)","belong to","be a part of","be among"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐒹𐒰","defs":["almost","nearly"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐒹𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐒹𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["more","last","final","more, last, final","last, final","final (last)","last (final)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["hą́ąpa oðóhake"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐒹𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐒹𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐒻́𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["reconsider, think about again, rethink"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐒼𐒻𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["overalls"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["obey (e.g., the law)","obey\n(e.g., the law)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["baby board of any type","cradleboard","cradle of any type","baby board of any type\n(MREI/pc/1994; FH);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cradleboard_hl.mp3","xref":["ípše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐓇𐒻","defs":["in the way","in front of and blocking","in the way, in front of and blocking"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐓉𐒰","defs":["straight up","behave. óðohta ąhé I’m behaving (108-\nb/FH/152)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ó_∂ohtà","xref":["wáðohtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐓂𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["behave","straight","virtuous","behavior","good behavior","acting with rectitude (may refer to conduct of the moment or to long-term behavior)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐓂𐓉𐒰͘𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["behave oneself","make oneself straight by acting with rectitude","good behavior","[óðohtą +\nhkik- refl + ðe cau] (intr.) behave oneself,\nmake oneself straight by acting with rectitude\n(lit., ‘cause oneself to act straight’).\nóðohtąhkíe!"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ó∂ohtà_hki∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓂́𐓍𐒷","defs":["be in charge of, supervise, boss (e.g., an event)","manage","be in charge of,\nsupervise, boss (e.g., an event), manage.\noðo[w]aðe I am in charge of it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., o∂ó_∂e","xref":["oðówaðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰","defs":["something or someone valued, beloved, or treasured (such as a favorite child)","s.t. or s.o. valued,\nbeloved, or treasured (such as a favorite child).\nóðoxta škaaɣe you’re making it special, you’re\nmaking it a favorite thing"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + óxta"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓎𐒿𐓎𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓎́𐒿𐓎𐒹𐒰","defs":["underneath","beneath","below","under","underneath, beneath, below, under\n(LF)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓎𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓎̋𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["lazy","be or become tired or weary of","laziness","[wa- val\n+ oðúuc'ake] (intr.) be lazy"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒸́ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́, 𐓂́𐒼'𐓎 𐒰͘𐓍𐓎̋𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓇𐒷 𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓉𐒰͘𐓉𐒰̄͘ 𐓂𐓍𐓎̋𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒻́͘","e":"we're too poor to feed that lazy donkey"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐓋𐒷 𐓂𐒴𐓎̋𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","e":"I'm tired of this cold"},{"o":"𐓂𐓇𐓊𐓎̋𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷?","e":"are you getting tired of this?"},{"o":"𐓂𐒴𐓎̋𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","e":"I'm getting tired of this"},{"o":"𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐒴𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I've had enough of them"}],"infl":"sync., ó_∂uuc∏ake"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓎𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓍𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["lazy"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒱́ 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓂́𐒴𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I was very lazy today"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂́𐓍𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"that person is lazy"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓂́𐓍𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"that man is lazy"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓂́𐓍𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"that woman is lazy"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓍𐓎𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓍𐓎̋𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["take out or unload something by removing, by extracting, or by lowering from a carrier or storage","take out or unload s.t. by\nremoving, by extracting, or by lowering from a\ncarrier or storage (02/27/95/JS/pc:ok; BE2.147;\nRB)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓌𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐓎̋𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","e":"take the meat out (of the car)"},{"o":"𐓁𐒰́͘𐓑𐒷𐓋𐒻 𐓂𐒴𐓎̋𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to take it out of the refrigerator"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓍𐓎̄𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒱́","e":"we're going to take it out"},{"o":"𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to take it out of the\nrefrigerator"}],"infl":"sync.,\no_∂úuxpa∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓏𐒰́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷𐓋𐒻","defs":["cafe","restaurant","cafe,\nrestaurant"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + wanòbrehci"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻","defs":["dance place or location","dance place or\nlocation"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + waachí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̄𐓊𐒷","defs":["law"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + wa- val + ∂aacé"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["groceries","garden","cultivated area","field planted for harvest","greens","vegetables","produce","field","groceries\n(02/03/95/FH/pc:ok)","vegetables, groceries"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓏𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓏𐒷𐓋𐒻","defs":["grocery store","(be) thankful, appreciative, grateful\n(02/03/95/FH/pc:ok). óweena ąkxą́he I’m\nthankful (03/16/95/FH/pc:ok)","store (grocery store)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪́𐓷𐓟𐓴𐓟 𐓜𐓟̋","a":"óweche brée","e":"I’m\ngoing to the grocery store"},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟 𐓪́𐓷𐓟̄𐓩𐓘 𐓘͘𐓯𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","a":"ðachí che óweena ąškáaɣe","e":"I’m glad you are here"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓏𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓏𐓂͘","defs":["busy","chore, task, errand, duty, things one has to do"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓏𐓂͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓏𐓂͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make trouble for someone, trouble another, be a burden to someone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓏𐓂͘ 𐒼𐓇𐒻𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓏𐓂͘ 𐒼𐓇𐒻́𐓐𐒷","defs":["make trouble for someone, trouble another, be a burden to someone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐒷","defs":["burial place","grave","ditch","grave, ditch, burial place. óxe pak'ó apái\nthey’re digging the ditch; they’re digging\nthe grave"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐒷 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["burial ground","cemetery","graveyard","cemetery, graveyard, burial ground"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐒷 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐒷 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["coffin","coffin (LF, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","defs":["death","death (RBn10-7:JW)","n envy, jealousy (04/26/95/LS/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + xí∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["fall from a height","get lost","become lost","be lost","lose (something specific or someone specific)","(trans.) lose (s.t","[wa-\nval + oxpáðe] (intr.) lose things, lose stuff.\n[Note the contrast to transitive oxpáðe ‘lose it,\nlose s.t. specific’.] Frances akxa óxpaði akxai\nFrances lost some stuff","get lost, be lost","get (be) lost"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓪͘𐓬𐓘́ 𐓪𐓘́͘𐓸𐓬𐓙 𐓘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"hǫpá oą́xpai aðįhé","e":"I got lost today"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘́𐓸𐓬𐓙","a":"waðílą ąwáxpai","e":"I\nlost my mind"},{"a":"rances akxa óxpaði akxai","e":"Frances lost some stuff"}],"infl":"stat., ó_xpa∂e","vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["lose things","lose stuff"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["mislead, cause to get lost"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause to be lost","[oxpáðe + ðe cau]\n(trans.) cause to be lost","lose (something)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., oxpá∂e_∂e","vc":"ðe-causative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐓈𐒰","defs":["precious","dear or beloved","valuable","marvelous","pleasing","mysterious","lovable","important","special","right","respectable"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/love_cherish_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐓈𐒰 𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒷","defs":["hold sacred","consider precious","regard as holy","prize highly","hold a thing as precious or valuable"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["make oneself important","make oneself right and respectable","cherish each other","[hkik- refl/recip\n+ óxtaðe] (intr.) make oneself important, make\noneself right and respectable. óxtaðahkie you\nmade yourself right and respectable. óxtahkie\nhe’s making himself important. • cherish each\nother. óxtahkiapi cherish each other","[ki- suu + óxtaðe]\n(trans.) make dear, make special, give special\nstatus to a relative or s.o. close"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., óxta_ki∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["make dear, make special, give special status to a relative or someone close"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓐𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["be fond of a person","like","make precious, special, or important","[óxta + ðe cau] make\nprecious, special, or important"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷.","e":"I like my school-teacher."}],"infl":"reg., óxta_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓒𐓂́","defs":["lowland","low wooded level","wooded lowland","lowland having trees here and there","lowland, low wooded level (JOD)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["lie abed, lie down","lie down in","bed, place one lies in","[ó- loc + žą́ą] (intr., trans.?)\nlie abed, lie down"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ó_âà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["road, highway, thoroughfare, route, path, pathway, orbit","road, highway,\nthoroughfare, route, path, pathway, orbit.\n[Takes ‘lying down’ positional article kše.] ožą́ke\nkše bráaða the road is wide","road"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/road_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓓𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘","defs":["be a roadman","roadman in the peyote religion, minister of a religious entity, preacher, pastor, priest","be a\nroadman (lit., ‘sit in the road [altar in the\npeyote religion]’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘͘𐓷𐓘́͘𐓻𐓟𐓵𐓟","a":"ąwą́žeðe","e":"I’m\ntired"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/roadman_sr.mp3","infl":"reg., oâåke o_lìî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓓𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓉𐒰́͘𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["street","street (lit., ‘road between’)\n(03/03/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓓𐒷́𐓋𐒻","defs":["bathroom, toilet room, john, water closet, outhouse","bathroom, toilet room, john, w.c.,\nouthouse (01/19/95/FH/pc:ok; 04/26/95/FH/pc)","bathroom"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/toilet_hl.mp3","infl":"ó- loc + âé\n+ hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓓𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["feel tired, be fatigued, weary, tired","be tired (mentally)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐒻𐓓𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓓𐒻́𐓓𐒻𐒷","defs":["bait or coax someone to say or do something","egg on","encourage","incite","convince","bait or coax s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣𐓻𐓣́𐓟","a":"áwažižíe","e":"I egged him on.\néekôaâi ówa∂aâiâíe you egged them on anyway"},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓷𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣𐓻𐓣́𐓟","a":"ąwą́ðažižíe","e":"I didn’t want to do it, but you egged\nme on"}],"infl":"reg., o_âíâie","xref":["ažį́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓂𐓓𐓂́","defs":["principal"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐓂𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓓𐓂𐒼'𐒰","defs":["bet","wager","bet, wager (04/07/95/PM/pc:okc, PM,\nFH ok’d óžok'a, not óžok'ą)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐓂𐒼'𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓂́𐓓𐓂𐒼'𐒰 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make a bet","wager"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́","defs":["put in","pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans","pour for someone","plant or sow (e.g., seed in the ground)","receptacle","container","bottle","cup","bowl","jar","shaker","holder (for pourable dry or liquid substances)","pour or serve\nliquids or small solids such as beans, pour for\n(s.o.)","[wa- val + oožú] (intr.) put\nstuff in, plant stuff","pour or put into","plant (grow)","pour (or put) into","to pour something in"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"infl":"reg., óo_âu","xref":["htáanieoožú","mąhkásaioožú",""],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓂̋𐓓𐓎","defs":["put stuff in","plant stuff","pocket","bottle","container","vessel"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓂𐓓𐓎𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓂̋𐓓𐓎𐒹𐒰̄","defs":["bag, sack, pouch made of hide or leather","bag, sack, pouch made\nof hide or leather (lit., ‘skin into which to put\nstuff’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"óoâu + háa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́","defs":["nose","snout","protuberance","bulge","mound","nose, snout (03/01/95/FH/pc:ok;\n04/17/95/LS/pc:ok)","positional article for pl. nonsubject. ecí\npa žóąðale šíe ðe you brought me to them (lit.,\n‘you went with me to those ones there’)","snow","holler, yell, scream, shout","nose or bitter","bitter"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _på","xref":["kípą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́","defs":["bitter"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́","defs":["snow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/snow_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰","defs":["positional article for plural nonsubject"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒷𐓊𐒻́ 𐓄𐒰 𐓓𐓂́𐒰͘𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒷 𐓇𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒷","e":"you brought me to them"},{"o":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰̋͘ 𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒰 𐒷́𐓓𐒻 𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐒻́𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒻 𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"turkey hen knew she had done everything she could to fool the others [them]"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰̋𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","e":"take care of those men [standing or sitting], look after those people"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́","defs":["head"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄","defs":["by means of pushing","by pushing away or by hand","by pushing or pressing on something (either compacting or spreading it)","by pushing up and away with the hands"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́","defs":["by means of cutting or sawing","by cutting","by use of a sharp edge","verbal prefix, showing that the action is performed by cutting with a knife drawn across the object, or by sawing with a hand-saw"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰","defs":["and"],"pos":"conn > verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒷𐓊𐒻 𐓈𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓎𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒿𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐒰𐓎","e":"He is coming back hither from that place, and he is going homeward."},{"o":"𐓊𐒻 𐓊𐒻 𐓈𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒹𐓎𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐒰𐓎","e":"He is coming from the lodge, and he is going on."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́͘","defs":["holler","yell","scream","shout"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́ 𐒹𐓎́𐓍𐒷","defs":["snow, snowfall, snow coming down, falling snow","snow","to snow","snow (verb for to snow)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰 𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́ 𐒻𐓉𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["tip of the nose"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́ 𐒼𐒰̄𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["blow one's nose"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́ 𐓈𐓂̋𐒽𐒰","defs":["Comanche (tribe or tribal member)","Kiowa (tribe or tribal member)","Comanche (tribe or tribal\nmember), Kiowa (tribe or tribal memeber)\nhǫǫpésce\nhpáata\n(lit., ‘wet noses’ [RB, PM], ‘dew on the head’\n[PM]) (RBnote: rare usage)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒰́͘","defs":["make a bad odor arise from a corpse, etc., by pushing against it with a stick, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒰𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒴𐒰𐒼'𐒰","defs":["flatten by cutting","make flat by using a sharp edge","plane (as wood with a woodplane)","make a piece of wood have a flat surface by cutting it with a knife, or saw","[pá- instr + brák'a]\n(trans.) flatten by cutting, make flat by using a\nsharp edge, plane (as wood with a woodplane)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., pá_brak∏a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒰𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒰́𐒼'𐒰","defs":["plane a flat surface on a board or piece of wood"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","defs":["slit or cut open a skin, etc., by drawing a knife blade across it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["slit or cut open a skin by pushing the point of a knife along it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒴𐒷𐒽𐒰","defs":["cut meat in thin slices for drying, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒷́𐒽𐒰","defs":["make thin by planning"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒷𐓒𐒰𐓍𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐒷́𐓒𐒰𐓍𐒰͘","defs":["make droop, as a plant by pushing or punching (with the end of the stick held firmly against the object)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐓂͘𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒴𐓂́͘𐓆𐒷","defs":["make ice, etc., give a crunching sound by pushing it with a stick, etc., held firmly against it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰́","defs":["show, exhibit an object","[presumably contains paa- instr]\n(trans.) raise, hold up (RBn10-10:JW)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., fortisizing stop\nstem, _paahå","xref":["opáahą","táatą paahą́","watáahą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐒹𐒰́͘","defs":["raise","hold up","raise any object (light or heavy) by pushing or burrowing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷","defs":["first","first in line","at the outset","from the beginning","before","first, at the outset"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒷̄𐓁𐒰́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓁𐒰, 𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷 𐓀𐒰́͘𐒻͘, 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓍𐒻͘ 𐓄𐒱","e":"soon it will be only God, put him first, carry yourself that way"},{"o":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷 𐓏𐒻𐓉𐒷́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐓌𐒷 𐓏𐒷̋𐓏𐒻𐓁𐒱","e":"first, younger sister, I am grateful for your wanting me to speak"},{"o":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷 𐓌𐒷","e":"from the beginning"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘𐒿𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["place something or someone first"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘ 𐒷̋ 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓍𐒻 𐓇𐓂̄͘𐓇𐓂́͘𐓏𐒷","e":"place God first and keep yourself in that way forever"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘𐒿𐒷 𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷 𐓍𐒷̋","defs":["precede"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘𐒿𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["the very first","at the very first"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒷́","defs":["hill","bluff","high hill","mountain"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐒹𐒻́","defs":["diamonds (suit in a deck of cards)","[perhaps contains paa- instr]\n(trans.) pick or gather (e.g., fruit, flowers),\ncollect together or pick up (many small,\nscattered things) (RBnot-nd-1/p21;\nFH/7/24/95/pc:okc)","diamonds (suit in a deck of cards)\n(03/10/95/FH/pc:ok; (RBn10-21/JW)","gather up"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop\nstem, _paahí","xref":["wapáahi"],"vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐒹𐒻́","defs":["pick or gather from the ground, as fruit, vegetables, etc.","pick or gather (e.g., fruit, flowers)","collect together or pick up (many small, scattered things)","sort (e.g., beans, clothing to be laundered)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰̄𐒹𐒻́͘","defs":["sharp","porcupine"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻 𐓅𐒰̄𐒹𐒻́","e":"sharp knife"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐒹𐒻͘","defs":["porcupine"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["sort","classify","categorize","sort,\nclassify, categorize"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓴𐓟 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓣́𐓤𐓟","a":"hǫbrį́ke che hpahíke","e":"I sorted\nthe beans"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["Pawhuska (the seat of Osage County, Oklahoma)","white hair (of the head)","Pawhuska (the\nseat of Osage County, Oklahoma; lit., ‘white\nhead hair’);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpá + hìî + ská","xref":["hpaxį́į"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒻𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐒹𐒻̄𐓉𐓂","defs":["mallard duck","mallard duck\n(lit., ‘green head feathers’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpá + hìî +htóho"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒻͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰̄𐒹𐒻́͘𐓓𐒻","defs":["dull"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓅𐒰̄𐒹𐒻́𐓓𐒻","e":"the knife is dull"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻́","defs":["get a splinter in the flesh, causing the latter to suppurate"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻𐓐𐓈𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒻́𐓐𐓈𐓂𐒷","defs":["mucus","runny nose","mucus, runny nose (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hpalį́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["punch or thrust an awl or tined instrument (as a pitchfork, fork), into an object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["flesh a hide"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐒿𐒷","defs":["bend over","bow the head","lean forward","stoop"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["make an animal cry or roar by pushing with the end of a stick, etc., or by stabbing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓎́","defs":["the hair of a boy's head below the crest","hair"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓎𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓎̋𐓆𐒷","defs":["scissors"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/scissors_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓎𐓆𐒷𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓎̋𐓆𐒷𐓉𐒰̄͘","defs":["shears","shears (lit.,\n‘large scissors’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpahúuse + htåà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["point the muzzle of a gun lower"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["comb","comb (BE 2:21: unconfirmed;\n01/09/95/FH/pc:uk; 04/20/95/LS/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hpá"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̋𐒼'𐒰","defs":["cottonwood","cottonwood tree","cottonwood (HRE)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["cut with a knife lengthwise on the surface of a piece of wood","whittle with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒼'𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["cut notches in an object with a knife or saw"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰́𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["make notches in an object by pushing repeatedly with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["cut a notch in an object with a knife or saw"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["make a notch in an object by pushing it with a knife-point, or the end of a spear, etc., held firmly against it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒷𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒼𐒷𐒼𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["cut notches in an object with a knife or saw"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒷𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒷́𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","defs":["make notches in an object by pushing repeatedly against it with the end of a stick, spear, knife, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","defs":["cut a notch in an object with a knife or saw"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["make a notch in an object, by pushing it with a knife-point, or the end of a stick, spear, etc., held firmly against it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","defs":["turn an object upside down by pushing with the end of a stick, etc., held firmly against it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing","play music on an instrument","play a fiddle","fiddle","musical instrument, piano","music","[probably paa- instr + an otherwise unattested\nstem kice ‘squeak’ (LF)] (intr.) play music\non an instrument. • n musical instrument,\npiano [Osage has no special words for\nother instruments (except drum) (LS)]\n(02/13/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn1-MOJ/p42;\n04/17/95/LS/pc:ok; BE2.91; 02/27/95/FH/pc:ok;\nFH/09/22/01/pc; BE2.91). • music"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _paakíce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["separate two objects by pushing against them with the end of a stick, spear, knife, etc.","push apart two objects with a stick or pole"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐓐𐒷","defs":["cut all around a piece of wood once, with a knife, making an indentation","cut or saw a long line across the grain"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐒼'𐓂́","defs":["dig (e.g., a grave)","stoop over (a little)","dig (e.g., a grave)\n(RBnot-nd-1/p22); (intr.) stoop over (a little)\n(1/27/83/p1). [The triplet paac'į, paac'ó, and\npaak'ó apparently show consonant and vowel\nsymbolism.]"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., fortisizing stop\nstem, _paak∏ó"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒽𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["make a hollow sound or reverberation by pushing at the ground, a wall, floor, box, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["probe, as a bone, for marrow"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["spear or push at an object, and miss it, because the weapon glides by, or on account of the dodging of the person or animal","scrape a hide with a knife after the removal of the hair","dress pine boards, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒼𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["fail in cutting with a knife, because the latter slips by the object, without touching it, or because the object eludes the blow"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒰𐓇𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒰́𐓇𐒰","defs":["turn the soil over, root up the ground, as hogs do"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["fail in cutting or sawing, missing the object","make a mistake in cutting with a knife, or in sawing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["push at an object, and miss doing what was intended","thrust at a foe, and miss him, because of his dodging"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","defs":["shatter by cutting or using a sharp edge","hatch","hatch; (trans.,\nintr.) shatter by cutting or using a sharp"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., pá_leke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["hatch, shatter by pushing outward"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["make an object striped by writing, pushing, etc.","write in lines, as in a book","write something or make one's mark upon something","vote","vote for or against something or someone","[paa- instr + léze] (trans.) write\ns.t","write"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop\nstem, _páaleze","vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","defs":["cut stripes or rows on wood with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒷","defs":["make an object spotted by cutting with a knife, or by sawing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓓𐒷","defs":["make an object spotted by writing, sewing, or by pushing it with the end of a stick, etc., held firmly against it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐒿𐒻́͘","defs":["mucus from the nose","runny nose","snot"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["enrage or make furious by pushing at with a stick, etc., held firmly against the person or animal","[paa- instr +\nlǫ́ðį] (trans.) impel s.o. to drunkenness, push\ns.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.\nfortisizing stop stem? _páalô∂î"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐒿𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐒿𐓎","defs":["shell off grains of green corn by cutting them with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓀𐒰́͘","defs":["file","remove the outer skins or bran from grains of corn which have been boiled in lye, by rubbing them","grate, as a nutmeg","push an axe on a motionless grindstone","sharpen a scythe, by pushing the hone or rasp first along one side, then along the other"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐒻","defs":["lift, hold up (e.g., a picture in front of a group of people in an auditorium)","raise (e.g., a flag or a window)","raise any object by pushing it with the end of a stick, etc., held firmly against it","[paa- instr +\nmą́ši] (trans.) lift, hold up (e.g., a picture in\nfront of a group of people in an auditorium),\nraise (e.g., a flag or a window)\npaahą́ (continued)\n(02/15/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.\nfortisizing stop stem, _paamå©i"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒻 𐓍𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐒻 𐓍𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["raise any object by pushing it with the end of a stick, etc., held firmly against it, with the idea of sudden action, and sending the object further away than would otherwise be done with bamaⁿshi alone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒰̋","defs":["adjourned, be adjourned, stop, pause, recess, disband, end, break up (as a meeting, \"let out\" (e.g., school for summer recess), be dismissed (as at the end of a school day)","(intr., trans.) adjourn, be adjourned, stop,\npause, recess, disband, end, break up (as a\nmeeting), “let out” (e.g., school for summer\nrecess), be dismissed (as at the end of a school\nday)","adjourned, let out",". paną́ą"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"conjug. unknown; may be reg., _panáa"},{"hw_osage":"-𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓁𐒻","defs":["nearly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒻́","defs":["feminine imperative plural sign"],"pos":"verb > ???","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼𐒻𐓆𐓎𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒻","e":"Remember ye me!"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓁𐒻𐒽𐒰́𐓇𐒻𐒷","defs":["snowman"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"pá + nihka©ie"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓁𐒻́𐒿𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["make mud soft or miry by pushing a stick into it for some time"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["cut a rope, cord, etc., in pieces with a knife (blade)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","defs":["cut a cord or a rope with a knife","cut a cord or rope once with a knife (blade)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["break or cut a rope or cord, with the point of a knife or stick held firmly against it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","defs":["Sioux (tribe or tribal member)","cutthroats","Sioux (tribe or tribal member),\ncutthroats (lit., ‘nose cutter’, ‘head cutter’)\n(RBnHW13) (unconfirmed, 03/08/95/PM/pc:uk;\n04/19/95/FH/pc:uk as a tribe name)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpá + paaxò\n‘break’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒷𐓆𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒷́𐓆𐒻͘","defs":["turn the edge of any sharp tool by thrusting it against any hard object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒷𐓇𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓄𐒷𐓇𐒻͘","defs":["bend a knife-blade by cutting with it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒷𐓇𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒷́𐓇𐒻͘","defs":["bend any flat object, as a knife-point, by pushing with it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐓂́","defs":["sink","lower","go down (e.g., the sun when setting)","down-hill","over the edge of a bluff","sink, lower, go\ndown (e.g., the sun when setting)\n(HRE/01/17/02/pc). [Possibly hpapó?]"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["mį́įhpapo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓄𐓐𐓂́𐒽𐒷","defs":["make the ground give forth a deadened sound by thrusting at it","stab a person or animal, running the knife or spear to the hilt, making a thud"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰𐓆𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐒰́𐓆𐒰","defs":["dice by cutting over and over","[reduplicated form of paasé] (trans.) dice by\ncutting over and over (lit., ‘cut repeatedly by\npushing down on’) (FH). paasása!"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _paasása"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","defs":["north","north (LF only, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒰́𐓍𐓂","defs":["make rattle, by pushing against, as the tail of a rattlesnake"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐒷́","defs":["cut up (e.g., meat or potatoes)","cut into pieces (e.g., a cake)","cut off by using a pushing motion","break, as bread, or meat, by pushing against it with the end of a stick, etc., or a knife point","[paa- instr + -se] (trans.) cut up (e.g., meat or\npotatoes), cut into pieces (e.g., a cake) (lit., ‘cut\nby pushing down on’)","[pá- + -se] (trans.) cut with a\nsharp edge","cut (something up)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓭𐓘̋𐓮𐓟","a":"hpáase","e":"I’m cutting off a limb. ©páase hta ∂aî©é?\nare you going to cut it off?"}],"infl":"reg., pá_se","xref":["páse"],"vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐒷","defs":["cut with a sharp edge","cut hair with a knife","cut bread, meat, clothing, sticks, etc., with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["push or thrust at something and cause pieces to fly out in all directions","splatter","splatter","spray","spray","splash","splash","squirt","squirt","splinter","splinter","cause to fly out into pieces","fly out in pieces","splatter,\nspray, splash, squirt, splinter, cause to fly out\nin pieces","(intr.) splatter, spray, splash, squirt, splinter,\nfly out in pieces"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.\nfortisizing stop stem, _paasíke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["thrust a stick, etc., into mud"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["thrust a stick, etc., once into mud, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["scrape by pushing with the end of a stick, etc., held firmly against the object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒹𐒰","defs":["alongside","beside","adjacent","parallel (to)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["make corn rattle by pushing the ears into a bag","make rattle by pushing, as the tail of a rattlesnake","make ice, etc., give a crunching sound, by pushing at it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐓄𐒰́͘","defs":["touch with the fingers","nudge","punch","push one with the end of a stick, etc., held against him, so as to attract his attention","touch with the fingers, nudge, punch"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰𐒿𐒻̋͘ 𐓇𐓂͘ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐓄𐒰̋𐓆𐓄𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"I was sitting there and he punched me"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _paaspå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐓋𐒷𐒼𐒷","defs":["gash the skin, etc., once by drawing a knife over it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["slit or gash the skin by pushing the hand, etc., against a splinter, or by pushing a stick lengthwise along the hand, without penetrating the flesh"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓆𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐓋𐒷𐓆𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["gash the skin, clothing, etc., repeatedly by drawing a knife over the object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐓆𐓎́","defs":["tip or point of an object","tip of nose"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐓎","defs":["hail"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎 𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐓎 𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["large hail"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎𐒼𐓂𐓇𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐓆𐓎́𐒼𐓂𐓇𐒰","defs":["paisley, paisley patterned cloth","paisley, paisley\npatterned cloth, said to be the first cloth that\nOsages saw (lit., ‘curved points’) (MSB 3/3/83)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpasú + ko©a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒰𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒰́𐓍𐓂","defs":["make a splashing sound by thrusting into water"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒼𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["make many dents or depressions in wood, the ground, etc., by pushing very rapidly, as hogs do in rooting up the ground"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒼𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["indent in a single place, as wood or the ground, as when the latter is rooted up by a hog"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["bruise fine, crush to powder by pushing (with the end of a stick, etc., held firmly against the object)","root up the ground, as hogs do"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["push the end of a stick, etc., against a vessel causing some of its contents to be spilt, without upsetting the vessel"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓇𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒰","defs":["cut, as meat, in small pieces with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷́","defs":["punch or saw off a piece of an object: referring to what was never stuck on, but was always part of the object","push a piece out of the edge of an object, by holding the end of a stick, etc., firmly against it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓇𐓄𐒷","defs":["detach a piece from the surface of an object by cutting","cut off the skin, and some of the potato before it is cooked"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐓎́","defs":["cut corn","fresh corn cut off the cob","cut corn, fresh corn\ncut off the cob (01/12/95/FH/pc:ok, not preasp).\n[To prepare paašpú, cut the corn off the cob,\nplace it in boiling water, and cook it until it takes\non the consistency of gravy.]","corn dish"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓄𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓇𐓄𐓎","defs":["shell off grains of green corn by cutting them with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["make smooth by planing","to be swollen till free from wrinkles, or till smooth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["thrust the hand, a knife point, or the end of a stick, pitchfork, etc., under an object, so as to lift it quickly and throw it off","play ball with the tabesu"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓇𐓈𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["soften by pushing on","thrust a stick, etc., into a hole at a soft object, as at an animal covered with hair, or to see if the soft object is there"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰͘𐓇𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄͘𐓇𐓊𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["strawberry"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/strawberry_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰̋𐓉𐒰","defs":["egg","egg (of any sort)","hickory nut (02/09/95/FH/pc:okc;\nBE2.66)","when, and. [Often appears in speeches\nas a default connector of phrases, pronounced\np≥t√.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐒿𐒷́𐓓𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's making eggs spotted, speckled"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷 𐓅𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"those eggs are bad"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/egg_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["when","and"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["push off or away"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓉𐒰̄͘","defs":["hickory nut"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["scrambled eggs"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷 𐒴𐒰̋𐓌𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to eat scrambled eggs"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐓈𐒰 𐓂𐒿𐒻́͘","defs":["womb of an animal"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰 𐓐𐓎𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐓐𐓎́𐒹𐒰","defs":["eggshell (the shell of an egg of any kind)","eggshell (the shell of an egg of\nany kind)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰 𐓓𐒷𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓈𐒰 𐓓𐒷́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["omlette","fried egg or omelet","fried egg (omelet)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓉𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["dull by pushing, as the horns of an ox"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐒽𐒰𐓊𐒷","defs":["be hot all over, as when one has a fever"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐓅𐒰","defs":["cut an object round: refers to cutting out lariats from a buffalo hide, as the knife is drawn around repeatedly, beginning at the outer edge, and gradually nearing the center"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰̋𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["egg white","egg white\n(lit., ‘white of egg’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpáata + ská ‘white’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["cut fresh meat thin that it may soon dry","make cornstalks wither by cutting with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["benumb by pushing with a stick held firmly against the limb"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰̋𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒻","defs":["egg yolk","egg yolk (lit., ‘yellow of\negg’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpáata + zí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓓𐒷","defs":["blister, as the hands, by pushing or punching with the end of a stick, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓓𐒷","defs":["puffed up","inflated","swollen"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒷 𐓍𐒷𐓍𐒰͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","e":"He was swollen up to this size."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["extinguish a fire by pushing with the end of a stick, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐓂́𐓓𐒷","defs":["pierce a sore, and let out the pus or water"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓋𐒰́𐒽𐒻","defs":["thrust a stick into mud holes, containing water, which flies out with a \"swish!\""],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["boat","any kind of boat","canoe","[presumably\ncontains pá- instr] butcher"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg?., pa_cé?","xref":["hpáce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̋𐓌𐒷́","defs":["sew","[perhaps paa- instr + che posit] (trans.) sew"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _paaché","xref":["wapáache"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓋𐒷́","defs":["a clump of young trees springing from a common root"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["operate on","perform surgery on","surgery","butcher","dissect","operate on, perform surgery on, butcher,\ndissect"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰́𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒻́ 𐒰̄𐓄𐒷","e":"they operated on him [they said]"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐓅𐒰́𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"the doctor might want to operate on you"}],"infl":"reg., _hpáce","xref":["wahpáce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷́ 𐓅𐒷́𐓊𐒷","defs":["steamboat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷́ 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["pirogue","small boat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓊'𐒻́͘","defs":["stoop over (as to touch one's toes)","bend down","crooked","[presumably contains paa-\ninstr] (intr.) stoop over (as to touch one’s toes),\nbend down"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓭𐓘̄𐓲'𐓣́͘𐓟","a":"hpaac'į́e","e":"I stooped over. ©paac∏ì you\nstooped over. ée paac∏ì akxai he is stooping over"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing\nstop stem, _paac∏ì","xref":["paak'ó"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒻͘𐒹𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘𐒹𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["stranger"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓋𐒻́𐓋𐒻𐓓𐒷","defs":["crawl, as a snake does, making crackling sounds as it moves over twigs"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒻𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒻́𐓒𐒷","defs":["move an object by pushing it with a stick, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓊'𐓂́","defs":["stoop over","[presumably contains paa- instr] (intr.) stoop\nover"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _paac∏ó"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐓎𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐓍𐒰","defs":["wear small holes in clothing, etc., by planing, pushing with a stick, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷́","defs":["winter","winter\n(03/16/95/MREI/pc:ok; BE2.159). [Takes\n‘standing’ positional article che.] hǫ́ǫpa wį́ páðe\nehtáha one day toward winter, one winter day\n(RBn16-02)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/winter_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["Pawnee","Pawnee (tribe or tribal member)","Kiowa (tribe or tribal member)","western tribe or tribal member (refers to any tribe from the western United States)","Kiowa (tribe or tribal\nmember) (RBn23-17)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓴𐓣́𐓬𐓟 𐓰𐓡𐓟","a":"apa achípe the","e":"Pawnees have arrived"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["root up clean, as hogs do","punch with a sharp-pointed stick, or to write with a sharp-pointed pencil till its point becomes worn down"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓀𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓀𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["Pawnee Indians"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["last"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐓂","defs":["locust","tree-locust","insect","locust, insect (RBn3-55;\n02/16/95/FH/pc:okc; BE2.80)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["separate two objects by cutting them apart with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓍𐓂́͘𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["make two objects separate by pushing at them with a stick, or knife point, held firmly against them"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰́𐒼𐒰","defs":["make a hide soft by pushing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰́𐒼𐒰","defs":["make rough by pushing","file"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐓐𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["roach haircut","roached hair","roach haircut,\nroached hair\n(RBn11/JW&FW&HHaskell/c.1976)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰́𐓏𐒰","defs":["bare, as the arm, by pushing up the sleeve"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["broken or cut cord, rope, or string"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐒻́","defs":["push to awaken or make active","activate by pushing on"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐓐𐒻̋͘","defs":["hair of the head","hair of the head or neck of a human or animal","mane"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰́𐓐𐒻̄͘ 𐒴𐓎̋𐓆𐒷 𐒻́𐒴𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","e":"I'm thinking about cutting my hair"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘ 𐓅𐒰𐓐𐒻̋͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓐𐓂̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"they're making the cedar like Mary's hair"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻͘ 𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓐𐒻͘ 𐓍𐓎̄𐓆𐒷́","defs":["haircut"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓭𐓘́𐓸𐓣̄͘ 𐓜𐓶̋𐓮𐓟 𐓣́𐓜𐓣𐓧𐓘͘","a":"hpáxįį brúuse íbrilą","e":"I’m thinking about\ncutting my hair"},{"a":"making the cedar like","e":"Mary’s hair"}],"xref":["hpahį́įska"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻͘ 𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓐𐒻͘ 𐓍𐓎̄𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["woman's bun hairdo"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻͘𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓐𐒻͘𐓁𐒰͘𐓉𐒰́","defs":["omentum","caul"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻͘𐓆𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓐𐒻̄͘𐓆𐒰͘","defs":["braid","braid (RBn,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["sweat","perspire"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́","defs":["hill","bluff","high hill","mountain","ridge","corner","angle","[paa- instr + xǫ́] (trans.) break a long object by\npushing, break off by pushing (e.g., a limb)\n(01/07/95/FH/pc; 04/19/95/FH/pc:uk)","hill, mountain"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂 𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","e":"four-cornered"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _paaxò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["break a long object by pushing","break off by pushing (e.g., a limb)","break off a branch, etc., by pushing with a stick, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂 𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂́ 𐓅𐒰𐓆𐓎́","defs":["sharp peak"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂 𐓄𐒰𐓆𐓎𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂́ 𐓅𐒰𐓆𐓎́𐓆𐓎","defs":["succession of sharp peaks","chain or range of hills"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂 𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂́ 𐓈𐓂́𐓄𐒰","defs":["four cornered"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","defs":["Ioway or Iowa Indians (a tribe living in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma and in earlier days in Iowa)","Ioway or Iowa Indians (a\ntribe living in Nebraska, Kansas, and\nOklahoma and in earlier days in Iowa) (lit.,\n‘gray snow’). [In the Ioway language, Baxoje\n‘gray snow’;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩 𐓰𐓡𐓟","a":"when the","e":"Oto-\nMissouri reunited with the Baxoje after decades\nof separation"}],"infl":"pá + xóce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["push along","push someone or something steadily (making the person or object move along)","make an object, as a book on a table, slide or slip along by pushing it","make the sound heard when one slides or pushes a book, etc., along on a table, etc., or when one scrapes a hide"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["push or thrust the end of a stick, etc., against a barrel or other vessel containing a liquid, forcing it over, and spilling its contents"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓐𐓋𐒷́","defs":["tie up into a bundle or sheaf","tie down (e.g., a drum)","place or push two or more things together and tie them","bind, handcuff","gather and tie in a bundle or bundles","[perhaps contains paa- instr] (trans.) tie down\n(e.g., a drum), place or push two or more\nthings together and tie them; bind, handcuff,\nmanacle","tie down, gather in a bundle","tie down (gather in a bundle)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓭𐓘̋𐓸𐓲𐓟","a":"hpáaxce","e":"I tied it into bundles"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing stop stem, _paaxcé","xref":["ípaaxce"],"vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["break by pushing, as any small or thin object, requiring little force, as a pecan nut"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓒𐒷́","defs":["breast","udder","mamma or female breast","breast, udder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["evening","evening, in the evening time, not quite dark yet, night","latter part of the afternoon, near sunset","evening time"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐓍𐒷","e":"this evening"},{"o":"𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘","e":"when it gets evening"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷́ 𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷","e":"that evening"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/evening_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐒹𐓎́","defs":["pine wood","pine tree","pine wood, pine tree (RBn HW13)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷 𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷́ 𐒻𐓉𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["nipple","teat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["supper","evening meal","supper, evening meal"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷 𐓁𐒻̋͘𐓄𐒷?","e":"did you all eat supper?"},{"o":"𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷 𐓂́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐓍𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓂́𐒼𐓐𐒰͘𐓓𐒻 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I was slow buying groceries for supper"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́","defs":["night dance"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓒𐒷́𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["milk","milk (lit., ‘breast\nliquid’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/milk_sr.mp3","infl":"paazé + níi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓒𐒷́𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́","defs":["cheese","cheese (03/07/95/PM/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓆𐒼𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓒𐒷́𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐓍𐒷","defs":["sweet milk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓊𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓒𐒷́𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓊𐓎́𐒷","defs":["milk"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓒𐒷́𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻","defs":["butter","cream","butter (lit., ‘milk grease’)","butter, cream","butter (cream)","cream (butter)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/butter_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻 𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰̄𐓒𐒷́𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻 𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́","defs":["cheese","cheese (lit., ‘hardened\ncream’) (01/09/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷𐓊𐒷","defs":["last evening"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂́","defs":["pokeweed","inedible red berry that grows in the woods","inedible red berry that grows in the\nwoods (FH)","finger;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["opázo","pázo","wéapazo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓒𐓂","defs":["finger","score or point(s) in a game"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂́ 𐒷𐒼𐓂́͘","defs":["maroon","dark red color"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓓𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["enlarge a hole or split by cutting with a knife"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["enlarge a hole or split by pushing with the end of a stick, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓓𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["peel and split with a knife, as fruit, bark, or vegetables"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["scrape off by thrusting, as the hair and skin of an animal, when an ox gores it","scrape off the flesh, as a splinter does when stuck into it","peel or pare, as a potato, by pushing the knife from the agent","cut off the skin or bark, by pushing the knife from him"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰́𐓓𐒰𐓉𐒰","defs":["brand hogs, etc., as white men do, by cutting out the tip of each ear, leaving it forked","brand (lit., ‘slit by using a sharp edge’),\nslit, divide, notch, or make forked"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., pá_âahta"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓉𐒰","defs":["make an object forked by pushing with the end of a stick, etc., held firmly against the object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻́","defs":["make furious or crazy with pain by stabbing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["push into a hole with a pole, knife, etc., as at a raccoon","push at a person, or animal, in order to attract attention"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒰𐓓𐓎𐓓𐒷 𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒰𐓓𐓎́𐓓𐒷 𐒻𐓉𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["tip of the nose"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷","defs":["positional article for a plural entity in nonrandom arrangement","springtime, spring. • v [conjug. unknown]\n(intr.) be spring","spring","who?"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓏𐒻𐓁𐒰 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐓄𐒷","e":"I'm grateful to you all [sitting or standing in rows, not in random pattern]"},{"o":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐓄𐒷","e":"trees (planted in a regular formation such as in rows or in a line; contrast𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒼𐒷'trees [as in a forest, occurring naturally with no pattern]')"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷̋","defs":["springtime","spring","be spring"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷̋","defs":["who","who?","whom","to who(m)","whose turn?","anybody","anyone","nobody","no one"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/who_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋","defs":["forehead","brow","head","forehead, brow, head\n(01/30/95/FH/pc:prod; 04/26/95/LS/pc; BE2.50)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷","defs":["very frequent combination of postverbal plural or 3rd person noncontinuative marker 𐒰𐓄𐒻 plus declarative 𐓍𐒷"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷 𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷̋ 𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["whose"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷 𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷́ 𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["diamonds (suit in a deck of cards)","diamonds (suit\nin a deck of cards) (03/10/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn10-\n21/JW)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"derivation unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓆𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷𐓆𐒰́͘","defs":["fold an object nicely"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷̋𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["everybody","nobody","anybody"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́","defs":["bald head","smooth forehead or brow","bald head, smooth\nforehead or brow (lit., ‘clear, smooth or bald of\nbrow’) (04/07/95/PM/pc). [Nickname used by\nOsages for a man in a store where they traded.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpée + ©táha"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["fold goods"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["roll or fold up several times, as a blanket","move about or writhe, as one does with the stomach ache"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["fire","fire (e.g., cooking fire, meeting fire, cooking stove gas fire)","fire (e.g., cooking fire, meeting\nfire, cooking stove gas fire)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fire_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷́𐓊𐒷 𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["push together the sticks on a fire, when the ends next to the fire have burned away"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷 𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷 𐒻̋𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["heating stove, wood-burning stove (for heat, not cooking)","heating stove, wood-burning\nstove (for heat, not cooking; lit., ‘fire to warm\noneself’) (MSBt#9RB; 3)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷 𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒷̋𐓊𐒷 𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["fireman (a position in Native American Church meetings)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fireman_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓊𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["fire (cooking fire, meeting fire, fire of gas stove)","fire (cooking fire, meeting fire,\nfire of gas stove)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐒰̋͘","defs":["firewood","firewood (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["liquor","whiskey","liquor (lit., ‘fire-\nwater’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱, 𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐒹𐓎̄𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓉𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"that man is really drunk, he's drunk a lot of liquor"}],"infl":"hpéece + níi","xref":["hpéeceniihci"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓍𐒰̄𐓉𐒰́͘ 𐓋𐒻","defs":["bar, saloon"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻̄𐓋𐒻","defs":["liquor store","bar, saloon (archaic meaning)","liquor store\n(lit., ‘fire-water house’) (FH); bar, saloon\n(archaic meaning)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hpéecenii + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷̋𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["seven"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/seven_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷́𐓐𐒷","defs":["gourd","gourd rattle (used in peyote meetings)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒷́𐓑𐒷 𐓍𐒷́ 𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm really stingy with this gourd"},{"o":"Arthur 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 Mongrain 𐓅𐒷́𐓑𐒷 𐓏𐒻́͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"Arthur made Mongrain a gourd"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/gourd_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷́𐓓𐒷","defs":["weed","weeds","sage","sage bush","sagebrush","grass","hay","weed (RBn HW13); sage, sage bush,\nsagebrush (RBn HW13). [Takes ‘lying down’\npositional article kše.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒷 𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷́𐓓𐒷 𐒴𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["sweet-smelling grass"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷́𐓓𐒷 𐓀𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰","defs":["tea"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒷 𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷́𐓓𐒷 𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂","defs":["lettuce","green tea","green tea (lit., ‘green/blue weed’)\n(WHM98102; FH/09/23/01/pc:ok)","lettuce (02/15/95/FH/pc:prod;\nBE2.78)","lettuce, salad","lettuce (salad)","salad (lettuce)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/lettuce_sr.mp3","xref":["hpéžehtoho"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷́𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["tea","tea (lit., ‘weed-water’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷 𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒷́𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒷 𐓂̄𐒿𐒰́͘","defs":["iced tea"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒻𐒹𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["blowing a wind instrument"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘","defs":["repeat and try again after failing to make repairs on worn clothing or broken tools"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒻𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["missing hold of a rabbit which is pressed to the ground"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒻́𐓂͘","defs":["know how to do something","learn","be skilled at or expert in","know how to do or make anything correctly","expert","skillful","know how to do s.t.;","know (how to), be skillful at","know (how to, be skillful at)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒻́𐓀𐓂͘","e":"I know how"},{"o":"𐓇𐓄𐒻́𐓓𐓂͘?","e":"do you know how?"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓇𐓄𐒻̋𐓓𐓂͘?","e":"can you speak Osage?"},{"o":"𐓅𐒻́𐓀𐓂͘","e":"I have learned"},{"o":"𐓇𐓄𐒻́𐓓𐓂͘?","e":"did you learn?"}],"infl":"sync.+sync. nasal vowel stem, _hpí_ô","vc":"nasal stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒻𐓂́𐒼𐒰","defs":["part in the hair"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒻𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎","defs":["oak","oak (lit., ‘acorn tree’) (RBn HW13;\nFH/09/22/01/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒻𐓈𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["extinguish","cause to become extinct"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒻𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["polish","make bright"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓊𐓎𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒻𐓊𐓎́𐓍𐒰","defs":["wear clothes into shreds, or rags"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒻𐓍𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["wear (something) down to nothing","worn down","threadbare"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐒻𐓍𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["straighten by pressure of the hand"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["bad","awful","evil","wicked","feel bad","feel bad (see chap. 10)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bad_sr.mp3","vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["hate a person","think ill of someone","hold someone in contempt","[hpíiži\n+ ažį́] (trans.) hate a person, think ill of s.o.,\nhold s.o. in contempt"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. nasal vowel stem, a_âì"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂","defs":["black haw","blackhaws (JOD only)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["pólǫðį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂-","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂","defs":["by means of sudden intrusive action (e.g., 'by shooting', 'by punching')","denotes that the effect is caused by shooting","the action of water, as a fountain, a volcano, medicines, and sometimes of the wind; and the cold, snow, etc."],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐒴𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐒴𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["flatten by shooting","[presumably pó-\ninstr + bráaska] (trans.) flatten by shooting\n(LF, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.?, pó_braska?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐒹𐓎","defs":["black hawthorn"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐓂́͘𐒽𐒰","defs":["Ponca (tribe or tribal members)","Ponca (tribe or tribal member)","Ponca"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"hpǫ́hka ąkítaake we fight the","e":"Poncas"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐒼𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐒼𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["miss the mark in shooting with a gun or bow, because the missile passes by","fail in trying to wound or kill with an arrow or bullet"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["miss any mark"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","defs":["break a cord or string in two by shooting or punching"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓆𐒷","defs":["cut by shooting"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓆𐒻𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓆𐒻𐓆𐒻","defs":["pulse"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓆𐓎","defs":["rice"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rice_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓅𐓂𐓆𐓎́","defs":["acorn","acorn (RBn HW, unconfirmed; FH:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["make something move (once) by some sort of force"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓇𐒼𐒰͘𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐒰͘𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["make an object move repeatedly by punching with the end of a stick, or other large object, or by shooting"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["make a slight indentation in wood or an animal, by shooting, without penetrating the object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓇𐓄𐒷","defs":["detach a piece from the surface of an object by shooting or punching","shoot a piece out of a tree"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓉𐒰","defs":["with the head down"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["shoot and send a thing rolling"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓉𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["shoot off at a tree, etc., making pieces of the bark, etc., fly in various directions"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["fall short of the desired effect, as, to shoot at a man and wound him instead of killing him","fail to act, as a medicine"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓍𐒷","defs":["winnow"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓅𐓂́͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["artichoke","radish","squash"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂͘𐓐𐒷 𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓅𐓂́͘𐓐𐒷 𐒰̋𐓊𐒷 𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["yellow climbing squash (small squash that the Osages used to cultivate, now extinct)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒰","defs":["woodpecker","generic name of the woodpeckers, etc."],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓐𐓄𐒰 𐓁𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓐𐓄𐒰 𐓁𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["woodpecker with a red head, spotted wings, the rest of the feathers being white"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓒𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓒𐒰","defs":["stick a stake or stick in the ground","plant a post or posts","plant a post in the ground"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓂𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓂́𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["shooting upward with a hissing sound"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓇𐒷́","defs":["pound"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _p©é"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎-","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎","defs":["by pressing, smoothing, flattening, rubbing","by blowing (as on a fire to get it started, dust from a table top, dandelion fluff into the wind, anything from the palm of the hand)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒷","defs":["drop feathers (feathers such as those hanging on a staff in a Native American Church meeting, above and to the left of the first group of feathers at the top)","drop feathers\n(feathers such as those hanging on a staff in a\nNative American Church meeting, above and\nto the left of the first group of feathers at the\ntop). [In the ilǫ́ǫška dance too, the men’s dress\nhas drop feathers;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"these hang to left side in","e":"Hominy, and in Grayhorse to right side"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰́","defs":["erase, rub out a mark, etc.","rub or wipe to efface","obliterate, erase, clean off or dust off by wiping","efface","erase","obliterate","wipe out","dry by wiping","rub or wipe to efface, obliterate, erase,\nclean off or dust off by wiping, dry by wiping\n(01/09/95/FH/pc; BE2.19). áwanǫbre ðapúkxa?","wipe something off, erase","erase (wipe off)","wipe off (erase)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync./reg., _púkxa","xref":["hį́įce ípukxa","wépukxa"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓁𐒻𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎𐓁𐒻́𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["smother a person"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎̄𐓆𐓄𐒷́","defs":["crouch","lurk","lie in wait","hide","hide, conceal oneself","hide or conceal something","hide,\nconceal oneself; (trans.) hide or conceal s.t"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓬𐓶̄𐓮𐓬𐓟́ 𐓜𐓟̋","a":"puuspé brée","e":"I’m going to\ngo hide"}],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓄𐒷 𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓅𐒷́ 𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["crouch"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎́𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["blackberry","blackberries"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["mash by pressure, as ripe fruit"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓂́","defs":["take off clean","sweep or clear off all"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["make smooth or polished by rubbing","polish an object","iron","smooth by pressing","[pu- instr\n+ štáha] (trans.) iron, smooth by pressing\n(02/13/95/FH/pc:ok)","iron (clothes)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓭𐓶𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣","a":"hpuštáha maži","e":"I don’t iron"}],"infl":"uninfl., or\nsync. fortisizing stop stem, _pu©táha.","xref":["wapúštaha"],"vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["break down, as a chair, but not entirely in two, by weight or pressure, as by sitting on it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓅𐓎𐓒𐒰́","defs":["sand"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dry","wither","withered","dry, wither\n(01/20/95/PM/pc:prod; BE2.37;\n01/20/95/PM/pc:ok withered)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["dry","cause to be dry","[púze + ðe cau] (trans.)\ndry, cause to be dry"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., púze_∂e","xref":["ðuuláwa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓐𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓐𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["off in the head","confused","not understand","demented or confused person"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓄𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓄𐓐𐓂́𐒽𐒷","defs":["sound word - thud","a dull or deadened sound, made by striking any soft object, or the ground","a thud","popping sound"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰","defs":["a tall grass, growing in ponds, to the height of about ten feet, used for mats","rush","forest. [LF only, unrecognized by Modern\nOsage speakers.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["zą́ące","ząącéolįį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰͘","defs":["plaited","plait"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰 𐒴𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰 𐒴𐒰́𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["a stem-grass, growing about five feet high, in ponds"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰͘𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["white","whitish","grayish","distant white","a distant white, as distinguished from 𐓆𐒼𐒰, a near white"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́","defs":["hard","hard (in texture)","solid","firm","strong","muscular","difficult, hard to do things with","tight","tightly","fast"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻 𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻́ 𐒹𐓂","defs":["Sac and Fox (tribe or tribal member)","Sac and Fox (tribe or tribal member)\n(03/08/95/PM/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻 𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻́ 𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["push firmly against"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻 𐓇𐓂͘𐓇𐓂͘𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́ 𐓇𐓂̄͘𐓇𐓂́͘𐓏𐒷","defs":["permanent"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻́𐓏𐒰","defs":["Sac and Fox (tribe or tribal member)","Saks or Sacs","Sac and Fox (tribe or\ntribal member) (lit., ‘making it tight’\n[PM:ok:]) (RBnote; 03/08/95/PM/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["Sac and Fox (tribe or tribal member)","Sac and Fox (tribe\nor tribal member)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"saakí + -âî ‘indeed’","xref":["sakíwa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["slim","slim (lit., ‘hard\nsmall’) (LF)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"saakí + âîká"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰́𐒽𐓎","defs":["watermelon"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/watermelon_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐒼𐓎 𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷 𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰́𐒽𐓎 𐓇𐓎́𐓄𐒷 𐓒𐒻́","defs":["yellow-meated watermelon"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["black"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/black_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐓓𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷 𐓓𐒻́𐒹𐒻","defs":["color of walnut wood"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰́𐓆𐒷","defs":["shavings","cuttings"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reduplicated form of -se","xref":["mą́ąsase"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰́𐓈𐒰","defs":["straightened out","stiff","rigid","stiffened","stiff-jointed","stiff, rigid, stiffened. áa akxá sáta akxái\nhis arm is stiff (03/14/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["five"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓉𐓂̋𐓓𐓎 𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒴𐒻́͘","e":"I have five meat pies"}]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒷","defs":["cut"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻̋","defs":["foot","feet","foot, feet"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["meat pie","síekǫ wikšíɣe I made a meat pie for you"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓮𐓣́𐓟𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓷𐓣𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓹𐓟","a":"síekǫ wikšíɣe","e":"I made a meat pie for you"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/meat_pie_hl.mp3","infl":"síi + ékô) meat pie (lit., ‘foot-like’,\nreferring to the shape of the traditional meat\npie). [Especially used in the Grayhorse district.","xref":["htóožu"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["squirrel","red squirrel","reddish-gray squirrel, or fox squirrel, common in Dakota, Nebraska, etc."],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/squirrel_hl.mp3","xref":["sįkóce","sį́štaa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓅𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["square dance","square dance (lit., ‘stripe-nosed\nsquirrel’, a square dance call equivalent to\n“Swing your partners”) (RBn19-06). [Modeled\non the English expression.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["black squirrel"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["gray squirrel"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓒𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓒𐒻́𐒹𐒻","defs":["yellow (?) or yellowish squirrel"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["third daughter","the third daughter (special kinship term)","third daughter (LF only, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["asį́ka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́𐒿𐒷","defs":["footprints","trail","tracks"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["kidney","kidney (human or animal)","kidney\n(human or animal)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻̋𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒻","defs":["arch of the foot","arch of the foot\n(RBn10-9:JW; RBn22-19)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓄𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻̄𐓅𐓂́","defs":["toe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓄𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻̄𐓅𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["big toe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓄𐓂𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻̋𐓅𐓂́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["any toe or toes other than the big toe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́𐓆𐒻","defs":["strong","energetic, well, doing well, healthy","energetic"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/strong_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓆𐒻𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́𐓆𐒻𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["seesaw","make a back and forth movement (as when riding a teeter-totter)","wobble or teeter (e.g., a glass when jarred or bumped)","[presumed reg., sísią_ðe] (intr.) seesaw, make a\nback and forth movement (as when riding a\nteeter-totter), wobble or teeter (e.g., a glass\nwhen jarred or bumped)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"mokey iiðáðe","e":"I saw\nSmokey yesterday"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰̄","defs":["possum","possum (lit., ‘smooth\nsquirrel’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/opossum_sr.mp3","infl":"sìka + ©táha"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓈𐓃","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻𐓈𐓃́","defs":["yesterday"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025","class_materials"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["tail","animal's tail, part of Osage dance costume","tail dancer at Osage War Dances","last part of a dance song","lock of hair","tail, animal’s tail, part of Osage dance\ncostume;","tail piece"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"part of","e":"Osage dance\ncostume; tail dancer at Osage War Dances; last\npart of a dance song"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/tail_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰","defs":["opossum"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓍𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́𐓍𐒷𐓊𐒷","defs":["heel","heels"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒻𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻́𐓒𐓂","defs":["thigh","thighs"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒼𐒰́","defs":["white","white, referring to what is near and distinct, as distinguished from what is 𐓆𐒰͘𐒹𐒰͘","it must be that, it seems that, I\nsuppose that, I guess that, perhaps, I deduce"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/white_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["may","might","sign of possibility","it must be that","it seems that","I suppose that","I guess that","perhaps","I deduce that"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐒷𐓍𐒷́","defs":["hope"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒷","defs":["whiten"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["bright","clear","clearly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰.","e":"Speak clearly."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["white here and there","white in spots or stripes"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐒼𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐓍𐒷","defs":["sweet"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðą́ące skúðe","níiskue","waskúe"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓆𐓂͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓂́͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["brother (younger, of a female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓆𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["brother (younger, of a male)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓂𐓏𐒷́","defs":["give forth a crackling sound, as ice does when thrust at"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓈𐒰́","defs":["smooth","clear","bald","bald, bare, smooth, as skin (xuha), the hair on a robe or the top of the head","smooth, clear, bald"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["nąąstá","ostá"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐓂","defs":["neat","uniform","level","smooth","even","straight","nice-looking","neat, uniform, level, smooth, even,\nstraight, nice-looking"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðuustáko","nąąstá"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓈𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["apply a substance (such as ointment, grease, or cream)","smear on","anoint","apply as salve or medicine to a wound","paint (e.g., a house or a small object of any kind)","paint (engage in painting as a hobby or profession)","cream","paint","grease","ointment","[stá + ðe cau] (trans.) apply\na substance (such as ointment, grease, or\ncream), smear on, anoint, apply as salve or\nmedicine to a wound (lit., ‘cause to be\nsmooth’);","n cream, paint, grease, ointment (for\napplying to a surface to make it smooth)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., stá_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["cylindrical and upright, as a fire extinguisher, ink stand, stove pipe, etc.","elliptical","gibbous, as the moon"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["run, flow or emerge from (as a liquid)","run, flow or emerge from (as a liquid).\nhpalístowe, hpalį́stowe runny nose"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ostówe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓊𐒷́𐓊𐒷","defs":["long","tall","tall\n(03/16/95/FH/pc:ok; 03/05/95/JS/pc: scée only);"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓊𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓊𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["slow"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wascúuce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎̋","defs":["seed, pit, kernel"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wasúutą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎","defs":["slit, as a hide, by drawing the knife along it","cut or make a slit in a hide"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎","defs":["legs of a bird"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎","defs":["clean"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰","defs":["chicken"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/chicken_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐒹𐒻̋͘","defs":["chicken feathers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐓎𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐒹𐓎́𐒽𐒰","defs":["needle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["guinea hen","guinea hen (lit., ‘striped chicken’)\n(RBn19-02)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐓀𐒻̋𐒽𐒰","defs":["hen"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["hawk","hawk (lit., ‘catches chickens’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́","defs":["banty (bantam chicken)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["male of the larger variety of the wild turkey"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰 𐓈𐓂̋𐒼𐒰","defs":["rooster","cock or rooster"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰̄͘","defs":["turkey","turkey (lit., ‘big\nchicken’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/turkey_sr.mp3","infl":"súhka + htåà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰̄͘ 𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["Thanksgiving Day","Thanksgiving Day (lit.,\n‘turkey day’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["mą́šą oðį́įke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐓂͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰̄͘ 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐓂͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["vote, vote for"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰̄͘ 𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["turkey hen"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["súhkahtąą mą́šǫ oðį́įke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓀𐒻͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰̄͘ 𐓀𐒻̋͘𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["November","November (lit., ‘turkey\nmonth’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓀𐓂͘𐓇𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰̄͘ 𐓀𐓂́͘𐓇𐓂͘","defs":["turkey feather","any quill"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓆𐓎𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐓎̋𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["ripe, ready to pick or harvest","ripe, ready\nto pick or harvest (FH)","ripe"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"súu + tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇-","hw_apa":"𐓇","defs":["you (subject)","while"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","class_materials"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["Cherokee"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘","defs":["Dakota"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷","defs":["hand","hands","paw","paws","claw","claws","talons","handprint","footprint","tracks","hands of the body that are touched by the attendees when passing by it at a funeral","finger","Cherokee (tribe or tribal member)","hand, claw; handprint, footprint,\ntracks;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/hand_hl.mp3","xref":["nǫǫpé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐒻́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["wipe one's hands","hand towel","napkin"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓄𐒰́𐓒𐓂","defs":["index finger","index finger (lit., ‘hand pointer’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wéapazo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["shake hands with","touch the hands of someone","sign, write one's signature or name on, as in writing one's name on a document","endorse (as a check)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰́𐒼𐒷𐒹𐒰","defs":["fingernails","claws of a bird, etc."],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷𐓂𐒿𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷𐓂̄𐒿𐒰́͘𐒼'𐓂́͘","defs":["hand game","hand game.\nšáhpe. adj, n six"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"©áake + oolå + k∏ò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒼𐒷𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷𐓍𐒻̋𐓆𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["make a fist","fist","[šáake +\nðiiskíke] (intr.) make a fist. • n fist"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. ©áake_∂íiskike"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐒿𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰́𐒿𐒰𐒼𐒻","defs":["Cherokee (tribe or tribal member)","Cherokee (tribe or\ntribal member)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["šaáke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["dark (in color)","shaded","darkened","dark (in color), shaded, darkened","dark"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["mį́įǫpa šápe","sápe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰́𐓅𐒷","defs":["six"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓂̄𐒿𐒰́͘ 𐓇𐒰́𐓅𐒷 𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"they're going to cut the pie six times"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/six_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐓁𐒻","defs":["Cheyenne"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒻̄͘","defs":["Shawnee (tribe or tribal member)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷","defs":["that (near you)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒷 𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓂𐓉𐒰́𐓒𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"that little tree is pretty"},{"o":"𐓇𐒷 𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒰́𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"that apple is rotten"},{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷 𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐓂́͘ 𐓇𐒷 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰?","e":"is that your radio?"},{"o":"𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷 𐓇𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰?","e":"is that black hat over there yours?"},{"o":"𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷 𐓇𐒷 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰?","e":"is that your black hat?"}],"xref":["šíi akxa","šíi apa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̋","defs":["here near you","there near you","there (closer to the hearer than to the speaker)","him/her/it (closer to the hearer than to the speaker)","that","that one near you"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́, 𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒻́𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓂͘ 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́","e":"I'm just sitting here [near you], I don't know anything"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓇𐒷̋ 𐒰͘𐒼𐓇𐒻́𐓂͘𐓒𐒰","e":"teach me that in Osage"},{"o":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐒴𐓂́𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒻𐒼'𐓎́𐒷","e":"I'll give you five dollars for it [for that]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["stay there!","stay where you are"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷 𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["wait, stay where you are"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷 𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["toward you","along a path toward where you (the hearer) are or toward something or someone closer to you (the hearer) than to the speaker"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷 𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["that one standing (animate)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓌𐒷","defs":["that one standing (inanimate)","those things (sitting or round items)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷 𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓍𐒷","defs":["that one moving (animate or inanimate)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓍𐒷 𐒻̄𐓍𐒰́𐓆𐒻","e":"I dislike him [he is moving]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["that one sitting (animate or inanimate)","that one over there, closer to the hearer than to the speaker"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷𐓇𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷́𐓇𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["stagger","[reduplicated form] (intr.)\nstagger"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓯𐓟́𐓯𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟̋","a":"šéšeka ąðįhée","e":"I’m staggering around"}],"infl":"uninfl.?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̄𐓍𐓂́͘","defs":["there where you are","right there where you are","that person there","(variants: šeeðó, šó)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒷𐓍𐓂͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒷̄𐓍𐓂́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["that way","along a path toward the hearer","to a place right next to the hearer","that\nway, along a path toward the hearer, to a place\nright next to the hearer (RBn1-23)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["šée htaha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻","defs":["again","more","again, more","you arrive there. į́į olį́į ší hkǫ́bra I want you to\ncome sweat (lit., ‘I want you to go there and sit\namong the rocks’)","once more"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒻 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻́𐓄𐒻 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want you all to come back again"},{"o":"𐓇𐒻 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘𐓄𐒷","e":"we're back again"},{"o":"𐓇𐒻́ 𐓀𐒰̋͘ 𐓇𐓂́ 𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓅𐒰̋𐓑𐒷","e":"I'm going to let the arrow go again (expression used at peyote meetings)"},{"o":"𐓂́𐒼𐒰̄𐓑𐒷́𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓇𐒻́ 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"\"Useless\" [a donkey] danced again"},{"o":"𐓇𐒻́ 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼'𐓎́","e":"give me some more [e.g., food]"}],"infl":"2nd person sg. of ahí ‘arrive there’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́͘","defs":["fat","be fat"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻̋ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́","defs":["that one (thing or person not in motion) near you","those ones (not in motion) near you"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻̋ 𐒰𐓄𐒰́","defs":["that one (thing or person in motion or deceased) near you","those ones (in motion or deceased) there (near you)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻 𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́ 𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["hip joint","hip joint (02/14/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓇𐒻𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́𐒼'𐒷","defs":["brother-in-law (husband's brother)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a female)","brother-in-law (husband's sister's husband, of a female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["sister-in-law (husband's sister, older or younger) (my)","sister-in-law (husband's sister, older or younger) (your)","sister-in-law (husband's sister, older or younger) (her)","sister-in-law (brother's wife) (my)","sister-in-law (brother's wife) (her)","sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife) (my)","sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife) (her)","my brother’s wife, my\nhusband’s sister, my husband’s brother’s wife\n(used only when speaker is female;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"precise than","e":"English ‘my sister-in-law’)"}],"xref":["ðišíkxą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́𐒼𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["sister-in-law (husband's sister, older or younger) (your)","sister-in-law (brother's wife) (your)","sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife) (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻͘𐓀𐒻͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́͘𐓀𐒻͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["girl","baby girl","girlfriend","girl, baby girl; girlfriend"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/girl_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻͘𐓀𐒻͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́͘𐓀𐒻͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐓉𐒰","defs":["daughter (our)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["over and over, again and again (used to express 'keep on, continue to do a thing')","over\nand over, again and again (used to express\n‘keep on, continue to do a thing’). Carolyn\nakxa šíną wažážeíe iðǫ́ɣe akxa Carolyn keeps\nasking about Osage words (01/13/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"©i + nà ‘always’","xref":["wašį́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻͘𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́͘𐓉𐒰͘𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["fat","portly","fat,","fat (chubby)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"©ì + htåka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻͘𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻́͘𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["boy","baby boy","male child","boy, baby\nboy, male child (01/07/95/FH/pc:ok). Yvonne\nšį́tožį kíhuheka Yvonne’s boy has a sickness"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓯𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓤𐓣́𐓡𐓶𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘","a":"šį́tožį kíhuheka","e":"Yvonne’s boy has a sickness"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/boy_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["knee"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["šiðǫ́ce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒻𐓍𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒻𐓍𐓂́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["kneecap","kneecap (unconfirmed;\n02/14/95/FH/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["šį́įce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒰́","defs":["quiet","move, change (as the weather)","start"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _©kå","xref":["škąšką́","waašką́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘","defs":["move","change (as the weather)","go on","continue","start"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["quiet","still"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐒰͘𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["still","quiet","quietly (as not in movement)","unable to move or start (as a motor vehicle)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐒰͘𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["keep moving","move again and again","[reduplicated form of\nšką́] (intr.) keep moving, move again and again"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _©kà©kå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["all right, nothing wrong","happy, content","peaceful(ly), calm(ly), at rest, still (as a lake)","in harmony, harmonious(ly), not worried, satisfied"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["play","play (RBn23-17c)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., _©káce","xref":["kíškace"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["also","too","even","even though","in addition","as well","also, too (often used as a way of\nimplying ‘and’). [Often not glossed in English:\nhcí htąą ska ški ‘a big white house’ (lit., ‘big\nhouse also white’).] hpáata wašį́ ški toa brúwį\nhce let me buy some eggs and bacon, too (RBn1-\n43)","even though, in addition, as well","also, too, and","18). . ški","too, also (see chap. 18)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱.","e":"They don't even work."},{"o":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓧𐓣́𐓬𐓣 𐓴𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓷𐓟̋𐓷𐓣𐓩𐓙","a":"ðée lípi che ški wéewinai","e":"I’m thankful, too,\nfor these who have come here"}],"xref":["ąkóški","ðiškítą","eeškítą","-škítą","wiškítą"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["slightly dented"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓇𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["too","also","even","for his part"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐓂́𐓄𐒷","defs":["deep","thick, as hair"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐒼𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["indented"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂 𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́ 𐓌𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["leave it alone","[šǫ́ ‘still’ + che posit + ðe cau]\n(trans.) leave alone without bothering,\ntouching, or otherwise disturbing it/them\n[inanimate standing sg"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\n©òche_∂é"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂̄𐒼𐒰́","defs":["thick"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["wolf","dog"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["dog"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐓇𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓒𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"second son's dog is yellow"},{"o":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐓁𐓂̋͘𐓍𐒰𐓅𐒷?","e":"are you afraid of that dog [lying down]?"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dog_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐒼𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐓉𐒰̋͘","defs":["wolf"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/wolf_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐒼𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷𐓋𐒻","defs":["doghouse","kennel","doghouse, kennel"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["female dog","bitch","female dog, bitch"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"©òke +\nmìîka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻́͘𐒽𐒰","defs":["Catholic"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/priest_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻́͘𐒽𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["pope"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓀𐒻́͘𐒽𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́","defs":["nun","nun (lit., ‘Catholic woman’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓇𐓂͘𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂̄͘𐓇𐓂́͘𐓏𐒷","defs":["always, forever","during that time (refers to something going on and on through time, uninterruptedly)","always,\nforever;"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"ðée hkǫ́bra","e":"I want the Osage language to go on\nand on"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["smoke","smoky","dingy","gray","penis. [Not as socially acceptable for\n‘penis’ as žé] oðíkinąąži oðíina šǫ́ce wahtį́į\n[Mod. Os"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["penis","scrotum"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓊𐒷𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓊𐒷́𐓒𐒻","defs":["testicles"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓊𐓂𐓆𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓊𐓂́𐓆𐓂","defs":["testicles","scrotum","scrotum, testicles (RBn HW13).\n[Possibly šǫ́ce + ó- loc + súu (lit., ‘place for\nseeds for the penis’).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓇𐓂͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["move a container in such a way to spill out some of its contents, but not tip it over"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓍𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓍𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["forever, for always, for good","forever, for always,\nfor good"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓯𐓪͘𐓵𐓟́𐓵𐓟 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"šǫðéðe brée hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going and\nnot coming back"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["sound word - rattling sound"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["puppy"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"shortened from ©òke âîká ‘small dog’","xref":["kašpé","ošpéžį","paašpú"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓇𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓄𐒷","defs":["fragment, bit","fragment"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓄𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓄𐓂̋͘","defs":["softened by soaking in water","soften, become soft, sodden"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["all the time","incessantly","always","a lot","constantly","continuously","keep on doing something","all the time, incessantly, always, a lot;\nconstantly, continuously;"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["finish","stop"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["shiny and smooth (as a lake surface)","slick","bald","hairless","cleared"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["gentle, mild, or calm (a person or a person's ways)","soothing, comforting","mild, calm (e.g., weather)","tepid, lukewarm","mild"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓈𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["soft","soft. [**štą́ka would be incorrect (FH);\na (rare) clear difference in ǫ vs. ą.] wacúe štǫ́ka\ncornbread (made from fresh corn)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["mą́įhka íðištǫka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓊𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["doctor a person","administer medical care to someone","šáake ípukxa\nšée\n(trans.) doctor a person, administer medical\ncare to s.o. (01/20/95/ERE/pc:ok:šč)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ©cé_∂e","xref":["wašcéðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓊𐒻́͘","defs":["you are (a certain way)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓊𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓊𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["warm (e.g., clothing, a house; not used of people)","warm (said of clothes)","warm (a room or clothes, not a person)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["slipped off of its own accord, as a belt from a wheel, in machinery","become accidentally unfastened","escape"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["intestines","appendix","colon","entrails","insides","stomach area","stomach","intestines; appendix; colon; entrails,\ninsides;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["open"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐓈𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓇𐓎́𐓄𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓋𐒷́𐓈𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓂́","defs":["scrape the interior of an entrail, to free it from any matter which it contains"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋","defs":["meat","meat, of any sort","toward, in the direction of, from, into","deer, doe, fawn, buck\n(02/24/95/FH/pc:okc)","ask for, request","freeze, be frozen","deer or meat","deer","future tense marker","will"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["átaa","otáa","táalį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋","defs":["deer","doe","fawn","buck"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/deer_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́","defs":["ask for","request"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰","defs":["toward","in the direction of","from","into"],"pos":"post","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰","defs":["shall","will, be going to","could, so that it could/might be","what if, were it the case that, would be"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋","defs":["freeze, be frozen"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰","defs":["possessive morpheme"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄","defs":["behavior (in regard to behavior or conduct)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋","defs":["by extreme of temperature","by heat or cold","root behavior (in\nregard to behavior or conduct)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ootá","waatá"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["if","provided that","when","since","because","and","during"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒴𐒻́͘𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐓏𐒻́𐒴𐓎𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓋𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰","e":"if I had money, I'd buy it for you [I guess, but unsure]"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓑𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐒹𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́","e":"if the weather is good, we are going fishing"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐓋𐒻́𐓈𐒰 𐒾𐓎𐒷","e":"if it rains, come inside"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐒼𐓂́𐒽𐒻𐒽𐒰͘𐓄𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘","e":"if we help each other"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓓𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐓂𐓏𐒷́ 𐓋𐒻 𐓊𐒻 𐒴𐒷̋ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"if you drive, I want to go to the grocery store"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋͘","defs":["big, full size","become big, grow, increase in size, enlarge","oldest, eldest"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["autumn","fall (season)","Fall of the year"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["indeed","really","truly"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́","defs":["implies that something may soon occur","irrealis or potential: be it (the case that), if (it is the case that), it will be the case that, in the event that, it may be that","would that"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰́","defs":["will be"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́ 𐒰𐓄𐒰́ 𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["may"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒹𐒷 𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐒹𐒷́ 𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["November"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒹𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐒹𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["piece of meat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒼𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐒼𐒻́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["October"],"pos":"nprop","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["the one who is lying down will"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒷 𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐒿𐒷́𐓓𐒷 𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["fawn"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐒿𐒻͘𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐒿𐒻͘𐒼𐓂́","defs":["gravy","meat gravy, popular Osage dish made of\nboiled meat","meat gravy"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"popular","e":"Osage dish made of\nboiled meat"}],"infl":"probably táa- instr +\nlîkó"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["doe, female deer"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒰́͘𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓆𐓊𐒷́𐓊𐒷","defs":["mule deer"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓁𐒻𐒽𐒰́𐓇𐒻","defs":["Deer clan"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"htáa + nihká©i","xref":["htáanihkáši"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́ 𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓅𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["September"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dried meat","dry"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓇𐓈𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓇𐓈𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["meatball","meat candy","meatball, meat candy (lit.,\n‘softened meat’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["buck","male deer","buck, male deer (lit., ‘large deer’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓈𐒰̄𐓒𐒻́𐒹𐒻","defs":["steak","steak (lit., ‘browned meat’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐓈𐓂́𐒽𐒰","defs":["fresh meat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["the one who is standing will"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐓋𐒷́","defs":["forms a general assertion, what is universal, abstract, etc."],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́𐓁𐒰","defs":["future perfect referring to a sitting object"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓏𐒷𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒿𐒻","defs":["brain"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰 𐓒𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓒𐒻́𐒹𐒻","defs":["fried meat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐒴𐒰͘","defs":["smell from heating or body heat","emanate an odor while being heated (as in cooking/burning, refers to either a good or bad odor)","[táa- instr + brą́] (intr.) smell\nfrom heating or body heat;"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋𐒴𐒷","defs":["hunting for big game or small game"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒴𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋𐒴𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒷́","defs":["go hunting (for)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["toward","on the way or path to a certain point","in the direction of","buckskin, deerskin"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"htáa + háa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐒹𐒰̋","defs":["deer hide","buckskin","deerskin"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["raise by heat","rise, as bread"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒰́͘","defs":["good","well"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰͘𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["uncle (father's sister's husband)","uncle (father's sister's husband) (my)","brother-in-law (wife's brother)","brother-in-law (wife's brother) (my)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a male)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a male) (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","defs":["well","wonderful","good","better or well, as after sickness","important","be fine","be fine (stative)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I [sitting] am well"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I have been well"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷?","e":"are you well?"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐓍𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓇𐒷?","e":"are you [standing] well?"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are you [moving] well?"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/how_are_you_I'm_fine_hl.mp3","vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐒰𐒼𐒻́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["admire or think well of his own"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷 𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́ 𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["think well of","admire"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒿𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒿𐓎𐓄𐒷","defs":["be boiled till ready to fall to pieces"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐒹𐓎","defs":["neck","neck (02/27/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒹𐓎 𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐒹𐓎 𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓂́͘","defs":["break the neck of something","dislocate or break one's neck (not his own neck)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐒽𐒰́͘","defs":["thread"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐒽𐒰͘","defs":["light","luminous"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["big","large","great","grand","big, large\n(01/07/95/FH/pc:ok); great, grand. [This form is\nsaid to imply a larger size than does the form\nhtą́ą.] wak'ó htąą big woman;"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/big_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐒽𐒰𐓊𐒷","defs":["hot to the touch","warm (an object or a substance; or a person only in special circumstances, such as with fever; does not apply to weather)","hot","be hot"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"single-form/stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒻𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐒽𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒻́𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["scarlatina"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐒽𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["heat"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐒼𐒷́","defs":["fight","go to war","fighting","fight","fighting","war","fight;","adj fighting"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","e":"a fighting man"}],"infl":"reg., _taaké"},{"hw_osage":"*𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["sister (older)","wife"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐒼𐒷́ 𐒻́𐒷","defs":["verbal fight","fighting or arguing","quarrel","verbal fight, fighting or arguing,\nquarrel (lit., ‘fight talk’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐒼𐒷́ 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻𐒼𐒰","defs":["fighting man","boxer","wrestler","pugilist"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐒼𐒷́ 𐓂𐓀𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["be in the armed forces","be a member of the military","go to war","armed forces","any branch of the military service"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐒼𐒷́ 𐓂𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["be in the armed forces or services","armed forces or services"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐒼𐒷́𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["quarrelsome","quarrelsome (lit., ‘fights\ncontinually’)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐓎 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐒼𐓎 𐒹𐓎́","defs":["black walnut tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒼𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐒼𐓎𐒷","defs":["walnut, black walnut","black walnut","black walnuts"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐒿𐒷","defs":["captive","slave"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐒿𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["what-do-you-call-it","thingamajig","whachamacallit","who's-it","what's-his-name","what's-her-name","item, thing, something"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓀𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓀𐒰́","defs":["worm","worm (2/2/1237/MSB/p8;\n03/24/95/PM/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["ringing sound as of metal"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐒰","defs":["deed, legal document, document","paper, paper money, bills","playing cards","blank paper, stationary","deed, legal\ndocument, document (04/11/95/FH/pc:ok;\nRBn1-MOJ/p28); paper, paper money, bills\nhtáha\nhtą́ąða\n(02/25/95/FH/pc:ok);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/paper_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐒰 𐒻𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐒰 𐒻́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["paper napkin","paper towel","paper napkin, paper towel\n(FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐒰 𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐒰 𐒼'𐓂́͘","defs":["play cards","deck of cards","card game"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐒰 𐓀𐒰͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐒰 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["paper money","bills of currency","paper money, bills of\ncurrency"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐒰 𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["playing cards","deck of cards","playing cards, deck of cards\n(lit., ‘paper for playing’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐒼'𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐒼'𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["newsprint (the material)","newspaper (the publication)","newsprint (the material),\nnewspaper (the publication) (03/10/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓁𐒻̋","defs":["soup","broth","consommé","coffee, when prepared for drinking","soup, broth, consommé"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"htáa + níi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒻𐒷 𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓁𐒻́𐒷 𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷","defs":["soup kettle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓁𐒻𐒷𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓁𐒻𐒷𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́","defs":["bowl"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["round","circular","globular","round, circular"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðutáahpa","wahóohtą táahpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓅𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["make a hide round, as when one cuts from it things for lariats, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","defs":["burn a cord or string in two, as fire does"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause fire to burn a cord, etc., in two"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓄𐒷́","defs":["ball","ball (used in a game)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓄𐒷́𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐒼'𐓂́͘","defs":["golf","[htaapé\n+ ská + -žį ‘little’ + k'ǫ́] play golf (lit., ‘play\nwith little white ball’). • n golf"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., htaapéskaâî_k∏ò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓄𐒷́𐓆𐓎","defs":["curved stick used by the Osage men in playing all","ball stick"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓄𐓂́𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["teacher","school teacher","missionary","school","school\n(03/08/95/MREI/pc:ok: short final a). [Borrowed\nfrom Pawnee taapuska ‘school’ (Douglas Parks).\nThe Pawnee word may have entered Osage at\ndifferent times in different forms, with or without\npreaspiration of the stops (h)t and (h)p and with a\nlong or short vowel aa or a;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/school_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓄𐓂́𐓆𐒼𐒰𐓋𐒻","defs":["schoolhouse","schoolhouse\n(03/08/95/MREI/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"taapóska + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["pounded meat","pounded dry meat","meat candy","pounded meat, pounded dry meat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"htáa + p©é"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓄𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["boil over"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","defs":["become dry from exposure to the air or heat","[táa- instr + púze] (intr.,\ntrans.) dry from heat;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["dry, as corn, by exposing it to the air, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","defs":["burned meat, charred meat (the burned black part of meat such as barbecue)","burned meat,\ncharred meat (the burned black part of meat\nsuch as barbecue; lit., ‘hard due to heat’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"táa- instr + saakí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓆𐒻𐒼𐒷","defs":["cause to leap forth, as a fire does","send out a coal or spark"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒻𐒿𐒷 𐓈𐒰𐓏𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓆𐒻́𐒿𐒷̄ 𐓉𐒰́𐓏𐒰͘","defs":["Tulsa, Oklahoma","Tulsa, Oklahoma (lit., ‘deer\ncrossing town’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓆𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["headdress","headdress (lit., ‘deer\ntail’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/headdress_roach_hl.mp3","infl":"htáa + sìîce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒻͘𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓆𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎́","defs":["spreader for Osage headdress","roach bone","spreader for Osage headdress,\nroach bone (lit., ‘deer-tail bone’)","roach spreader"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒻𐓒𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓆𐒻𐓒𐒷 𐒼𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["make a zhaⁿ wezhapshe, etc., sharp at the point by burning it a little"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́","defs":["sheep","sheep (lit., ‘white deer’)\n(MOJt#150)","[presumably contains táa-\ninstr] (intr.?) melt","melt"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sheep_sr.mp3","infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["be melted by heats, as liquids which have been frozen, metals, grease, etc."],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓆𐒼𐒷","defs":["mellow","mellow (02/27/95/FH/pc,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎","defs":["be clean or cleanse by heat or cold","be clean\nor cleanse by heat or cold"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"táa- instr + -súhu","xref":["wasúhu"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓇𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["thump hard or knock someone in the head","shove, shove someone's head quickly in anger","thump hard or\nknock s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., taa©é_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["melt"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒻́","defs":["buckeye tea (used in the sweat lodge before a peyote meeting to induce vomiting)","buckeye (Aesculus)","white oak tree","buckeye tea (used in the sweat lodge\nbefore a peyote meeting to induce vomiting)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓇𐓄𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓇𐓄𐓎́","defs":["tip end of any object","knob-like end or tip"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓇𐓊𐓎́𐒷","defs":["warm"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓇𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["warm"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓇𐓊𐓎𐒷𐒽𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["warm oneself, as at a stove or fire","[taašcúe +\nhkik- refl + ðe cau] (intr.) warm oneself, as at\na stove or fire (lit., ‘cause oneself to be warm’)\n(MSBt9)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., táa©cue_hkí∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["what (interrogative)","what","thing(s)","anything, something","something","what, whatever (indefinite or relative)","what kind, what sort, what type, what class of (interrogative)","do what (interrogative)","why","what?"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰˙ 𐓈𐒰˙𐓏𐒰˙𐒿𐒰 𐓁𐒻˙𐒷?","e":"What clan are you?"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓇𐓎 𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷?","e":"Why are you coming?"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/what_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["in order that","autumn, in the autumn","autumn"],"pos":"subordconn","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄͘𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["during the autumn","in the fall, autumn"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["nothing like it"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["evil, bad things"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒻𐒴𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒻́𐒴𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓌𐒷","defs":["guess what?"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓌𐒻́","defs":["many things","lots of things","disorderly abundance","mixture of items that are out of order","trashy mixture","mess"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓒𐒰𐓁𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻͘","defs":["everything","all of it"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["grasshopper"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["small things"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐓂𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓈𐓂́𐓐𐒰","defs":["saliva"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́","defs":["air","wind","wind, air (03/16/95/MREI/pc:ok)","windy"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓋𐒷","defs":["burn a cord or string in two, as a fire does"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["ground","earth or ground","prairie without trees"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́ 𐓂́𐒹𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["cyclone","tornado","storm with strong winds","gale","cyclone, tornado, storm with\nstrong winds, gale"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́ 𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["radio","radio (lit., ‘catching the wind’)\n(04/20/95/LS/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓂𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓊𐒷́ 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓇𐓂𐓇𐒷","defs":["whirlwind"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́ 𐓄𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["tornado","tempest","windstorm"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́ 𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻́","defs":["high wind","strong or violent wind","windstorm","gale","be windy"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["dried, withered, injured, or killed by heat"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻","defs":["of or belonging to the prairie","at, or on the ground"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻 𐓄𐓎𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻 𐓄𐓎́𐓆𐓈𐓎𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["prairie blackberry or dewberry"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓋𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause a fire to burn cord, etc., in two"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓐𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐓂𐓏𐒷","defs":["electric fan","electric fan (lit., ‘wind roaring’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓌𐒻́","defs":["muskrat"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hta ‘toward’"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓊𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰𐓋𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["antelope"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["fallen to pieces","fall apart or to pieces","come unplaited","crumble","ruin"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["roll","rolling"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["run, as a person","run","hurry along","walk fast","move fast","run, hurry\nalong, walk fast, move fast (RBn1-47,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["burn","burn up","burn down","incinerate","reduce to ashes"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̄𐓍𐒻̋𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["handle, knead, or work meat with the hand (as in cutting meat up)","[htáa + ðiihtą́]\nhandle, knead, or work meat with the hand (as\nin cutting meat up)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., htaa_∂iihtà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓍𐓎́𐓅𐒻̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["destructive","engaging in harmful behavior","destructive (lit., ‘make behavior bad’),\nengaging in harmful behavior"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"taa- ‘behavior’ + ∂uhpíiâi","xref":["taašcúe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐓏𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘","defs":["town","village","town (03/23/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒻","e":"in town [as opposed to in the country]"},{"o":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒻 𐓂𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘","e":"I live in town"},{"o":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘ 𐒼𐓇𐒻","e":"to town"},{"o":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰 𐒼𐓇𐒻 𐒴𐒷̋","e":"I'm going to town"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/town_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰͘𐓏𐒰͘𐒿𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘𐒿𐒰","defs":["clan","village","tribe","city"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰˙ 𐓈𐒰˙𐓏𐒰˙𐒿𐒰 𐓁𐒻˙𐒷?","e":"What clan are you?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰̋𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻","defs":["meat grease, known as Indian butter","meat grease, known as Indian butter.\n[The grease coming from beef when cracklings\nwere made was poured or spread over pounded\nmeat and corn to make “platter corn” (FH).]","steam fry"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["sail round and round, as an eagle in the air"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰́𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["firebrand"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰́𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["deer"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓒𐒻́𐒹𐒻","defs":["brown, become brown by application of heat","browned, fried"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒻𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̄𐓒𐒻́𐒹𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["fry, brown, cause to brown (as food)","[taazíhi + ðe cau] (trans.) fry,\nbrown, cause to brown (as food)\n(01/30/95/FH/pc:ok). Mary akxa súhka\ntaazíhi[ðe] akxa Mary’s browning the chicken"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumed reg.,\ntaazíhi_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["go out","not burn","become extinguished","extinguished, gone out, as a fire or lamp","[táa- + aží neg] (intr.) go out, not\nburn, become extinguished"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒱","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒱́","defs":["clause-final element conveying an exhortation or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons: let's"],"pos":"inj.","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒲","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒲́","defs":["sandpiper","woodcock","curlew","a genus of birds, including the field or prairie lark, spotted sandpiper or tip-up, plover, curlew, etc."],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒲 𐓄𐒰 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰͘𐒻́͘ 𐓅𐒰 𐒷𐒼𐓂́͘","defs":["warclub, terminating in a knob, to which an iron point is secured"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒲 𐓓𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒰͘𐒻́͘ 𐓓𐒻𐒹𐒻́","defs":["marbled godwit"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓈𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐒷́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["sister (younger)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["gossip","gossip. [The form of this word is archaic: ti-\nis a rare sequence in Mod. Os.] tíðe ðįké?"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋","defs":["Indian potato","potato","potatoes","Irish potato","tuber","barely, hardly, only to a\nlimited degree or barely representative\ntą́ąska\ntoníðe\namount. íixa che tǫ́ ekǫ káaɣa don’t laugh so\nmuch (lit., ‘that laughing, like barely make it’)\n(ERE/2/95/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"having her dress with","e":"Kiowa clothes’)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́","defs":["barely","hardly","only to a limited degree or barely representative amount"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂͘","defs":["possess"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒷𐒼𐓂͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐒷𐒼𐓂́͘𐓓𐒻","defs":["greedy","overbearing","excessive","not limited in excessiveness","greedy, overbearing,\nexcessive, not limited in excessiveness (lit., ‘not\nas if limited’) (RBn18-04; RBn22-0). [Describes\nsomeone that takes over, runs over people (RB)\n(03/03/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.100).]"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"tó + ékô + aâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂","defs":["blue","green","blue (RBn10-\n5:MOJ/79)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blue_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂 𐓁𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂 𐓁𐒻𐒹𐒰́ 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["green"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["purple"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂 𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂 𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["bluish-gray"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂 𐓓𐓎́𐓊𐒷 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["purple"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̄𐒽𐒰́","defs":["wet","moist","damp","wet, moist, damp","male"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["mįįká ðįké"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐒼𐒰","defs":["male"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̄𐒼𐒷́","defs":["summer","warm or summer season","summer,\nwhen it is summer, summertime (MREI;\n05/02/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓂̄𐒼𐒷́𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"summer arrived there"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂̄𐒼𐒷́ 𐓈𐒰͘","e":"when it's summer"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒷𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̄𐒼𐒷́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["during the summer","when it is summer","summertime","in the summer, summertime","summertime, in the summer"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̄𐒼𐒷́𐓊𐒷","defs":["last summer"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"tooké + ce ‘last’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["sandwich","meat pie (original meaning)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"htáa + oolå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐒿𐒷","defs":["turnips","Indian turnip"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒿𐒷 𐓓𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐒿𐒷 𐓓𐓎́𐒷","defs":["beet","beet (LF, unconfirmed;\nFH:4/22/96/tape/ma)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒿𐒷𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐒿𐒷𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["turnip"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably tóo- + le (otherwise\nunattested) + htåà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐒿𐒷𐓓𐒻","defs":["carrot"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["otter","otter skin, otter hide (e.g., in Osage dance clothes)","otter;","otter, otter hide, otter hide garment","otter (otter hide, otter hide garment)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/otter_hide_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓁𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂𐓁𐒻́𐒿𐒷","defs":["rainbow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/rainbow_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓁𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂𐓁𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["scold harshly, bawl out, or \"get after\" someone","spare someone's life, barely leave someone alive","[tó + níðe ‘allow to live’]\n(trans.) scold harshly, bawl out, or “get after”\ns.o.;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"did you scold","e":"John? toníwa∂ape they bawled us out, they\nbawled them out"},{"o":"𐓰𐓪𐓩𐓣́𐓷𐓙𐓬𐓟","a":"toníwaipe","e":"Smokey bawled them out"}],"infl":"reg., toní_∂e","xref":["waníðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓄𐒰","defs":["four"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓋𐒷́𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐓂̋𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒴𐒻́͘𐒷","e":"I have four cattle"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/four_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓄𐒰","defs":["some","any","a part of"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰𐓆𐒰 𐓈𐓂́𐒷 𐒰͘𐓏𐒰́͘𐓓𐓎","e":"pour me some coffee"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐓇𐓈𐒰̋𐓌𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","e":"you ought to eat some"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒰𐓌𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"some of you came a long ways"},{"o":"𐓇𐒻́ 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼'𐓎́","e":"give me some more [e.g., food]"},{"o":"𐓉𐓂̋𐓓𐓎 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐓏𐒷́𐓇𐒵𐓎𐓏𐒻͘?","e":"did you sell any meat pies?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["see","observe","watch","look","look at, on, or upon","see, observe, watch\n(RBn10-15). [Truncated variants tǫ́, tǫ́ë, tǫ́e, tǫ́į\noccur frequently in combination with other\nwords, as in enątǫ́įpe ‘Look Only at Her’\n(personal name) and watǫ́ehci ‘store’.] htǫ́pe I\nwatch it","watch, look at","watch (look at)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓱𐓪́͘𐓬𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓭𐓘́𐓺𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"htǫ́pe tą įcé ąhpáze ną when","e":"I look at\nit, it makes me dizzy"}],"infl":"sync. fortisizing\nstop stem, _tòpe","xref":["átǫpe","hkíhtǫpe","kítǫpe","ówatoį",""],"vc":"strong-stem"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒷̋","defs":["go looking","go\nlooking"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰𐓍𐓂́͘ 𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"he started off to see what he could see"}],"infl":"sync., tòpe (a)_∂ée"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["be worth looking at","make someone look or appear a certain way, look like or appear","[tǫ́pe + wa- val + ðe cau] (intr.) be\nworth looking at (lit., ‘causes people to look at\nit’)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷𐓏𐒱 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"it's worth looking at"},{"o":"𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷́𐓏𐒱","e":"he looks like he's drunk"},{"o":"𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐓍𐒰𐓅𐒰̋𐒹𐒰͘ 𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷́𐓏𐒱","e":"you look like you just got up"},{"o":"𐓑𐓂̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷𐓏𐒱","e":"it makes you look sloppy"},{"o":"𐒰̋𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒷́𐒹𐒷 𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷́𐓏𐒱","e":"the chair looks weak"}],"infl":"uninfl. or reg.,\ntòpewa_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓄𐒻͘","defs":["four times"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋͘𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["frankfurter","Indian sausages (made from strips of round steak encased in entrails and broiled until brown - these sausages where cut two to three inches long)","any sausage or baloney","frankfurter; Indian frankfurters, Indian\nsausages (made from strips of round steak\nencased in entrails and broiled until brown;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"tòô ‘stubby’ (?) (root\nnot attested elsewhere in Mod. Os.) + p©é","xref":["htáapše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["white potato","Irish potato","white potato, Irish potato\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:prod)","potato"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒼'𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I'm going to dig potatoes"},{"o":"𐓰𐓪̋𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤'𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"tóoska ak'é hta aðįhé","e":"I’m\ngoing to dig potatoes"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/potato_sr.mp3","infl":"too- + ská ‘white’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓆𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓆𐒼𐒷","defs":["hiccup"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["íkaske","tóoce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷","defs":["sweet potato"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"too- + skú∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̄𐓆𐓊𐒷̋","defs":["sweet potato","yam","sweet\npotato, yam (lit., ‘long potato’)\n(03/14/95/MREI/pc:ok; RBn1-MOJ/p14;\nFH:5/01/96/tape:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓂̄𐓆𐓊𐒷̋ 𐓍𐒷 𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒲́𐒼𐒷 𐓇𐓊𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘?","e":"where did you buy these sweet potatoes?"}],"infl":"too- + scéce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓎́","defs":["armpits"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓈𐒰","defs":["in this direction","on this side of a certain place or point","war; warpath; scouting,\nscouting alone;"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓰𐓪𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 𐓜𐓟̄","a":"totá ha bree","e":"I’m going off to war"},{"o":"𐓰𐓪𐓰𐓘́ 𐓜𐓟̋","a":"totá brée","e":"I’m going scouting"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["war","warpath","go to war","scouting","scouting alone","looking for enemies"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰́͘ 𐒹𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["war captain"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒹𐓎 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰́͘ 𐒹𐓎 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["large war party"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓈𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["the standing animate object, in sight, which is on this side of a certain place or point"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["throat","gullet","throat, gullet"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓊𐒷 𐒰͘𐓁𐒻́𐒷","e":"I have a sore throat"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒻𐓁𐒻́𐒷","e":"you have a sore throat"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓆𐓊𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","e":"you took him by the throat"}]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓈𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["son-in-law (daughter's husband)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓊𐒷 𐓁𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓊𐒷 𐓁𐒻́𐒷","defs":["sore throat"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["choke with the hands","strangle"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰","defs":["that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description is unknown or of little importance to the speech event"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓈𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓎 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","e":"I'm giving stuff to that bunch of people"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂́𐓍𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"that person is lazy"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐓅𐒰 𐒷́𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"that man has an odd-looking nose"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒷?","e":"what is that man's name?"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓇𐓊𐒷́𐓍𐒰!","e":"doctor him!"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́","defs":["that one","that person","those ones, those persons"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰́","defs":["group of people or single person of unknown or unimportant identity, moving and marked as the subject of a sentence"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["that one of uncertain or unimportant identity (animate or inanimate)","that person sitting","that object or thing sitting there","that group of objects of uncertain or unimportant identity (not animate if plural)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒰 𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒼𐒷","defs":["those scattered (e.g., people or leaves)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒰 𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓄𐒰","defs":["group of people of unknown or unimportant identity"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒰 𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["that one or those ones standing (animate, of unknown or unimportant identity)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒰 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓌𐒷","defs":["this one (thing) standing here","that one (thing) standing there","those ones, that stuff (a collocation of sitting or round inanimate objects [such as a bunch of grapes] whose exact identity is unimportant or unknown)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐓒𐒷","defs":["catfish"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓒𐒷","defs":["loon"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓒𐒷 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓒𐒷 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["black loon"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["banana","pawpaw (archaic meaning)","banana, pawpaw (archaic meaning)\n(01/06/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.6)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/banana_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐒷̄𐒼𐓂́͘","defs":["pawpaw"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["rotten","decomposed","putrefied","rotten, decomposed, putrefied. še\nhką́ące akxa tožáðe akxai that apple is rotten"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒷 𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒰́𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"that apple is rotten"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂́𐓓𐒷","defs":["flat, flattened or mashed (said of a soft object)","squashed, deflated (e.g., an object that formerly contained something)","flat, flattened or mashed (said of a soft\nobject); squashed, deflated (e.g., an object that\nformerly contained s.t.)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["iištáðe ðiitóže"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓉𐓂̋𐓓𐓎","defs":["meat pie","meat pie. [Pawhuska and\nHominy term (RB).] htóožu ąkóohǫ hta ąkái\nwe’re going to cook some meat pies\n(02/24/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.86)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓉𐓂̋𐓓𐓎 𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒴𐒻́͘","e":"I have five meat pies"},{"o":"𐓉𐓂̋𐓓𐓎 𐒰͘𐒼𐓂̋𐒹𐓂͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́","e":"we're going to cook some meat pies"},{"a":"awhuska and","e":"Hominy term"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/meat_pie_2_hl.mp3","infl":"htáa + ooâú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓂𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓂̋𐓓𐓎̄𐓊𐒷","defs":["sweet potato","sweet potato (lit., ‘red\npotato’) (RBn14-08)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"too- + âúuce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓎𐒿𐓆𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘𐓏𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓎́𐒿𐓆𐒰 𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘","defs":["Tulsa (a city in northeastern Oklahoma that includes a small part of Osage County)","Tulsa (a city in northeastern\nOklahoma that includes a small part of Osage\nCounty)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐓎́𐒿𐓆𐒰 𐓉𐒰́͘𐓏𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘","e":"I live in Tulsa"}],"xref":["htaasílee htáwą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3rd person singular animate standing subject; also may indicate initiation of an activity by subject regardless of position","the standing animate object","positional article for a singular animate standing entity (usually not the subject of a verb describing action)","positional article\nfor a sg"],"pos":"positional","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐒻́𐒷 𐓈𐓐𐒰 𐓄𐒷̋ 𐓈𐓐𐒰?","e":"who is that person who is talking?"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒰̋𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐓈𐓐𐒰?","e":"how much money does he want?"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻𐒽𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻 𐓈𐓐𐒰?","e":"is your friend [standing] drunk?"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻𐒽𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒿𐓂́͘𐓍𐒻 𐓈𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐒰𐓀𐒻́𐒷","e":"I think your friend [standing] is drunk"},{"o":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐓍𐓂͘ 𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓓𐒻́͘ 𐓈𐓐𐒰 𐒹𐓎́ 𐓋𐒷 𐒷́𐒰","e":"tell the person standing there to come here"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["until","from","until, from","until (from)"],"pos":"postposition","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"txà + ha"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["father-in-law (of a male) (my)","his wife's father","an aged man","to be an aged man","old man","to be an old man","my father-in-law (used by a man\naddressing or referring to his wife’s father;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["fail"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐒹𐒻","defs":["arrive at old age"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["father-in-law (of a male) (his)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["father-in-law (of a male) (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["father-in-law (of a male) (my)","my wife's father"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷́ 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["old man","venerable old man","ancestor","one of the ancients, supernatural beings, or deities"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒰́𐓅𐒰","defs":["short"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰́ 𐓉𐒰̋͘","defs":["devil","Satan","devil, Satan. [Possibly a contraction of\nwéc'a ‘snake’ + htą́ą, htą́ka ‘big’;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰̋𐓍𐒷","defs":["sour (taste)","acrid","pungent","bitter"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["cross","crucifix","clubs (suit in a deck of cards)","cross;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"c∏é + aâí neg"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒱𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒱́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["husband","husband (my)","elderly man"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒱𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒱̋𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["husband (his/her)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒱𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒱́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["husband (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒱𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒱́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["husband (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓌𐒷","defs":["the (standing inanimate or animate object)","the (abstract object)","positional article for standing inanimate singular nonsubject (also used for intangible entities: e.g., heart attack, song, pain)","positional article for plural sitting nonsubjects (those that would take 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 when singular)","the standing inanimate object","the collection of inanimate objects","used as a sign of completed action in past time","used adverbially: when","last;","positional article for standing\ninanimate sg","positional article for pl","lake"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐒹𐓎̋𐒼𐒰̄𐓑𐒰","e":"pass the water"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒱 𐓌𐒷́","e":"this coffee sitting [standing] here"},{"o":"𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐓁𐒻́𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐒰́𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓆𐒼𐒰","e":"I guess he will examine you now"},{"o":"𐓀𐓂́͘𐓇𐓂͘ 𐓌𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰","e":"let the feather touch it"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐒻́𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒲","e":"turn that bread over"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̋","defs":["buffalo","female buffalo"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/buffalo_sr.mp3","xref":["hceemį́įka","hceetóe","hceetóoka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷","defs":["last","the most recent (used of units of time)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷","defs":["will","shall","please","may","future sign"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓌𐒷","defs":["that, whatever, until (links a preceding subordinate clause to the following main clause)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐓇𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐓓𐒰̄𐓓𐒻͘?","e":"do you think you can do all of it?"},{"o":"𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓈𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷 𐓁𐒻́𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐓌𐒷, 𐓈𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷 𐓁𐒻́𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐓌𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","e":"it's good [that] you are keeping well"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰 𐒹𐒰̄𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐒷̋𐓄𐓇𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"from now on, I want it to be like [that which] I've said"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒻̋ 𐓌𐒷? 𐒼𐒰̋𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒹𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"Sonny, has daylight come? just a little bit"},{"o":"𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒰𐓌𐒻́ 𐓌𐒷","e":"it is good that you [sg.] came"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓌𐒷","defs":["evidential marker indicating that speaker or addressee has circumstantial or sensory evidence (rather than witnessing) that the situation reported in the sentence occurred (can often be approximately translated as 'have/has/had already')"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰̄𐒿𐒷̋ 𐓌𐒷 𐒹𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰","e":"I had already left by the time he got there"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓈𐒰̋𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓌𐒷","e":"that woman has fought; that woman did fight"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓌𐒷 𐒴𐒰̋𐓌𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"they had prepared it, and I'm eating it"},{"o":"𐒰𐒿𐒷̋ 𐓌𐒷 𐒹𐒻́𐒷 𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰","e":"I had left when he got there"},{"o":"𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒼𐒰̋͘ 𐓌𐒷́?","e":"is the car started?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷","defs":["may it be that","let, allow, have, tell (someone to)","let's [speaker and one other person]"],"pos":"inj.","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒷́","defs":["die","be dead","death","the dead","dead person","die (04/11/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., _c∏e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷 𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷 𐒷̋","defs":["request [that someone do something]","ask [someone to do something]","propose [that someone do something]","instruct/tell [someone to do something]","have someone do something","(sequence\noften translated as ‘request [that s.o. do s.t.]’,\n‘ask [s.o"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"he proposes that","e":"I talk"}],"infl":"hce injunctive + ée ‘say’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒻𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷 𐒽𐒻́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["July"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒷 𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒷́ 𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷́","defs":["pretend to die"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷 𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷 𐓋𐒷𐓁𐒻́𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","defs":["stomach of a buffalo cow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷 𐓊𐒷𐓍𐓎𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́ 𐓋𐒷𐓍𐓎́𐓋𐓎","defs":["rib of a buffalo cow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐒰́𐒹𐒿𐒰𐓊𐒷","defs":["raspberry","raspberries"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒰𐒹𐒿𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐒰́𐒹𐒿𐒰𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐓎","defs":["raspberry bush"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒰","defs":["spoon","spoon (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒹𐒰𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐒹𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷","defs":["shield","rawhide shield"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐒹𐒷́","defs":["buffalo horn(s)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒹𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐒹𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["dish, dishes (e.g., a set of plates, cups, and bowls)","cup","dish, dishes (e.g., a set of plates, cups,\nand bowls)","dishes, plates, cups, bowls","dishes (plates, cups, bowls)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐒹𐒻̋͘","defs":["woman's yarn belt","woman’s yarn belt (lit.,\n‘buffalo hair’)","streamers, yarn belt","streamers","yarn belt"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"hcée + hìî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["new","anew","fresh","recent","just now","newly","recent","recently","just a while ago","new, fresh, recent","fresh, new","new (fresh)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓤𐓣𐓳𐓟","a":"owákihce","e":"I’m looking for new things"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/new_hl.mp3","xref":["wahcéka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["crazy","insane","demented","mentally retarded","mentally unstable"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/crazy_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐓂̋͘","defs":["teenager","young person or young people","children in their teens","teenager, young person or young\npeople, children in their teens (lit., ‘recently\ngrown-up’ or ‘recently adult’)\n(03/24/95/PM/pc:ok, FH: children in their teens)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘́𐓜𐓶𐓹𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"wábruɣe hkǫ́bra įké","e":"I’m still\nyoung, I don’t want to get married"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/teenager_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐒼'𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐓂́𐒼'𐒰͘","defs":["funny stuff","foolish acts"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["just now","just barely","just now, just barely"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐒼𐒻","defs":["uncle (mother's brother)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐒿𐒻́͘","defs":["wheel"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably contracted from hcé∂e + álîî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐒿𐒻́͘ 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘","defs":["bicycle","bicycle (lit., ‘sit upon a wheel’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hcéðe álįį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒷𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒷́𐒿𐓂͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["giddy","running here and there, not satisfied anywhere","dead drunk, excited, out of one's mind"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["buffalo cow","buffalo cow (04/25/95/PM/pc:okc;\nBE2.13)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓁𐒻́𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","defs":["stomach of a person","tripe","tripe. [One\nspeaker claimed that this form means ‘the ruffly\nleafed layers of a buffalo’; cf. xáxa.] hceeníxąxą\nðaaché ą́zo štą I like tripe (03/23/95/FH/pc:okc;\nBE2.144)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓂𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓂𐒼'𐒰","defs":["frog"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓅𐒷́","defs":["liver"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["cow (not necessarily female)","head of cattle","domestic cow or ox","beef","beef (lit., ‘white\nbuffalo’);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hceeskátooka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["perhaps","it may be"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓀𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["cow","heifer","cow,\nheifer (01/14/95/FH/pc:prod;\n01/14/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐒻𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓁𐒻́𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","defs":["stomach of a cow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒰 𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓄𐒰́𐓉𐒰 𐓂𐒿𐒻́͘","defs":["cow's womb"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓉𐒰 𐓈𐓂́𐒽𐒰","defs":["fresh beef"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐓈𐓂̋𐒼𐒰","defs":["bull","steer"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["calf"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓈𐓂𐒷𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓈𐓂́𐒷𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","defs":["young or small male buffalo"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓈𐓂̋𐒼𐒰","defs":["buffalo bull","buffalo bull\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ok; 04/25/95/PM/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒻𐓇𐒻𐓄𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓈𐓂̋𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒻𐓇𐒻́͘𐓄𐒻","defs":["June","June, hunting time (lit.,\n‘the buffalo bull is fat anew’)\n(04/25/95/PM/pc:ok). [Names of months were\nhistorically not used in Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers (HH).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"historically not used in","e":"Osage and sound\nunnatural to Osage speakers"}],"infl":"ki©ipi apparently contains ki-\ninceptive + wa©ì + api"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰 𐓀𐒰͘𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓈𐓂̋𐒼𐒰 𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓁𐒰́͘𐓐𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["June"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐒻𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓈𐓂́𐒼𐒰 𐓁𐒻́𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","defs":["stomach of a buffalo bull"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰 𐓐𐓎𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓈𐓂́𐒼𐒰 𐓐𐓎́𐒹𐒰","defs":["buffalo bull hide"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒰 𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓈𐓂́𐒼𐒰 𐓓𐒷","defs":["penis of a buffalo bull"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒷𐓊'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒷́𐓊'𐒷","defs":["drip","come down in drops"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷","defs":["bladder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓊𐒻","defs":["by or near the standing inanimate object","by or near the collection or inanimate objects","at, by, or near the time, etc."],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒷","defs":["the twigs which shoot out from a stump or branches of a tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["automobile wheel","tire","automobile wheel,\ntire"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓮𐓟́","a":"mąąðǫ́ hta mįksé","e":"I’m going to steal a tire"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["kindle a fire","kindle the fire"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["kill","slay","assassinate","murder","make die","cause to die","[c'é + ðe cau] (trans.)\nkill, slay, assassinate, murder;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., c∏é_∂e","xref":["wac'éðe (sometimes with non-valence-"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓍𐒷 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘","defs":["bicycle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bike_hl.mp3","xref":["hcelį́ álįį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓍𐓎𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷𐓍𐓎́𐓋𐓎","defs":["rib of any animal"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓏𐒰","defs":["yonkapin","yonkapin (RBn11-\n02/JW&FW&HHsk/c.1976)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷","defs":["bucket","kettle","pot","pail"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐒷","defs":["any level without timber","open prairie, whether highland or lowland"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷 𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷 𐒻́𐒹𐒰 𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["fasten the lid on a kettle"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["drum"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/drum_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["drumkeeper"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/drumkeeper_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["tie the drum"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓂𐓌𐒻́͘","defs":["drum boss","drumstick"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐓊𐒻͘ 𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓂𐓌𐒻́͘ 𐓆𐓊𐒷̋","defs":["drumstick"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻 𐓍𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓍𐒷̋ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["pass the drum"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["small kettle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐒻","defs":["difficult","sacred","precious","sacred, precious, difficult"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hkáwa wahcéxi","mįįhcéxi"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","defs":["spider","tarantula"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/spider_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷 𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["spider"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷𐒹𐓎𐓆𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷𐒹𐓎̄𐓆𐓊𐒷","defs":["tarantula","tarantula (lit., ‘spider of long\nlegs’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["belly","abdomen","stomach","stomach,\nabdomen, belly"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/stomach_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓒𐒷 𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷́𐓒𐒷 𐒴𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["hernia","hernia (lit., ‘torn [in the] stomach\nor abdomen’) (03/14/95/MREI/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓓𐒷","defs":["urinate"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓲𐓟́𐓻𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"acéže hkǫ́bra","e":"I\nwant to pee"}],"infl":"reg., _céâe","xref":["čéže","océže"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["urine"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hkáwaceženii"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒷́𐓓𐒷𐓁𐒻̄𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́","defs":["bladder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["žé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒷̄𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["small buffalo, unborn buffalo calf, any unborn calf","small buffalo, unborn buffalo calf, any\nunborn calf (04/25/95/PM/pc:ok). [A valued\nfood, especially for older people without good"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́","defs":["house","lodge","tent","dwelling","hovel","nest","camp","make camp","in. Johna táatą íiðe ðe\nwatǫ́ehci ce?","house (02/09/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.68). [Takes\n‘standing’ positional article che.] hcí ðuuwásu ðí\nclean the house (RBn10-12:JW)","past tense marker","last","most recent occurrence"],"pos":"postposition","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"a":"what did","e":"John see in the store? ecí\nchí\ncúxe\nakxa he’s in there"},{"o":"𐓨𐓣́͘𐓪𐓵𐓘̄𐓤𐓟 𐓮𐓘́𐓱𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓧𐓣́𐓟","a":"mį́oðaake sáhta ci alíe","e":"I got back at five o’clock"},{"a":"ll never find where","e":"I built my nest"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/house_hl.mp3","xref":["ahcí"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓊𐒻","defs":["in","to (something upright or vertical, singular)","at"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻̋͘","defs":["appear","show","visible","readily seen"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻 𐓂𐓐𐒷𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻 𐓂́𐓐𐒷𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["frost within a lodge"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻 𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["shack","shack (lit., ‘bad house’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐒻𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐒹𐒰 𐒻́𐓋𐒻","defs":["skin lodge"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐒹𐒷","defs":["nest"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐒹𐒷́","defs":["the upper corners of the two tent-skins which can be shifted, raised, or lowered, at will, to suit the occupants of the lodge, when there is a rain or wind that causes smoke to be blown back through the smoke-hole"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒹𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐒹𐒷́ 𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["to close the tsihe or smoke flaps on a tipi"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒹𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐒹𐒷́ 𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["close the upper corners of the tent-skins, to keep the rain from coming down the smoke-hole"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒷","defs":["Chickasaw","Chickasaws"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐒼𐓂","defs":["grandfather","grandfather (my)","father-in-law","father-in-law (my)","great-grandfather (paternal)","great uncle (mother's father's brother)","uncle-in-law (wife's maternal uncle)","my grandfather (shortened form, used\ninformally or as an endearment)","my grandfather (any side)","grandfather (see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["wihcíko"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐒿𐒷","defs":["live","reside","make a home","set up a household","set up housekeeping","house","home","household","family","live, reside;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓸𐓬𐓘́𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙","a":"waxpáðį hta akxai","e":"I pray you\nmake it good for this family, when they’re pitiful"}],"infl":"reg., hcí_le"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐒿𐒷","defs":["denoting sudden action"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓊𐒻𐓀𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓀𐒻","defs":["aunt (father's sister)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓊𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓁𐒻","defs":["daughter-in-law (son's wife)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓂𐒽𐒰","defs":["room"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/room_hl.mp3","infl":"hcí + óhkå"},{"hw_osage":"*𐓊𐒻𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["niece (brother's daughter, of a female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓄𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐓅𐓂́","defs":["Ojibwe","Chippewa"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓄𐓂𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐓄𐓂́𐓐𐒰","defs":["Native American Church house"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒻͘𐓇𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒻́𐓇𐒰","defs":["crooked","curved","bent over (as a person, a tree, or a hooked staff)","bent a little, as the horns of a cow","cramped","crooked, curved;"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["paac'į́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓇𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓇𐓎","defs":["tipi pole","tent pole"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["inside, in (motion into rather than position within, as in 'come in, come inside')","inside, in\n(motion into rather than position within, as in\n‘come in, come inside’; lit., ‘into house’)\n(02/13/95/FH/pc:okc)","inside"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓣́𐓟 𐓳𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓷𐓟́𐓵𐓘̄𐓭𐓘 𐓵𐓣","a":"ąžį ðíe hcíhta wéðaahpa ði","e":"I’m going outside,\nbut you stay inside and wait [for people]"},{"o":"𐓳𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓬𐓯𐓶́ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hcíhta pšú hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to come\ninside"}],"infl":"hcí + hta ‘toward’"},{"hw_osage":"*𐓊𐒻͘𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́͘𐓈𐓂","defs":["brother (older, of a female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["from the standing inanimate object, or collection of objects","from"],"pos":"postposition","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓊𐒻 𐓊𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","e":"from the lodge or house"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["drumbeat","beat of a drum","beating or thumping sound (e.g., footsteps)","drumbeat, beat of a\ndrum, beating or thumping sound (e.g.,\nfootsteps) (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðihcíceðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓓𐒷","defs":["sound word - frequent cracking or crackling sounds","frequent crackling sounds, as of boughs or twigs in breaking"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒻͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒻́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["wrinkle","wrinkle\n(04/17/95/LS/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["paac'į́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["used after another verb to mark sudden action","begin, commence, or start suddenly (as one person)","come forth, as an infant at birth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓏𐒰𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐓓𐓎","defs":["headright","headright (lit., ‘they put in the\nhouse’) (01/04/95/FH/pc:prod, BE2.65)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"hcí + wa- val + áâu (or hci + wa- val\n+ ooâú?)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐒻͘𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐒻́͘𐓐𐒰","defs":["crooked, bent over (referring to a human body)","crooked, bent over\n(referring to a human body)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["paac'į́"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐓓𐒷́","defs":["sound word - cracking or crackling sound","crackling sound, as when a bough or twig is broken","door"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻𐓓𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["door","doorway","doorway, threshold (formal, used especially for \"God's doorway\" at funerals)","entrance to a lodge","doorway, threshold (formal, used\nespecially for “God’s doorway” at funerals\n[RB])"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓓𐒷𐓄𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓓𐒷𐓄𐒷 𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐓈𐒰","defs":["porter","porter (lit., ‘doorway soldier’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐒻𐓓𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓓𐓂","defs":["golden eagle","golden eagle (HRE/pc/Dec.2002); Hcížo,\nan important Osage tribal division"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hą́ka","xúða"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓊𐒻𐓓𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓋𐒻́𐓓𐓂","defs":["cousin (father's sister's daughter)","niece (sister's daughter, of a male)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐓂́𐒼𐒰","defs":["droopy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓊𐓂𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["nephew (wife's brother's son)","nephew (sister's son, of a male)","nephew (brother's son, of a female)","cousin (father's sister's son)","grandchild"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰́","defs":["grandchild (my)","grandchild (your)","pal, friend, buddy","pal,\nfriend, buddy; my grandchild"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"shortened form of wihcó©pa","xref":["wihčóšpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰́ 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["friend (my)","pal (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐓂𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐓂́𐓐𐒷","defs":["hunchback","hunchback (04/06/95/FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"entnor","e":"Drummond’s Indian name]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓌𐓎","defs":["copulate","copulate with","have intercourse with"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎 𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐓂́ 𐒹𐒰́𐓄𐒰","defs":["ladle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓋𐓎́𐒼'𐒰","defs":["decayed","rotten","putrefied","putrefaction","decayed, rotten"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["žąąhcúk'a"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐓎́𐒼𐒷","defs":["spoon","shovel","abalone shell","spoon (Osage spoons\nwere originally clamshells from creeks, used\nonly for scraping corn, with little ones for\nchildren, larger ones for adults;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["žą́ąhcuke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓊𐓎̋𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["unripe","green (e.g., unripe fruit)","raw","uncooked","undercooked","unripe, green (e.g., unripe fruit); raw,\nuncooked, undercooked"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"cúuce + aâí neg; c>t before aâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["done (e.g., in cooking)","cooked","baked","ripe","mellow","mature (e.g., fruit and grain)","cook well done","ripe, as fruit","blistered by heat","done (e.g., in cooking); cooked"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓊𐓎̋𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"the plum is ripe"},{"o":"𐓉𐒰̋ 𐓊𐓎̋𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰","e":"cook the meat well done"}],"xref":["cúutaži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓊𐓎̋𐓍𐒰","defs":["ragged","torn","ripped","worn out","worn","insufficient (said of clothing)","worn in small holes, as clothing","ragged, torn, ripped"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["mangy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓋𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["dried up"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓊'𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓊'𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["acrid"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰","defs":["of which you make","round. [Obsolete, unattested in Mod. Os.]"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰","defs":["you (subject)","2nd sg"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄","defs":["by mouth"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰͘","defs":["the (sitting curvilinear object)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["three"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒰̋𐒴𐒻͘ 𐓄𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are there three of you?"},{"o":"𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒴𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"there are three dishes"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/three_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["thrice","three times"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒴𐒻͘𐓍𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐒴𐒻͘𐓍𐒰́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["three to each","by threes"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒴𐓂͘𐒴𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐒴𐓂́͘𐒴𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["chew repeatedly, as corn, till very fine"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒴𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐒴𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["chew till fine, as corn"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐒵𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰͘𐒵𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["not apt"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["when","when, upon a certain event","soon after","as soon as","when, upon a certain event. íiwiðe\nðáha owíhkie mąží when I saw you, I didn’t talk\nto you","when, as soon as","when (as soon as)"],"pos":"conjunction","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̋𐓏𐒻𐓍𐒷 𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐓂𐓏𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́","e":"when I saw you, I didn't talk to you"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̄͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻 𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐒰𐓌𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"they came late at night"},{"o":"𐓵𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓻𐓣́ 𐓷𐓡𐓟𐓩","a":"ðáha owíhkie mąží when","e":"I saw you, I didn’t talk\nto you"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘","defs":["express graditude","thanks"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓈𐒰","defs":["ridicule","deride","derision"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰͘𐒼𐒰́𐓊𐒻","defs":["to, by, or near the animate objects or objects which were formerly animate"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["wear, as a cap"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷́𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["be good to each other","be kind to each other","pity each other","pity oneself","feel sorry for oneself","[hkik- recip/refl + ðak'éðe] (intr.) be\ngood to each other;","[kik- suu or ki-\ndat+ ðak'éðe] (trans.) be good or kind to one’s\nðak'éhkiðe\nðą́ące ðuusáaki\nown [suu] or to s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓤'𐓟́𐓷𐓣𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓟","a":"ðak'éwikiðe","e":"I feel sorry for you, I pity you, I\nsympathize with you"}],"infl":"reg., ∂ak∏é_ki∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["feel sorry for","pity","pity him","be good to","be merciful to","have mercy on one","have mercy on him","take care of","bless","consider him miserable","feel sorry for;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.,\n∂ak∏é_∂e","xref":["ðak'ékiðe","waðák'eðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐒼'𐒻́͘","defs":["spit","expectorate","spit on","spit out","to spit"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"infl":"sync., _∂aak∏î","xref":["ðálį"],"vc":"brush"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["itch a person","feel an itching sensation"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒰́","defs":["they who","the ones who"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["good","be good","feel good about something","be glad","thank you","fine","splendid","pretty","beautiful","handsome","good (e.g., the weather)","well","finely","skillfully","should","ought to","should, ought to"],"pos":"modal","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/good_sr.mp3","xref":["ðáalį",""]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰́𐒼𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["like or love his own"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["think well of one","love"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["be successful","do good works","do good"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["make oneself good (e.g., with respect to one's behavior)","make oneself\ngood (e.g., with respect to one’s behavior). óžį\nhpíiži ðįké, ók'ą ðáalįhkí[ð]a don’t get angry,\nhave good ways (01/04/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ∂áalîhki_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓁𐒻́","defs":["gulp or swallow","consume;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓜𐓘̋𐓩𐓣̄͘","a":"abráanįį","e":"I ate all the chicken"},{"o":"𐓜𐓘̋𐓩𐓣𐓟","a":"bráanie","e":"I drank all the coffee up"}],"infl":"sync., _∂aanîî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["bite a string or cord in two","bite in two a string or cord"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷́","defs":["hold an object in the mouth"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓄𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓄𐓐𐓂́𐒽𐒷","defs":["make a smacking sound with the lips","crack the leaves of the zhaⁿ shabe hu with the tongue"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["gash the skin, etc., by biting: said of a horse, dog, etc., when biting clothing, etc.","make a gash in the flesh"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["chew","masticate"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰𐓁𐓎 𐓄𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","e":"I chew tobacco."},{"o":"𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓣𐓱𐓪́͘𐓣𐓧𐓣 𐓜𐓘̋𐓯𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓟","a":"mį́įihtǫ́ili bráaškike","e":"I’m chewing this gum"}],"infl":"sync., _∂aa©kíke","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["smoke (e.g., tobacco)","suck"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓄𐒷́","defs":["bite off a piece from the outside of an object","bite off a piece"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["finish eating or drinking (from)","end or stop an activity involving the mouth","finish or stop eating, drinking, reading, talking, singing, crying, hallooing, etc.","(trans., intr.) finish\neating or drinking (from). [Appropriate for men\nor women, but more likely to be used by women\nthan by men;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂aa©tå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["lick","lick, as sugar off a cookie","taste"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒹𐒻̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐓄𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"the dog is licking the plate"}],"infl":"sync., _∂aa©tape"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓈𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓈𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["draw an object into the mouth by inhalation"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐓊𐓎́𐒷","defs":["swallow (food or drink)","swallow\n(food or drink)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂aa©cúe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐓉𐒰","defs":["left","leftward","lefthand","on the left","drink\n(03/06/95/FH/pc:okc; 03/22/95/FH/pc:tape;\nMREI)","left; leftward;","drink","to drink something"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"a":"recognized by","e":"FH). hkilíhkôîπa, ∂áhta ki turn to\nyour left"}],"infl":"sync., _∂aahtà","xref":["waðáahtą"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓉𐒰́͘","defs":["drink","drink water, etc.","puff","puff on","smoke"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻̋ 𐒹𐓎̄𐓉𐒰́͘ 𐒴𐒰̋𐓉𐒰͘","e":"I'm drinking a lot of water"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒰 𐒴𐒰̋𐓉𐒰͘","e":"I drank coffee"},{"o":"𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́𐓆𐒰 𐓍𐒷́ 𐒴𐒰̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓋𐒷","e":"I'll just drink coffee"},{"o":"𐓈𐒰̋𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓇𐓈𐒰̋𐓉𐒰𐓄𐒷?","e":"what did you all drink?"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́","e":"we are going drinking [boozing]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓇𐒷","defs":["continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for standing 2nd singular or 2nd plural subject; may also be used for imminent future action or state"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["leftover","uneaten","items one was unable to eat","leftovers"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓌𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["improbably","against all odds","impossible","unable","improbably,\nagainst all odds. ðąącháži, wažážeíe šǫǫšǫ́we\nðée hkǫ́bra I want this Osage language to go on\nforever [against all odds]"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"ðée hkǫ́bra","e":"I want this Osage language to go on\nforever [against all odds]"}],"infl":"∂ààché + aâí neg"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓌𐒷́","defs":["eat","eat any article of food (never used in the abstract)","call on s.o.’s\nname;","eat\n(03/22/95/FH/pc:okt)","heart\n(03/22/95/FH/pc:tape)","possible; suitable, appropriate","call, pronounce, read","call (pronounce, read)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓜𐓘̋𐓲𐓟","a":"bráace","e":"I read it"},{"o":"𐓜𐓘̋𐓴𐓟","a":"bráache","e":"I ate it"},{"o":"𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓘̄͘𐓴𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"brée ðąąché hta mįkšé","e":"I might go to town"}],"infl":"uninfl. or impersonal form","xref":["ðuuc'áke"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓊𐒷́","defs":["call on someone's name","call, as by name","say the name of something or someone","call","define as","assign a name to something or someone","use a name for something or someone","say","pronounce","read","read (aloud)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["father","uncle (father's brother)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓌𐒷́","defs":["possible","suitable","appropriate","could","would","probable","look like","be at the point of happening","might","apt","able"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["heart","hearts (suit in a deck of cards)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/heart_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓆𐒱","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓂́𐓆𐒱","defs":["afraid"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓂́𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["afraid","scare","fright"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐓍𐒷","defs":["sweetheart","sweetheart. (MREI/t116,\n03/14/95/MREI/pc:ok; BE2.130). [Slang, calque\nof English.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓍𐓎̄𐓆𐒰̋𐒼𐒻","defs":["heart attack","broken heart","heart attack\n(04/13/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["broken heart","broken heart (MSB: 2-24-83)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻́𐒷","defs":["suffer from heartache, have a pain in the heart","heartache","V [stat., ðą́ące_níe ] [ðą́ące + níe]\nsuffer from heartache, have a pain in the"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓊𐒻́","defs":["a sign of past time"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["distributive sign","to each","here and there","now and then","to eat something"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","class_materials"],"vc":"brush"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓏𐒰́","defs":["count","count out","measure","compute","reckon","count (LS, FH).\nðaawá! count, say the numbers! (FH). • (trans.)\ncount out; measure"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂aawá","xref":["waðáawa","žą́ą wéðaawa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰́𐒽𐓂͘𐓈𐒰","defs":["deify","worship"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓐𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓐𐒻́͘","defs":["the drying up of a well","receding of a flood"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["break by mouth","break by biting or with the mouth","break, as a stick, by biting","bite off the end of a stick","break by mouth;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂aaxò","xref":["ðaaxǫ́ke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓐𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓐𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["break into pieces by mouth","chew","chew into pieces","bite into small pieces","break into\npieces by mouth; chew;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂aaxòke","xref":["waðáaxtake"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓐𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["bite","bite, as a dog or snake does"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰𐓐𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["crush by biting"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓒𐓂́","defs":["whoop","lulu","ululate"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["remain"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́","defs":["but","though"],"pos":"conn","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰́͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["but","though","although"],"pos":"conn","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒰𐓓𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒰̄𐓓𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["blow","blow on","blow, blow\non (RBn22-08; 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probably once limited to female speech but now optionally used by males as well)","oral period, used by females","an oral stop used by females"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰 𐓍𐒷","e":"I have felled it."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷","defs":["use them"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause something to happen to someone or something","make","have or make someone do something","allow","permit"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́ 𐒰𐒼𐒰́","defs":["this (person) sitting"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́ 𐒰𐓄𐒰́","defs":["these; with reference to people or animals"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["send","dispatch","make something go there","mail","let go","lead (in a card game such as pitch)","play a card (in a card game)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷 𐓈𐒰 𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐓌𐒷́","defs":["expresses certainty of a future event: 'that is how it will be'"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰̋͘, 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓂͘ 𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐓌𐒷́","e":"okay, we'll do it"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["this standing animate object","this curvilinear object","this part"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̄𐒼𐒰́","defs":["there","here","these","be here","in this place"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","e":"I'm here."}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/here_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰́ 𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["from this place","hence"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐒻𐓈𐓐𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓂","e":"He went homeward from this place."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̄𐒼𐒰́ 𐓊𐒻","defs":["be over here"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̋𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["one of these"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̄𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["this way","here","in this region","in this neighborhood","local"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐒼𐓎́","e":"come this way, in this direction, along this path"},{"o":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐒼𐓇𐒷","e":"this way, on this lying path [with positional𐒼𐓇𐒷]"}],"xref":["ðeekíha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["from this place","hence","therefore"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒱𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒱́𐒹𐒰","defs":["around this way","round about this way"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̋𐒼𐒷","defs":["these scattered"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"∂ée ‘that, this’ + ke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒷 𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̋𐒼𐒷 𐓊𐒻","defs":["sometimes","now and then","something scattered"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̄𐒼𐒻́𐒹𐒰","defs":["Dhegiha","those from around here","those from around\nhere; 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sore"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐒰𐓇𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓉𐒰𐓇𐓂͘","defs":["navel","umbilicus"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["this standing animate object"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["this time","meeting"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["from now on","from this time on","henceforth","from now on;"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["from this time","from\nthis time"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to dance from now on"},{"a":"hta mįkšé from now on","e":"I’m going to think good\nthoughts"}],"xref":["haatxą́ta"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓊𐒻","defs":["at this time"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"night at this time","e":"I must have been eating this\nbread"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓋𐒷","defs":["this collection or pile of inanimate objects","this collection inanimate objects","this standing inanimate object"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓍𐒰͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓍𐒰͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["this size","this large"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒷 𐓍𐒷𐓍𐒰͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","e":"He was swollen up to this size."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause to go","make go","send off an object","sudden action","send","transmit","mail","[(a)ðée ‘go there’ + ðe cau]\n(trans.) make go, cause to go; send; mail"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., ∂ée_∂e","vc":"ðe-causative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓐𐓂͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓐𐓂͘𐓈𐒰","defs":["cheek","cheeks"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓐𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐒹𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓐𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐒹𐒻́͘","defs":["whiskers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷̋𐓒𐒷","defs":["tongue","tongue (03/23/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["paasíke"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒷𐓒𐒷 𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒷́𐓒𐒷 𐒻𐓉𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["tip of the tongue"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻","defs":["sentence-final marker for command to singular addressee","imperative marker\nsentence-final marker for command to sg.\naddressee","be (a certain\nway)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓣́𐓟 𐓳𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓷𐓟́𐓵𐓘̄𐓭𐓘 𐓵𐓣","a":"brée ąžį ðíe hcíhta wéðaahpa ði","e":"I’m going\noutside but you stay inside and wait [for people]"},{"o":"𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll be the interpreter"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́𐓯𐓲𐓟 𐓜𐓣́͘𐓟","a":"wahóšce brį́e","e":"I’m small"},{"o":"𐓩𐓘́͘𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓣́͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"ną́ški níhkaši mį́ hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to live [be a\nhuman] one day at a time"}],"infl":"sync., _∂î; 2nd sg. usually nì, occasionally\n©cì or ∂anì; 1st sg. usually brì, occasionally\nmì or anì; 1st pl. wa∂ì."},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻-","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻","defs":["your","2nd person inalienable possessive\npronominal (‘your’, used with some kin terms,\ne.g., ðihcíko ‘your grandfather’)","2nd person patient pronominal (‘you’),\nused as subject of stative verbs and as object of\nactive verbs.\nði- (variant of ðu-).\nðí (variant of ðée)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wi- ‘my’"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻-","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻","defs":["you (object of active verbs)","you (subject of stative verbs)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["to be","be (a certain way)","live as, exist as","be characterized by [the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase]"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒰̋͘𐒼𐒷 𐒼'𐒰́͘𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻 𐒴𐒻͘𐒷","e":"I'm a fast runner"},{"o":"𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́ 𐒴𐒻́͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'll be the interpreter"},{"o":"𐓀𐓂́͘𐓄𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐓁𐒻́͘","e":"I'm the elder"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓇𐓊𐒷 𐒴𐒻́͘𐒷","e":"I'm small"},{"o":"𐓆𐓊𐒷́𐓊𐒷 𐓁𐒻́͘","e":"you're tall"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́","defs":["this one who stands, or who is the subject of an action"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰́","defs":["spread, spread out, as a cloth","spread a robe or blanket","smell"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync., _∂íbrà","xref":["áðubra"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́𐒴𐒰͘","defs":["smell"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒴𐒻́𐒴𐒰͘","e":"I smell it (e.g., cedar)."}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒻͘𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒻́͘𐓐𐒰","defs":["fart loudly","make a loud fart","break wind noisily"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒴𐓎𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒴𐓎̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["wad up","flatten","wad up;\nflatten"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂ibrúuska"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́𐒷","defs":["you","you (emphatic)","your turn","thou","thee","ye","you (emphatic). ðíe mąðí!\nyou go! (emphatic and contrastive, as in ‘I don’t\nwant to go, you go’). • your turn"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒰́͘","defs":["lift, pick up, hold up, or raise someone or something","lift, pick up, hold up, or raise s.o. or s.t.\n(02/15/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̋͘ 𐓇𐒷́ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒰́͘","e":"pick up that rock"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒰́͘ 𐓍𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he can't lift it"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́𐒴𐒻̄𐒹𐒰͘","e":"I lift you up"}],"infl":"sync., _ ∂iihå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒹𐒰́͘","defs":["feminine imperative ending - implies strong command or prohibition","command, if not preceded by waⁿda","prohibition, if preceded by waⁿda"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["sister-in-law (wife's sister) (your)","sister-in-law (brother's wife, of a male) (your)","your sister-in-law (used only when\nspeaking to a man, referring to his brother’s\nwife or his wife’s sister)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒻́","defs":["scare an animal out of its retreat","scare off an animal, even when it is on the open prairie","scare a bird, animal, etc., out of its retreat"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["play with something","fiddle with something","fool, tease","be mischievous or deceitful toward","play slyly or meanly with","deceive, mistreat, persecute (an animal or person)","play with s.t.,\nfiddle with s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓋𐒻𐓓𐒷́ 𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒻́𐓊𐒷 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","e":"don't play with the door"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒻́𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"he's not playing with them"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒻́𐓊𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻́","e":"they won't play with them"},{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐒻́𐓊𐒷 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"the children are playing with the water"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́𐒴𐒻̄𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I was teasing you"}],"infl":"sync., _ ∂iihíce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒿𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒿𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["pinch","grasp in the claws, as the crawfish did the raccoons"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒿𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒿𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["peel","pull off a hide, as from a deer","peel, as fruit, by pulling off the skin","pull off skin, as from an animal"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["mother (your)","your mother (used by anyone speaking\nto a man or a woman) (02/25/95/FH/pc:ok). įcé\nwaléze wį abrį́e, ðiihǫ́ ðíhta I have a picture of\nyour mother (02/25/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.90)","your mother"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́𐒹𐓂𐓉𐒰","defs":["play a joke on, fool, trick","your mother’s older sister (used by\nanyone speaking to a man or a woman;","your aunt (mother’s elder)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣́𐓵𐓣𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓟́","a":"íðilą ðí apé","e":"I have fooled them, she thought"},{"o":"𐓷𐓣́𐓜𐓣𐓡𐓪𐓰𐓙","a":"wíbrihotai","e":"I fooled you"}],"infl":"sync. _∂ihota","xref":["wahóta"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐓂͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["aunt (mother's older sister) your"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒹𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["aunt (mother's younger sister) (your)","your mother’s younger sister (used by\nanyone speaking to a man or a woman;","your aunt (mother’s younger; žį form)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","defs":["don't!"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["lack a thing","be devoid of","be lacking","not have something any longer","have nothing","be without any thing","be in want of","have none","there is none","none","gone","absent","extinct","nonexistent","lacking","pass away","vanish","not","not at all","[possibly\nfrom aðį́ ‘have’+ ðįké neg] (trans.) lack a thing,\nbe devoid of, be lacking, not have s.t. any\nlonger;","be\nnone; be gone, absent, extinct, nonexistent,\nlacking","have none, lack, not have anything","none, no, not any, there is no","lack (have no)","none (not any, there is no)","next (future)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟","a":"ąðį́įke","e":"I have\nnone"},{"o":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟","a":"mą́zeska ąðį́įke","e":"I don’t have\nany money. wé∂uwî ∂îké atxåhe I have nothing\nto buy with"},{"o":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟","a":"mą́zeska ąðį́įke","e":"I have no money"},{"o":"𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"pée ðįké","e":"I went to the house,\nno one was there"},{"o":"𐓣̄͘𐓯𐓰𐓪̋𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"įįštóolą ðįké","e":"I can’t see without my glasses"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["ðįįké"],"vc":"stative"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́ 𐓉𐒰","defs":["won't"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["exterminate"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["scratch","tickle","scratch; tickle"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂ik∏í∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒽𐓂́","defs":["grandmother (your)","mother-in-law (husband's mother) (your)","great aunt (mother's mother's sister) (your)","great aunt (father's mother's sister) (your)","mother's cousin (mother's mother's brother's daughter) (your)","father's cousin (father's mother's brother's daughter) (your)","your grandmother (paternal or\nmaternal) (02/03/95/FH/pc:ok);","your grandmother (any side)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒼'𐓂́","defs":["remove the entrails of an animal","remove entrails"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓂𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒽𐓂́𐓏𐒰","defs":["friend (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓃𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐒽𐓃́𐓐𐒷","defs":["turn someone/something around"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["sitting singular animate or inanimate positional article (follows a noun or pronoun [usually not the subject of a sentence] that represents a singular sitting entity or singular round entity)","lying down or horizontal inanimate plural positional article (follows an inanimate noun or pronoun [usually not the subject of a sentence] that would normally take the positional article 𐒼𐓇𐒷 'lying down, long' to show plurality of that noun or pronoun)","the one who","he or she who","the sitting animate object","the standing animate object","the curvilinear inanimate object","the curvilinear inanimate object (excluding land)","3rd person sitting continuative aspect marker"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒷̋ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"this one [man] here"},{"o":"𐓇𐒷̋ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐒼𐓎́ 𐓋𐒷𐒰","e":"tell him [sitting down] to come here"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂̋𐓈𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"the one sitting over there"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐒷́𐒼𐒻𐓄𐓇𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰?","e":"what is it you want me to say?"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒰","e":"look at him/her/that"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷𐓁𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́𐓁𐒰","defs":["he who was sitting in the past","they who were sitting together in the past"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́𐓊𐒻","defs":["to, by, or near the standing animate object","to, by, or near the one who"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓇𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓇𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["miss","fail at","be incorrect at, not get right (e.g., an action)","drop (e.g., an object or a comment into a conversation)","let slip (as a comment)","let slip away (as when one takes one's eyes off a person for a minute and he/she is gone)","failure to get a good grasp or hold","fail to grasp an object, letting the hand pass by it","fail to grasp, as an animal, which is too active, eluding capture","miss;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂ik©ìce","xref":["kakšį́ce"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["flirt","court","woo"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒷𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒷́𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","defs":["forked lightning","lightning that breaks into branches (forked lightning)","draw a forked or wavy line","forked lightning\n(lit., ‘making repeated stripes’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reduplicated form"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐒿𐓂͘𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐒿𐓂́͘𐓓𐒷","defs":["grind","grind up","chop","grind;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂ilòâe","xref":["ąkóną","eeną́","wíną"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓀𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓀𐓂́͘","defs":["sharpen","[perhaps ðu-/ði- instr +\nmą́ą/mǫ́ǫ ‘arrow’] (trans.) sharpen"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓀𐒰̋͘𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒻̄𐓀𐓂́͘","e":"sharpen the knife"}],"infl":"sync., _ ∂iimò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["be only you"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰","defs":["husband (your)","your husband (FHt#128a)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["níhka ðíhta"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓂𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓂́𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒷","defs":["the side of a solid inanimate object","the flank of an army, etc.","the side of a tribal circle, etc."],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["break a cord in two by pulling"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓄𐒻𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓄𐒻́𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["fart","pass air or gas","break wind"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓄𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓅𐓂́𐒷","defs":["match (for lighting fires)","match (for lighting fires) (LF only)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dry"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂ipúze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓆𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["turn, turn over","invert, reverse","turn, turn over; invert, reverse"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓜𐓣̄𐓮𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘","a":"briisą́ða","e":"I turned\nit over"}],"infl":"sync., _∂iiså∂a","xref":["liisą́ða"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓆𐒼𐒻́","defs":["grab","grasp someone by the scruff of the neck","wad up or wad together (e.g., clothing at the back of the neck)","grab;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _ ∂iiskí","xref":["hkilíiski","kaaskí","waðíiski"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻́","defs":["collect or assemble together"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐓂͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐓂́͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["brother (younger, of a female) (your)","your younger brother\n(used when speaking to a woman)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["brother (younger, of a male) (your)","your younger brother (used when\nspeaking to a man) (04/13/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓆𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["turn off"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂iistå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓆𐓈𐓂́𐓄𐒷","defs":["bless or give a blessing to with the hand (by touching a person's head or entire body: head, hands, heart, legs, feet)","bless or give a\nblessing to with the hand (by touching a\nperson’s head or entire body: head, hands,\nheart, legs, feet) (RBn10-2; FH:ok)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓣́𐓜𐓣𐓮𐓰𐓪𐓬𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wíbristope hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to give you a\nblessing"}],"infl":"sync., _∂i©tópe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒻𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒻́𐒼'𐒷","defs":["brother-in-law (husband's brother, of a female) (your)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a female) (your)","brother-in-law (husband's sister's husband, of a female) (your)","your brother-in-law (used when\nspeaking to a woman about her sister’s\nhusband, her husband’s brother, or her\nhusband’s sister’s husband)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒻́𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["sister-in-law (husband's sister, older or younger) (your)","sister-in-law (brother's wife) (your)","sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife) (your)","sister-in-law (your)","your sister-in-law (used when\nspeaking to a woman about her brother’s wife,\nher husband’s sister, or her husband’s\nbrother’s wife) (RBn14-10; (03/10/95/PM/pc:ok;\nFH/09/22/01/pc; BE2.122)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["šíkxą ðíhta"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐒼𐒻́","defs":["wring out a garment after washing it","wash (e.g., clothes, one's own or another's hair)","launder","wash (e.g., clothes, one’s own or another’s\nhair); launder","launder, wash clothes or hair","wash clothes or hair"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync., _∂ii©kí","xref":["hkilíiški","líiški","waðíiški"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐒼𐒷","defs":["wring clothing after washing it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻́͘𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["you too","you, for your part","you too, or for your part"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"contains\n©ki ‘also’","xref":["eeškítą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["finish","stop","stop (e.g., the weather stops doing something)","end","already (did something)","be finished (doing something) [approximate translation]","be finished","be through","be ready","drop","cease","let go of an object","finish or complete","stop; finish, end"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒵𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘?","e":"Are you ready?"},{"o":"𐓪𐓘́𐓻𐓶 𐓜𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","a":"oážu bríištą","e":"I’m finished planting"}],"infl":"sync., _∂ii©tà","xref":["ðaaštą́","kaaštą́","nǫ́ǫ ðiištą́"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["stop","make it end","make someone end something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["take off or remove a garment","undress","remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot)","pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓇𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["open (e.g., a can)","unlock and open (e.g., a door, a box)","pull open","unstrap","open (e.g., a can);","open, unlock","open (unlock)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓜𐓶̋𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟","a":"brúušupe","e":"I opened the house"}],"infl":"sync., _∂ii©úpe","xref":["wéðušupe"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["your","yours","yours, your (singular or plural 'you')","be yours","thy","thine","yours, your (sg. or\npl. ‘you’) (RB, 04/27/95/FH/pc). • v [inalien.] be\nyours","handle, knead, work s.t","pull; drag; tug"],"pos":"poss","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂iitå","xref":["ðiihtą́","oðíitą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["pull","drag","tug","pull, as with the hands","pull an object with the hands, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓉𐒰́͘","defs":["touch or feel an object with the hands","touch or feel","touch with the hand","feel someone or something","grasp","handle, knead, work something with the hand (e.g., when cutting up squash and removing seeds to get it ready to cook or when getting dance clothes ready to be used by hanging them out to air)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐓊𐒻̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓌𐒰̋𐓓𐒻𐒷","e":"you shouldn't touch it"},{"o":"𐒴𐒻̋𐓉𐒰͘","e":"I touched it"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐓍𐒻̄𐓉𐒰́͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","e":"don't touch the food"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓉𐒰́ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́","e":"don't touch it"},{"o":"𐒴𐒻̋𐓉𐒰͘","e":"I felt it"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓉𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["uncle (father's sister's husband) (your)","brother-in-law (wife's brother) (your)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a male) (your)","your father’s sister’s husband, your\npaternal uncle by marriage (used when\nspeaking to a man or a woman);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"more precise than","e":"English\n‘brother-in-law’)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["sister (older) (your)","your older sister (used by anyone\nspeaking to a man or a woman, referring both\nto a sister older than the addressee and to the\noldest of the addressee’s sisters [who may not\nbe older than the addressee])"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰̄𐓄𐒻","defs":["your (two or more of you)","your (two or more of you). [ðíhta\nmay also be used instead of ðíhtaapi.] hci\nðíhtaapi akxa žúucape your [pl.] house is red.\nákahamį ðíhtaapi akxa šcúuce?"],"pos":"poss","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓉𐒷́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["sister (younger) (your)","(variant: ðihtáežį)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓉𐓂́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["son-in-law (daughter's husband) (your)","your son-in-law (used by anyone\nspeaking to a man or a woman)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓈𐓂́𐓓𐒷","defs":["mash"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓋𐒷́","defs":["touch softly, as with a feather","barely touch","touch softly, as with a feather\nfan;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.?, _\n∂iihcé?"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́𐒼𐒻","defs":["uncle (mother's brother) (your)","your mother’s brother, your maternal\nuncle (used by anyone speaking to a man or a\nwoman) (02/27/95/JS/pc)","your uncle (mother’s brother)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐒼𐓂","defs":["grandfather (your)","grandfather (paternal or maternal) (your)","grandparents (your)","father-in-law (your)","your grandfather (paternal or\nmaternal);","your grandfather (any side)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓀𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓀𐒻","defs":["aunt (father's sister) (your)","your father’s sister (younger or\nolder), your paternal aunt","your aunt (father’s sister; any)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓁𐒻","defs":["daughter-in-law (son's wife) (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓋𐒻𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["niece (brother's daughter, of a female) (your)","(variant: ðihcóžąke)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻͘𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓋𐒻́͘𐓈𐓂","defs":["brother (older, of a female) (your)","your older brother (used only when\nspeaking to a woman)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dust or clean (e.g., the house)","move","remove","take away","dust or clean\n(e.g., the house)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰𐒿𐒻˙ 𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓒𐒷"}],"infl":"sync., _∂icíze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓓𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓓𐓂","defs":["cousin (father's sister's daughter) (your)","niece (sister's daughter, of a male) (your)","(variants: ðihcížǫ, ðihcížoe)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐓂𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["nephew (wife's brother's son) (your)","nephew (sister's son, of a male) (your)","nephew (brother's son, of a female) (your)","cousin (father's sister's son) (your)","grandchild (your)","your wife’s brother’s son, your\nsister’s son (used when speaking to a man);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓊𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐓄𐒰","defs":["grandchild (your)","your grandchild (RB,\nFH/09/24/01/ok)","your grandchild (general)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["father (your)","uncle (father's brother) (your)","your father","your father (also your father’s brother)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["uncle (father's brother) (your)","your paternal\nuncle, your father’s brother (used when\nspeaking to a man or a woman about his/her\nrelative)","your uncle (father’s brother; žį form)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓍𐒻́𐓆𐒼𐒻","defs":["collect or draw a number of things into one place","cause inanimate objects to be gathered together"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓏𐒰́𐒼'𐓂","defs":["wife (your)","your wife (04/27/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wak'ó"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻́𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["mother-in-law (your)","your mother-in-law (considered by\nsome to refer only to a male’s wife’s mother;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["wak'óžį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓏𐒰́𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["tame (e.g., a horse)","tame (e.g., a horse)\n(03/23/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.,\n_∂iwá©take"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐒻́","defs":["wake","[ðu-/ði- instr\n+ -xi ‘become awake’] (trans.) wake. ðixí!"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂ixí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓐𐓂́","defs":["drag","break by hand, break s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂iixò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["break by hand","break something long","break off a long item (e.g., a limb, sofa, car antenna) by using the hands","snap in two","break into two parts"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂́𐓄𐒷","defs":["revere","hold sacred","honor","respect","[ðu-/ði- instr + xópe]\n(trans.) revere;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.? _∂ixópe","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓐𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["drag along, as the raccoon does his tail"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓂𐓐𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓐𐓂́𐓐𐓂","defs":["keep dragging"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓐𐓈𐒰́͘","defs":["draw water or run water (e.g., into a bathtub)","pour","draw water or run\nwater (e.g., into a bathtub); pour"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂ixtà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓒𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓒𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["stretch","stretch, as distend","distend","stretch (FH)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂iizí∂e","xref":["hkilíiziðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓒𐓂́","defs":["make bend (e.g., bend a tree branch over with the hands)","make bend (e.g., bend a tree branch over with\nthe hands)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂iizó","xref":["ðaažóži","hkilíižoži"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒰","defs":["shake (a person, an object, or one's own body part, such as shaking the head; human agent only, not nonhuman agents such as wind)","arouse a person from a sound sleep by roughly shaking him","shake (a person, an object, or one’s\nown body part, such as shaking the head;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.?, _∂iâáâa?","xref":["ližážai"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["stretch an open skin by pulling"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["son (your)","nephew (brother's son, of a male) (your)","nephew (sister's son, of a female) (your)","your son;","your son (any; general term)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["ðihcóška"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["you too, or for your part"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["break wind","fart (with a small noise, by letting the air out slowly)","break wind, fart\n(with a small noise, by letting the air out\nslowly) (FH)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂iâíce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["brother (older, of a male) (your)","your older brother\n(used only when speaking to a man)\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐓂͘𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐓂́͘𐒰͘","defs":["sister (older, of a female) (your)","your older sister (used only when\nspeaking to a woman ) (03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["daughter (your)","niece (brother's daughter, of a male) (your)","niece (sister's daughter, of a female) (your)","your daughter (used when speaking to\na man or woman);","your daughter (any; general term)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐒻𐓓𐓂𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐒻̄𐓓𐓂́𐓓𐒻","defs":["hurt or harm another physically","mistreat","trouble or mistreat someone","harm another mentally, emotionally (e.g., by humiliating another or by dying)","cause another to suffer (purposely on the part of the agent)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂́𐒹𐒰","defs":["almost","nearly","about (to) (implies that the event is likely to occur)","almost, nearly,\nabout (to) (implies that the event is likely to\noccur)",". ðǫ́ha"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓪́𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟","a":"ðóha ąžį́įhe","e":"I’m about asleep"},{"o":"𐓵𐓪́𐓡𐓘 𐓘̄𐓧𐓟́𐓬𐓟","a":"ðóha aalépe","e":"I’m about to vomit"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́","defs":["two","the two of them","both of them","twice"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓁𐒰́𐓇𐒷 𐒷́[𐓍]𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼𐒰́𐒿𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐓍𐒷́","e":"Waanáše and I are going home [the two of us]"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́","e":"two horses"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒱́ 𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́ 𐒰𐓏𐒰́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","e":"I ate twice today"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["in two places","apart"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰́𐒹𐒰 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["divide in two","halve"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["two at a time","twin, twins. (04/06/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰́𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒻́𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["twins"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒻́͘","defs":["twice"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["straight"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂́𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["become acquainted with each other","make friends with each other","regard each other as friends","hold each other dear","take or regard each other as relatives, be related","[hkik- recip + ðótaðe] (intr.) become\nacquainted with each other;"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ∂ota_hki∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂́𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["be friendly with","dwell in friendship with instead of trying to kill","regard as a friend","regard as a\nfriend"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., ∂óta_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂𐓍𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂́𐓍𐓂","defs":["greasy","stain","greasy. íhaa ðóðo greasy mouth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂́𐓐𐒷","defs":["buffalo","a kind of bison, or buffalo with reddish-yellow hair, and long legs (the other buffaloes are dark)","Buffalo clan","buffalo; Buffalo clan"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓂͘𐓐𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓂́͘𐓐𐓎","defs":["lung","lungs"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎-","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎","defs":["action by hand","cause, make (not necessarily by hand)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒰́𐓐𐒷","defs":["pull up, as a blanket, and uncover what is beneath"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["open (e.g., a door, a window, the lid on a box)","open (e.g., a\ndoor, a window, the lid on a box)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uuáze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["tear, as clothing, by pulling","tear or break open by hauling"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒷𐓒𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒷́𐓒𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["make wither, and droop, past recovery, as vegetation, by pulling or holding"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒻́͘","defs":["turn around in a circle, as an auger"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒰𐓇𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒰́𐓇𐒻͘","defs":["turn an object inside out"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒰𐓇𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒰̋𐓇𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["make inside out","turn wrong side out","[ðu-/ði- instr +\nháašįðe] (trans.) make inside out, turn wrong\nside out (RBn10-15)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uháa©î∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒰́𐓋𐒻","defs":["remove with his family to a short distance"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒹𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐒹𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["lighten","make lighter or smaller","[ðu-/ði- instr +\nhépe] (trans.) lighten, make lighter or smaller"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uuhépe","xref":["hkilúuhepe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒹𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐒹𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["pull down","lower by pulling (e.g., a window shade)","take down, remove (from a high place such as a shelf or from the wall, such as pictures)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒼𐒰́","defs":["husk corn","pull the husk from an ear of corn"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒼𐒰𐓀𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐒽𐒰̋𐓀𐒰͘","defs":["ring","ring the bell","press the doorbell","ring, as a bell, by pulling a rope","ring;","ring a bell or doorbell","ring (ring a bell or doorbell)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.,\n_∂uuhkáamà","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐒽𐒻́𐒽𐒻͘","defs":["curl (as a person's hair)","make curly"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒽𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["be cramped","cramp","drawn up, cramped, as the muscles of the hand, foot, leg, or stomach"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̋𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["make angry","[ðu-/ði- instr + ólą]\n(trans.) make angry"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂úulà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["uncoil or straighten what is coiled","undo a string by pulling","undo a string by pulling it","unravel or unbraid with the hand","unbraid or unravel with the hand"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰","defs":["miss, as in trying to grasp any object","fail to grasp an object because it is too large","fail to grasp any object, because it is too large","drop an object because he has but a slight hold on it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐒿𐒰́𐓏𐒰","defs":["spread, spread out (e.g., a tarpaulin, a blanket, corn to be dried)","spread,\nspread out (e.g., a tarpaulin, a blanket, corn to\nbe dried)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uuláwa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐒿𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["cause to break, cause to shatter","break or shatter with the hands (e.g., a dish, an egg, a lightbulb, a window)","[ðu-\n/ði- instr + léke] (trans.) cause to break, cause\nto shatter;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uuléke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["make striped by drawing something over or across an object","draw stripes"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓀𐒰͘𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓀𐒰́͘𐓇𐒻","defs":["pull up","hold up","raise","lift","[ðu-/ði- instr + mą́ši] (trans.) pull up;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uumå©i"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓀𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓀𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["lift, hold high, raise up, turn up","lift, hold\nhigh, raise up, turn up (RBn19-05)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂umá∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓅𐒰̋𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["raise","[ðu-/ði- instr +\nhpaahą́] (trans.) raise"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uhpá∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓄𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓅𐒰́𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒻́𐓊𐒷","defs":["make one stoop or bow the head by pulling his hair, neck, or arm"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓄𐒰́𐓐𐒰","defs":["pull apart","tear apart (e.g., a tree limb from the trunk)","pull apart;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂upáxa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["lighter","flashlight","matches","lighter,\nflashlight, match"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"∂u-/∂i- instr + hpéece"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓄'𐒻͘𐓄'𐒻͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓄'𐒻́͘𐓄'𐒻͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["blink repeatedly","[reduplicated\nform of ðup'į́ze] (intr.) blink repeatedly (FH)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂up∏ìp∏îze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓄'𐒻͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓄'𐒻́͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["close one's eyes","blink","close one’s\neyes, blink"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂up∏ìze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["harm, do harm to","make something bad","ruin","harm, do\nharm to;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uhpíiâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓄𐓐𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓄𐓐𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["find out (e.g., about someone's activities)","investigate (e.g., by questioning)","find out\n(e.g., about s.o.’s activities);"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uupxá∂e","xref":["waðúupxai","wáopxá"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒰̋𐒼𐒻","defs":["shock","stun","instill fear in","[ðu-/ði- instr +\nsaakí] (trans.) shock, stun, instill fear in\n(01/26/95/FH/pc:prod orig)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂usáaki","xref":["ðą́ące ðuusáaki"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒰͘𐓆𐒰͘𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒰́͘𐓆𐒰𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["twist, twist around (e.g., a crepe paper streamer)","shake","turn over and over","twist,\ntwist around (e.g., a crepe paper streamer);\nshake;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.?, _∂usåsàwî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓆𐒷́","defs":["cut (e.g., with scissors)","cutter","cut, as with scissors","[ðu-/ði- instr + se (root\nnot found as an independent word)] (trans.) cut\n(e.g., with scissors)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓭𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓜𐓶̋𐓮𐓟","a":"hpáxį brúuse","e":"I cut my hair"}],"infl":"sync., _ ∂uusé"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰","defs":["tie a pack or bundle very tightly, so as to make an indentation"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓆𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐓂","defs":["straighten","straighten out, arrange, tidy, tidy up","smooth out (e.g., one's clothes, icing on a cake, one's hair with a hand, comb, or brush, or the soil after planting seeds)","straighten up (e.g., the rows when planting a garden)","straighten;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _ ∂uustáko"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒷","defs":["make one gash or slit, as in the skin of the hand, or in clothing, with scissors, or by pulling against some sharp object, as a blade of grass which breaks in the hand"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓊𐒷𐓆𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓋𐒷́𐓆𐒷𐒼𐒷","defs":["tear into shreds, as clothing, by pulling briers, etc., from it, or by pulling the garments themselves","cut into shreds with scissors"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐒰́𐓏𐒰","defs":["undress, take clothes off (another person or oneself)","undress,\ntake clothes off (another person or oneself)\n(FH). [Despite its apparent meaning, the verb is\nnot reflexive or suus in form.] brúušawa hta\nmįkšé I’m going to undress him"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uu©áwa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐒰𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐒰́𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["tie up","restrain by tying (e.g., a belligerent or uncontrollable person)","take off a person's clothes (e.g., a child's clothing before a bath)","undress someone","denude","tie up;"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uu©áwî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘","defs":["start (e.g., a car motor)","place in operation","[ðu-\n/ði- instr + šką́] (trans.) start (e.g., a car\nmotor);"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uu©kå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐒼𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["untie (e.g., a horse)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _\n∂uu©káke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰́𐓄𐒰","defs":["carry someone who has his/her arms around one from the back","carry piggyback","swim supporting a child in the water","carry s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂u©kápa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐓂́͘","defs":["bend one's limb or body part (e.g., leg or arm)","dislocate by pulling out of place","dislocate by pulling","bend one’s limb or body part (e.g., leg or arm)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uu©ò","xref":["ðiizó"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓄𐒷́","defs":["pull off a piece from the surface of an object"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓄𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓄𐓎́","defs":["shell dried corn with the hand","shell, as corn","shelled, as of corn"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂u©pú","xref":["páašpue"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́","defs":["make bald or bare","jerk someone's hair out","denude","[ðu-/ði- instr + štáha]\n(trans.) make bald or bare, jerk s.o.’s hair out;\ndenude"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uu©tá","xref":["ðuuštáštai","hpeeštá"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["iron","[ðu- instr + štáha]\n(trans.) iron"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uu©táha","xref":["waðúuštaha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐒰","defs":["calm","[presumably ðu-\n/ði- + štáke] (trans.) calm"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uu©táka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["undress","relieve someone of clothing","undress,\nrelieve s.o. of clothing"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., ∂uu©táke","xref":["ðuuštá","hkilúuštake"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓈𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓈𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["pull off, as a garment","pull an object out of a hole, etc."],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎́𐓉𐒰","defs":["birds of the pigeon genus, including doves","dove or pigeon known to the Osages"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["make round"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰́𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒰","defs":["make grass, etc., wither by pulling or holding"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓉𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["pull open or apart","make a rope come unplaited by dragging it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓉𐒰́𐓓𐒰","defs":["protrude or stick out in a round shape (e.g., have one's rear end sticking out)","protrude or\nstick out in a round shape (e.g., have one’s rear\nend sticking out)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uhtáâa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓈𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["turn off","switch off","extinguish","put out a fire with the hands","put out a light"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓊'𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["be unable to","fail","fail at","unable to do, make, or complete anything, as for want of sufficient time","unable to lift or pull an object because it is too heavy","go set, as in a card game","be unable\nto do, fail at"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓜𐓶̋𐓲'𐓘𐓤𐓟","a":"brúuc'ake","e":"I can’t"},{"o":"𐓜𐓶̋𐓲'𐓘𐓤𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓻𐓣́","a":"brúuc'ake mąží","e":"I didn’t\ngo set"}],"infl":"sync., _ ∂uuc∏áke","xref":["óðuuc'ake"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓊𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓊𐒰́𐓅𐒰","defs":["break, as cord, or a stick, by pulling with the hands"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓊𐒷́","defs":["eat in small pieces, one by one, as marrow taken from a bone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓊𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓋𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["lift","handle, deal with, manage","lift. į́į htą\nkootáha wáli lą́ąðe, ðuhcépe įká that big rock\nover there is really big, don’t lift it"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uhcépe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎́𐓋𐓎","defs":["rib","ribs"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["make good","fix, remedy","bless","[ðu-/ði- instr + ðáalį]\n(trans.) make good; fix, remedy; bless. ónǫbre\nche šcuðáalį bless this food"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂u∂áalî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓏𐒰́𐓆𐓎","defs":["clean up","cleanse","clean, disinfect (e.g., a buffalo hide)","clean up; cleanse; clean,\ndisinfect (e.g., a buffalo hide)\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ok)","clean, clean up"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync.,\n_∂uuwásu","xref":["hkilúuwasu","wasúhu"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎́𐓏𐒷","defs":["waist","diaphragm","rib cage","side of a person","waist; diaphragm; rib cage"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎́𐓏𐒷 𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓆𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["girth"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒷𐓁𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎́𐓏𐒷𐓁𐒻𐒷","defs":["pneumonia","pneumonia (lit.,\n‘diaphragm hurt’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"∂úwe + níe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻́͘","defs":["buy","to buy something"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒴𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I am buying it"},{"o":"𐒴𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰 𐓍𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","e":"I don't want to buy it"},{"o":"𐒴𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒰̄͘𐓌𐒷́ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́, 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓒𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰 𐒷̋𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒴𐒻͘ 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́","e":"I am unable to buy it, I don't have enough money"},{"o":"𐓂𐓏𐒷́ 𐓍𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒴𐒷̋","e":"I'm going to buy groceries"},{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻 𐒽𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒰́𐒴𐓎𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒴𐒷̋","e":"I'm going to buy the kids some apples"}],"infl":"sync., _∂uwì","xref":["kíðuwį","lúwį","waðúwį"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰́𐓏𐒰","defs":["fold back from, as a sleeve or pants, with the hand"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["pursue","chase","mate","take as a sexual partner"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒻́𐓍𐒰","defs":["pull a person, etc., to the ground, as when he has been standing","pull down a person, etc.: said of what touches the ground at one end"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐓂́","defs":["draw","make marks on paper, etc.","make such marks as are made on arrows","make such marks as are on arrows"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒷","defs":["lose something","lose s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync.,\n_∂uuxpá∂e","xref":["lúuxpaðe","oxpáðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["lift off","remove, take down (e.g., from a shelf or the back of a truck)","unload","lift off; remove, take down (e.g., from a\nshelf or the back of a truck); unload"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uxpáwî","xref":["oxpáðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓒𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒰́𐓓𐒻","defs":["reject","[ðuuzé + aží neg]\n(trans.) reject (lit., ‘not take’)\n(01/31/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., _∂uuzáâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒷́","defs":["take","receive","accept","select","choose","get","draw (water)","gather or pick (e.g., fruit)","pick flowers or berries","select, choose; take; get;","take, choose, select","choose (select, take)","select (choose, take)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓣́𐓟 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓜𐓶̄𐓺𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"íe ðíhta wíbruuze hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll\ntake your word for it"}],"infl":"sync., _∂uuzé","xref":["kiðúuze","kilúuze","lúuze"],"vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓓𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒰́","defs":["wash","wash (e.g., dishes, parts of the body, food items, a car)","wash (e.g., dishes, parts of the\nbody, food items, a car) (03/16/95/JS/pc;\nFH:3/21/96)","wash (dishes, a car, etc.; not one’s own)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓷𐓘́𐓜𐓶̄𐓻𐓘","a":"hį́įce ški wábruuža","e":"I washed\ndishes, too"}],"infl":"sync.,\n_∂uuâá","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓓𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓓𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["peel, as a cooked potato, by pulling off the skin","peel off bark (not human or animal skin)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓍𐓎𐓓𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓍𐓎𐓓𐓂́𐒷","defs":["remove the skin or hull of any object by cutting with a knife (the knife being drawn toward the agent)","hull, as beans, hazelnuts, walnuts, etc., when green"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["tail feathers of a bird","tail or tail feathers of a bird"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓎𐓊𐒷́","defs":["the base or lower part of a mountain, stream, etc."],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓎𐓊𐒷𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓎𐓊𐒷́𐓉𐒰","defs":["below","down from above","at the foot or bottom"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓎𐓊𐒷𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓎𐓊𐒷́𐓉𐒰","defs":["Little Osages"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓎𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓎́𐓓𐒷","defs":["vagina","the vagina of a woman"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰","defs":["us (on verbs)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰","defs":["we (on adjectives)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰","defs":["valence reducer","them","something"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰-","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰","defs":["a sign of the subject of an action"],"pos":"verb > verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒴𐒰͘𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒴𐒰́͘𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["perfume"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒴𐒰́͘𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒴𐒰́͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he/she smells like perfume"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘","defs":["yarn"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒰́͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["yarn work (as product or activity)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒷𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒷́𐒹𐒷","defs":["weak (e.g., a human, an animal, an object, or a material)","weak (e.g., a human, an animal, an\nobject, or a material). áalįį wahéhe tǫpéwai the\nchair looks weak"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰̋𐒿𐒻̄͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒷́𐒹𐒷 𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷́𐓏𐒱","e":"the chair looks weak"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒷́𐒹𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́ 𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓆𐒻́𐓆𐒻 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I am weak, but thou art strong (line in a Christian hymn)"},{"o":"𐓧𐓣𐓩𐓟 𐓣𐓩 𐓘","a":"line in a","e":"Christian hymn)"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/weak_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","defs":["funny, amusing, or comical person","one who is always making people laugh","joker","clown","funny, amusing, comical","funny,\namusing, or comical person, one who is always\nmaking people laugh, joker, clown. • adj funny,\namusing, comical"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reduplicated form of wahóta","xref":["waðíhohota"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐒼'𐒰","defs":["small, little","young","small amount","reduced quantity"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐒼'𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐒼'𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["very small or very young"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓇𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓇𐓊𐒷","defs":["small, little","narrow, slim","small"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓈𐒰","defs":["be funny, amusing, comical"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["gun","handgun","rifle","shotgun","pistol","revolver",")] gun, handgun, rifle, shotgun, pistol,\nrevolver (perhaps lit. ‘cause things to cry out’\n[LF])"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val +\nhóohtà (or perhaps wa- val + hóohtà + ∂e cau\n[LF"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓄𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂̋𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓄𐒰̋𐓐𐓂͘","defs":["breech-loading shotgun","breech-\nloading shotgun (lit., ‘gun that breaks by\npushing on’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"ó- loc + paaxò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["pistol"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["make fun of someone","make fun\nof s.o. (LS)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., wahóta_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂́𐓏𐒰𐒹𐒰́","defs":["Potawatomi (tribe or tribal member)","Potawatomi (tribe or tribal\nmember) (ERE, unconfirmed;\n03/08/95/PM/pc:uk; 04/18/95/FH/pc:uk)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓃","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓃́","defs":["address folks with respect","address as friends and relatives"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂̋͘ 𐓅𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","e":"I don't know how to address folks"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓂̋͘ 𐓁𐒰 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰̋𐓄𐒰 𐓁𐓂̋͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰","e":"they said we should show this respect, the elders"},{"o":"𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒻́𐒹𐓃𐓄𐒻","e":"I address you all as friends and relatives"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷, 𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘, 𐓏𐒻𐓆𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰, 𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒻́𐒹𐓃𐓄𐒻","e":"sisters, elder brothers, younger brothers, I wish to address you with respect [man speaking]"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐓂́͘𐒰, 𐓏𐒻𐓉𐒰́𐒷𐓓𐒻͘, 𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻́͘𐓈𐓂, 𐓏𐒻𐓆𐓂͘𐒰, 𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒻́𐒹𐓃𐓄𐒻","e":"elder sisters, younger sisters, elder brothers, younger brothers, I wish to address you with respect [woman speaking]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓃𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓃́𐒼𐒷","defs":["orphan","be an orphan","an orphan, without family","orphan (without family)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎́","defs":["bone","bones","bone (01/06/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎́𐒽𐒰","defs":["fork","fork\n(01/30/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.50)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fork_hl.mp3","infl":"wa- val ‘stuff’ + húhka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎́𐓁𐒻","defs":["arthritis","rheumatism","lumbago","arthritis, rheumatism,\nlumbago (lit., ‘bone hurt’) (01/06/95/FH/pc: ok;\nBE2.4)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wahú + níe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎́𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["button","button (lit., ‘little\nbone’) (04/07/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wahú + âîká"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐒰́͘","defs":["glad, happy, joyous","exult","war honors"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["dirty","dirty (RBn10-3:MOJ/79;\n01/20/95/FH/pc:uk; MSB 2-25-83). [Possibly\nborrowed from Spanish guácala or guácatela\n‘yuck! ugh! dirty!’] waðílą wákalą ą́ðiicíza take\nthese dirty thoughts away (RBn10-3:MOJ/79)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻̄𐓊𐒻́𐓒𐒰","e":"take these dirty thoughts away"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["wire brush"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["boss","be a boss"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓒𐓂","defs":["judge, examine an issue","inspector","judge"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["drive","driver, chauffeur","garage","[wa- val + kaaží] (intr.) drive"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰̋𐓓𐒻 𐓅𐒻́𐓀𐓂͘","e":"I know how to drive"},{"o":"𐓍𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓓𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓏𐒷́ 𐓋𐒻 𐓊𐒻 𐒴𐒷̋ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"if you will drive, I want to go to the grocery store"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰̋𐓓𐒻 𐓏𐒻𐓉𐒰 𐓋𐓎́𐓑𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","e":"that's my driver, he's a little dried up guy"}],"infl":"reg., wa_káaâi","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻́𐒼'𐓎","defs":["give away to folks who are family","[wa- val + wak'ú\n(valence-reduced form, but may be used\ntransitively)] (trans.) give away to folks who are\nfamily"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., wa_kík∏u"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐒻́𐒿𐒻𐓊'𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["cripple"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̋𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒰̄𐓌𐒷","defs":["skirt with ribbon work or other decorations","skirt with ribbon work or other\ndecorations (03/10/95/PM/pc; FH:4/24/96/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒷́ 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐒵𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","e":"my skirt is short"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̋𐓌𐒷 𐓂𐒹𐒻́𐓓𐒻","e":"my skirt does not go around"}],"xref":["wáache"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̋𐒼𐒻𐓄𐒷𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["wraparound skirt","blanket wrapped around like a skirt","wraparound skirt;","a wrap-around skirt","wrap-around skirt"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"probably wa- val + ki-\ninceptive(?) + ápetxa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻́𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","defs":["repay for, reimburse (for)","repay","remunerate","[wa- val + kíšupe]\n(trans.) repay for, reimburse (for)\n(03/06/95/FH/pc). [Expected (but unattested)\ninflectional forms: áwakišupe ‘I reimburse her\nfor it’, waðákišupe ‘you reimburse her for it’,\nąwákišupape ‘we reimburse her for it’.]"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.? wa_kí©upe","xref":["kašúpe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́","defs":["woman","wife","wife (my)","queen (in a deck of cards)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/woman_sr.mp3","xref":["ðiwák'o","iwák'o"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰͘𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰͘𐒼𐓂̋͘","defs":["quickly"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐒷̋𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["womanly"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂 𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["wife (his/her)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐓂͘𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐓀𐒰̄͘𐓍𐓂́͘𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["wife stealer","wife\nstealer (lit., ‘steals wife/wives constantly’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wak∏o + màà∂ò + ©tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂 𐓁𐓂͘𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐓁𐓂̄͘𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["prostitute","woman of bad reputation","wayward woman","prostitute, woman of bad\nreputation (RBn11-02/JW&FW;\nRB/HHsk/c.1976)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["widower","widower (lit., ‘woman none’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂 𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["make love to a woman","flirt with a woman"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["wife (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂 𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["wife (my)","woman (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́𐓅𐒰","defs":["daughter (first) (my)","eldest daughter","eldest daughter. [Kinship terms\nending in -hpa may be baby names;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂𐓄𐒰 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́𐓅𐒰 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["daughter (first) (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["daughter (first) (my)","daughter (eldest) (my)","daughter (first) (your)","daughter (eldest) (your)","daughter (first) (his/her)","daughter (eldest) (his/her)","(my/your/his/her, etc.) eldest\ndaughter, first daughter (01/09/95/FH/pc:prod).\n[Used by Grayhorse and Hominy Osages.]\nwak'óhtą hcí ðe ée aðį́ apa, hcílepa ðée káaɣe\nmy daughter has this house, she’s making a\nhome in it"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰","defs":["God","Mysterious Being"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/great_mystery_god_creator_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻́𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒰̋𐒼𐒷","defs":["preacher","preacher (lit., ‘tells God’s\nword’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["Jesus Christ","Jesus Christ (lit., ‘God’s son’)\n(02/13/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒹𐒰͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐒻𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["Merry Christmas!"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["mother of Jesus, Mary","mother of Jesus, Mary\n(lit., ‘God’s son’s mother’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"making the cedar like","e":"Mary’s hair"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻̋𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["Christmas"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["heaven","heaven (lit., ‘God’s land’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻","defs":["be a doctor, physician, healer, minister of a religious group, preacher","a person who has knowledge of medicine","physician","doctor","one who pretends to communicate with the dead","necromancer","occult","magic","holy","sacred","anything held sacred"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/doctor_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́","defs":["sorceress"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓈𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰𐓋𐒻","defs":["church","house of God","church, house of\nGod.\nwahkǫ́taki. v, n [stat., wa_hkǫ́taki] (intr.) (be a)\ndoctor, physician, healer, minister of a religious\ngroup, preacher (04/07/95/LS/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"wahkòta + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂́𐓒𐒷","defs":["teach","teacher","minister"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm teaching Osage language"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓂́͘𐓒𐒷 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm a teacher of Osage language"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/teacher_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["mother-in-law (my)","mother-in-law","crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman (used both to refer to her and to address her)","my mother-in-law; mother-in-law.\n[According to some speakers, used only for the\nmother of the wife of a male"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðíwak'óžį","íwak'óžį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰͘𐒼𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰͘𐒼𐓂̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["right away","immediately"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["mother-in-law (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["mother-in-law (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒷́","defs":["mean, intend, have in mind","mean any thing","mean, intend,\nhave in mind"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓣́𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓣́𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"ðíe wawíkše","e":"I mean you"}],"infl":"reg., wa_k©é"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒻́𐓂͘𐓒𐒷","defs":["teach things to someone","[wa- val + kšíǫze] (trans.) teach\nthings to s.o"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+(sync. nasal vowel stem),\nwa_k©í(_)ôze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓎́","defs":["give away to folks","loan, provide for, feed folks","[wa- val + k'ú (but\nsometimes used as transitive)] (trans.) give away\nto folks"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., wa_k∏ú","xref":["haawálele"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒼𐓎𐓊'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓎́𐓊'𐒰","defs":["lame","lame (RB)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐒿𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["menstrate","[wa- val + áalake]\n(intr.) menstruate (02/24/95/FH/pc:ok;\n03/01/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒰̄𐒿𐒰́𐒼𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"my wife is menstruating"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐒿𐒰́𐒼𐒻 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"she's menstruating"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["áalake"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐒿𐒷","defs":["flag","American flag","staff with feathers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/flag_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["paper, stationary, posterboard, or any other paper or document containing text","book","paper, stationery,\nposterboard, or any other paper or document\ncontaining text (lit., ‘something striped’).\n[Contrasts with htaną́k'a ‘stationery, paper for\nmaking signs, blank paper’;","letter","newspaper, book, printed material","book (printed matter in general)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/book_sr.mp3","infl":"wa- val + léze","xref":["óðaake waléze"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["secretary, record-keeper for tribal council"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷 𐓄𐒻𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷 𐓅𐒻́𐓂͘","defs":["educated","literate","learned"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["Bible","Bible (lit.,\n‘black book’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻́","defs":["stingy","uncharitable","unwilling to give","selfish","undue value placed upon certain property","very,\nindeed, really, extremely, so very, a great deal, a\nlot, so very much (used also in expressions with\n‘too much’)","very, really","very (really)"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["kíwalį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["very","very much","greatly","indeed","really","extremely","so very","a great deal","a lot","so very much (used also in expressions with 'too much')"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐓁𐓎̄𐓓𐓎́𐓄𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐒰, 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒹𐓂́͘𐓄𐒱́ 𐓁𐒻̄𐓓𐓂́𐓄𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"last night it must have rained a lot, the children today are wading"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓈𐓂̋𐓊𐒷𐒹𐒰𐓄𐒷, 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐓁𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒱́","e":"he eats too much and he doesn't do anything but dance"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓂̋͘","defs":["call folks names","[wa- val + lǫ́ǫ] (intr.) call folks\nnames"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒻̋ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓂̋͘ 𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","e":"that person coming sure likes to call people names (cuss them out)"},{"o":"𐓈𐓂́𐓏𐒰 𐓍𐒷 𐒺𐓎 𐓍𐒷̋ 𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓂̋͘ 𐓇𐓈𐒰","e":"that person coming there likes to call people names"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown, presumed reg.,\n_walòô"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["bug","insect","insects","worm","vermin","joker (in a deck of cards)","bug, insect, worm, vermin, joker (in\na deck of cards) (RBn12-\n10/MOJ01/19/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.13). [A\npurported word wákluška ‘witch’ that appears in\nsome teaching materials probably actually\nrepresents an older pronunciation of walúška\n‘bug, vermin’ (perhaps waglúška?). The\nconsonant cluster kl is otherwise unattested\nin Osage.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bug_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒰 𐓇𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒰̋ 𐓇𐓂̄𐒼𐒰́","defs":["beetle or other bug with thick outer layer or exoskeleton","beetle or other bug with\nthick outer layer or exoskeleton"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒻͘ 𐓇𐒼𐓂́𐓄𐒷","defs":["caterpillar"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒻͘𐓇𐓈𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐒻̄͘𐓇𐓈𐒰́ 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["praying mantis","praying mantis (lit., ‘bug\nwith big eyes’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐒿𐓎́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["cricket"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓀𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["travel, go on a mission or on a journey, be engaged in going places (such as going over to someone's house to ask for something)","errand, mission","[wa- val + mąðį́]\n(intr.) travel, go on a mission or on a journey,\nbe engaged in going places (such as going over\nto s.o.’s house to ask for s.t.)\n(03/23/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓀𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘ 𐒴𐒷̋","e":"I'm going to go do something"}],"infl":"sync., wamå_∂î"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓍𐓂͘","defs":["steal","steal something","steal things","thievery","theft","stealing","robbery","[wa- val + mąąðǫ́] (intr.) steal, steal s.t., steal\nthings (03/14/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓀𐓂̄͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he stole from you"}],"infl":"sync., wamåà_∂ô","xref":["wamą́ąðǫštą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐓂͘𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓍𐓂͘𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["thief","robber"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","class_materials"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰𐓀𐒰̋͘𐓍𐓂͘𐓇𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒷 𐓂𐒴𐒻̋͘𐒼𐒷","e":"I caught the thief"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰́𐓇𐒷","defs":["take care of","whipman, whip, soldier","whipman"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓂́𐓄𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰́𐓇𐒷","e":"take care of the bundle"}],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["spirit","holy spirit","ghost","soul"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐓐𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷 𐓀𐒰́͘𐓓𐒰͘","defs":["spirit land"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["give things away, hold a giveaway","giveaway (ceremony at iloⁿshga dances and other special occasions)","[likely a borrowing from\nPonca] (intr.) give things away, hold a giveaway.\n[Giving away is a custom at the annual Osage\nwar dances on the last day, when blankets,\nshawls, groceries, cash, and other items are\ngiven to others in appreciation.] waníðe hta\napái they are going to give away [stuff]\n(01/31/95/FH/pc:ok)","giveaway items gifted at the dances or the Giveaway event itself","Giveaway (capitalized for the event; lowercased for items gifted at the Giveaway)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., waní_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓁𐓂̋͘","defs":["elder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓁𐓂̋͘ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒷𐓊𐒻́ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","e":"it's good that there is an elder in here"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/elder_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["fast, not eat, not be eating, have no appetite","[wanǫ́bre +aží]\n(intr.) fast, not eat, not be eating, have no\nappetite (01/06/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., wa_nòbraâi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷","defs":["eat","eat a meal","eat, in general","to have eaten","dine","meal","breakfast, dinner, or supper","dinner","supper (meal served at noon or in the evening)","nourishment","food","peyote","dine, eat\n(01/06/95/FH/pc). áwanǫbre I eat","to dine (also dinner)","dine (also dinner)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐓌𐒷 𐒴𐒰̋𐓇𐓈𐒰","e":"it is good that I have eaten, I'm finished"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷?","e":"did you eat?"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want you to eat"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒰𐓄𐒷?","e":"have you [pl.] eaten?"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰","e":"the horse is eating [while standing still]"}],"infl":"reg., wa_nòbre","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["peyote tea"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷𐓁𐒻̄ 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐓂𐓇𐓊𐒷́?","e":"is there any peyote tea left?"}],"infl":"wanòbre + níi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐒴𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷𐓋𐒻","defs":["restaurant","cafe"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐓄'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐓄'𐒻͘","defs":["necklace","gorget","choker","medallion","medal (part of Osage dance clothing)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/necklace_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓂́͘","defs":["do stuff","do things","V [sync"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓂𐓄𐓐𐒰","defs":["find out or understand things","[wa- val + kíopxa]\n(intr.) find out or understand things"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat., wá_opxa","xref":["ðuupxáðe","waðúupxai"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰́͘","defs":["call","holler for folks","invite people","[reg. ki-del. + sync","[wa- val + pą́]\n(intr.) call, holler for folks, invite people"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.+sync., wa_ _på"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓄𐒰 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰","defs":["Delaware (tribe or tribal member)","Delaware (tribe or tribal\nmember). [Claimed to mean ‘water nation’\n(RB).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰́͘ 𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐓂́͘","defs":["calling songs (sung at the start of the annual war dances, in a fixed order)","calling songs (sung at the start of\nthe annual war dances, in a fixed order)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰̋𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","defs":["pencil","pen","pencil, pen\n(lit., ‘makes marks on stuff by pushing down\non’)","pencil, pen","writing\n(such as a letter)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/pencil_sr.mp3","infl":"ó- loc + á- loc + páaleze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰́𐓆𐒷","defs":["butcher","one who cuts things using a sharp edge","[wa- +paasé] (trans.) cut, splice (lit., ‘cut\nsomething by pushing’). • n cutting, cut\n(04/25/95/PM/pc:ok; FH)","butcher, one\nwho cuts things up (lit., ‘cuts things using a\nsharp edge’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val ‘stuff’ + páse"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓅𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["perform surgery on folks","butcher, cut up meat"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰̋𐓌𐒷","defs":["sew","sew things together","sew, sew things together (RBn1-\nMOJ/p50; 03/08/95/FH/pc:okc: wáa; BE2.119;\n03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok). [Contrast wáapaache\n‘ribbon work’.]","ribbon work"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"sync. k>p, wa_páache [wa- val +\npaaché","xref":["mą́ze wépaache"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓄𐒰̄𐓌𐒷","defs":["ribbon work, sewing"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒰","defs":["man's or woman's ornamental pin or brooch"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂 𐒰𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̋𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂 𐒰́𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["scorekeeper"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + ápazo + átôpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["April"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒻́͘","defs":["bleed","blood","bleed. hpá\nwapéį akxái his nose is bleeding (RBn2-\nMOJ/p35; 01/07/95/FH/pc:ok). • n blood"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓅𐒰́ 𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒷́𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"his nose is bleeding"}],"infl":"stat., wa_pì"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐒻𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓅𐒻́𐓂͘","defs":["learn, learn how to do something","be skilled at doing things","[wa- val + hpíǫ]\n(intr.) learn, learn how to do s.t., be skilled at\ndoing things (04/14/95/PM/pc:ok)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓅𐓂́𐒼𐒰","defs":["owl","owl\n(03/03/95/FH/pc:okc; RBn1-MOJ/p58). [The\ncall of any kind of owl at night is considered bad\nluck (FH).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/owl_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓂𐓇𐒼𐒷 𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐒷 𐓂́𐓏𐒷","defs":["wheat","wheat field","wheat crop","harvest","wheat, wheat field, wheat crop,\nharvest"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓎́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["beads"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓄𐓎́𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["iron, smooth, or press something (e.g., cloth with an iron)","iron, smooth, or press s.t.\n(e.g., cloth with an iron)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg+sync. fortisizing stop stem,\n_wa_pú©taha"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["bear (especially black bear)","black bear","bear (especially\nblack bear)","bear"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/black_bear_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐓏𐒷𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷 𐓏𐒷́𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["December"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["bear cub (any species of bear)","bear cub (any\nspecies of bear) (04/13/95/LS/pc); Little Black\nBear (personal name)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wasápe + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓆𐒷𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["suitcase","purse","handbag","suitcase, purse, handbag"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒷𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒷́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["sycamore tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒷𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓐𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒷́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓐𐓂́𐒷","defs":["Verdigris River","Verdigris River\n(lit., ‘gray sycamore’) (RBn22-03; CQc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"waséhtà + xóce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒷𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒷́𐓉𐒰͘𐒹𐓎","defs":["sycamore"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒻𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒻́𐓆𐒻","defs":["strong","energetic","elastic","elastic","strong, energetic, elastic. • n elastic"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́","defs":["white, as an inanimate object nearby"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰́𐒹𐒰","defs":["white all over or all along"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐒷","defs":["fruit, dessert, any sweet food or sweet sauce","fruit, dessert, any\nsweet food or sweet sauce"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + skú∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐒷 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["blackberry","blackberry (lit., ‘sweet black\nfruit’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/blackberry_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐒰͘𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","defs":["Jell-o","gelatin","Jell-O, gelatin (lit., ‘sweet thing moving’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"waskúe + reduplicated form of\n©kå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["cookie","cookie (lit.,\n‘small sweet thing’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"waskúe + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̋𐓆𐓅𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["gadabout","one who seldom stays home","someone who won't stay home","gadabout, one who seldom stays home, s.o. who\nwon’t stay home"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wáaspe + aâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̋𐓆𐓅𐒷","defs":["motionless","still","quiet","stay, stay quiet","stay-at-home, one who seldom goes out"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓷𐓘̋𐓮𐓬𐓟","a":"awáaspe","e":"I stay. waa∂áspe you\nstay. hcí ci waaspé hta mîk©é I’m going to wait in\nthe house"}],"infl":"reg. or uninfl.,\nwáa_spe (2nd person is seldom inflected)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̋𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["sticky"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + ásta"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒲𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒲́𐒼𐒷","defs":["persimmon"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎𐒷𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓆𐓎𐒷𐓓𐒻","defs":["forgetful","forgetful\n(lit., ‘not remember things’).\nwasúhu. adj, adv [wa- val (?) + -súhu ‘clean’\n(root not attested as independent word)]\nclean(ly), clear(ly) (01/09/95/FH/pc:prod). íe\nwasúhu clean talk"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + kisú∂e + aâí","xref":["taasúhu"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎","defs":["clean","clean(ly)","clear(ly)","pure"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/clean_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻","defs":["dirty","soiled","unclean","dirty, soiled,\nunclean"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓂𐓀𐒻́𐓓𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎́𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰𐓄𐒻 𐓌𐒷́","e":"the children have dirtied the rug"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/dirty_hl.mp3","infl":"wasúhu + aâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓎̋𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["vegetable, greens, garden produce","vegetable, greens,\ngarden produce (lit., ‘ripe stuff’)\n(02/03/95/FH/pc:ok; RBn2-MOJ/p28)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + súutà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["coal","charcoal","coal, charcoal"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- + ©ápe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒰́𐓄𐒷 𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["mourning dance","mourning\ndance (lit., ‘carrying the charcoal’, an\nexpression historically used at Osage funerals)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"expression historically used at","e":"Osage funerals)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻́","defs":["hire","employ","ask a favor of someone","prevail upon someone to do something","ask someone to help out","hired person","worker","employee","hired hand","hire, employ, ask a\nfavor of s.o., prevail upon s.o","bacon or fat","bacon (or fat)","fat (or bacon)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓣́𐓯𐓣 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"wawíši hkǫ́bra","e":"I want [to\nhire] you to do something for me"}],"infl":"reg., wa_©í","xref":["wawáši"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻́͘","defs":["fat, overweight","bacon","fat meat","salt pork (of the type cooked with beans)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/fat_grease_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["hired help","hired worker","hired help, hired\nworker"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa©í + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘","defs":["try","try hard","do one's best","make an effort","make an effort or exertion","struggle","strength","might","force","power","try hard; do\none’s best;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰𐓏𐒰̋𐓇𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to try hard"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘ 𐓍𐒻͘!","e":"try hard!"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓏𐒰̋𐓇𐒼𐒰͘ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want to do my best"},{"o":"𐒰𐓏𐒰̋𐓇𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'll try my best"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓉𐒰 𐓁𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"you will do your best"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/do_your_best_hl.mp3","infl":"reg., waa_©kå"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘𐓉𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["strong, having great strength","[waašką́ +\nhtą́ka] (intr.) strong, having great strength (LF)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat., waa_©kåhtàka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓇𐒼𐒰́͘𐓍𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["be frail","lack strength","[waašką́ +\nðįké] (intr.) be frail;"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"stat., waa©kå_∂îké"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓂𐒹𐒿𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓂́𐒹𐒿𐒰","defs":["Missouria (tribe)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓂𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓂́𐓇𐒷","defs":["brave","generous"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓂𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐓊𐒻 𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓂́𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐓌𐒻́ 𐓁𐒰̄͘𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["name of a solo dance by one who has been in a war","name of a solo dance by\none who has been in a war (lit., approximately:\nwašížį\nwatǫ́ǫžu\n‘a brave one comes and stands before us’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["gentle"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓳𐓣́𐓻𐓪 𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓤𐓟","a":"hcížo waštáke","e":"Gentle Eagle, a name. ók∏à\nwa©táke akxa he’s got gentle ways"}],"infl":"presumably contains ©táke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓊𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓊𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["doctor folks, treat others","[wa- val + šcéðe] (intr.) doctor folks, treat\nothers"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., wa©cé_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓇𐓊𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["slow, pokey, slowly","late, overdue (describing a person)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒻́𐓀𐒻𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐒷̋𐓁𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐓆𐓊𐓎̋𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"the girls put on their makeup, which makes them very slow"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓈𐒰́","defs":["pray","pray for someone or something","ask a favor","request something","solicit, petition, or beg for something from someone","grace (said at mealtime)","prayer of any kind","(intr., trans.) pray;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒷̋𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒰𐓏𐒰̋𐓈𐒰 𐓁𐒱","e":"I pray that way all the time"},{"o":"𐒰𐓏𐒰̋𐓈𐒱 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to pray"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓏𐒻́𐓈𐒱 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to pray for you"},{"o":"Johna 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒰̄𐓈𐒰́ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐒻̋𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒽𐒻𐒷𐓄𐒻","e":"John is praying for the children and they are blessing themselves with it"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓏𐒻́𐓈𐒱 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"I'm going to ask you for a favor"}],"infl":"reg., waa_tá","xref":["kaašéną","waatášta"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓉𐒰̋͘","defs":["king (in a deck of cards)","king (in a deck of cards) (RBn12-\n10/MOJ).\nwahtį́e, wahtį́į (archaic variants of wahcį́į).\nwahtóke. v, adj [stat., wa_htóke] (be)\nindustrious, have the qualities of a good\nworker, alert, not lazy, quick to do things,\nquick-acting"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["totą́ha wahtą́ka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰͘𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́͘𐓈𐒰","defs":["at length","in the course of time","a term used in warnings and prohibitions","beware","beware lest"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰̋𐒴𐒰͘","defs":["smell of something cooking","smell of s.t"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + táabrà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["light bread, leavened wheat bread (as opposed to cornbread)","light bread,\nleavened wheat bread (as opposed to\ncornbread) (lit., ‘something that rises\nwith heat’) (01/07/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + táa+ -hà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["great ones or principals","head (or chief)","chief (or head)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["pecan nut"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓆𐓈𐒰𐒹𐓎́","defs":["pecan tree","pecan tree\n(03/07/95/PM/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"watástosta + hú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓈𐒰́𐓇𐓈𐒰","defs":["beggar","beggar (04/18/95/FH/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"waatá + ©tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓐𐒰͘𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓐𐒰͘𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["lightning bug"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓓𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒰̋𐓓𐓂𐒷","defs":["hominy","hominy (any kind, cracked or not)","hominy (any kind, cracked or\nnot) (04/11/95/LS/pc:ok; t14a-p4;\n02/09/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/hominy_hl.mp3","infl":"wa- val + táa+ âoe (not otherwise\nattested)"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐒱𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓈𐒱́𐓋𐒻","defs":["church"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒻́𐒷 𐒴𐒻̋𐓇𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐓏𐒰̄𐓈𐒱́𐓋𐒻 𐓊𐒻 𐓄𐓇𐒻́ 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷́","e":"when I get through, I'm going to go by the church"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓉𐓂́𐒼𐒷","defs":["industrious","have the qualities of a good worker","alert","not lazy","quick to do things, quick-acting"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["onlookers","[wa- val + tǫ́pe] (intr.) see or watch\npeople or events, look on at an event (e.g., a\ndance [RB]) (03/02/95/FH/pc:okc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓐𐓂́𐒽𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒻, 𐓏𐒰𐓉𐓂́͘𐓄𐒷 𐓇𐒼𐒻, 𐒹𐒰̄𐓁𐒰́͘, 𐓅𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐓍𐒷","e":"you singers and drummers, you onlookers, too, however many there are this evening"}],"infl":"conjug.\nunknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘","defs":["pumpkin","squash (the vegetable)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/pumpkin_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘ 𐓄𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘ 𐓄𐓎́𐓒𐒷","defs":["dried squash","dried\nsquash"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰𐓒𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́𐓒𐓎","defs":["dried corn, preparation of dried corn soup"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰͘𐓒𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓐𐒰́͘𐓒𐓎","defs":["shelled corn"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̋𐓋𐒷","defs":["dress or skirt","skirt with ribbon work or other decorations"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/skirt_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓋𐒷́","defs":["touch, as the body of a foe who has been killed or wounded"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓋𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["treasure","valuable or special things","things a person has put away as special","keepsakes","new things","treasure;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟́𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓘́𐓤𐓣𐓳𐓟","a":"wahcéka owákihce","e":"I’m looking for new\nthings"}],"infl":"wa- val + hcéka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["gentle","docile","tame","not wild","not difficult","easy to do","tender","gentle, docile,\ntame, not wild, not difficult, easy to do\n(01/31/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's gentle"},{"o":"𐓇𐓂́͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰","e":"the little puppy is gentle"},{"o":"𐒽𐒰́𐓏𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"the horse is gentle"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷","e":"you make Osage language easy"}],"xref":["hápa wac'éka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊'𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["one who killed another, as in battle","kill others","kill folks","[wa- val + c'éðe (but\nsometimes used as transitive)] (intr., trans.) kill\nothers;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓷𐓘́𐓲'𐓟𐓵𐓙","a":"awác'eðai","e":"I killed [unexpected form]"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓲'𐓟́𐓘𐓵𐓟","a":"wac'éaðe","e":"I killed\nhim. wac∏é∂a∂e you killed, you killed him"}],"infl":"reg., wac∏é_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐒻","defs":["difficult","hard","challenging","not easy to do","precious"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓋𐒷́𐓐𐒻","e":"Osage language is difficult"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓋𐒻́","defs":["dance","dance"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒰́𐓇𐒷 𐓏𐒷̋𐓏𐒻𐓁𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐒹𐒷, 𐒻𐒿𐓃́𐓅𐒰 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐓇𐓈𐓂́͘𐓄𐒰𐓄𐒷","e":"I want to thank you children for watching my son dance"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐓅𐒻́𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","e":"she is a good [skilled] dancer"},{"o":"𐒼𐒰̋𐓇𐒻 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒰͘𐓏𐒰̋𐓌𐒻𐓄𐒷, 𐒰͘𐓍𐒻̋𐓇𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒱","e":"we've danced a long time, let's stop"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓏𐒰̋𐓌𐒻 𐓍𐒻́𐒷","e":"dance for me"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐓏𐒰𐓈𐓃́ 𐒰͘𐒼𐒱́ 𐓋𐒷","e":"let's go see the dance [sg. addressee]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓋𐒻̋͘","defs":["appear","show","be showing or visible","appear suddenly","visible","in sight"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒻𐓄𐓐𐒲","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐒻́𐓄𐓐𐒲","defs":["crier","town crier","announcer","crier at iloⁿshka dances"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓂́𐓉𐒰","defs":["quadruped, quadrupeds"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓌𐓎́","defs":["copulate","have intercourse","have sex","[wa- val + chúe (but sometimes used as\ntransitive)] (intr., trans.) copulate, have\nintercourse, have sex"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably reg.,\nwa_chú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷","defs":["bread","wheat bread","any kind of bread whether corn or wheat, in any shape or size","piece of bread of any kind","any kind of flour or grain (such as wheat, oats)","bread; any\nkind of bread whether corn or wheat, in any\nshape or size;","bread (any kind)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bread_hl.mp3","infl":"probably wa- val + cúuce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐒴𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐒴𐒷́𐒽𐒰","defs":["pancake/pancakes","pancake(s)\n(03/20/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐒻́𐒼𐒰̄𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["grain sieve","grain\nsieve (lit., ‘drive grain with it’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wacúe + í- loc + kaaâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐒼'𐒰͘𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐒼'𐒰́͘𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻","defs":["noodles","noodles (lit., ‘fast bread’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒻́","defs":["cornmeal dumplings (cornmeal dough compressed into balls and dropped into chicken or turkey soup to cook)","cornmeal\ndumplings (cornmeal dough compressed into\nballs and dropped into chicken or turkey soup\nto cook)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓊𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐓊𐓎́","defs":["frybread","frybread (for which the dough\nis cut, sliced, or slit through)\n(01/07/95/FH/pc:okc)","frybread (slit)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐓎𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐓍𐒷","defs":["cake (such as a birthday cake)","cake (such as\na birthday cake) (lit., ‘sweet bread’)","cake"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷𐓆𐒼𐓎 𐓈𐓂́𐒰 𐒰͘𐒼'𐓎́","e":"give me some cake"},{"o":"𐓄𐒰̄͘𐓇𐓊𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷𐓆𐒼𐓎 𐓅𐒰̋𐓑𐒷","e":"I made a strawberry cake"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cake_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓆𐓂𐓆𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓆𐓂́𐓆𐓂","defs":["dumplings","bread cut into little pieces","dumplings;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓇𐓈𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓇𐓈𐓂͘","defs":["cornbread"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["dumplings","dumplings (lit., ‘round bread’)\n(04/07/95/LS/pc:okt; t14a-p5)","dinner rolls","round bread"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓍𐒻𐓆𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓍𐒻̄𐓆𐒼𐒻́","defs":["cornmeal dumplings (cornmeal dough compressed into balls and dropped into chicken or turkey soup to cook)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓍𐓎𐒴𐒰̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["dumplings made of wheat flour or corn flour","dumplings made of wheat flour or\ncorn flour (lit., ‘bread made flat’)\n(01/07/95/FH/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓵𐓶𐓜𐓘̋𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓻𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓭𐓘̋𐓹𐓟","a":"ðubráaska žóle hpáaɣe","e":"I’m going to make\nchicken and dumplings"}],"infl":"wacúe + ∂u-/∂i- instr +\nbráaska"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓍𐓎𐓈𐒰̋𐓅𐒰","defs":["biscuit","biscuit (lit., ‘bread made\nround’) (01/07/95/FH/pc:ok;\nFH:4/22/96/tape:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["wacúe táahpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻","defs":["frybread","frybread (FH)","frybread (general)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓐𐓎́𐓐𐒰","defs":["crackers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷 𐓐𐓎𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓐𐓎́𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["crackers"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["cornshuck","corn husk"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷𐓐𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷𐓐𐓂","defs":["flour"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐒷𐓐𐓂͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷𐓐𐓂͘ 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓇𐒻","defs":["dumplings","tamales","dumplings, tamales (lit.,\n‘wrapped in husks’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐓉𐒰","defs":["animal","animal (JS)",". wacúhta"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐓉𐒰 𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻 𐒷̄𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒻́𐓄𐒰𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒷","e":"all the animals knew him, too"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["clothing","garments"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐒼'𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐒼'𐒷𐓍𐒷","defs":["be a kind or generous person"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["Tonkawa (tribe or tribal member)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐒰̄𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["speak clearly","make plain, distinct, or clear","clarify","elucidate"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐒰̄𐓆𐓈𐒰𐓆𐓈𐒰","defs":["sticky","sticky (lit., ‘keeps sticking\nto stuff’) (MSB 2-25-83).\nwaðe"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + + reduplicated form of\násta (∂is epenthetic)","xref":["kǫ́ðawaðe","tǫ́pewaðe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓇𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓇𐓂𐒷","defs":["smoke","[wa- val +\nðaašóe] (intr.) smoke"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wa_∂áa©oe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["drink alcohol","[wa- val + ðaahtą́\n(but sometimes used as transitive)] (intr., trans.)\ndrink alcohol"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wa_∂áahtà","xref":["wáðuuska"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐓋𐒷","defs":["eating of certain kinds of food","eat them"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["word"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓏𐒰","defs":["count","say numbers","counting","number(s)","[wa- val + ðaawá]\n(intr.) count, say numbers"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync. wa _∂áawa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐒿𐒷𐒴𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓏𐒰 𐒿𐒷́𐒴𐒰͘","defs":["dime, ten cents","dime, ten cents (lit., ‘ten\ncount’) (01/20/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.31)","dime"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓏𐒰 𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["nickel, five cents","nickel, five cents (lit., ‘five\ncount’) (02/27/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.93)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓏𐒰 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["million"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓏𐒰 𐓓𐓎̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["penny","penny\n(lit., ‘red count’) (03/07/95/PM/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["penny, cent, change, coins","penny, cent, change, coins (lit., ‘little\ncount’) (03/07/95/PM/pc:ok)","coins, change","coins"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"wa∂áawa + -âî\n‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓐𐓈𐒰𐒼𐒷","defs":["bite folks","bite people","[wa- val +\nðaaxtáke] (intr.) bite folks, bite people.\nwaðáaxtake!"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wa_∂áaxtake","xref":["kízo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓒𐓂","defs":["lulu, ululate (i.e., produce the high-pitched, shrill sound that the women singers around the drum sometimes make at an event such as a dance to show that they are pleased by gifts they have just received or by the dancing or some other stimulus","a sound similar to yodeling"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause them","make one, make people, make folks"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["we are","we were","drumkeeper. [Shortened version of\ncéɣenii aðį́.]","to dance"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","class_materials"],"vc":"regular"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["drumkeeper"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻̋𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","defs":["tease people","[wa- val +\nðiihíce] (intr.) tease people"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wa_∂íihice"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒹𐓂𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒹𐓂𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","defs":["clown"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐒻𐒹𐓂𐓈𐒰","defs":["fool them"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- ‘3rd person pl. patient’ + ∂íhota"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["think things","think about, think on, ponder, muse about (especially about things in the past or events that have already occurred)","make up his mind","mind","brain","thought","soul","thinking","think things;"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wa_∂ílà","xref":["áwaðilą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["irritable","easily angered","cranky","irascible"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒷̄𐒼𐓂́͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐒷́","defs":["wayward, unruly, not in one's right mind","crazy person","person of unsound mind","demented person"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["decide","make up one's mind"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒰!","e":"make up your mind!"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒽𐒻𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make up one's mind on one's own","decide for oneself"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["change one's mind"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒻 𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒷̋ 𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻𐓄𐒷","e":"he didn't want her to change her mind again"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓌𐒻́","defs":["wise"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓆𐓎́𐒽𐒰𐓉𐒰̋͘ 𐓀𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓌𐒻́ 𐓋𐒻́ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷, 𐒰𐓁𐒰́͘𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓓𐒻 𐓌𐒷 𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒻́𐒰̄𐓄𐒷","e":"that wise turkey hen has made a nest where she thinks we can't find it"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["bad temper"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓀𐒰͘𐓍𐒻́͘","defs":["be satisfied"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["worry","worry (lit., ‘mind suffering’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐒿𐒰͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐒿𐒰͘𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["smart, intelligent","be a smart person","learn, adjust the mind","good mind, intelligence, large brain"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́͘𐓄𐒷","defs":["we are"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘́𐓵𐓪𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓙","a":"wáðohta ahkílai","e":"I behave\nmyself/carry myself straight"},{"o":"𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"níhkašika waðákiškaaɣe hkǫ́bra","e":"I want you to\nmake my children proper people"},{"o":"𐓷𐓘́𐓵𐓪𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wáðohtą mįkšé","e":"I’ll behave myself"}],"infl":"1st person pl. of ∂ì ‘be’ + api ‘pl.’ + ∂e\ndecl"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻̋𐓇𐒼𐒻","defs":["do laundry, wash clothes, wash something","laundry (clothes needing washing)","[wa- val + ðiiškí]\n(intr.) do laundry, wash clothes, wash s.t. • n\nlaundry (clothes needing washing)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wa_∂íi©ki"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻̋𐓇𐒼𐒻𐓋𐒻","defs":["laundry (the place), laundry house"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻̋𐓇𐒼𐒻𐓋𐒻 𐓊𐒻 𐓇𐓊𐒷̋ 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓓𐓂́𐓏𐒻𐒿𐒷 𐒴𐒷̋ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"when you go to the laundry, I want to go with you"}],"infl":"wa∂íi©ki +\nhcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["be one's turn","be one’s\nturn","do work,\nfarm. ónihkaši ší tą, waščíhtą tą when you are a\nsaved person, when your work [on earth] is done\n(lit., ‘when you arrive at fulfilment as a person,\nwhen you do work’) (RBn12-10/MOJ)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wa_∂íhtà","xref":["waðíhtąštą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["do work","farm","work, employment, job","place of employment, workplace, office"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰 𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘","defs":["occupy an office","serve in a post"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒰̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["foreman","driver, chauffeur","foreman; driver, chauffeur\n(03/24/95/PM/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘𐓇𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["workaholic","one who works all the time","workaholic, one\nwho works all the time (03/24/95/PM/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa∂íhtà +©tà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐓂́͘","defs":["sing","song"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐒴𐓂́͘ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want to sing"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘, 𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐓂́͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓇𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐒹𐒰̋͘𐓊𐒻","e":"older brother, you sang good last night"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐒰́𐓇𐓈𐓂͘ 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒰́͘𐒹𐓂̄͘","e":"when you sing, I like it"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓇𐓈𐓂́͘ 𐓌𐒷 𐒻́𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰?","e":"did you get enough [of you] singing?"},{"o":"Mogri 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐓂́͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘ 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"Mogri is really singing pretty"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/song_hl.mp3","infl":"(reg.)+sync., waa(_)_∂ò","vc":"br-šc"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂͘ 𐓄𐒻𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓍𐓂́͘ 𐓅𐒻́𐓂͘","defs":["be a singer","pray for each other"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐓂𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["straight","reliable, respectable, proper, honest","clearly, straight, properly, truthfully"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓂́𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["make peace","[wa-\nval + ðótaðe] make peace (LF only)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumably reg., wa∂óta_∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐓎̄𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["make things plain (such as words or lines on a paper, borders on land)","clarify or elucidate things","[presumably wa- val + ðu-/ði- instr + skáha]\n(intr.) make things plain (such as words or\nlines on a paper, borders on land);"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"(reg.)+sync., (_)wá_∂uuska"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎̋𐓇𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["iron something","iron","[wa- val + ðuuštáha] (intr.) iron s.t., iron"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"(reg.)+sync., (_)wa_∂úu©taha"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎́𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["buy things","[wa- val + ðuwį́]\n(intr.) buy things"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"sync., wa_∂úwî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["female who has not married","virgin"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["be or get married (said of a female)","wedding (used by bride's friends or family)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐓇𐒵𐓎𐓑𐒷 𐓍𐒰̄𐓇𐒷́?","e":"are you married?"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐓇𐓊𐓎𐓑𐒷?","e":"did you marry?"},{"o":"𐒼𐓂𐒷 𐓂́𐓁𐓂̄͘ 𐓓𐒻𐓇𐓂͘ 𐓇𐒻́ 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒻́͘ 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒼𐓂𐒷 𐓅𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐓓𐒻𐓇𐓂͘ 𐓇𐒻́ 𐓈𐒰͘ 𐒼𐓂𐒷 𐓄𐒷̋𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓍𐒻𐒼𐓂́͘𐓍𐒰 𐓉𐒱 𐓏𐒰́𐓇𐒵𐓎𐓑𐒷 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","e":"before you get old and before you get fat and ugly and nobody wants you, you should get married"},{"o":"𐒷𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒰́𐒴𐓎𐓑𐒷 𐓀𐒰͘𐓓𐒻́ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"maybe I better not get married"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐓎𐓑𐒷 𐒴𐒷̋ 𐓍𐒷","e":"I'm going to a wedding [spoken by family or friend of the bride]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰́𐓏𐒰𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["be a stingy person, be stingy","[wa- val +\nkíwalį] (intr.) be a stingy person, be stingy (lit.,\n‘stingy with stuff’). wą́ąwalį, wáawalį [from\nwa-ą́-walį] I’m stingy","stingy"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"stat. ki-del, wá_walî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒰𐓇𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒰́𐓇𐒻","defs":["hire or employ folks to work","[wa- val +\nwaší] (intr.) hire or employ folks to work.\náwawaší hkǫ́bra I want to ask someone to work\n(03/24/95/PM/pc:ok)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"presumed reg., wa_wá©i"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒻́͘𐒼𐓇𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["someone who doesn't keep his/her word","disloyal person","unfaithful","untruthful","s.o. who doesn’t\nkeep his/her word, disloyal person. • adj\nunfaithful, untruthful"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wawìk©e + aâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓏𐒻́͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","defs":["truthful"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + wìk©e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐒰́𐒼𐒰","defs":["any plant that has prickly spines, like the sand bur, cactus, cocklebur, prickly-ash","stickers, thorns, briars, cockleburs","thorny, burry, prickly","stickers, thorns,\nbriars, cockleburs"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + xáka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘","defs":["Pawhuska district, Pawhuska Osages","Pawhuska district,\nPawhuska Osages (lit., ‘dwelling in the thorns’\nor ‘living in the cockleberry land’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"waxáka + olìî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓂́𐓄𐒷","defs":["medicine bundle","sacred object","things consecrated or honored"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓂́𐓄𐒷 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐒰́𐓇𐒷","e":"take care of the bundle"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓄𐒰́𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["poor","poverty stricken","pitiful, humble, long-suffering (as the victim of pain, poverty, or ill fortune)","poor,\npoverty stricken"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘͘𐓷𐓘́𐓸𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓣͘","a":"ąwáxpaðį","e":"I’m pitiful. waxpá∂î nà\nahkílaipi carry yourself humbly [to two or more\npeople]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓐𐓈𐒰́","defs":["caterpillar","worm","worm, caterpillar"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰̄𐓒𐓂́","defs":["be fun","be fun. ášihta wanǫ́bre\nwaazóe it’s fun to eat outdoors"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒰́𐓇𐒻𐓉𐒰 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐒴𐒷 𐓏𐒰̄𐓒𐓂́𐒷","e":"it's fun to eat outdoors"}],"infl":"uninfl.","xref":["kízo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́","defs":["doubt","[presumably contains wa- val but is used as\ntransitive] (trans.) doubt. áwaža I doubt it, I\ndon’t believe it (04/25/95/PM/pc:okc;\n01/20/95/ERE/pc:ok; 04/13/95/FH/pc:ok; ERE\nprod: awáža). wáðaža?"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓘𐓷𐓘́𐓻𐓘𐓻𐓙 𐓟̄𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓻𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́","a":"awážažai eekǫ́ žažį́ ahí","e":"I\ndoubt it and he doesn’t believe it"}],"infl":"reg., wa_âá"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰𐒻𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒱́𐓋𐒻","defs":["tipi","long house covered with brush or canvas (like the houses Osages used to live in)","tent","arbor"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓏𐒰","defs":["have a pleasant time at a feast or at a dance","have a pleasant time, as at a feast or dance","revelry","dance. [A rare word;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"may be","e":"Ponca"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷","defs":["Osage (tribe, tribal member, or language)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻","e":"an Osage person"},{"o":"𐒹𐒰̋𐒼𐓂͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷?","e":"how much Osage are you?"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐓁𐒻͘𐓄𐒷","e":"you Osages"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐒹𐓎̄𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻 𐒻́𐓅𐒰𐒹𐓂͘","e":"I know a lot of Osages"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒷𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷𐒻́𐒷","defs":["Osage language","Osage language\n(03/03/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"waâáâe + íe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘","defs":["will","mind","idea","will, mind, idea"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + aâì"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘ 𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["determinedly","determined","of his/her own free will"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘ 𐓂𐓋𐒻́","defs":["retain his brave disposition","keep his temper"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘ 𐓄𐒻̋𐓓𐒻","defs":["be in a bad humor","enraged, mad (angry)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓄𐒻𐓓𐒻 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘ 𐓄𐒻̋𐓓𐒻 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["make a person angry","enrage someone"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘ 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["retain his brave disposition","keep his temper"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["bird"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰𐒼𐒷 𐓏𐒰́𐓍𐒰̄𐓏𐒰","e":"count the [scattered] birds"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐒹𐒻̋͘","e":"bird feathers"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓇𐒰̋𐒼𐒷","e":"bird claws, talons"},{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓏𐒰𐒹𐓎́𐒻͘ 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"even birds migrate"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/bird_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓅𐒰","defs":["beak or bill of a bird"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓊𐒻𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰 𐓋𐒻́𐒹𐒷","defs":["bird's nest"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰𐒻́𐒷","defs":["parrot, macaw (any bird that can be taught to \"speak\")"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐓉𐒰̄͘","defs":["hawk","hawk (lit., ‘large\nbird’) (RBn14-13)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"waâìka + htåka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐓓𐓎𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒻́͘𐓓𐓎𐒷","defs":["cardinal (the bird)","cardinal (the bird;\nlit., ‘red bird’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"waâìka + âúuce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐓂𐒿𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐓂́𐒿𐒰","defs":["Oto (tribe or tribal member)","Oto (tribe or\ntribal member)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐓎́𐓄𐒷","defs":["marrow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷","defs":["plow"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷-","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́","defs":["something with"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒰𐓄𐒰𐓒𐓂","defs":["index finger","pointing finger","index finger, pointing finger\n(lit., ‘with which to point at things’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val\n+ í- loc + ápazo","xref":["šáake opázo"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","defs":["far","far away","from afar","a long way","far, far away, from afar, a long way"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒹𐓎̄","defs":["make a crowd","[wa- val + í- loc + húu ‘many’] (intr.) make a\ncrowd (RBn22-17)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓟́𐓡𐓶̄ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wéhuu mįkšé","e":"I’m here\nmaking a crowd"}],"infl":"uninfl., presumably also reg., wé_huu"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒹𐓎𐒼𐓃","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒹𐓎̄𐒼𐓃́","defs":["make a crowd"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒹𐓎𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒹𐓎̄𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["increase in size a bit by more (number or amount) being added","help to make a bit of a crowd","[wa- val+ í- loc + húu\n‘many’ + -žį ‘little’] (intr.) increase in size a bit\nby more (number or amount) being added;"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓟́𐓡𐓶̄𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓟","a":"wéhuužį brée ðe","e":"I’m just going to help make a crowd, I’m going\nto make a little bit more"}],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒼𐒰̄𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["brush or comb (for the hair)","hairbrush","brush or comb (for the hair),\nhairbrush (01/09/95/FH/pc:ok;\n04/20/95/LS/pc:ok; 04/17/96)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix +\nkáap©e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐓅𐒷","defs":["hammer","hammer\n(02/09/95/FH/pc:prod orig)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐓄𐒷 𐒹𐒰̋𐓓𐓂́͘?","e":"what did you do with the hammer?"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓊𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒼𐒰̄𐓊𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["broom"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/broom_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒼𐒰̄𐓐𐒷","defs":["make from, make using","tool used to make something"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒼𐒰̄𐓓𐒻","defs":["horse whip","quirt","stick to drive people or animals","stick that tail dancers carry at war dances","horse whip, quirt, stick to drive people\nor animals, stick that tail dancers carry at war\ndances (05/02/95/LS/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix +\nkaaâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒽𐒻𐒼'𐓂͘","defs":["tool","implement","machinery","gadget","piece of equipment","tool, implement, machinery, gadget, piece of\nequipment (lit., ‘things with which to do for\noneself’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix + hkik- refl + éô ‘do’","xref":["éwahkik'ǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻͘","defs":["clothes","dress","costume","pants","coat","vest","any item of clothing or suit of clothes","clothes, dress, costume, pants, coat, vest, any\nitem of clothing or suit of clothes (RB note: for\nman, woman, or child) (04/07/95/LS/pc:ok)","traditional clothes"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"having her dress with","e":"Kiowa clothes’)"}],"infl":"possibly wé- prefix +hkik- + ì"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓄𐒰𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒻͘ 𐓂𐓄𐒰̋𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["dress in or put on clothing (not one's own)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","defs":["pencil","pen","pencil, pen (lit.,\n‘with which to make marks’) (RBn10-20;\n03/07/95/PM/pc:ok). [The corresponding form in\nLFD has final ðe (see below), but this is not\nfound in the Mod. Os. data.]","pen or pencil"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"wé- prefix + léze"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻","defs":["oil","lard","grease","grease or similar substance (such as shoe polish)","gasoline","kerosene","head (human or animal)","oil; lard;","head","oil, pork fat","oil (fat, grease, lard)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻 𐓈𐓂́𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓂̄𐓓𐓎́ 𐓍𐒻","e":"put some gas in the car"},{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻 𐓈𐓂́𐒷 𐓂𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰͘ 𐓂̄𐓍𐒰́𐓓𐓎?","e":"did you put some gas in the car?"}],"xref":["átahką wéli níini","paazénii wéli","wacúe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐒿𐒻","defs":["head (human or animal)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/head_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻 𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻 𐓀𐒰͘𐒽𐒰́͘","defs":["castor oil","castor oil (03/02/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻𐓆𐒰𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒻𐓆𐒰̄𐒼𐒻","defs":["tallow","tallow\n(03/02/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wéli + saakí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐒿𐒻𐓇𐓈𐒰","defs":["bald head","bald headed"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐒿𐒻𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["cabbage","cabbage (lit.,\n‘big head’) (01/09/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.16;\n01/09/95/FH/pc:ok, htąą)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["thankful, grateful, or appreciative","glad","be thankful or grateful for","be appreciative of","be glad about","be\nthankful, grateful, or appreciative, be glad"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓟̋𐓷𐓣𐓩𐓘","a":"wéewina","e":"I am grateful to you. wéeana\nmîk©é záani ∂achípe I’m glad you all came"},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓴𐓟 𐓷𐓟̋𐓘͘𐓩𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"ąną́ðapi che wéeąna mįkše","e":"I’m glad\nyou all saw me"},{"o":"𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́ 𐓷𐓟̋𐓘͘𐓩𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"tąhé paašé wéeąna mįkšé","e":"I’m glad you [pl.] are well"},{"a":"honored her by having her dress with","e":"Kiowa\nclothes’)"}],"infl":"reg., wée_nà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓁𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓁𐒰͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["full, filled","have one's hunger sated","feel very full after eating a hearty meal","[presumably wa- val\n+ ínące ‘satisfied with food’ (ínące appears in\nLFD 76, but is not attested not in Mod. Os.)]\n(intr.) be full, filled;"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓟̄𐓘́͘𐓩𐓘͘𐓲𐓟","a":"weeą́nące","e":"I’m full"}],"infl":"reg., wée_nàce"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓁𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓁𐒰͘𐓊𐒷𐒽𐒻𐓍𐒷","defs":["cause oneself to be satiated with food","satisfy oneself with food","make oneself full"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓂𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓂̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["cooking utensils","cooking utensils\n(JS)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓂̋𐒹𐓂͘𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒿𐒰́𐒴𐒻͘𐒴𐒷̋ 𐓉𐒰 𐒰͘𐒹𐒷́","e":"I am going to take my little cooking utensils along"}],"infl":"wé- prefix + oohò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐒷","defs":["any tool for cutting wood (such as a saw)","any tool for\ncutting wood (such as a saw; lit., ‘with which to\ncut things by pushing down on them’) (RB)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wa- val + ípaase","xref":["žą́ąpaase"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["pestle","pestle (lit., ‘with\nwhich to pound things’) (RBn23-07)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix + p©é"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰","defs":["soap","detergent","soap, detergent\n(lit., ‘with which to rub things’) (RBn1-\nMOJ/p49b; 03/13/95/FH/pc:ok)","towels"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷́𐓄𐓎𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒻́𐒽𐒻𐒿𐓎̄𐓓𐒰̄","e":"wash yourself with soap"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/soap_sr.mp3","infl":"wa- val + ípukxa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓆𐒰𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷𐓆𐒰́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["fifth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix + sáhtà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷𐓇𐒰́𐓅𐒷","defs":["sixth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix + ©áhpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓇𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓇𐒻͘","defs":["oatmeal","oatmeal (RB, unconfirmed, BE2.97).\n[Possibly wé- prefix + wašį́ (lit., ‘with which to\neat bacon or fat’?);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓈𐒰𐒹𐒰","defs":["lap (part of the body)","lap (part of the body) (RBn22-09,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒰𐓓𐒻","defs":["barren, childless"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wéeta∂e + aâí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓈𐒰𐓍𐒷","defs":["give birth","have a baby","childbirth","birth","[wa-\nval +íitaðe] (intr.) give birth, have a baby\n(01/31/95/FH/pc:ok). wéeta[ð]ape she had a baby"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., wée_ta∂e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓈𐓂𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓈𐓂̄𐓄𐒰","defs":["fourth"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix +\ntóopa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓊'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓊'𐒰","defs":["snake","serpent","viper","snake, serpent, viper. íinǫǫhpapai,\nwéc'a ochíe be careful, there are lots of snakes"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒻̋𐓁𐓂̄͘𐓅𐒰𐓄𐒱, 𐓏𐒷́𐓊'𐒰 𐓂𐓌𐒻́𐒷","e":"be careful, there are lots of snakes"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/snake_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒰̄𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["third","number three","third, number three"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix +\n∂áabrî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒰𐓅𐒷","defs":["wait for folks","[wa- val +\niðáhpe (but sometimes used as transitive)] (intr.,\ntrans.) wait for folks. wawé[ð]ahpi akxai he’s\nwaiting for them (FH)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg.-i∂a, wé∂_ahpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰","defs":["count or measure something with","[wa- val + í- loc +\nðaawá] (trans.) count or measure s.t. with. žą́ą\nwéðaawa measuring stick (lit., ‘measure stuff\nusing wood’) (05/02/95/LS/pc:prod)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé_∂aawa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒷","defs":["see, find, or discover them"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒻͘","defs":["rope","cord","lariat","rope,\ncord (lit., ‘with which to hold stuff’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"presumably wé- prefix + o∂ìîke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐓂̄͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["second","number two","second, number two"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wé- prefix +\n∂ôôpá"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐓎𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷","defs":["key","key (lit., ‘with which to\nopen’). [Takes ‘lying down’ positional article\nkše.] wéðušupe aščį́ ðaašé?","keys"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"wé-\nprefix + ∂uu©úpe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["sell something by bartering for other stuff","buy or acquire stuff with something","[wa- val + íðuwį, but\nused as transitive] (trans.) sell s.t"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓟́𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘","a":"haxį́ wébruwį","e":"I sold the blanket\nhtóoâu tóa w驧uwî? did you sell any meat pies?"}],"infl":"sync., wé_∂uwî"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["get married, follow a man as his wife, take a husband, marry (said of a woman)","wedding"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷𐒼𐒻𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐓎𐓐𐒷𐒼𐒻́𐓍𐒷","defs":["make one's own relative take a husband","marry off a female relative (e.g., marry off one's daughter)"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓎𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷𐓎̋𐓒𐒷","defs":["debt","something owed","debt, s.t.\nowed","instrument for picking s.t. up (tongs, fork,\netc.). [By analogy with Omaha wéðize (RL).]\nwí (variant of wíe)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒷𐓎̋𐓒𐒷 𐓉𐒰͘ 𐒰́𐓇𐓎𐓄𐒷 𐓉𐒰 𐓀𐒻́͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","e":"I'm going to pay this big debt"},{"a":"y analogy with","e":"Omaha wé∂ize"}],"infl":"wé- prefix + ∂uuzé"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓏𐒻𐓁𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷̋𐓏𐒻𐓁𐒰͘","defs":["thank you","thank you (lit., ‘I’m grateful to you’)"],"pos":"interj","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wi- ‘1st\nperson sg. subject–2nd person object’ + wéenà"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒷𐓓𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒷́𐓓𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["bayonet","lance","spear","dart","javelin"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻-","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻","defs":["my","1st person sg. inalienable possessive pronominal ('my'; used with many kinship terms, e.g., wihcíko 'my grandfater')","combined marker of 1st person sg","1st person sg"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓜𐓣𐓤'𐓟","a":"mąhká owíbrik'e","e":"I gave you a shot"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻-","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻","defs":["I - you","combined marker of 1st person sg. subject and 2nd person object ('I...you')"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["a","an","one","single","anyone","one of a group","marker of singular head within a relative clause","female, woman (used only in personal\nnames for females). [Historically related to mį́į,\nmį́įka.] letǫ́ wį/letǫ́wį Hawk Woman (personal\nname). [Frances Holding’s name.]\nwį́ (variant of wį́xce)",". wį"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒼'𐓂́ 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐓌𐒻́𐓄𐒷","e":"a woman came"},{"o":"𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒱́ 𐓏𐒰𐓊𐓎́𐒷 𐓆𐒼𐓎́𐒷 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓅𐒰̋𐓑𐒷","e":"I made a cake today"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́͘ 𐒰́͘𐓍𐓎𐓏𐒻͘ 𐓍𐒰̋𐒿𐒻͘","e":"we ought to buy one"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́͘ 𐓁𐒰́͘𐒽𐒰 𐒰́𐒿𐒻̄͘𐓄𐒻 𐓈𐒰͘, 𐒻́𐒿𐓂̄͘𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓏𐒰̄𐓌𐒻́ 𐓁𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","e":"when he carried anyone on his back, he would war-dance"},{"o":"𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰 𐓏𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐒰𐓍𐒰̋𐓄𐒷","e":"one of these men went"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/a_one_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻͘","defs":["female, woman (used only in personal names for females)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒵𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐒵𐓂́𐓇𐓄𐒰","defs":["grandchild (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐒷","defs":["me","I (emphatic)","it is my turn","me, I (emphatic). wí,\nąðáhice as for me, I’m ready to go (RBn10-\n5:JW)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒻́, 𐒰͘𐓍𐒰́𐒹𐒻𐓊𐒷","e":"as for me, I'm ready to go"},{"a":"it will be","e":"I] it’s my turn"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐒷𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["I myself (more emphatic form of wie)","I myself (more emphatic\nform of wíe)"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wíe + xci"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒷𐓓𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐒷𐓓𐒻","defs":["bashful","bashful (RBn10-18, unconfirmed)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒹𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐒹𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["sister-in-law (wife's sister) (my)","sister-in-law (brother's wife, of a male) (my)","my wife’s sister, my brother’s wife\n(used only when speaker is male [RB];"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐒹𐒷́","defs":["daughter (second) (my)","daughter (second) (your)","daughter (second) (his/her)","daughter (second)","second daughter (02/27/95/FH/pc)","second-born daughter","daughter (second-born; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/2nd_daughter_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒹𐒷 𐓍𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐒹𐒷́ 𐓍𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["daughter (second) (your)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒷","defs":["prayer","orison","church (meeting)","pray","prayer;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"gloss by","e":"CQ). âáâe k∏ú wíkie prayer for name-giving"}],"xref":["wíkiehci"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒷 𐒹𐒻͘𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒷 𐒹𐒻̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["prayer beads","rosary","prayer beads, rosary"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hį́įskawáata"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓋𐒻","defs":["church"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓇𐒻́͘𐓈𐓂𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓏𐒻́𐒼𐒻𐒷𐓋𐒻 𐓊𐒻 𐒰𐓍𐒷̋ 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"that boy [who is now absent but was just present] is on his way to church"}],"infl":"wíkie + hcí"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻͘𐒼𐒻𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐒽𐒻𐒼𐓇𐒷","defs":["be true to oneself","[hkik- refl +\nwį́kše] (intr.) be true to oneself. wį́hkikša! be\ntrue to yourself!\nwį\nwį́xce"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., wì_hkik©e"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","defs":["speak the truth","tell the truth","be true to","true","truth","golly! gosh! (female exclamation of surprise)","speak the truth,\ntell the truth","(trans.) be true to","interj golly! gosh! (female exclamation of\nsurprise) [As an exclamation, wį́kše is not vulgar\nand is not a statement about truth or question\nabout truth.] wį́įkšé! golly! (RBn2-MOJ/p5;\n04/06/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒷","e":"I speak the truth"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐓍𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒷","e":"you speak the truth"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐓍𐒰𐒼𐓇𐒷?","e":"are you telling the truth?"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰́","e":"he/she is telling the truth"},{"o":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱","e":"he's telling the truth"}],"infl":"reg., wì_k©e","xref":["wawį́kše","wį́hkikše"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓁𐒻𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰","defs":["husband (my)","my husband"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["níhka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐓆𐒻","defs":["jump","jump in play","leap","alight","get off, alight from (e.g., a vehicle)","dismount","dismount from (e.g., a horse)","get off, alight from (e.g., a\nvehicle), dismount from (e.g., a horse)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/jump_sr.mp3","infl":"reg., o_ísi,\no_wísi","xref":["ósi"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓆𐒻𐓆𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐓆𐒻𐓆𐒻","defs":["flea","flea\n(01/26/95/FH/pc:ok; BE2.49)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reduplicated form of wísi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓆𐓂͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓆𐒻𐓆𐓂́͘𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["brother (younger, of a female) (my)","my younger brother\n(used only when speaker is female)","a woman’s younger brother","brother (woman’s younger brother; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓆𐓂͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓆𐓂́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["brother (younger, of a male) (my)","my younger brother (younger than the\nspeaker;","a man’s younger brother","brother (man’s younger brother; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓇𐒻𐒼'𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓇𐒻́𐒼'𐒷","defs":["brother-in-law (husband's brother, of a female) (my)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a female) (my)","my sister’s husband, my husband’s\nbrother (used only when speaker is female;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"more precise than","e":"English ‘my brother-in-law’)"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓇𐒻𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓇𐒻́𐒼𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["sister-in-law (husband's sister, older or younger) (my)","sister-in-law (brother's wife) (my)","sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife) (my)","sister-in-law (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓇𐒼𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["I too","me too","I, for my part","I too, or for my part","me too, I too (02/24/95/FH/pc:okc).\nwiškítą! me too!"],"pos":"pronoun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"wíe +\n-©kítà, ©ki"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","defs":["my","mine","mine, my. óoląke ðé wíhta this hat is\nmine"],"pos":"poss","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓂̋𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷 𐓍𐒷́ 𐓏𐒻́𐓉𐒰","e":"this hat is mine"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓉𐒰́͘𐒹𐒰","defs":["uncle (father's sister's husband) (my)","brother-in-law (wife's brother) (my)","brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a male) (my)","my father’s sister’s husband (my\npaternal uncle by marriage;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["htą́hą","ihtą́ha"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["sister (older) (my)","sister (my)","wife (my)","my older sister\n(used when speaker is male or female); my\nsister (loosely used mutually among unrelated\nyounger and older female speakers to show\nrespect);","a man’s older sister","sister (man’s elder; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓈𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓉𐒷́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["sister (younger) (my)","a younger sister","sister (younger; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓈𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓉𐓂́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["son-in-law (daughter's husband) (my)","my son-in-law\n(used when speaker is male or female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻͘𐓊𐒷𐒼𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻͘𐓊𐒷́𐒼𐒻","defs":["uncle (mother's brother) (my)","my mother’s brother\n(my maternal uncle;","(our) uncle, on our mother’s side","my uncle (mother’s brother)","uncle (mother’s brother; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/uncle_mothers_side_my_hl.mp3","xref":["ákiɣe","hkilíihkǫįɣe","-hkóįɣe","hǫǫpé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻𐒼𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐒼𐓂","defs":["grandfather (my)","father-in-law (my)","my grandfather","our grandfather","grandfather (see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/grandfather_my_hl.mp3","xref":["hcíko"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻𐒼𐓂 𐓀𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐒼𐓂 𐓀𐒻̋͘","defs":["grandfather sun"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻𐒼𐓂 𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐒼𐓂 𐓅𐒷̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["grandfather fire"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓀𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓀𐒻","defs":["aunt (father's sister) (my)","my father’s (older or younger) sister\n(my paternal aunt;","(our) aunt (father’s sister; any)","aunt (father’s sister; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/aunt_fathers_side_my_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓁𐒻","defs":["daughter-in-law (son's wife) (my)","my daughter-in-law\n(used when speaker is male or female)\n(01/19/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓂𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻𐓂́𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["niece (brother's daughter, of a female) (my)","my brother’s\ndaughter (used only when speaker is female;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́𐓊𐒻𐓉𐒰","defs":["Wichita (tribe or tribal member)","Wichita (tribe or tribal member)\n(RBn HW13; FH/10/09/01/prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻͘𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻́͘𐓈𐓂","defs":["brother (older, of a female) (my)","my older brother (oldest of speaker’s\nbrothers, not necessarily older than the\nspeaker;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐒻𐓓𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐒻́𐓓𐓂","defs":["cousin (father's sister's daughter) (my)","niece (sister's daughter, of a male) (my)","my sister’s\ndaughter (used only when speaker is male;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐓂𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["nephew (wife's brother's son) (my)","nephew (sister's son, of a male) (my)","nephew (brother's son, of a female) (my)","cousin (father's sister's son) (my)","grandchild (my)","my sister’s son, my wife’s brother’s\nson (used only when speaker is male;"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐓄𐒰","defs":["grandchild (my)","my grandchild\n(05/01/95/LS/pc). wihcóšpa, ðéka ku grandchild,\ncome over here (RBn1-18)","my grandchild. [Endearing or\ndiminutive in comparison to wihcóšpa.]\nwi- (continued)","our grandchildren","grandchildren (see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐓂́𐓇𐓄𐒰, 𐓍𐒷́𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐓎","e":"grandchild, come over here"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/grandchild_my_hl.mp3","xref":["wihčóšpa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓊𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓋𐓂𐓇𐓄𐒰 𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒹𐒰","defs":["great-grandchild(ren) (my)","my great-grandchild(ren)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻̄͘𐓍𐒷́","defs":["that unique thing","that single item or event","this particular way","soley or uniquely so","that unique thing, that single item or\nevent. • adv this particular way, solely or\nuniquely so"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["turn","spin","whirl","around (as in drive around, turn around, etc.)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻͘𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["one","a","an"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓄𐒰 𐓏𐒻́͘𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐓁𐒰́͘𐓇𐒼𐒻 𐓁𐒻́𐒽𐒰𐓇𐒻 𐒰𐓁𐒻́ 𐒽𐓂́͘𐒴𐒰","e":"I want to live one day at a time"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/one_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["son (my)","Sonny (as a nickname, used by either male or female speakers for a son or a friend)","nephew (brother's son, of a male or female) (my)","nephew (sister's son, of a female) (my)","my son (any of my sons, including a\nfirst son;","son (any; general term)","son (general; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/son_my_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["wife (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐓍𐒰́𐓊𐒷","defs":["husband (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["I too, or for my part"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["brother (older, of a male) (my)","my older brother\n(used only when speaker is male)\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:ok). [When used in the extended\nsense outside the immediate family, this brother\nmust only be older than the speaker and is not\nnecessarily the eldest son of a family.] wižį́e\ną́wahką hkǫ́bra I want older brother to help me\n(01/06/95/FH/pc:prod). wižį́, waaðǫ́ ðáalį škáaɣe\nhą́ąci older brother, you sang good last night\n(03/09/95/MREI/pc:ok)","a man’s older brother","brother (man’s elder brother; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐓂͘𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐓂́͘𐒰͘","defs":["sister (older, of a female) (my)","my older sister (i.e., older than the\nspeaker;","a woman’s older sister","sister (woman’s elder; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["daughter (my)","niece (brother's daughter, of a male) (my)","niece (sister's daughter, of a female) (my)","my daughter (used when speaker is\nmale or female); my brother’s daughter (used\nonly when speaker is male;","(my) daughter","daughter (general; see chap. 11)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/daughter_my_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐓂͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐒹𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓏𐒻𐓓𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘","defs":["wife (my)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒰́𐒼𐒰","defs":["rough","prickly","rough, as the tongue","forked or pronged, as antlers","branching out, as the separate claws on a foot","bristling","rough in appearance","rough, prickly"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ɣáɣaka","waxáka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒰̄𐒼𐒷́","defs":["cry","cry or weep","sing dancing songs"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cry_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒰́𐓉𐒰𐓄𐒷","defs":["dry grass","dried grass","dry grass, dried grass\n(unconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒰𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒰́𐓍𐒰","defs":["back","backward","in reverse","retrograde"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒰́𐓏𐒰","defs":["pulled back, as a sleeve","made bare, uncovered"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒰́𐓐𐒰","defs":["ruffled","ruffly","having leaves or leaflike layers","ruffled, ruffly, having leaves or leaflike layers\n(FH)","shiny (RBn22-04)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reduplicated form?","xref":["hceeníxaxa","waxáka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒰͘𐓐𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒰́͘𐓐𐒰͘","defs":["shiny"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒰𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒰́𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒰","defs":["rough (e.g., chapped hands or any rough surface)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒷","defs":["bury","inter","roar, patter"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown","xref":["nąąɣúce xéka"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒷̋","defs":["roar","roar, as running water","patter","patter, as rain"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓎 𐓐𐒷̋ 𐓏𐒰́𐒿𐒻͘","e":"the rain patters very much"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["dead, as vegetation","dead (from drying up; e.g., a vegetable)","dried","dry"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒷𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒷́𐓀𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["frost (on the ground)","frost","dew","dew, frost"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒷𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒷́𐓄𐒷","defs":["shallow","shallow. [Possibly\nrelated to hépe ‘small amount’.]"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["ðixí","nąąxí"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒷𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒷́𐓐𐒷","defs":["roar or patter frequently","rustle repeatedly"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓐𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒻","defs":["wake","awaken","become awake"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒻͘","defs":["light in color"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒻́𐓍𐒰","defs":["fall","stumble","fall down","stumble and fall","euphemism for 'die'","die","perish","pass away","topple (as a tree topples)","fall, stumble,\nfall down, stumble and fall;","eagle. [Archaic variant of xúða.]\nxíða (variant of xį́na)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓡𐓪́𐓩𐓣 𐓘𐓸𐓣́𐓜𐓘","a":"hóni axíbra","e":"I\nalmost fell"}],"infl":"reg.+sync. _xí_∂a","xref":["xíxiða"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰́","defs":["lack of confidence"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒻́𐓍𐒰𐓐𐒰","defs":["breechcloth","loincloth","diaper","breechcloth, loincloth,\ndiaper (FH),"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐒻𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐒻́𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","defs":["stumble repeatedly","go stumbling along","[reduplicated form\nof xíða ‘fall, stumble’] (intr.) stumble repeatedly,\ngo stumbling along"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓊'𐒰́𐒻𐓓𐒻͘ 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓐𐒻́𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐓐𐒱́","e":"the old man is stumbling"}],"infl":"reg.+sync., _xíxi_∂a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["broken","break","broke, without money or penniless (a loan translation)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂́𐒽𐒰","defs":["sing dancing songs","singers and drummers","all singers of dancing songs","n singers and drummers","badger","singers and drummers (traditional)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓐𐓂́𐒽𐒰 𐓁𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒰́͘𐓇𐒷","e":"all you singers"}],"infl":"reg., _xóhka"},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂̋𐒼𐒰","defs":["badger"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂́𐓄𐒷","defs":["sacred","consecrated","holy","supernatural power","sanctity","sacred, consecrated, holy"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["áxope","ðixópe","waxópe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂́𐓉𐒰͘","defs":["small","little","fine (e.g., fine raindrops)","small, little, fine (e.g., fine raindrops)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hpéže xóhtą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷","defs":["gray","dull (color or finish)","faded","grayish like ashes","smoky","gray, dull (color or\nfinish), faded, grayish like ashes, smoky","cedar (01/09/95/FH/pc:prod; PM:ok)"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"a":"re making the cedar like","e":"Mary’s\nhair"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/gray_sr.mp3","xref":["xǫǫcóðibra"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["cedar"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐒽𐓂́͘𐓈𐒰 𐒻𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷 𐒻̄𐒹𐓂́͘ 𐓅𐒰𐓐𐒻̋͘ 𐒻͘𐒼𐓇𐒷 𐓐𐓂̋͘𐓊𐒷 𐒻́𐒼𐓂͘𐓊𐒷 𐒼𐒰̋𐓑𐒻 𐒰𐓄𐒱","e":"they're making the cedar like Mary's hair"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/cedar_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂̋͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["sloppy","slouchy","unkempt","messed up"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷 𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷 𐓇𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["dark gray"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂͘𐓊𐒷𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂̋͘𐓊𐒷𐒹𐓎","defs":["cedar tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"xòôce + hú ‘trunk’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂͘𐓊𐒷𐒹𐓎 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷 𐒹𐓂͘𐓄𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂̄͘𐓊𐒷́𐒹𐓎 𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷 𐒹𐓂̋͘𐓄𐒰","defs":["Christmas"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂͘𐓊𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂̋͘𐓊𐒷́𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["cedar tea","cedar tea\n(01/09/95/FH/pc:prod; BE2.18). [Used in a\nsweathouse before a peyote meeting to induce\nvomiting for cleansing, a custom said to be\nlearned by watching bears (RB).]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"xòôce + níi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂͘𐓊𐓂𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂̄͘𐓊𐓂́𐓍𐒻𐒴𐒰","defs":["smoke cedar (cause cedar to smoke), smell cedar, smoke a house with cedar or use in a peyote meeting to smoke a person","[xǫ́ǫce +\noðíbrą] smoke cedar (cause cedar to smoke),\nsmell cedar, smoke a house with cedar or use\nin a peyote meeting to smoke a person"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"conjug. unknown"},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓂𐓏𐒷́","defs":["roar, as the waves or a waterfall","roar, as the wind or the waterfall","the roar of falling water","roar","the noise made by sand in an hourglass, or that of grain poured from a bag","sigh","sough, as the wind in the trees","rumble","growl","resound","the sound made in tearing calico","the sound heard in sawing or in scraping wood by pushing","the whizzing of a whirled stick","noise"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓄𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓄𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["dull, not shiny","languid or \"blah\" feeling one gets in winter"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓄𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓄𐒻","defs":["flatulence, fart","expel gas from the body","flatulence, fart. • v [conjug. unknown]\n(intr.) expel gas from the body.\nxtoe. v, adj [stat.?, _xtoe?] (intr.) (be) snotty,\nfilled with mucus. ðíxtoe! you’re snotty! (RB,\nunconfirmed)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["hpahlíxtoe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓈𐓂𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓈𐓂́𐒷","defs":["snotty, filled with mucus"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓊𐒻","defs":["real","really","exactly","very","fully","indeed","precisely","real, very, precisely","real (very, precisely)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐓐𐓊𐒻 𐒴𐒻́͘𐒷","e":"I'm a real Osage"},{"o":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷𐓓𐒻͘ 𐓍𐓎̄𐓒𐒱́ 𐓊'𐒷́𐓍𐒰 𐓐𐓊𐒻","e":"take a stick and really kill someone"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓎𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓎́𐒹𐒰̄","defs":["skin of a person or animal","skin","hide","bark","skin,\nhide, bark"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["háa"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓎𐒹𐒰𐓆𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓎𐒹𐒰̋𐓆𐒼𐒰","defs":["white person","Caucasian","white person,\nCaucasian"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓸𐓶𐓡𐓘̋𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓜𐓣́͘𐓟","a":"xuháaska brį́e","e":"I’m a white person"}],"infl":"xúhaa + ská ‘white’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓎𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓎́𐓍𐒰","defs":["eagle","wrinkled (01/14/95/FH/pc:ok;\n03/24/95/PM/pc:ok;04/06/95/LS/pc)","ragged (PM only; PM/03/10/95/pc)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/eagle_sr.mp3","xref":["xíða ‘eagle’"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓎𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓎̋𐓍𐒰","defs":["wrinkled","ragged"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓎𐓍𐒰 𐓄𐒰 𐓆𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓎𐓍𐒰́ 𐓅𐒰 𐓆𐒰͘","defs":["bald eagle"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓎𐓍𐓂𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓎𐓍𐓂́𐒿𐒰͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["headdress made of entire eagles"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓎́𐓐𐒷","defs":["broken in, as any hollow object"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓐𐓎𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓐𐓎́𐓐𐓎𐓐𐒷","defs":["that cracks or crumbles"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒰̋͘","defs":["country","prairie","timbers","country, prairie (FH);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒰𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒰̋𐓁𐒻","defs":["all","whole","all","every one","everyone","everybody","whole, all",". záani"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"kóe mǫ́žǫ záani iiðáðe hta akxai if","e":"I\ncould fly, then I could see the whole world"},{"o":"𐓮𐓶́𐓥𐓘 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓘𐓜𐓘̋𐓩𐓣","a":"súhka záani abráani","e":"I ate\nall the chicken"}],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/all_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒰͘𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒰́͘𐓒𐒻","defs":["sour odor","acrid smell (such as armpit odor or onion smell)","sour odor, acrid smell (such as armpit\nodor or onion smell) (RB, unconfirmed).\nzí. adj, n yellow (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["zíhi"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒻́","defs":["yellow"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/yellow_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒻 𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒻́ 𐓇𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["dark yellow"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒻 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷 𐒷𐒼𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒻́ 𐓓𐓎̄𐓊𐒷 𐒷́𐒼𐓂͘","defs":["orange"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/orange_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒻́𐒹𐒻","defs":["brown","yellow"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/brown_sr.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒻𐓊𐒷́","defs":["sound word - hissing sound"],"pos":"Onomatope","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓒𐒻𐓒𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓒𐒻́𐓒𐒻","defs":["brown"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘","defs":["sleep","go to sleep","lie down to sleep","go to bed","sleep over","stay all night","sleep","night's rest","overnight stay","day","tree, log, wood, lumber\n(03/16/95/MREI/pc:ok); stick, pole; woods,\nforest (03/16/95/MREI/pc:ok)","sleep, go to sleep, lie\ndown to sleep, go to bed;","forest, woods, wood","forest (woods, wood)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"infl":"reg., _âåà","xref":["ážą","óžą"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘","defs":["wood","tree","log","lumber","stick","pole","woods","forest"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/tree_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒰́𐒼𐒰̄𐓆𐓈𐓂𐓏𐒷","defs":["sleigh","sled","sleigh,\nsled"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âåà + á- + kaa- + stówe"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐒰́𐓁𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["ladder"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒰𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒰̋𐓊𐒷","defs":["vine","vine (lit., ‘embraces the tree’)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒹𐒿𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐒹𐒿𐒰","defs":["buds or blossoms of fruit trees"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒻͘𐓊𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒻́͘𐓋𐒻","defs":["log house"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒼'𐒰","defs":["cottonwood","cottonwood (RBn HW13, unconfirmed\nFH:uk)","root or roots (of a tree, bush, etc.)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐒽𐒰͘","defs":["roots of any plant or tree","root or roots of a tree, bush, etc.","root or roots (of a tree, bush, etc.)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒰́","defs":["limb of a tree","limbs, branches, boughs","tree branch, limb, tree branching out","tree branch, limb, tree branching\nout (FH)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒻𐓍𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒻́𐓍𐒰","defs":["fell a tree"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒼𐒷","defs":["trees growing in random pattern"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓀𐒻͘𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓀𐒻́͘𐓊𐒷","defs":["wooden bow","ordinary bow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐓂𐒿𐒻̋͘","defs":["live in the woods","dwell in the forest"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓆𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓂𐓆𐓎́","defs":["heart of a tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐓄𐒷","defs":["trees growing in a nonrandom pattern","trees growing in a nonrandom pattern.\n[Contrast žą́ą ke ‘trees growing in random\npattern’.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["žąąpé"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓇𐒰𐓄𐒷 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐓇𐒰́𐓄𐒷 𐒹𐓎","defs":["redbud tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰𐓇𐓄𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐓉𐒰𐓇𐓄𐓎́","defs":["buds or blossoms of ordinary trees"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓒𐒷","defs":["mulberry"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰𐓒𐒷 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐓈𐒰𐓈𐒰́𐓒𐒷 𐒹𐓎","defs":["mulberry tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓍𐓂𐓈𐒰͘𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓍𐓂𐓉𐒰́͘𐒿𐒷","defs":["tree","a tree that still stands","a tree, not a log"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂͘𐓄'𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓁𐓂́͘𐓄'𐒻͘","defs":["necklace of wood"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓐𐒰𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐓏𐒰𐓐𐒰́𐒼𐒰","defs":["thorny tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒷𐓍𐒰𐓏𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐓏𐒷́𐓍𐒰̄𐓏𐒰","defs":["measuring stick","ruler","yardstick","measuring stick, ruler, yardstick\n(05/02/95/LS/pc:prod)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓏𐒷𐓓𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐓏𐒷́𐓓𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["spear or dart made entirely of wood, one end being burnt to a point"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓐𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘ 𐓐𐒷́𐒼𐒰","defs":["dry tree or wood"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓐𐓂𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰͘ 𐓐𐓂́𐓊𐒷 𐒹𐓎","defs":["post oak"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘ 𐒹𐒰̋","defs":["outer bark of a tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["branch or limb that has been broken off a tree","log","bridge","branch or limb that\nhas been broken off a tree; bridge"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âåà + kaaxò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐒽𐒷","defs":["jack (in a deck of cards)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓓𐒰𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐒼𐒷","defs":["enlarge a hole or split"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐒽𐓂𐒼𐒷","defs":["box","wooden box","coffer","trunk","thousand","box,\ncoffer, trunk; thousand.\nžą́ąhlaa, žą́ąhlaaská (variants of žą́ąlaa)","trunk, box"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒷 𐒻𐒹𐒰 𐒰𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐒽𐓂𐒼𐒷 𐒻́𐒹𐒰 𐒰́𐒼𐒰𐒴𐒻͘","defs":["fasten the lid on a box"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐒼𐓇𐒷","defs":["continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2nd singular lying down subject","second-person of kshe"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐒻͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐒼𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐒻̄͘𐒹𐒷́","defs":["sleep sitting up"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒿𐒰͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒿𐒰́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["log"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["horsefly"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓄𐒰 𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓅𐒰 𐒿𐒷́𐓒𐒷","defs":["horsefly with a striped head"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓄𐒰 𐓈𐓂𐒹𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓅𐒰 𐓉𐓂́𐒹𐓂","defs":["horsefly with a green head","green-headed horsefly"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓆𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["black horsefly"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐒿𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["large horsefly"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̄͘𐓁𐒻̋","defs":["sugar","sugar (lit., ‘tree water’, originally referring to\nmaple sap or syrup)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/sugar_candy_hl.mp3","infl":"âåà + níi"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓁𐒻 𐓁𐒻𐓓𐓂͘𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̄͘𐓁𐒻̋ 𐓁𐒻́𐓓𐓂͘𐒷","defs":["syrup","syrup (DN-WHM, unconfirmed;\nFH:uk). [It is doubtful that this expression is a\nreal Osage form.]"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓁𐒻𐓂𐓓𐓎","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̄͘𐓁𐒻̋𐓂̄𐓓𐓎","defs":["sugar bowl","sugar bowl (MSB,\n3-3-83-p4, 03/14/95/MREI/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âààníi + ooâú"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓄𐒰𐓆𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓄𐒰̄𐓆𐒷","defs":["saw (for cutting wood)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âåà + paasé"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓄𐒰𐓈𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̄͘𐓅𐒰́𐓈𐓂","defs":["beaver"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["žápe"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓄𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓅𐒰𐓐𐒷","defs":["bat (the flying mammal)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["beaver","beaver (RB)","leaf"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/beaver_sr.mp3","infl":"possibly âåà + ápe"},{"hw_osage":"*𐓓𐒰𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐓄𐒷","defs":["peel","scrape off","pare"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓄𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̄͘𐓄𐒷́","defs":["leaf"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓄𐒷𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓅𐒷̄𐓊𐒷","defs":["fire-making wood (piece of wood laid on ground and rubbed to make fire)","fire-making wood\n(piece of wood laid on ground and rubbed to\nmake fire)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âåà + hpéece"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓄𐓂𐓒𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐓄𐓂́𐓒𐒰","defs":["post or stake planted upright in the ground"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰𐓄𐓇𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐓄𐓇𐒷","defs":["stab"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰𐓄𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐓄𐓎𐓇𐒼𐒰","defs":["ant"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/ant_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓆𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓆𐒰́͘","defs":["sycamore tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐓉𐒰","defs":["͘forked","divided","notched","branded","split","cut","sliced","divided, forked, notched, branded,\nsplit, cut, sliced (04/20/95/LS/pc:prod). ǫ́pe\nžáhta bird’s tail divided, scissortail flycatcher"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"xref":["íhaa žáhta","ǫ́pežahta","pažážaki"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓊𐓎𐒼'𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̄͘𐓋𐓎́𐒼'𐒰","defs":["punk, tinder, fine kindling (dried decayed wood used for tinder to strike a flint fire)","punk, tinder, fine\nkindling (dried decayed wood used for tinder\nto strike a flint fire [RB])"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âåà + hcúk∏a"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓊𐓎𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓋𐓎𐒼𐒷","defs":["wooden spoon"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âåà + hcúke"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐓎𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐓐𐒰 𐓓𐓎́𐓊𐒷","defs":["red willow"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷","defs":["stick","pole","baby board","pole, stick\n(RBn10:21/JW)","stick, pole","stick (pole)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐒷 𐓊𐒷𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷 𐓊𐒷́𐓐𐒷𐓁𐒻̄","defs":["drumstick"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓐𐒷𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["stick","branches","small limbs or twigs (of a tree or bush)","stick, branches,\nsmall limbs or twigs (of a tree or bush)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âåàxe + -âî ‘little’","xref":["žą́ąžį"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐓈𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́͘𐓐𐓈𐒰","defs":["body odor, any soured odor (such as the smell of clothes, shoes, feet, or a refinery)","smell unpleasantly sour, have a sour odor","stinky, sour-smelling","body odor, any soured odor (such as the\nsmell of clothes, shoes, feet, or a refinery)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓐𐓎𐒹𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̄͘𐓐𐓎́𐒹𐒰̄","defs":["inner bark of a tree"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âåà + xúhaa"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷","defs":["name","signature","name;","? (intr.) smell as spoiled food\nsmells, have a stinking odor or a bad odor\n(e.g., underarm odor) (t109/PM/506;\n01/13/95/FH/pc:ok)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"a":"her name is","e":"Mary"},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓤'𐓶́ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"ðak'ú hkǫ́bra","e":"I want you to give my boy a name"}],"infl":"uninfl."},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒷","defs":["smell as spoiled food smells, have a stinking odor or a bad odor (e.g., underarm odor)"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒷 𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰𐓐𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐒼𐒻𐒼𐒰̋𐓐𐒷","defs":["sign (as a document), subscribe, undersign, affix one's signature"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒷 𐓏𐒷𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰́𐓓𐒷 𐓏𐒷́𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","defs":["signature"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒰͘𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒰̋͘𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["splinters","small branches, small limbs or twigs (of a tree or bush)","splinters (FH);"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓻𐓘́͘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"žą́kxa ažį́įhe hta mįkšé","e":"I’m\n[going to be] sleeping sitting up"}],"infl":"âåà + -âî ‘little’"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷́","defs":["defecate","have a bowel movement","be excreted","ooze","be emitted","stool","excrete","emit","defecate, have a bowel\nmovement; be excreted, ooze, be emitted. ažé\nžąąníioožu\nžišǫ́\nhkǫ́bra I want to shit"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to shit"}],"infl":"reg., _âé","xref":["céže","óochiže","ožéhci","úže"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷́","defs":["penis","male organ"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"-𐓓𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷́","defs":["not, never"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰́","defs":["leg","upper part of the leg","hind leg"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"xref":["žekáxǫ"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐒼𐒰͘ 𐓈𐒰͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰́ 𐒽𐒰͘ 𐓉𐒰́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["muscle of the thigh, or hind leg"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐒼𐒻𐓊𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰́ 𐓂́𐒽𐒻𐓌𐒷","defs":["knee joint"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷́𐒼𐒰𐓐𐓂́͘","defs":["broken leg(s)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âeká + xò"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["queen (in a deck of cards)","queen (in a deck of\ncards) (lit., ‘little legs’) (LF only)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"âeká + âîká"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒷𐒿𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒷́𐒿𐒰͘","defs":["cook food by putting it on a fire, as watxaⁿ (pumpkin), etc.","heat, as stones on a fire, for a sweat-bath","cook food in a pan on top or inside a stove or oven","broil meat","fried"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒹𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻̋͘𐒹𐒷","defs":["sleep","slumber","recline, as when asleep"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒻𐒹𐒻","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻́𐒹𐒻","defs":["brown","yellowish-red","reddish-yellow"],"pos":"adjective","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒰","defs":["little","small","child","children","little one(s)","kid(s)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"],"audio":"https://www.osageculture.com/sites/default/files/webonary/media/media_20240924143257/AudioVisual/small_hl.mp3"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰 𐓂𐓏𐒰𐒼𐒻𐒹𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́ 𐓂𐓏𐒰́𐒽𐒻𐒹𐒰͘","defs":["grandchild (my)","grandchild (your)","grandchild (his/her)","grandchild","descendent","issue","bring forth","a grandchild","grandchild (see chap. 11)"],"pos":"","src":["online_dictionary","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰𐓓𐒻͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒰́𐓓𐒻͘","defs":["child(ren), little one(s), kid(s)","childhood","child(ren), little one(s),\nkid(s); childhood","child"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["son","nephew (brother's son, of a male)","nephew (sister's son, of a female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻͘𐒼𐓂́𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒰͘","defs":["babysit, take care of kids","babysitting, childcare","[žįkážį + okášą] (intr.) babysit, take care of\nkids (RBn10-6:JW). • n babysitting, childcare"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg., âîkó_ka©à"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒻𐓇𐓂͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻𐓇𐓂́͘","defs":["before"],"pos":"post","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓷𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓣𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́","a":"wąkóižį alí hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll come right back\n[wàkòô + -âî]"}]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐒻𐓈𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻́𐓈𐒰͘","defs":["too","for his part"],"pos":"adverb","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓓𐒻͘𐓍𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐒻́͘𐓍𐒷","defs":["brother (older, of a male)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐓂","hw_apa":"𐓓𐓂","defs":["flesh","body"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓓𐓂͘𐒰͘","hw_apa":"𐓓𐓂́͘𐒰͘","defs":["sister (older, of a female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"*𐓓𐓂͘𐒼𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐓂́͘𐒼𐒷","defs":["daughter","niece (brother's daughter, of a male)","niece (sister's daughter, of a female)"],"pos":"noun","src":["online_dictionary"]},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐓂́𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒷","defs":["be or go with his or her own","be with one's own people","[kik- suu + žóle]\n(trans.) be with one’s own people"],"pos":"transitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"infl":"reg. ki-ret., âó_kile"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐓂𐒼𐒻𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐓂́𐒽𐒻𐒿𐒷","defs":["be with each other","[hkik- recip + žóle]\n(intr.) be with each other"],"pos":"intransitive verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓻𐓪́𐓘͘𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓵𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓻𐓘𐓨𐓣́𐓟","a":"žóąhkile ðálį žamíe","e":"I\nthink we ought to get married [marry each other]"}],"infl":"reg., âó_hkile"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐓂𐒿𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐓂́𐒿𐒷","defs":["with him, her, or it","be with him, etc.","with (often glossed 'and' in English)","marry","accompany","go with","come with","date","be in a courtship with","marry, accompany, go\nwith, come with, date, be in a courtship with\n(lit., ‘be with’)","be with, accompany","be with (accompany)"],"pos":"verb","src":["online_dictionary","quintero_2010","pratt_2025"],"exs":[{"o":"𐓻𐓪́𐓷𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓙","a":"žówile hkǫ́brai","e":"I want to marry\nyou"},{"o":"𐓻𐓪́𐓷𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓙 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́","a":"žówile hkǫ́brai įké","e":"I don’t\nwant to marry you"}],"infl":"reg., âó_le","vc":"a-ða"},{"hw_osage":"𐓓𐓂͘𐓄𐒰𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","hw_apa":"𐓓𐓂͘𐓅𐒰́𐒿𐒷𐓒𐒷","defs":["quail, stripe-headed quail, 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(My father is present and stationary, while I’m talking.)","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"the physical position of the subject","p":22,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"įhtáci apa waaðǫ́ pe","e":"My father sang. (My father is not present, while I’m talking.)","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"the physical position of the subject","p":22,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcée akxa ną́ąka pe","e":"The buffalo ran.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"Aspect: the way an event unfolds in time","p":23,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcée apa ną́ąka pe","e":"The buffalo ran.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"Aspect: the way an event unfolds in time","p":23,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į žįkážį akxa hiiðá pe","e":"Yesterday the child swam. We will show other ways that 𐓬𐓟 [pe] can be used in coming chapters.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"Aspect: the way an event unfolds in time","p":23,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa apa ną́ąke apai","e":"The horse is running. (The horse is either out of view or moving, and it is running.)","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"The continuous aspect","p":24,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wak’ó akxa waaðǫ́ akxai","e":"The woman is singing. (The woman who is present is continuing to sing.)","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"The continuous aspect","p":24,"id":"7a"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wak’ó akxa waaðǫ́ akxa","e":"The woman sings. (The woman who is present sings but may or may not be singing The Basic Sentence she is continuing to sing but not move, we use the aspect marker 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai]. If the singing","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"The continuous aspect","p":24,"id":"7b"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe ilǫ́ežį akxa owísi pe","e":"Today the cat jumped. or Today the cat has jumped. (Today the cat is present and no longer jumping.)","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"The continuous aspect","p":25,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe ilǫ́ežį apa owísi apai","e":"Today the cat is jumping.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"The continuous aspect","p":25,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"sitǫ́į ilǫ́ežį apa owísi apai","e":"Yesterday, the cat was jumping. (Yesterday, the cat somewhere continued to jump.) We could also say this sentence using the aspect marker 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa]. The meaning would be","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"The continuous aspect","p":25,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"sitǫ́į ilǫ́ežį apa owísi apa","e":"Yesterday, the cat was jumping.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"The continuous aspect","p":25,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į waðíopxaðe apa hiiðá ðe","e":"(It’s true that) the student swam yesterday. an emphasis to what the speaker is saying. A second important evidential is one that indicates that the speaker has evidence that","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"Evidentials: confidence in the message","p":26,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓴𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į waðíopxaðe apa hiiðá che","e":"(I have evidence that) the student swam yesterday.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"Evidentials: confidence in the message","p":26,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į waðíopxaðe apa hiiðá pe","e":"The student swam yesterday.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","sec":"Evidentials: confidence in the message","p":26,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze akxa žįkážį wį óhką pe","e":"The teacher helped a child. the teacher is present, and 𐓬𐓟 [pe] is an aspect marker that indicates that the helping action is","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding an object","p":31,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"įhtáci apa ðiihǫ́ óhką pe","e":"My father helped your mother. This sentence uses 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] as the subject marker to indicate that the subject is out of","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding an object","p":31,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wihcími apa ðižǫ́ke óhką apai","e":"My aunt is helping your daughter. This sentence uses 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] as the aspect marker to indicate that the action is ongoing.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding an object","p":31,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓴𐓟.","a":"wįcéki apa ðižį́ke óhką che","e":"My uncle helped your son. (I have evidence for it.) This sentence uses 𐓴𐓟 [che] as an evidential marker to indicate that the speaker has evi- I have direct evidence for it.”","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding an object","p":31,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa htáa c’éða pe","e":"The man killed the deer.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding an object","p":32,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa htáa c’éðe apai","e":"The man is killing the deer.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding an object","p":32,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"níhka akxa htáa c’éðe akxai","e":"The man is killing the deer.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding an object","p":32,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓴𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa htáa c’éðe che","e":"The man killed the deer. (I have evidence for it.)","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding an object","p":32,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓮𐓤𐓘","a":"ilǫ́ežį ska","e":"white cat","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adjectives to phrases","p":32,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓺𐓣","a":"haxį́ zi","e":"yellow blanket","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adjectives to phrases","p":32,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪","a":"ho htóho","e":"blue fish","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adjectives to phrases","p":32,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘","a":"wak’ó ðáalį","e":"good woman","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adjectives to phrases","p":32,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓶̋ 𐓲𐓟𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka lą́ąðe akxa wažįka žúuce íiða pe","e":"The big man saw the red bird.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adjectives to phrases","p":33,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke hpíiži apa ho htóho oðį́įka pe","e":"The bad dog caught the blue fish.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adjectives to phrases","p":33,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"šǫ́ke akxa hpíiži akxa","e":"The dog is bad.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":33,"id":"15a"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke akxa hpíiži pe","e":"The dog is bad.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":33,"id":"15b"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"níhka akxa lą́ąðe akxa","e":"The man is big.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":33,"id":"16a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa lą́ąða pe","e":"The man is big. When we choose the subject marker 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa], we mean the subject is moving, at a dis-","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":34,"id":"16b"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa lą́ąðe apai","e":"The man is big.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":34,"id":"16c"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"mąšcį́ka akxa ska akxa","e":"The rabbit is white. The rabbit is here, and we are commenting on its being white.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":34,"id":"17a"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"mąšcį́ka akxa ska pe","e":"The rabbit is white. We are saying that it is a white rabbit.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":34,"id":"17b"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"mąšcį́ka apa ska apai","e":"The rabbit is white. The rabbit is out of sight, and it is white.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":34,"id":"17c"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓶̋𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wažį́ka akxa žúuce akxa","e":"The bird is red.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":34,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓺𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"haxį́ akxa zi pe","e":"The blanket is yellow.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":34,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hó akxa htóho pe","e":"The fish is blue.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":35,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wak’ó apa ðáalį apai","e":"The woman is good.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adjectives as predicates","p":35,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓧𐓶́𐓻𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ilǫ́ežį ska apa lúži mąðį́ apai","e":"The white cat was walking slowly. We have learned that we do not have to use a special word for the in Osage. When we want to","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adverbs","p":35,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe wasápe akxa sápe akxa","e":"That bear is black.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adverbs","p":35,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wasápe ðe akxa sápe akxa","e":"That bear is black.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adverbs","p":35,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðe ilǫ́ežį hpíiži apa ną́ąke apai","e":"That bad cat is running.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adverbs","p":35,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓵𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ilǫ́ežį hpíiži ðe apa ną́ąke apai","e":"That bad cat is running.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","sec":"Adding adverbs","p":35,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓥𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į hkée akxa hiiðá pe","e":"Yesterday, the turtle swam.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Adding expressions of time","p":40,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣 𐓴𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe htáa apa owísi che","e":"Today, the deer jumped. (I have evidence that it did.)","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Adding expressions of time","p":40,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓮𐓶́𐓥𐓘 𐓲’𐓟́𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce níhka apa súhka c’éðe apai","e":"Now, the man is killing a chicken.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Adding expressions of time","p":40,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓳𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ące šį́mįžį apa hcíle óhką pe","e":"Last night, the girl helped the family. When we want to add a place, like a location or destination, to an Osage sentence, we typically","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Adding expressions of time","p":40,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka apa niitáahpa įkší mąðį́ pe","e":"The man walked to the pond.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Adding expressions of time","p":40,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓟́𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žįkážį aapa taapóskahci éhtaha ną́ąka pe","e":"","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Adding expressions of time","p":40,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓣 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa htáa žą́ą ci c’éða pe","e":"The man killed the deer in the forest.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":40,"id":"7a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa žą́ą ci htáa c’éða pe","e":"The man killed the deer in the forest.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":40,"id":"7b"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́𐓯𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄𐓬𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓤𐓣̋͘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́mįžį wahóšce akxa htaapé níižuuce kšíhtaha kį́įða pe","e":"The small girl threw the ball toward the river.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":41,"id":"8a"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́𐓯𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄𐓬𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣̋͘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́mįžį wahóšce akxa níižuuce kšíhtaha htaapé kį́įða pe","e":"The small girl threw the ball toward the river.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":41,"id":"8b"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į šį́tožį akxa ho wį niitáahpa ci oðį́įka pe","e":"Yesterday, the boy caught a fish in the pond.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":41,"id":"9a"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į šį́tožį akxa niitáahpa ci ho wį oðį́įka pe","e":"Yesterday, the boy caught a fish in the pond. When the shape of a place matters: 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [įkší], 𐓲𐓣 [ci], 𐓤𐓣 [ki],","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":41,"id":"9b"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa apa niitáahpa įkší mąðį́ apai","e":"The horse walked to the pond.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":41,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋𐓻𐓣̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa apa níižuuce kši mąðį́ apai","e":"The horse walked to the river.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":42,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"sitǫ́į hkáwa apa hci ci mąðį́ apai","e":"Yesterday, the horse walked to the house.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":42,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hą́ąci šį́mįžį apa waachí ki mąðį́ apai","e":"Last night, the girl walked to the dances.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":42,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓳𐓣𐓲𐓣 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ące šį́mįžį akxa hci ci žį́įha pe","e":"Last night, the girl slept in the house.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":42,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘̄𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"mį́įǫpa ðǫǫpá haašíhta šį́m̨įžį apa niitáahpa įkší hiiðá apai","e":"Two months ago, the girl swam in the pond. The meaning of 𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 [éhtaha] is fairly well expressed by English toward.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":42,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓘̄𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓱𐓘𐓳𐓣𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hą́ąpa ðáabrį haašíhta hkáwa apa wacúhtahci éhtaha mąðį́ apai","e":"Three days ago, the horse walked toward the barn.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":42,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa apa níižuuce kšíhtaha mąðį́ apai","e":"The horse walked toward the river. We will discuss motion verbs like come or go in chapter 14.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"The child ran toward the school.","p":42,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓮𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́mįhkase apa ną́ąka pe","e":"The coyote ran.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Yes-no questions","p":43,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓮𐓟 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟𐓵𐓟?","a":"šǫ́mįhkase ną́ąke ðe","e":"Did the coyote run? This can also be seen in the dialogue between a father and son that introduces this chapter.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Yes-no questions","p":43,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓟?","a":"ðiihǫ́ chi ðe","e":"Has your mother arrived?","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Yes-no questions","p":43,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ .𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓴𐓣 𐓴𐓟.","a":"howé iiną́ apa chi che","e":"Yes, Mother has arrived. The son’s response shows that he doesn’t actually see her, but he has evidence because he","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Yes-no questions","p":43,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"šǫ́žį akxa žį́įhe akxai","e":"The puppy is sleeping.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Yes-no questions","p":43,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟?","a":"šǫ́žį akxa žį́įhe","e":"Is the puppy sleeping?","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Yes-no questions","p":43,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟?","a":"šǫ́žį žį́įhe","e":"Is the puppy sleeping?","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Yes-no questions","p":43,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟?","a":"žį́įhe","e":"Is he asleep? or Is he sleeping?","ch":"Expressions and Locations","sec":"Yes-no questions","p":43,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wak’ó ðe apa waachí apai","e":"That woman is dancing.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50,"id":"1a"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce waaðǫ́ akxai","e":"Now she is singing. the basic verb and an aspect marker.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50,"id":"1b"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į htáa akxa owísi pe","e":"Yesterday the deer jumped.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50,"id":"2a"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe ną́ąka pe","e":"Today it ran.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50,"id":"2b"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"waachí apai","e":"He or she (possibly it) is dancing. we name our subject, as we do in sentences 1a (𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ [wak’ó]) and 2a (𐓱𐓘̋ [htáa]), or not, as","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į aną́ąke","e":"Yesterday I ran.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The a-ða verb class","p":51,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟.","a":"hą́ące ažį́įhe","e":"Last night I slept.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The a-ða verb class","p":51,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į ðaną́ąke","e":"Yesterday you ran.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The a-ða verb class","p":52,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟.","a":"hą́ące ðažį́įhe","e":"Last night you slept.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The a-ða verb class","p":52,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓜𐓣́͘ .","a":"níižuuce kši mąbrį́ (from the verb mąðį́)","e":"I walked to the river.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":52,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓜𐓪́͘ .","a":"hą́ące waabrǫ́ (from the verb waaðǫ́)","e":"I sang last night.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":52,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"sitǫ́į mąhkása brúwį (from the verb ðuwí́˛)","e":"Yesterday I bought coffee. The second-person Osage pronoun 𐓯𐓲 [šc] or 𐓯𐓰 [št]","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":52,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘.","a":"níižuuce kši mąšcį́","e":"You walked to the river.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":53,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘.","a":"hą́ące waaštǫ́","e":"You sang last night.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":53,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"sitǫ́į mąhkása šcúwį","e":"Yesterday you bought coffee.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":53,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į ną́ąka pe","e":"Yesterday he (or she) ran.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"Third-person subjects: he, she, or it","p":53,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ące waaðǫ́ pe","e":"He (or she) sang last night.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"Third-person subjects: he, she, or it","p":53,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̄𐓻𐓣.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe áwakaaži","e":"I drove today.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":54,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘̄𐓻𐓣.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe waðákaaži","e":"You drove today.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":54,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟.","a":"hą́ące áwanǫbre","e":"Last night I dined (ate a meal).","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":54,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟.","a":"hą́ące waðánǫbre","e":"Last night you dined.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":54,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓘𐓷𐓘̋𐓴𐓣.","a":"sitǫ́į awáachi","e":"Yesterday I danced.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":54,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓴𐓣.","a":"sitǫ́į waðáachi","e":"Yesterday you danced.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":54,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓱𐓘́ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"iihkó akxa wihtáežį óhką pe","e":"My grandmother helped my little sister.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":54,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓱𐓘́𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"wihtáežį oáhką","e":"I helped my little sister.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":55,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓱𐓘́𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"ðihtáežį oðáhką","e":"You helped your little sister.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":55,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓷𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓪𐓘́𐓲𐓟.","a":"hą́ące wéðušupe oáce","e":"Last night I looked for the keys.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":55,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓷𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓘́𐓲𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe wéðušupe oðáce","e":"Today, you looked for the keys.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","sec":"A quick summary","p":55,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waléze wį oáce mįkšé","e":"I am currently looking for a book. or I am looking for a book while sitting.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":59,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐒰́𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"áwanǫbre mįkšé","e":"I am currently eating a meal. or I am eating a meal while sitting. This sentence could mean either “I am eating a meal in a sitting position” or “I am in the","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":60,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘̄𐓜𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ąci waabrǫ́ mįkšé","e":"I was singing last night. We can use the context of the conversation or time adverbs like 𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓫́ [sitǫ́į] yesterday or","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":60,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓘́𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ooáhą mįkšé","e":"I am cooking. or I was cooking. The next first-person aspect marker we will discuss is 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ąhé]. Again, there are two usual","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":60,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐒰𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"aną́ąke ąhé","e":"I am running. or I have been running. This sentence can mean either I am running (emphasizing that I am moving) or I have been","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ ,𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"sitǫ́į aną́ąke ąhé","e":"Yesterday, I was running. or Yesterday, I had been running.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ ,𐓘𐓡𐓣̋𐓜𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"sitó˛į ahíibra ąhé","e":"Yesterday, I was swimming. or Yesterday, I had been swimming.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐒰𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́!","a":"aną́ąke ąðįhé","e":"I am running! or I have been running!","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ ,𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́!","a":"sitǫ́į aną́ąke ąðįhé","e":"Yesterday, I was running! or I had been running yesterday! The final first-person continuous aspect marker is 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ątxąhé]. It is used when the subject","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"žįkážį wį oáhką ątxąhé","e":"I am helping a child (while standing). or I’m about to help a child.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":62,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓜𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"waabrǫ́ ątxąhé","e":"I’m singing (while standing). or I’m about to sing. This example indicates that the subject is standing ready or standing by to sing.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":62,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waðánǫbre nįkšé","e":"You are eating a meal (while sitting). or You are currently eating a meal. This example can mean you are eating a meal while sitting or you are in the ongoing act of","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":62,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ąci waaštǫ́ nįkšé","e":"You were singing last night (while sitting). or You were singing last night. The second-person continuous aspect marker 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [ðaašé] is used when the subject is mov-","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":62,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waðáachi ðaašé","e":"Continuous Aspect, Singular Pronouns, and the Verb 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį] You are dancing. or You have been dancing.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":62,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"sitǫ́į ðahíišta ðaašé","e":"You were swimming yesterday. or You had been swimming yesterday. The second-person continuous aspect marker 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓯𐓟́ [ðatxą́še] is similar to 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":63,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓯𐓟.","a":"waaštǫ́ ðatxą́še","e":"You are singing (while standing). or You are about to sing (imminently). The second-person continuous aspect marker for the lying position is 𐓻𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓟 [žą́kše]. This","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":63,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓻𐓘́͘𐓤𐓯𐓟.","a":"hą́ąci ðažį́įhe žą́kše","e":"You were sleeping last night (lying down).","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":63,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́, 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"hawé tąhé nįkšé","e":"Hello, are you doing well?","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Aspect markers in greetings","p":63,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"tąhé mįkšé","e":"I’m fine. or I’m doing well. This is the basic way. The speakers can be more specific by changing the aspect marker.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Aspect markers in greetings","p":64,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓯𐓟?","a":"tąhé ðatxą́še","e":"Are you doing well? (You are standing.)","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Aspect markers in greetings","p":64,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"tąhé ątxąhé","e":"I’m fine. or I’m doing well. (I am standing.)","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Aspect markers in greetings","p":64,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"tąhé ðaašé","e":"Have you been well? (Said regardless of position.)","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Aspect markers in greetings","p":64,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"tąhé ąhé","e":"I have been well. or I am well. (I am walking.)","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Aspect markers in greetings","p":64,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓣͘.","a":"níhka akxa wakǫ́ze ðį","e":"The man is a teacher.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":65,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓣͘.","a":"wakǫ́ze ðį.","e":"He is a teacher.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":65,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓣͘.","a":"šį́mįžį ðį","e":"She is a girl. How to say I am using 𐓜𐓣͘ [brį], 𐓨𐓣͘ [mį], and 𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘ [anį́]","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓜𐓣͘.or 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘.or 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘.","a":"wažáže brį or wažáže mį or wažáže anį́","e":"I am Osage.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓜𐓣͘.","a":"wak’ó brį","e":"I am a woman. How to say you are using 𐓯𐓲𐓣͘ [šcį], 𐓩𐓣͘ [nį], and 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘ [ðanį́] The most common words that mean you are are 𐓯𐓲𐓣͘ [šcį], 𐓩𐓣͘ [nį], and 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘ [ðanį́]. Again, these three words are largely interchangeable, and note that we sometimes hear 𐓩𐓣͘ [nį] in a","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓅𐓪́͘𐓥𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓣͘. or𐓅𐓪́͘𐓥𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘.or 𐓅𐓪́͘ 𐓥𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘ .","a":"hpǫ́hka šcį or hpǫ́hka nį or hpǫ́hka ðanį́","e":"You are Ponca.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓣͘.","a":"níhka šcį","e":"You are a man.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","sec":"Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"ąną́ąke","e":"","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person dual we two","p":71,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓣͘.","a":"žą́ą ci ąmą́ðį","e":"We two walked in the forest.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"We two ran.","p":71,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓡𐓣̋𐓵𐓘.","a":"niitáahpa ci ąhíiða","e":"We two swam in the pond.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"We two ran.","p":71,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘.","a":"ówe ąkóohǫ","e":"We two cooked vegetables. We have learned to use 𐓬𐓟 [pe] as a completive aspect for third-person subjects. When we","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"We two ran.","p":71,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟","a":"ąną́ąkape","e":"","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person we plural (more than two)","p":72,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓟́𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓨𐓘́͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"taapóskahci éhtaha ąmą́ðįpe","e":"We (plural) walked toward the school (house).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"We (plural) ran.","p":72,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓲𐓣𐓘͘𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níižuuce ci ąhíiðape","e":"We (plural) swam in the river.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"We (plural) ran.","p":72,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘́𐓬𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hápa wacúe ąkóohǫpe","e":"We (plural) baked cornbread.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"We (plural) ran.","p":72,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"ðaną́ąke","e":"You (singular) ran.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Second-person plural you","p":72,"id":"9a"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ðaną́ąkape","e":"","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Second-person plural you","p":73,"id":"9b"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓡𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘.","a":"ðahíišta","e":"You (singular) swam.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"You (plural) ran.","p":73,"id":"10a"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓡𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ðahíištape","e":"","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"You (plural) ran.","p":73,"id":"10b"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níižuuce kši mąšcį́pe","e":"You (plural) walked to the river.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"You (plural) swam.","p":73,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓣͘𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟","a":"žįkážį wį oðáhkąpe","e":"You (plural) helped a child.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"You (plural) swam.","p":73,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ía pe","e":"he, she, or they spoke.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":73,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"owísi pe","e":"he, she, it, or they jumped.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":73,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓌𐓣","a":"𐓪𐓲𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","e":"hci ocá pe","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":73,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žįkážį wį óhką pe","e":"he, she, or they helped a child.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":74,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa wažį́ka nąk’ǫ́ pe","e":"The boys (or the boy) heard a bird.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":74,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ace ą́wanǫbre ąðįkšé","e":"Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker or Last night, we two were eating (a meal, while sitting or lying).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":74,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ ,𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋𐓵𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"sitǫ́į ąwáaðǫ ąðįkšé","e":"Yesterday we two were singing. or Yesterday we two were singing (while sitting or lying). The continuous dual aspect marker 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́ [ąðé] is used when the subjects are moving, or it can","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ą́wanǫbre ąðé","e":"We two have been eating (a meal). or We two were eating (a meal, while moving).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓭𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓘͘𐓨𐓘́𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"níitáahpa kši ąmáðį ąðé","e":"We two are walking to the pond. or We two are walking to the pond (moving). an act that is imminent (about to) even if the subjects are not standing.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"wacúe skúðe ąkóohǫ ątxą́","e":"We two are about to bake cake. or We two are baking cake (standing).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓣𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋𐓵𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"oohǫ́hci ci ąwáaðǫ ątxą́","e":"We two are about to sing in the kitchen. or We two were singing in the kitchen (while standing).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓻𐓣̋𐓡𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąžį́įhe ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) have been sleeping. or We (plural) are sleeping.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓷𐓘̋𐓵𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąwáaðǫ ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) have been singing. or We (plural) are singing (while sitting or lying).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"ą́wanǫbre ąkatxą́","e":"We (plural) are about to eat (a meal). or We (plural) are eating (a meal, while standing).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶̋𐓻𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"hį́įce ąðúuža ąkatxą́","e":"We (plural) are about to wash the dishes. or We (plural) are washing dishes (while standing).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"žįkážį wį ąkóhką ąkatxą́","e":"We (plural) are about to help a child. or We (plural) are helping a child (while standing).","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðažį́įhe paašé","e":"You (plural) are sleeping.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Second-person plural subjects with continuous aspect, you plural","p":77,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ówehci ci hǫbrį́ke šcúwį paašé","e":"You (plural) are buying beans at the store.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Second-person plural subjects with continuous aspect, you plural","p":77,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"sitǫ́į šǫ́ke ðuxí apai","e":"They were chasing dogs yesterday.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Third-person plural subjects","p":77,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níižuuce kši mąðį́ apai","e":"They are walking to the river.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Third-person plural subjects","p":77,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓟𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"šį́mįžį ðe óhką akxai","e":"They are helping that girl.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Third-person plural subjects","p":77,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓜𐓶̋𐓻𐓘 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hį́įce brúuža hta mįkšé","e":"I am going to wash the dishes.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79,"id":"34"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓱𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"kaasį́ ówehci ci hǫbrį́ke šcúwį hta paašé","e":"Tomorrow you (plural) will buy beans at the store.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79,"id":"35"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓟𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"hą́ąpą ðe šį́mįžį akxa iihkó óhką hta akxai","e":"Today the girl is going to help Grandma.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79,"id":"36"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄͘𐓵𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"hąąðé ðáalį ąžį́įhe hta ąkáðe","e":"Tonight we will sleep well.","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79,"id":"37"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓟?","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce waðánǫbre hta ðe","e":"Are you going to eat now?","ch":"the Future Marker","sec":"Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79,"id":"38"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘?","a":"níhka táatą ðuwį́","e":"What did the man buy?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":83,"id":"1a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa hápa ðuwį́ pe","e":"The man bought corn. it appears right before the verb. Note that this is also the position where 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] appears","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":83,"id":"1b"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘?","a":"táatą šcúwį","e":"What did you buy?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":84,"id":"2a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̄𐓤𐓘̋𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓤𐓟 𐓜𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"niikáapxoke brúwį","e":"I bought a soda.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":84,"id":"2b"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́?","a":"sitǫ́į níhka táatą ðuwį́","e":"What did the man buy yesterday?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":84,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓭𐓣́𐓮𐓶 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́?","a":"táatą hpísu ðaaché","e":"What ate the acorns?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":84,"id":"4a"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓭𐓣́𐓮𐓶 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"sį́ka apa hpísu ðaachá pe","e":"The squirrel ate the acorns.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":84,"id":"4b"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓭𐓣́ 𐓮𐓶𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓘𐓬𐓙́?","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce táatą hpísu ðaaché apai","e":"What is eating the acorns now?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":84,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘?","a":"pée oðíhtą ðuwį́","e":"Who bought the car?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":84,"id":"6a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa oðíhtą ðuwį́ pe.","e":"The man bought the car.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":85,"id":"6b"},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘?","a":"pée haxį kǫ́ða","e":"Who wants the blanket?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":85,"id":"7a"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"haxí hkǫ́bra","e":"I want the blanket. When 𐓬𐓟̋ [pée] is the object, as in 8a and 9, it goes in the object’s usual place, right before the verb. Please note that formal English distinguishes between who and whom, as in 8a and 9,","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":85,"id":"7b"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓬𐓟̋𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟?","a":"wak’ó pée íiðe","e":"Whom did the woman see?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":85,"id":"8a"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó akxa wakǫ́ze íiða pe","e":"The woman saw the teacher.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":85,"id":"8b"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓬𐓟̋𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘?","a":"sitǫ́į pée oðáhką","e":"Whom did you help yesterday? The question word 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] where? asks about a location, so it appears where loca- or before the object of the verb, if there is one. Note that 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] appears before the","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":85,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́𐓤𐓣 𐓻𐓪͘𐓭𐓘́ 𐓧𐓟𐓺𐓟 𐓪𐓲𐓟́𐓘𐓬𐓙?","a":"níhka howáįki žǫhpáleze océ apai","e":"Where is the man hunting quail?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":85,"id":"10a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓻𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓻𐓪͘𐓭𐓘́ 𐓧𐓟𐓺𐓟 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa žą́ą ci žǫhpáleze océ apai","e":"The man is hunting quail in the forest.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":86,"id":"10b"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓣̋𐓵𐓟?","a":"žįkážį šǫ́ke howáįki íiðe","e":"Where did the child see the dog?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":86,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟?","a":"htáa howáįki íiðaðe","e":"Where did you see the deer? The question word 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 [hówa] which needs to go with a noun, as in which boy or which dog.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":86,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓪́𐓷𐓘 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙?","a":"ší́˛mįžį hówa hápa kǫ́ða akxai","e":"Which girl wants the corn?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":86,"id":"13a"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓧𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ší́˛mįžį lažį́į akxa hápa kǫ́ða akxai","e":"The thin girl wants the corn.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":86,"id":"13b"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́ ͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓮𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓪́𐓷𐓘 𐓰𐓪́͘𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙?","a":"ší˛ mįžį sį́ka hówa tǫ́pe akxai","e":"Which squirrel is the girl watching?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":86,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓉𐓪̋𐓻𐓶 𐓡𐓪́𐓷𐓘 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"htóožu hówa škǫ́šta","e":"","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Using question words","p":86,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓣̋𐓵𐓟?","a":"haatxą́ci wak’ó žįkážį íiðe","e":"When did the woman see the child?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":86,"id":"16a"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąci wak’ó akxa žįkážį íiða pe","e":"The woman saw the child last night.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":86,"id":"16b"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓷𐓘̄𐓜𐓪́͘?","a":"haatxą́ta waabrǫ́","e":"When do I sing?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":87,"id":"17a"},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"mį́įoðaake tóopa ci waaštǫ́ hta nįkšé","e":"You sing at 4:00. or You will sing at 4:00.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":87,"id":"17b"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣𐓪́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘?","a":"haatxą́ci ónǫbre šcúwį","e":"When did you buy food?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":87,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓤’𐓘́͘ 𐓮𐓘̄𐓤𐓣𐓴𐓣́?","a":"haatxą́ta oðíhtą k’ą́saaki chí","e":"When does the train arrive? We will discuss verbs of motion such as 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] arrive in chapter 14. The question words how much? and how many? are always used with nouns, as in how much the noun is a living thing (animate), we use 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓘 [háaną pa]. Some modern speakers use","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":87,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘𐓪́ 𐓡𐓣?","a":"sitǫ́į wak’ó mą́zeska háaną óhi","e":"How much money did the woman win yesterday?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":87,"id":"20a"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓜𐓪́𐓤𐓘 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘𐓪́ 𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó akxa bróka lébrą óhi pe","e":"The woman won ten dollars.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":87,"id":"20b"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓮𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓘𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟?","a":"níhka sį́ka háaną pa íiðe","e":"","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Which meat pie do you want?","p":87,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓬𐓶́𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟?","a":"wapúška háaną šcúwįpe","e":"How many beads did you (plural) buy? The question word 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ [háakǫ] can generally be used where we would use how in English. This kind of question is usually answered with several sentences, something you will get better","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟“corn” 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟?","a":"háakǫ štáace “corn” wažáže íe","e":"How do you say “corn” in Osage?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓱𐓪̋𐓻𐓶 𐓯𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟?","a":"háakǫ htóožu škáaɣe","e":"How do you make meat pies? The question word 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 [háakǫta] why? will generally come first in a sentence.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓣́𐓵𐓘𐓟?","a":"háakǫta íðae","e":"Why did you speak?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓪̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙?","a":"háakǫta šǫ́ke akxa hóohtą akxai?","e":"Why is the dog barking?","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"hą́ąðe waachí hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to dance tonight.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓤𐓣́𐓭𐓘̄𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"wéhkilį okíhpaahą škǫ́šta","e":"Do you want to dress? the basic brush pattern, so no new changes are needed. We use 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] in sentences with both nouns and verbs. Verbs do not need any special","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wacúe hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"I want bread.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wacúe ðaaché hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"I want to eat bread.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waaðǫ́ ąkǫ́ða ąðįkšé","e":"We two want to sing.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","sec":"Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓰𐓪́͘𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"įhtáci akxa ątǫ́pe akxai","e":"My father was watching me. The verb 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ [óhką] help infixes pronouns (see chapter 5.) Notice the difference in sen- the accent stays on the 𐓪́ [o] of the verb with the object pronoun in 2a but moves to the subject","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Object pronouns","p":97,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪́𐓘͘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"iihkó akxa óąhką pe","e":"My grandmother helped me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Object pronouns","p":97,"id":"2a"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓪𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"iihkó oáhką","e":"I helped my grandmother. The object pronoun 𐓵𐓣 [ði] you","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Object pronouns","p":97,"id":"2b"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke akxa ðiną́k'ǫ̨ pe","e":"The dog heard you.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Object pronouns","p":97,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðiihǫ́ apa óðihką apai.","e":"Your mother is helping you.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Object pronouns","p":98,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó akxa žįkážį wį óhką pe","e":"The woman helped a child.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98,"id":"5a"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žįkážį wį óhką pe","e":"She helped a child. we have two options. We can put something in the object position, as in 5c. Most often this","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98,"id":"5b"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟̋𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ðée óhką pe","e":"She helped that one (him, her).","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98,"id":"5c"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"óhką pe","e":"She helped him (or her or it). we use a special pronoun, 𐓷𐓘 [wa]. This pronoun has many uses in Osage, and one of the most","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98,"id":"5d"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ówahką pe","e":"She helped folks. We will discuss this use of 𐓷𐓘 [wa] again in chapter 19.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98,"id":"5e"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"įhtáci apa ówahkąpi hta apai","e":"My father will help us.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural object pronouns","p":99,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐒻̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"iiną́ akxa waną́k'ǫ̨pe (not [waną́k'ǫpi pe].)","e":"Mother heard about us. When we use continuous aspect as in example 8, the aspect markers will tell us what the","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural object pronouns","p":99,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓣̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce iiną́ akxa waną́k'ǫ̨pi akxai","e":"Now Mother hears us. We make you plural with 𐓵𐓣 . . . 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [ði . . . api]. 𐓍𐓣 [ði] appears in the place where pro-","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural object pronouns","p":100,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"iiną́ akxa ðiną́k'ǫ̨pe","e":"Mother heard you (plural).","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural object pronouns","p":100,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"iiną́ akxa ðiną́k'ǫ̨pi akxai","e":"Mother hears you (plural). an accent. How can we tell the difference between this and the unaccented 𐓷𐓘 [wa] we dis-","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural object pronouns","p":100,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓘́𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa ho ðǫǫpá ðuuzá pe","e":"The boy took two fish.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural object pronouns","p":100,"id":"11a"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa wáðuuza pe","e":"The boy took them.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural object pronouns","p":100,"id":"11b"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓶̋ 𐓺𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa waðúuza pe","e":"The boy took stuff.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural object pronouns","p":100,"id":"11c"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟̋𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"sǫ́ke apa wéeðe apai","e":"The dog sees them. or The dog sees stuff.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Special forms","p":101,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟̋𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa wéeðe apai","e":"The man sees them. or The man sees stuff.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Special forms","p":101,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓘́𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘?","a":"ąðánąk’ǫ","e":"Did you hear me?","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","p":101,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"oą́ðahką","e":"You helped me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","p":101,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́͘𐓯𐓲𐓣̄͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"oą́šcįįke","e":"You hugged me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","p":102,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"ąštǫ́pe nįkšé (or, in place of [nįkšé], another form of continuous aspect)","e":"You’re looking at me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","p":102,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąną́ðaðe","e":"You see me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"A special form for me","p":102,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓯𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘.","a":"ąną́špahǫ","e":"You know me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"A special form for me","p":102,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"sitǫ́į owíhką","e":"","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"A special form for me","p":102,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓣̋ 𐓷𐓣𐓵𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"\u0007ðekǫ́ǫce íiwiðe mįkšé (or, in place of [mįkšé], another form of continuous","e":"aspect)","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Yesterday I helped you (singular or plural).","p":102,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́𐓜𐓣̄͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"owíbrįįke","e":"","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Right now I see you (singular or plural).","p":103,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐒻𐓷𐓣́𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"iwíhpahǫ mįkšé","e":"","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"I hugged you (singular or plural).","p":103,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓪𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe owaðáhkąpi nįkšé","e":"Today you are helping us (plural).","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103,"id":"24a"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓪𐓷𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe owáðahką nįkšé","e":"Today you are helping them.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103,"id":"24b"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́𐓪𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į owaðáhkąpe","e":"Yesterday you helped us.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103,"id":"24c"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wéeðaðapi nįkšé","e":"You see us.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103,"id":"25a"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́𐓷𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į wéeðaðape","e":"Yesterday you saw us. When we have a third-person subject, we only have the object pronoun.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103,"id":"25b"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wéeðapi apai","e":"He sees us.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":104,"id":"25c"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"ąkóðihką","e":"","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural forms: using we and you","p":104,"id":"26a"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąkóðihkąpe","e":"","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We two (dual) helped you.","p":104,"id":"26b"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ąkóðihką ąðįkšé","e":"We two (dual) are helping you.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":104,"id":"27a"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkóðihką ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) have been helping you.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":104,"id":"27b"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ąkóðihkąpi ąðįkšé","e":"We two (dual) are helping you (plural).","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"27c"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkóðihkąpi ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) have been helping you (plural). A second complication with 𐓘͘ [ą] is that it means both we and me. With many verbs, the","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"27d"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąnąk’ǫ́ pe","e":"He heard me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"28a"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąną́k'ǫ̨pe","e":"We heard him.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"28b"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ąną́k'ǫ̨ akxai","e":"He hears me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"28c"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąną́k'ǫ ąðé","e":"We two hear him.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"28d"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"ąną́k'ǫ ąkatxą́","e":"We hear him. or me. In continuous aspect, we know which meaning is intended because the subject is also","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"28e"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į ąną́ða pe","e":"Yesterday she saw me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"29a"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce ąną́ðe apai","e":"Now she sees me.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"29b"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫį ąną́ðape","e":"Yesterday we saw him.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105,"id":"29c"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋ 𐓲𐓟𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce ąną́ðe ąkatxą́","e":"Now we see him.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":106,"id":"29d"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓘́𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąðánąk’ǫpe","e":"","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"Plural forms: using you plural","p":106,"id":"30a"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓣́𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąðínąk’ǫ́pe","e":"","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"You (plural) heard me.","p":106,"id":"30b"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓣́𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"ąðínąk’ǫpi ąkatxą́","e":"We hear you (plural). and that 𐓷𐓘 [wa] can also be the first part of the pronoun for us, 𐓷𐓘 . . . 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [wa . . . api]. If 𐓷𐓘","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We heard you (plural).","p":106,"id":"30c"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéeða pe","e":"They (or he or she) saw stuff. or They (or he or she) saw them.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We heard you (plural).","p":106,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéeðape","e":"They (or he or she) saw us.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We heard you (plural).","p":106,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"wéeðapi apa","e":"They (or he or she) see us.","ch":"Object Pronouns","sec":"We heard you (plural).","p":107,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wak’ó akxa húheka akxai","e":"The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Stative verbs","p":110,"id":"1a"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wak’ó apa húheka apai","e":"The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Stative verbs","p":110,"id":"1b"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘.","a":"ąhúheka","e":"I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Stative verbs and continuous aspect markers","p":111,"id":"2a"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ąhúheka mįkšé.","e":"I am sitting here sick. the subject—sitting.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Stative verbs and continuous aspect markers","p":111,"id":"2b"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"ąhúheka ąhé","e":"I am sick while moving around.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Stative verbs and continuous aspect markers","p":111,"id":"2c"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘.","a":"ðihúheka","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Plural subjects with stative verbs","p":112,"id":"3a"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðihúheka paašé","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"You (singular) are sick.","p":112,"id":"3b"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wahúheka ąðįkšé","e":"We two are sick.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"You (plural) are sick.","p":112,"id":"4a"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wahúheka ąkáðe","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"You (plural) are sick.","p":112,"id":"4b"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"wahúheka ąkatxái","e":"We are standing here sick. (more than two and in a standing position) The verbs 𐓩𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́ 𐓡𐓣 [nǫhpéhi] be hungry and 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓳𐓟 [níhce] be cold are stative verbs whose sub-","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"We (plural) are sick.","p":112,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓡𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"šį́mįžį akxa nǫhpéhi akxai","e":"The girl is hungry. and 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai]. Recall that these aspect markers indicate how distant or present the subject is","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"We (plural) are sick.","p":112,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓘͘𐓡𐓣.","a":"nǫhpéąhi","e":"I am hungry.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"We (plural) are sick.","p":113,"id":"7a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓪𐓭𐓟́𐓘͘𐓡𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"nǫhpéąhi mįkšé","e":"I am hungry (sitting).","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"We (plural) are sick.","p":113,"id":"7b"},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓵𐓣𐓡𐓣.","a":"nǫhpéðihi","e":"You are hungry.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"We (plural) are sick.","p":113,"id":"8a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓵𐓣𐓡𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"nǫhpéðihi nįkšé","e":"You are hungry (sitting).","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"We (plural) are sick.","p":113,"id":"8b"},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓵𐓣𐓡𐓣 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"nǫhpéðihi paašé","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"We (plural) are sick.","p":113,"id":"8c"},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓣 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"nǫhpéwahi ąðįkšé","e":"We two are hungry.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"You (plural) are hungry.","p":113,"id":"9a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"nǫhpéwahi ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) are hungry.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"You (plural) are hungry.","p":113,"id":"9b"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓘͘𐓳𐓟.","a":"níąhce","e":"I am cold.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"You (plural) are hungry.","p":113,"id":"10a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓘͘𐓳𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"níąhce mįkšé","e":"I am cold (sitting).","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"You (plural) are hungry.","p":113,"id":"10b"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓘͘𐓳𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"níąhce ąhé","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"You (plural) are hungry.","p":113,"id":"10c"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"níwahce ąkáðe","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I am cold (moving around).","p":113,"id":"11a"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"níwahce ąkatxái","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"We (plural) are cold.","p":113,"id":"11b"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟.","a":"ąną́puze","e":"I am thirsty.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I-stem stative verbs","p":113,"id":"12a"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ąną́puze mįkšé","e":"I am thirsty (sitting).","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I-stem stative verbs","p":114,"id":"12b"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓵𐓣𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟.","a":"íðipuze","e":"You are thirsty.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I-stem stative verbs","p":114,"id":"13a"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓵𐓣𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"íðipuze nįkšé","e":"You are thirsty (sitting).","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I-stem stative verbs","p":114,"id":"13b"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓵𐓣𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"íðipuze paašé","e":"You (plural) are thirsty.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I-stem stative verbs","p":114,"id":"13c"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wéepuze ąðįkšé","e":"We two are thirsty. (See chapter 9 for why this begins with [wée].)","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I-stem stative verbs","p":114,"id":"14a"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wéepuze ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) are thirsty.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I-stem stative verbs","p":114,"id":"14b"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ípuze akxai","e":"He/she/they is/are thirsty.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"I-stem stative verbs","p":114,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘.","a":"ą́ðalį","e":"I’m glad.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":114,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"htáa ðaaché kiðálį pe","e":"He (or she) likes to eat meat.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘?","a":"wašį́ ðíðalį","e":"Do you like bacon?","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘.","a":"hą́ąhkaži hką́ące ą́ðalį","e":"No, I like fruit. This verb is a synonym of 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ [kíðalį] and is also a ki-stative verb.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣́𐓡𐓪̄͘?","a":"táatą ðíhǫǫ","e":"What do you like?","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓪́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓤𐓣́𐓡𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcíle akxa wažáže ónǫbre kíhǫǫ pe","e":"The family loves Osage food. This verb is also a synonym of 𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ [kiðálį] and 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ [kíhǫǫ] and is also a ki-stative","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘́𐓺𐓪 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"waachí wázo ąkatxái","e":"We are (standing here) enjoying the dances.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘̋͘𐓹𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓪 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"mą́ąɣe ðáalį ą́zo mįkšé","e":"I’m sitting here enjoying the good weather.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓤𐓣́𐓤𐓸𐓪 𐓵𐓣́𐓺𐓪 𐓵𐓟?","a":"hą́ąðe kíkxo ðízo ðe","e":"Are you enjoying the feast tonight?","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐒼𐓣́𐓺𐓪 𐓬𐓟.","a":"kízo pe","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Ki-stative verbs","p":115,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘.","a":"wíoxta","e":"I love you.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":116,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓵𐓣𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘.","a":"ą́ðioxta","e":"You love me.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":116,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓡𐓪́͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"iihǫ́ kíoxta pe.","e":"He (or she or they) loves his (or her or their) mother.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":116,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̋𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́𐓟.","a":"tóoce ąníe","e":"","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":116,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓓𐓟𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣𐓩𐓣́𐓟?","a":"žeká ðiníe","e":"Does your leg hurt?","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":116,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓮𐓣̋ 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́𐓟.","a":"hą́ąhkaži síi ąníe","e":"No, my foot hurts.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":116,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓟̋𐓧𐓣 𐓩𐓣́𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"iiną́ akxa wéeli níe akxai","e":"My mother’s head hurts.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":116,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣.","a":"hcéze ąhpíiži","e":"My stomach feels bad. We might expect 𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓟 [kitą́he] get better to be stative, but it is an a-ða verb.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":116,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓘́͘𐓡𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce akitą́he mįkšé","e":"Now I’m better.","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"He/she/they had fun.","p":117,"id":"34"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́!","a":"ípuze mįkšé","e":"I’m thirsty!","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Using just the aspect marker with common stative verbs","p":117,"id":"35"},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓡𐓣 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́!","a":"nǫhpéhi ąðįkšé","e":"We two are hungry!","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Using just the aspect marker with common stative verbs","p":117,"id":"36"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"tąhé ąhé","e":"I’ve been fine. the subject pronouns—for example, 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 [ąną́puze] or 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [ąną́puze mįkšé]","ch":"Stative Verbs","sec":"Using just the aspect marker with common stative verbs","p":117,"id":"37"},{"o":"𐓁𐓘̄͘𐓤𐓘́!","a":"nąąká","e":"Run!","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Singular you","p":128,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐓂𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́͘!","a":"oąhką́","e":"Help me!","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Singular you","p":128,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓰𐓪͘𐓬𐓘́!","a":"ątǫpá","e":"Look at me! A command may be made more emphatic by putting 𐓵𐓣 [ði], a form of you, after the verb.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Singular you","p":128,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣𐓵𐓣!","a":"owísi ði","e":"(You singular) Jump!","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Singular you","p":128,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣𐓬𐓣!","a":"owísipi","e":"(You plural) jump!","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Plural you","p":129,"id":"5a"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̄𐓴𐓘́𐓬𐓣!","a":"ðaachápi","e":"(You plural) eat! The verb 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ [océ] look for has special command forms 𐓪𐓰𐓘́ [otá] and 𐓪𐓰𐓘́ 𐓬𐓣 [otápi]. In","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Plural you","p":129,"id":"5b"},{"o":"𐓂𐓰𐓘́!","a":"otá","e":"Look for it!","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Plural you","p":129,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓳𐓟.","a":"ą́wanǫbre hce","e":"Let’s eat! (the two of us)","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Plural you","p":129,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓱𐓙.","a":"mąhkása ąðáahtą htai","e":"Let’s drink coffee. (more than two of us)","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Plural you","p":129,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓟.","a":"waaðǫ́ hce","e":"Let him sing!","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Plural you","p":129,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐒰𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣͘𐓳𐓟.","a":"awáachi hce","e":"Let me dance!","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Plural you","p":129,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"įhtáci akxa htáa wį íiðaži","e":"My father didn’t find a deer.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":130,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓵𐓘𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"íðak’ucaži nįkšé","e":"You are not studying.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":130,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐒰𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"aną́ąkemaži","e":"I didn’t run.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":130,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"waléze bráacemaží ąhé","e":"I haven’t been reading the book. The plural marker 𐓬𐓣 [pi] is combined with 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] to form 𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 [paži]. This is used with","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":130,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waléze štáacapaži paašé","e":"You (plural) aren’t reading the book.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":130,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"ówe waðálįpaži","e":"We don’t like vegetables.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":130,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"žįkážį akxa húhekapaži akxai","e":"The children are not sick. the subject is plural. In Osage, child and children are the same word, 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ [žįkážį].","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":130,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"mą́zeska ąðį́įke","e":"I have no money. or I don’t have any money.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":131,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"ónǫbre waðį́įke","e":"We have no food. The negator 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ [ðįké] has a number of uses. It negates noun phrases, and while it is not a","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":131,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"wižǫ́ke akxa pée ðįké íiðaži.","e":"My daughter did not see anyone.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":131,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"táatą ðįké brúwįmaži","e":"I did not buy anything.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":131,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́.","a":"pée ðįké","e":"No one (was there). We also use 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ [ðįké] for the English expression there is no. This kind of sentence takes","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":131,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓄𐓘̄𐓻𐓟́𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́.","a":"paazénii ðįké","e":"","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negation","p":131,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓟 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́!","a":"íe ðįká","e":"Don’t talk!","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negative commands: don’t","p":132,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐓑𐓘̄𐓤𐓟́ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́!","a":"ɣaaké įká","e":"","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Negative commands: don’t","p":132,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣!","a":"waaðǫ́ įká ði","e":"Don’t you sing! The plural form don’t adds the plural marker 𐓬𐓣 [pi] to make 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓬𐓣 [ðįkápi].","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Don’t cry!","p":132,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟̋𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓬𐓣!","a":"ðée ðaaché ðįkápi","e":"Don’t (you plural) eat that! We make future negation—not going to—using either 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] or 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ [ðįké]. We place the","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Don’t cry!","p":132,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓘́͘ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓱𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́tožį akxa oą́hkąži hta apai","e":"The boy is not going to help me.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Don’t cry!","p":132,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"htáa bráachemaži hta mįkšé","e":"I’m not going to eat meat.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Don’t cry!","p":132,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̋𐓵𐓘 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́mįžį apa híiða ðįké hta apai","e":"The girl is not going to bathe.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Don’t cry!","p":132,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waðáachi ðįké hta nįkšé","e":"You’re not going to dance.","ch":"Commands and Negation","sec":"Don’t cry!","p":132,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣𐓘͘𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"wahkǫ́tahci ąmą́ðį ną","e":"We walk to church sometimes.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"iihkó akxa húheka ną","e":"My grandmother is occasionally sick.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓪́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.","a":"óweci ci ónǫbre ą́ðuwį ną hta ąkáðe","e":"We will usually buy food at the grocery store.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́𐓤𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓳𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"wįcéki akxa hcíle íkihtǫpaži ną","e":"My uncle doesn’t visit the family regularly.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"įhtáci akxa hápa oožú ną","e":"My father grows corn (habitually). We can even put 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą] and 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] together to get the sense of something happening and it happens regularly in the summer (𐓩𐓘͘ [ną]).”","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"5a"},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̄𐓤𐓟́ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"tookétą įhtáci akxa hápa oožú štąną","e":"My father always grows corn in the summer.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"5b"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́𐓘́ 𐓰𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcíle wíhta akxa htaaská átǫpe nąpe","e":"My family used to raise sheep.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓵𐓪͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"wahkǫ́tahci ci ąwáaðǫ štą","e":"We sing at church a lot.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"iiną́ akxa oohǫ́ štą akxai","e":"My mother is always cooking.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"mąhkása bráahtą štą ąhé","e":"I’m always drinking coffee.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":137,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋𐓴𐓣 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ónǫbre háachi káaɣe apai","e":"They continually make food.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":138,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓪̋𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"háachi ðahóohtą","e":"You kept on shouting.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":138,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"kaasį́exci aną́ąke štą","e":"I run a lot in the morning.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":138,"id":"12a"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"kaasį́exci íkiha aną́ąke","e":"I run every morning. These words can also be used together with 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] and 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą], as in the following","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":138,"id":"12b"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́ ͘𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"kaasį́exci íkiha aną́ąke ną","e":"I usually run every morning.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":138,"id":"12c"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́ ͘𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"kaasį́exci íkiha aną́ąke štą","e":"I run a lot every morning.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Habitual aspects","p":138,"id":"12d"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waaštǫ́ šǫ nįkšé","e":"You are still singing.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Durative aspects","p":139,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓧𐓣̋͘𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wižį́ke apa hpahúska olį́į šǫ apai","e":"My son still lives in Pawhuska.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Durative aspects","p":139,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟 𐓷𐓘́𐓡𐓪̄ ͘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"ówe wáhǫǫpaži šǫ ąkatxái","e":"We still don’t like vegetables.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Durative aspects","p":139,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋ ͘𐓡𐓟𐓻𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓟.","a":"hcíle apa wanǫ́bre šǫ apa ðažįįhe žą́kše","e":"While the family ate dinner, you slept. or You slept while the family ate dinner. The connectors 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 [ðáha] and 𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 [áha] A connecting word (the grammar term is conjunction) that is closely related to the meaning of","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Durative aspects","p":139,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶 𐓵𐓣̄𐓯𐓰𐓘́ ͘𐓬𐓟𐓵𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪́ ͘𐓟𐓳𐓣𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"níižu ðiištą́ pe ðáha watǫ́ehci éhtaha áwakaži","e":"As soon as it stopped raining, I drove to the store.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Durative aspects","p":139,"id":"17a"},{"o":"𐒰𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓯𐓤𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ažį́įhe šǫ mįkšé žįkážį apa škáce apai","e":"While I was sleeping, the children were playing.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Durative aspects","p":139,"id":"17b"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓜𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"hcéze ąníe áha paazénii bráahtą","e":"My stomach hurts whenever I drink milk.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Durative aspects","p":140,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓱𐓘𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ąkóhtapi apa ówahkąpi hta áha ąkǫ́ða ąkáðe","e":"Our teacher will help us whenever we want.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Durative aspects","p":140,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke wíhta akxa ðiðáaxtaka pe","e":"My dog bit you.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":140,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe šǫ́ke akxa wíhta akxa","e":"That dog is mine.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":140,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓤’𐓣𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži ðíhta akxa ąðík’iða pe","e":"Your cat scratched me.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":140,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe ilǫ́eži akxa ðíhta akxa","e":"That cat is yours.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓤’𐓘́͘𐓮𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"hkáwa íhta akxa k’ą́saaki pe","e":"His/her horse is fast.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"24a"},{"o":"Henry𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓤’𐓘́͘𐓮𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"Henry hkáwa íhta akxa k’ą́saaki pe","e":"Henry’s horse is fast.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"24b"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe hkáwa akxa íhta akxa","e":"That horse is his/hers.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hci ąkóhta akxa ska pe","e":"Our (dual) house is white.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣","a":"𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","e":"hci akxa ąkóhta akxa The house is ours (dual).","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ilǫ́eži ąkóhtapi akxa hą́ąpa záani žį́įhe akxa","e":"Our (plural) cat sleeps all day.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe ilǫ́eži akxa ąkóhtapi akxa","e":"That cat is ours (plural).","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hkáwa ðíhtapi akxa sápa pe","e":"Your (plural) horse is black.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe hkáwa sápe akxa ðíhtapi akxa","e":"That black horse is yours (plural).","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":141,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓳𐓟́𐓤𐓘 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"oðíhtą íhtapi akxa hcéka xci akxa","e":"Their car is brand new.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":142,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe oðíhtą akxa íhtapi akxa","e":"That car is theirs.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Possessive pronouns","p":142,"id":"33"},{"o":"Me.","a":"","e":"or I did.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":142,"id":"34a"},{"o":"as shown in 34b, we expect the pronoun I to be emphasized: I found the dog.","a":"35b, the pronoun 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓟 [wíe] is a freestanding pronoun that provides a simple answer to the","e":"I found the dog. The answer in 34a is a normal conversational response to this question. If someone answers","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":142,"id":"34b"},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟?","a":"pée šǫ́ke íiðe","e":"Who found the dog?","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":142,"id":"35a"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́𐓟.","a":"wíe","e":"Me. or I did.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":142,"id":"35b"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"wíe wanǫ́bre hkǫbra","e":"I want to eat. or I’m the one who wants to eat or As for me, I want to eat. It is very important to remember that in a sentence, freestanding pronouns such as 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓟","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":142,"id":"36"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓬𐓟̋𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘?","a":"šį́mįžį akxa pée kíoxta","e":"Whom does the girl love?","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":143,"id":"37a"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣́𐓟.","a":"ðíe","e":"You.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":143,"id":"37b"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣́𐓟𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓪́𐓸𐓰𐓘.","a":"ðíe šį́mįžį akxa ðióxta.","e":"The girl loves you. or You are the one the girl loves. we use the freestanding 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓟 [ðíe]. We don’t have a record of whether traditional Osage had a special freestanding form for you plural or not. If we need 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓟 [ðíe] to refer to a plural pronoun, we will mark that on the","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":143,"id":"38"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣́𐓟𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓣𐓪́ 𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓬𐓣.","a":"ðíe šį́mįžį akxa ðióxtapi","e":"The girl loves you (plural).","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":143,"id":"39"},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘?","a":"pée wacúe skúe kǫ́ða","e":"Who wants cake?","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":143,"id":"40a"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓟.","a":"ąkóe","e":"Us. or We do.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":143,"id":"40b"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkóe wacúe skúe ąkǫ́ða ąkáðe","e":"We want cake. or We are the ones who want cake.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":143,"id":"41"},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́?","a":"pée wacúe skúe wíhta ðaaché","e":"Who ate my cake?","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":144,"id":"42a"},{"o":"𐒷̋.","a":"ée","e":"Him/her/them.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"Other freestanding pronouns","p":144,"id":"42b"},{"o":"𐒷̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓘́𐓬𐓟.","a":"ée wacúe skúe wíhta ðaachá pe","e":"She/he/they ate my cake. or He/she is the one who ate my cake. or They are the ones who ate my cake.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"or He/she/they did.","p":144,"id":"43"},{"o":"𐒷̋ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ée mąhkása káaɣa pe","e":"She is the one who made coffee.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"or He/she/they did.","p":144,"id":"44a"},{"o":"𐓈𐓪́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"tówa apa mąhkása káaɣa pe","e":"That guy made coffee.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","sec":"or He/she/they did.","p":144,"id":"44b"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟̄𐓤𐓘́ 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce wakǫ́ze apa ðeeká ahú apai","e":"The teacher is coming here now.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":148,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓟́𐓷𐓙 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙!","a":"šǫ́ke iiséwai apa akú apai","e":"The mean dog is coming back here! The h-stem verb class and 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú] the pronoun for first-person singular I is 𐓬𐓯 [pš] and for second-person you (both singular and","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":148,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓄𐓯𐓶 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"pšu ąhé","e":"I’m coming here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓇𐓶𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́.","a":"šu ðaašé","e":"You’re coming here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓇𐓶𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́.","a":"šu paašé","e":"You (plural) are coming here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓡𐓶 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąkáhu ąðé","e":"We two are coming here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓡𐓶 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkáhu ąkáðe or ąkai","e":"We are coming here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐒰𐓤𐓶́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"akú ąhé","e":"I’m coming back here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐒰𐓤𐓶́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"akú apai","e":"She’s coming back here. (“she” or another third-person)","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐒼𐓶𐓪́͘!","a":"kuó","e":"Come here!","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓤𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðakú ðaašé","e":"You’re coming back here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓤𐓶́ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðakú paašé","e":"You (plural) are coming back here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓤𐓶 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąkáku ąðé","e":"We two are coming back here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":149,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓤𐓶 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkáku ąkáðe or ąkai","e":"We are coming back here. The motion verb 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] means arrive here or get here. And 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [alí] means get back here,","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":150,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓟?","a":"ðiihǫ́ apa chí ðe","e":"Has your mother arrived?","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":150,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟.","a":"ðáalį ðachí che","e":"It’s good you’re here.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":150,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐓂𐓳𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓧𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"ohcíle alí hta mįkšé","e":"I will arrive home. The third-person form of 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [alí] arrive back also loses a in most speech.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":150,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓳𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟𐓧𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"iiną́htą akxa ohcíle lí pe","e":"My aunt (mother’s older sister) came back home.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":150,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘𐓰𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓳𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟𐓧𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"kaasį́ta wižį́ðe akxa ohcíle lí hta akxai","e":"My brother (male’s older brother) will return home tomorrow.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":150,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓧𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hkáwa ðe apa ną́ąke lí pe","e":"That horse ran back here (and it arrived).","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":150,"id":"20a"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa ðe apa ną́ąke akú apai","e":"That horse is running back here (and it has not yet arrived). When 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [ali] and other short verbs are the last word in the sentence, as in 21a, the pro-","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":151,"id":"20b"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓲𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣́𐓟?","a":"haatxą́ci ðalíe","e":"When did you come back?","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":151,"id":"21a"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"haatxą́ta ðalí hta nįkše","e":"When will you come back? The motion verbs 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ [aðée] go there and 𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ [alée] go back there are used for movement These are used when we talk about movement that is underway, but we do not assume that the","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":151,"id":"21b"},{"o":"𐓀𐓣́𐓹𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓬𐓟.","a":"míɣa akxa niitáahpa įkší aðáa pe","e":"The duck went to the pond.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":151,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓲𐓟̋?","a":"hową́įki šcée","e":"Where are you going?","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":151,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓰𐓘̋𐓬𐓟?","a":"howáįki štáape","e":"Where are you (plural) going? The form for you (plural) go, 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [štáape], may be puzzling at first since it comes from The form for first-person dual we two, 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe], is interesting because it is the same","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa íkiha taapóska ci ąkáðe nąpe","e":"We two go to school every day.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́ ͘𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wisǫ́ežį apa wahkǫ́tahci ci mąðį́ aðée apai","e":"My brother (female’s younger brother) is walking to church.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"žą́ą kši mąðí brée ąhé","e":"I am walking to the forest.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐒰𐓧𐓟̋ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"alée ąhé","e":"I am returning there.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐒰𐓧𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"alée apai","e":"He is returning there.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąkále aðé","e":"We two are returning there.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓧𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąkálape","e":"We (plural) returned there.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkále ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) are returning there. We use 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ [ahí] to mean arriving at or being at a place that is not here. It is often used to","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":152,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓄𐓯𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"pší hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll be there.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":153,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣","a":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","e":"hci ahí pe She stopped by the house.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":153,"id":"34"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́𐓟.","a":"šíe","e":"You got there.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":153,"id":"35"},{"o":"𐓄𐓯𐓣́𐓟.","a":"pšíe","e":"I got there.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":153,"id":"36"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓱𐓘͘𐓤𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓣́𐓟.","a":"šį́htąką pšíe","e":"I got fat.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":153,"id":"37"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hóohtą ahí pe","e":"He started to shout.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":153,"id":"38"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓟́𐓷𐓙 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙!","a":"šǫ́ke iiséwai apa akší apai","e":"The mean dog is back there! (It came back to where it was before.)","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":153,"id":"39"},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̄𐓤𐓟́𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"tooké íkiha ąkákšipe","e":"We returned home every summer. The verb 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ [aðį́] is used to mean possession, the basic sense of English have. (Be careful.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":153,"id":"40"},{"o":"𐒻𐓵𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘.","a":"iðáce apa oðíhtą ðǫǫpá aðí","e":"His father has two cars.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":154,"id":"41"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘?","a":"mą́zeska háaną ašcį","e":"How much money do you have?","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":154,"id":"42"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"mą́zeska háaną ašcį́ paašé","e":"How much money do you (plural) have?","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"How to think about movement in osage","p":154,"id":"43"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓘𐓡𐓶 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"iiná apa ónǫbre aðį́ahu apai","e":"My mother is bringing food (here). (My mother is on the way here with the food.) The form for I’m bringing it here is 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓶 [abrį́pšu]. Since 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ [aðį́] is a brush verb, we","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"Bringing and taking","p":154,"id":"44"},{"o":"𐓂̋𐓻𐓶 𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪 𐓷𐓣͘𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓶 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"óožu htóho wį abrį́pšu ąhé","e":"I’m bringing a blue bowl here. (I’m on my way with a blue bowl.) The form for you’re bringing it here is 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓶 [ašcį́šu].","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"Bringing and taking","p":155,"id":"45"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪͘𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓶𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hó ašcį́šu ðaašé","e":"You are bringing fish here. (You are on the way with the fish.) We use 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶 [aðį́aku] bring back here often to mean bring back home. The shortened form","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"Bringing and taking","p":155,"id":"46"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓵𐓘̄𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶𐓘𐓬𐓙. or𐓂́𐓵𐓘̄𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓶 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"óðaake waléze aðį́aku apai or óðaake waléze áðįku apai","e":"","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"Bringing and taking","p":155,"id":"47"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓵𐓘̄𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"óðaake waléze abrį́aku ąhé","e":"","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"She’s bringing the newspaper back.","p":155,"id":"48"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓶 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waléze ašcį́ðaku ðaašé","e":"","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"I’m bringing the newspaper back.","p":155,"id":"49"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓣̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe iiną́ akxa ówe aðį́achi pe","e":"Mother brought groceries home today.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":155,"id":"50"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓲𐓣𐓵𐓟?","a":"mą́zeska ašcį́ðachi ðe","e":"Did you bring any money? (and arrive with it)","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":155,"id":"51"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓪𐓳𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘𐓘𐓧𐓣.","a":"ilǫ́ežį wíhta ohcíle abrį́ali","e":"I brought my cat back (home).","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":156,"id":"52"},{"o":"𐒰𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟̄𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"aðį́aðee hta akxa","e":"He will take it (away).","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":156,"id":"53"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘𐓯𐓲𐓟̄ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"mą́zeska ašcį́šcee ðaašé","e":"Were you taking the money there? (Were you on your way there with the money?)","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":156,"id":"54"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓘́𐓜𐓣͘𐓜𐓟̄ 𐓘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"wakǫ́ze wíhta waskúe ábrįbree ahé","e":"I am taking sweets to my teacher. (I’m on my way there with the sweets for the","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":156,"id":"55"},{"o":"𐒰𐓜𐓣́͘𐓘𐓧𐓟̄ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"abrį́alee ąhé","e":"I’m taking it back home. (I’m on my way back home with it.)","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":156,"id":"56"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓶́𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓧𐓟̄ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"waskúe ąkáðįąkalee ąkáðe","e":"We are on our way back home with the sweets. (We are taking sweets back home.)","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":156,"id":"57"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪𐓳𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"įhtáci akxa wihcíko hci nąnúhu aðį́ahi pe","e":"Father took tobacco to Grandpa’s house.","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":157,"id":"58"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓤𐓣𐓺𐓪 𐓪́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓟?","a":"ókizo ónǫbre ašcį́ši hta ðe","e":"Are you taking food to the party?","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":157,"id":"59"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́ ͘𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"iikǫ́ wahkǫ́tahci ci ašcį́ši hta paašé","e":"Will you (plural) take my grandmother to church?","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":157,"id":"60"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓟́𐓷𐓙 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke iiséwai apa wahú aðį́akši pe","e":"The mean dog took a bone back (there).","ch":"Motion Verbs","sec":"You’re bringing the book back.","p":157,"id":"61"},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓶̋𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"oðíhtą wíhta akxa žúuce akxa oðíhtą ðíhta akxa htóho akxa","e":"My car is red (and) your car is blue.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses joined by word order (no connector)","p":161,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"wacúe ðaaché hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to eat bread.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":161,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"wacúe bráache hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to eat bread.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":161,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓄𐓯𐓣𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟.","a":"pši iðák’uce","e":"I tried to go there.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":162,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"iihkó oðáhką íðak’uce hta nįkšé","e":"Will you try to help Grandma?","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":162,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘𐓷𐓘́ 𐓥𐓪͘𐓜𐓘͘.","a":"wažáže íe hpíǫ wáhkǫbrą","e":"I want them to know the Osage language.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses with different subjects","p":162,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟 𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ówe šcúwį ðikǫ́ða akxa","e":"He wants you to buy groceries. the subject marker 𐓯𐓲 [šc] on the verb 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘ [ðuwį́], giving 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ [šcúwį] you buy.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses with different subjects","p":162,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓴𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"waachí ąkáchipe","e":"We came to dance.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":163,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓣́𐓟.","a":"waaðǫ́ pšíe","e":"I went to sing.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":163,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ąkóhtapi apa taapóska mąðį́ aðáa pe","e":"Our teacher walked (went by walking) to school.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":163,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘́͘𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"htą́wą kši mąðį́ brée hta ąhé","e":"I’m going to walk to town.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":163,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓱𐓘̋𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 𐓴𐓟𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"níhka akxa ižį́ke htáa íiðe che éðe akxa","e":"","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses joined with connectors","p":163,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓧𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wižǫ́ke lí che íhpahǫ mįkšé","e":"","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"The man thinks that his son saw a deer.","p":164,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘𐓯𐓰𐓘 𐓴𐓟𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"táatą škǫ́šta che íhpahǫ mįkšé","e":"","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses with the indefinite question words what and who","p":164,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋𐓥𐓘̄͘ 𐓲𐓪̋𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́ 𐓴𐓟𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"pée hkąącóolą záani ðaaché che ípahǫ akxa","e":"","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"I know what you want.","p":164,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"waðúwį brée hkǫ́bra mįkšé ąži mą́zeska ąðį́įke","e":"I want to go shopping, but I don’t have any money.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"He knows who ate all the pie.","p":164,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓶̋ 𐓲’𐓘𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓳𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"šǫ́ke ąkóhtapi akxa oðúuc’aka pe ąži hcíle akxa kíoxta šǫ akxa","e":"Our dog is lazy, but the family still loves him. We use 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 [kóe] to connect full sentences, the way we would use and in English, and we","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"He knows who ate all the pie.","p":164,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘𐓬𐓟𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąwanóbrape kaðǫ́ waachí ąkáhipe","e":"We ate dinner, and then we went to dance.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"He knows who ate all the pie.","p":165,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙 𐓤𐓪́𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"iihkó apa wahkǫ́tahci ci aðée apai kóe iiną́ apa ówehci ci aðée apai","e":"Grandma is going to church, and Mother is going to the grocery store.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"He knows who ate all the pie.","p":165,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓥𐓶́ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓤𐓪́𐓟 𐓳𐓣𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́𐓮𐓶 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"iiną́ akxa ohkúlą ðiiškí hta akxa kóe hci ðuuwásu hta akxa","e":"Mother will wash clothes, and she will clean the house.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"He knows who ate all the pie.","p":165,"id":"20a"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓥𐓶́ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓣𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́𐓮𐓶 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"iiną́ akxa ohkúlą ðiiškí hta akxa kaðǫ́ hci ðuuwásu hta akxa","e":"Mother will wash clothes, and then she will clean the house.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"He knows who ate all the pie.","p":165,"id":"20b"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̄𐓮𐓟́ 𐓷𐓙𐓬𐓟.","a":"sǫ́ke wíhta akxa ðáalį pe ilǫ́ežį wíhta akxa iiséwai pe","e":"My dog is nice (and) my cat is mean.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses joined by word order","p":165,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"wacúe skúe štáache škǫ́šta","e":"Do you want to eat cake?","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":165,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓳𐓣́𐓤𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wihcíko akxa oáhką ąkǫ́ða akxa.","e":"Grandfather wants me to help him.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Clauses with different subjects","p":165,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́ 𐓯𐓲𐓟̋?","a":"hiiðá šcée","e":"Are you going swimming?","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":166,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 𐓳𐓣 𐓪𐓭𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka ðe akxa achí pe ðáha hci ohpá pe","e":"When that man arrived, he went into the house.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓜𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"hcéze ąníe áha paazénii bráahtą","e":"My stomach hurts whenever I drink milk.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓘̋͘𐓺𐓪.","a":"iihkó iiðáðe ąhé áha ą́ązo","e":"Whenever I see my grandmother, I am glad.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ąkóhtapi apa ówahkąpi áha ąkǫ́ða ąkáðe","e":"Our teacher helps us whenever we want.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓱𐓪̋𐓻𐓶 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðažį́įhe šǫ nįkšé sǫ́ke ðíhta apa htóožu ąkóhta ðaaché apai","e":"While you were sleeping, your dog was eating our meat pie.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓻𐓘́ ͘𐓤𐓯𐓟.","a":"hcíle apa wanǫ́bre šǫ apa ðažį́įhe žą́kše","e":"While the family was eating dinner, you were sleeping.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐒰𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓯𐓤𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ažį́įhe šǫ mįkšé žįkážį apa škáce apai","e":"While I was sleeping, the children were playing.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓴𐓟 𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ðíhta akxa žįkážį wálį waðíhta che ažį́ pe","e":"Your teacher believes that the children work hard.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓴𐓟𐓣́ 𐓯𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘𐓻𐓣.","a":"táatą hkǫ́bra che íšpahǫži","e":"You don’t know what I want.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣𐓵𐓣́ 𐓮𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hcíle ðíhta akxa waðúwį kǫ́ða akxa ąži ðískike nįkšé","e":"Your family wants to shop, but you are tired.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":167,"id":"34"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙 𐓤𐓪́𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 Supernaw’s𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́mįžį apa taapóskahci ci aðée apai kóe iihkó apa Supernaw’s ci aðée apai","e":"The girl is going to school, and her grandmother is going to Supernaw’s.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":167,"id":"35"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘𐓬𐓟𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąwanǫ́brape kaðǫ́ waaðǫ́ ąkáhipe","e":"We ate dinner, and then we went to sing.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":167,"id":"36"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘.","a":"ékǫ ažį́","e":"She thinks so. The connector 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 [ąži] but has a nasal ą, and no accented vowels.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":168,"id":"37"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘, 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"šį́tožį akxa wašį́ kíðalį akxa ąži šį́mįžį akxa hką́ące kíðalį akxa","e":"The boy likes bacon, but the girl likes fruit. The negator 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] not has no nasal vowels and no accented vowels. It is a suffix on the","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":168,"id":"38"},{"o":"𐓁𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ną́ąkaži","e":"He didn’t run.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":168,"id":"39"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓴𐓟𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘, 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓯𐓘́𐓭𐓟 𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"ðiðáce akxa hką́ące žúe ðáalį che ažį́aži akxa ąži šáhpe šcúwį","e":"Your father doesn’t think that the tomatoes are good, but you bought six.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":168,"id":"40"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wak’ó ðe akxa wéehkilį ohtáza į akxa","e":"That woman is wearing pretty Osage clothes.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":168,"id":"41"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓨𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"haaskámį mį ąhé","e":"I’m wearing a shawl.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"42"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"haaskámi wíhta žį ðaašé","e":"You’re wearing my shawl.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"43"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘𐓘͘𐓤𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"haaskámi ohtáza ąkį ąkáðe","e":"We are wearing beautiful shawls.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"44"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓟́𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wažáže hǫǫpé ðáalį žį paašé","e":"You (plural) are wearing fine Osage moccasins. The verb 𐓟́ 𐓪 [éǫ] means do it, do something (not in the presence of others / not for others).","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"45"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓪͘ 𐓴𐓟𐓟́ 𐓜𐓟.","a":"éǫ che ébre","e":"I think that he did it (not in the presence of others).","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"46"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓨𐓪͘.","a":"émǫ","e":"I did it (not in the presence of others).","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"47"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓻𐓪͘?","a":"éžǫ","e":"Did you do it? (not in the presence of others) The verb 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘ [ékiǫ] means do (in the presence of others).","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"48"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓪͘. or𐒷́ 𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓘͘.","a":"ékimǫ or ékimą","e":"I do (it).","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"49"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓤𐓣𐓻𐓪͘.","a":"ékižǫ","e":"You do (it).","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":169,"id":"50"},{"o":"𐒷𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘.or𐒷́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"eą́kiǫ or ékiǫ ąkáðe","e":"We do (it). The plural form of 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘ [ékiǫ] in example 51 is not always used. Speakers often prefer This verb means both know how and be skillful at something. It is slightly different from the other","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"51"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓭𐓣́𐓨𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wažáže íe hpímǫ mįkšé","e":"I know the Osage language.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"52"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓯𐓬𐓣́𐓻𐓪͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"wažáže íe špížǫ nįkšé","e":"Do you know the Osage language?","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"53"},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"oohǫ́ hpíǫ pe","e":"She’s good at cooking. (She’s a good cook.)","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"54"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"waachí hpíǫ pe","e":"She’s good at dancing. (She’s a good dancer.)","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"55"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘͘𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"waachí ąhpíǫ ąkatxá","e":"We know how to dance. This verb has a similar meaning as the verb 𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 [éðe]. These words don’t mean exactly the","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"56"},{"o":"𐒷́𐓪͘𐓴𐓟 𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘.","a":"éǫ che ažámį","e":"I believe that he did it.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"57"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟̋𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘?","a":"ðée ažážį","e":"Do you believe that?","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"58"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘𐓴𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ilǫ́ežį húheka che ąkažį́ ąðé","e":"We two think that the cat is sick.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","sec":"Nasal-stem verbs","p":170,"id":"59"},{"o":"𐒻̄͘𐓩𐓘́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"įįná akxa óohǫ haaskámį kíðuwį pe","e":"Mother bought a shawl for the cook.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":174,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"haaskámį kíðuwį pe","e":"She bought a shawl for her.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":174,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"mą́ze hį́įcežį wį kíbruwi","e":"I bought a metal bowl for him. It is important to note that accented 𐓤𐓣́ [kí] is only used when the subject and the object When we use object pronouns for first- and second-person (for me, for you, for us) and","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":174,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéoohǫ hcéka ą́ðuwį pe","e":"She bought new cooking utensils for me.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":174,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓂̋𐓡𐓪͘𐓷𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓣𐓵𐓣́ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"óohǫ wékahi ðíðuwį pe","e":"She bought a cook-paddle for you.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":174,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓷𐓣́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"mą́ze hį́įcežį wį wíbruwi","e":"I bought a metal bowl for you.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":174,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́𐓮𐓘𐓘́͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"mąhkása ą́šcuwį","e":"You bought me coffee.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘́𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"wáðuwį pe","e":"She bought it for us. or She bought it for them.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓘́ 𐓯𐓲𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hį́įcežį wášcuwįpe","e":"You bought plates for us.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓣́𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąðíðuwįpe","e":"We two bought it for you (plural). or We (plural) bought it for you (singular). we plural) or the object 𐓵𐓣́ [ðí] (making you plural). Context tells us which way to interpret it.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐒼𐓣́𐓺𐓪 𐓬𐓟.","a":"kízo pe","e":"He had fun.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓪","a":"waachí ą́zo","e":"I enjoy the dancing. The verb 𐓤’𐓶 [k’u] give a 𐓤𐓣 [ki] pronoun. It uses the regular pronouns from the a-ða class.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓡𐓣́͘ 𐓤’𐓶 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka ðáalį ðe akxa hkáwa mąąhį́ k’u pe","e":"That good man gave hay to the horse.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤’𐓶́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"haxį́ wį ąk’ú pe","e":"He gave me a blanket.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓩𐓣 𐓷𐓣𐓤’𐓶́.","a":"níini wik’ú","e":"I gave you cold water. The unaccented 𐓤𐓣 [ki] pronoun is frequently used to talk about one’s own possessions or","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":175,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓅𐓘́𐓺𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟𐓘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘̄𐓹𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"hpáze wanǫ́bre akíhkaaɣe ątxahé","e":"I’m making my own supper.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":176,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐒻́𐓟𐓪𐓘́ 𐓤𐓣𐓭𐓯𐓟.","a":"íe oákihpše","e":"I keep my word.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":176,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"žįkážį ðakíhtǫpe nįkšé","e":"You are watching your own children.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":176,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓟𐓵𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"haxį́ okíhpetxą akxai","e":"He’s tying up his own blankets.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":177,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓤𐓣𐓭𐓟𐓰𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"haxį́ ąkókihpetxa ąkatxą́","e":"We are tying up our own blankets.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":177,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓧𐓶̋𐓻𐓘.","a":"įcé alúuža","e":"I washed my face.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":177,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓶̋ 𐓻𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"híi ðalúuža nįkšé","e":"𐒿 [l]","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":178,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̋𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"haaská líiški pe","e":"She laundered her own shirts.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":178,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘͘𐓧𐓣̋𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́.","a":"hpahú ąlíiški ątxá","e":"We two are washing our (own) hair.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":178,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓣́𐓤’𐓶.","a":"hcíle akík’u","e":"I gave it to my own family.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":178,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐒽𐓪́𐓵𐓘𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤𐓣𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"hkóða oðákihką","e":"You helped your own friends.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":178,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘𐓜𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓣́𐓡𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"kaasį́exci wanǫ́bre ookíhǫ pe","e":"He cooked his own breakfast.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":179,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓤𐓣𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcíle ąkókihkąpe","e":"We helped our own family. The last group of 𐓤𐓣 [ki] pronouns are the ones that mean do to oneself or for oneself (called","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":179,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐒰𐓥𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ahkíhtǫpe mįkšé","e":"I’m looking at myself.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":179,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðahkíhtǫpe nįkšé","e":"Are you looking at yourself?","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":180,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðahkíhtǫpe paašé","e":"","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"Notes for Chapter 15","p":180,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́𐓟 𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wacúe skúe hkihkáaɣa pe","e":"","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"or Are you (plural) looking at yourselves?","p":180,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓷𐓙𐓱𐓘̄𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓘͘𐓥𐓣́𐓥𐓘̄ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcéwai htaaníi ąhkíhkaaɣape","e":"We made yonkapin soup for ourselves. or We made yonkapin soup for each other. This group of verbs will have the same sound change as the 𐓤𐓣 [ki] pronouns above: the 𐓵 [ð]","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"She made a cake for herself.","p":180,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓟́𐓘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"hǫǫpé ahkíluwį","e":"I bought shoes for myself.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"She made a cake for herself.","p":180,"id":"34"},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"oðíhtą ðahkíluwį paašé","e":"","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"She made a cake for herself.","p":180,"id":"35"},{"o":"𐒽𐓣𐓧𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"hkilíištą akxai","e":"He’s getting himself ready.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181,"id":"36"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąhkíliištą ąðé","e":"We two are getting ourselves ready. or 𐓵 [ð]","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181,"id":"37"},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"oáhkihką","e":"I helped myself.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181,"id":"38"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓤’𐓶.","a":"ðahkík’u","e":"You gave it to yourself.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181,"id":"39"},{"o":"𐓅𐓘̋𐓰𐓘 𐓻𐓟̋𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓪̄ 𐓥𐓣́𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hpáata žéelą wį oohkíhǫ pe","e":"He cooked himself an omelet.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181,"id":"40"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"ąkóhkihką","e":"","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":182,"id":"41"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"ąkóhkihkie ąkatxái","e":"We are having a conversation.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","sec":"or We two helped each other.","p":182,"id":"42"},{"o":"𐓋𐓶́𐓤𐓟𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcúke íðaacha pe","e":"She ate it with a spoon. these Osage clothes. Before enter-","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":186,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘𐓣́ 𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"žą́ą íkaaɣe akxai","e":"He’s making it with (out of) wood.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":187,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓣́𐓱𐓘𐓣́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"ówe mą́zeska íhta íbruwį","e":"I bought groceries with his money. The Prefix 𐓪 [o] location, goal The prefix 𐓪 [o] or long 𐓪̄ [oo] is placed on verbs to signal a location or a goal. We see it in The prefix 𐓪 [o] comes before pronouns. But remember from chapter 5 that when we use","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":187,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓪𐓘́𐓮𐓣.","a":"hkáwa oási","e":"I got off the horse.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":187,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓄𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓮𐓣.","a":"páce ąkósi","e":"We two got out of the boat.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":187,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"hową́įki oðálįį škǫ́šta","e":"Where do you want to sit? or Where do you want to live?","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":187,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"níi céɣe oožú akxa","e":"He pours water into the bucket.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":187,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́𐓮𐓘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓪̄𐓘́𐓻𐓶 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"mąhkása céɣeska ooážu ątxahé","e":"I’m pouring coffee into the cup.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":187,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐓄𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓪̋𐓻𐓶 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋𐓻𐓶𐓬𐓟.","a":"paazénii óožu ąkóožupe","e":"We poured milk into the bowl. The prefix 𐓘́ [á] on, upon, over, for the benefit of","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":187,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐒻̄͘𐓩𐓘́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"įįná akxa óohǫ haaskámį kíðuwį pe","e":"Mother bought a shawl for the cook.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":188,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéoohǫ hcéka ą́ðuwį pe","e":"She bought new cooking utensils for me. The prefix 𐓘́ [á] provides a second way to show that someone benefited from some action. when the object is third-person. Let us look at some examples.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":188,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓅𐓘̋𐓰𐓘𐓣̄͘ 𐓩𐓘́𐓘́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"hpáata įįná ábruwį","e":"I bought eggs for my mother.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":188,"id":"12a"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘̋͘𐓡𐓣͘ 𐓭𐓘̄𐓡𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓘́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"mą́ąhį hpaahį́ wį ábruwį","e":"I bought a sharp knife for him/her.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":188,"id":"12b"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓬𐓶𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓘́ 𐓯𐓲𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"wépukxa ášcuwį","e":"You bought towels for him/her.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":188,"id":"12c"},{"o":"𐒰́𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"áðuwį pe","e":"He/she bought it for him/her. or They bought it for him/her. the presence of other people, but if we use [á], we are not in the presence of others.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":188,"id":"12d"},{"o":"𐒰̋͘𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"ą́ąðuwį","e":"We bought it for him/her. When we add 𐓘́ [á] to a form that begins with a nasal vowel like 𐓘͘ [ą] in 12d, the accented","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":188,"id":"12e"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓻𐓘͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"htáa apa óžąke ánąąke apai","e":"The deer ran on the road. and down. Usually though, we mean that someone is jumping from one spot to another. This","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":189,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘𐓱𐓘𐓘́ 𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"htáa apa ápahta áwisi pe","e":"The deer jumped over the fence.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":189,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟 𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓟́𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓘́ 𐓧𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó akxa céɣe mą́ze wéoohǫ ála pe","e":"The woman put the pot on top of the stove.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":189,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘́𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓶?","a":"hį́įce áwanǫbre áðažu","e":"Did you set the plates on the table?","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":189,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐓓𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"žóle mąðį́ apai","e":"He’s walking with her. the third-person forms. Example 17 could also mean, for instance, she’s walking with him, and","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":189,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐓓𐓪́𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓟 𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓟?","a":"žóðale ðachí ðe","e":"Did you come with her?","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":190,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒻𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓪́ 𐓘͘𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"ihtáci apa žóąle achí apa","e":"Father came here with me.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":190,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓭𐓘̋𐓰𐓘 𐓻𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓪̄𐓘́𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"wašį́ hpáata žóle ooáhą atxąhé","e":"I am cooking bacon and eggs. and the verb 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓧𐓟 [žóle] for accompaniment with.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":190,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̄𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓳𐓶́𐓤𐓟𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"htaaníi hcúke íðaacha pe","e":"He ate soup with a spoon.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":190,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̄𐓩𐓣̋𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"htaaníi iihǫ́htą žóle ðaachá pe","e":"He ate soup with his aunt. (his mother’s older sister)","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":190,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓓𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"žóle achí pe","e":"He came here with her.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Notes for Chapter 16","p":190,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̋𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓱𐓘𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓥𐓘̋𐓨𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa íikaahtamą wį ðuuhkáamą pe","e":"The man rang a bell. the front. Photo by Butch DeLong.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":191,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐒻̋𐓤𐓘̄𐓱𐓘𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓜𐓶̄ 𐓥𐓘̋𐓨𐓘͘.","a":"íikaahtamą wį bruuhkáamą","e":"I rang a bell.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓣̄ ͘𐓯𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓸𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"mą́ze í˛įštóolą wíhta ðiixǫ́ pe or ðuuxǫ́ pe","e":"He broke my glasses (using his hands).","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓍𐓶̄𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"ðuuhpéece wį ąšcį́ nįkšé","e":"Do you have a lighter? The noun 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟 [ðuuhpéece] lighter is made by putting 𐓵𐓶̄ [ðuu] before 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟 [hpéece]","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓨𐓣̄͘𐓱𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓧𐓣𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wakǫ́ze akxa mįįhtǫ́eli ðaaškíke akxai","e":"The teacher is chewing gum.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̄͘𐓱𐓪́͘𐓟𐓧𐓣𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓯𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"mįįhtǫ́eli štáaškike nįkšé","e":"Are you chewing gum?","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣͘𐓰𐓪́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓵𐓘̄𐓸𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šįtóžį akxa ítaeži ðaaxtáka pe","e":"The boy bit his little sister.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wibráaxtake hta mįkšé.","e":"I’m going to bite you.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"šǫ́žį akxa níi ðaahtą́ akxai","e":"The puppy is drinking water.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"mąhkása ąðáahtą ąðįkšé","e":"We two are drinking coffee.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐓅𐓟́𐓻𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓜𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hpéženii bráahtą mįkšé","e":"I am drinking tea.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"34"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣𐓩𐓣̄𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓥𐓟 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"hą́ąci niikáapxohke štáahtą","e":"You drank pop last night.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192,"id":"35"},{"o":"𐓁𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣́͘!","a":"nąąžį́","e":"Stand up!","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193,"id":"36"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓻𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąną́ąžįpe","e":"We stood up.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193,"id":"37"},{"o":"𐓀𐓣͘𐓱𐓪́𐓟𐓧𐓣 𐓘̋𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘.","a":"mįįhtǫ́eli áanąąžį","e":"I stepped on some gum.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193,"id":"38"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓮𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘.","a":"ilǫ́ežį sį́įce áðanąąžį","e":"You stepped on the cat’s tail.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193,"id":"39"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣𐓻𐓟́ 𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓸𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcižé íhta nąąxǫ́ pe","e":"He broke her door (by using the foot).","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193,"id":"40"},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘𐓸𐓟 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓸𐓪͘.","a":"žą́ąxe aną́ąxǫ","e":"I broke the stick (by foot). The next examples include verbs like 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [ną́ąštą] stop (walking or running), 𐓩𐓘̄͘ 𐓮𐓟́","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193,"id":"41"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"mąbrí ąhé kaðǫ́ aną́ąštą","e":"I was walking and then I stopped.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193,"id":"42"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"mąðí apai kaðǫ́ ną́ąštą","e":"He was walking and then he stopped.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"43"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́𐓮𐓤𐓘𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓰𐓸𐓙.","a":"taapóska ąkóhtapi ąkónąąžį ąkatxái","e":"We attend Our School (name of the school).","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"44"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓤𐓘𐓩𐓪̄ ͘𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓹𐓪́𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hcékanǫ́ǫ apa oðíhtą paaɣóe apai","e":"The teenager is pushing the car.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"45"},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓪𐓟.","a":"oðíhtą hpáaɣoe","e":"I pushed the car.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"46"},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓯𐓬𐓘̄𐓹𐓪𐓟.","a":"ą́špaaɣoe","e":"You pushed me.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"47"},{"o":"𐓊𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓸𐓰𐓘́.","a":"céɣenii paaxtá","e":"Tie (down) the drum!","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"48"},{"o":"𐓊𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓭𐓘̋𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"céɣenii hpaaxcé mįkšé","e":"I’m tying (down) the drum.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"49"},{"o":"𐓀𐓣𐓥𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓟 𐓪𐓥𐓣𐓮𐓲𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄𐓮𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"mihkák’e ohkísce paasé akxai","e":"She’s cutting the mushrooms in half.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"50"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓬𐓘̋𐓮𐓟.","a":"wašį́ špaáse","e":"You cut the bacon. A second instrumental that is very close in sound to 𐓬𐓘̄ [paa] is 𐓬𐓘́ [pá]. It is very easy to get these two instrumentals confused. Two important verbs with the 𐓬𐓘́ [pá] instrumental are 𐓬𐓘́ 𐓮𐓟","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194,"id":"51"},{"o":"𐓀𐓣𐓥𐓘́͘ 𐓤’𐓟𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓮𐓲𐓟𐓬𐓘́𐓮𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"mihką́k’e ohkísce páse akxai","e":"She’s cutting the mushrooms in half.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195,"id":"52"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓘́𐓮𐓟.","a":"wašį́ paðáse","e":"You cut the bacon.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195,"id":"53"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓬𐓘̋𐓮𐓟.","a":"wacúe skúe páase","e":"I cut the cake.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195,"id":"54"},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓘𐓮𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"oohǫ́ akxa htáa pascé akxai","e":"The cook is cutting the meat into strips.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195,"id":"55"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘̋͘𐓻𐓘͘𐓸𐓟 𐓬𐓘̋𐓮𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"mą́ąžąxe páasce mįkšé","e":"I’m cutting up the onion.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195,"id":"56"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓶́𐓟 𐓘͘𐓬𐓘́ 𐓮𐓲𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"hką́ące žúe ąpásce hta ąkáðe","e":"We are going to cut up the tomatoes. The prefix 𐓤𐓘̄ [kaa] appears in verbs like 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓪͘ [káaxǫ] break and 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓶́ 𐓸𐓟 [kaacúxe] sweep. We","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195,"id":"57"},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓣͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hį́įce wį káaxǫ pe","e":"He broke a dish. that he broke the dish with some sudden action, perhaps using his hands or perhaps not. The","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195,"id":"58"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓸𐓪͘?","a":"mą́ze įįštóolą wíhta ðáaxǫ","e":"Did you break my glasses?","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196,"id":"59"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓥𐓪𐓟 𐓤𐓘̄𐓲𐓶́ 𐓸𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó wíhta akxa ánąąhkoe kaacúxa pe","e":"My wife swept the floor.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196,"id":"60"},{"o":"𐒰́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓥𐓪𐓟𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓶𐓸𐓟.","a":"ánąąhkoe áacuxe","e":"I swept the floor. This prefix is not common, but it does appear on the useful verbs 𐓬𐓶́ 𐓤𐓸𐓘 [púkxa] wipe and","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196,"id":"61"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓟𐓥𐓘 𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓬𐓶𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"níhka wíhta akxa háabrehka íhta puštáha ąkǫ́ða akxa","e":"My husband wants me to iron his ribbons. (Osage dance ribbons)","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196,"id":"62"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓟𐓥𐓘𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓭𐓶𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"níhka wíhta háabrehka íhta hpuštáha ątxąhé","e":"I’m ironing my husband’s ribbons.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196,"id":"63"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓤𐓘𐓩𐓪̄͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓬𐓶́𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hcékanǫǫ apa áwanǫbre púkxa apai","e":"The teenagers are wiping the table.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196,"id":"64"},{"o":"𐒰̋𐓧𐓣̄͘𐓘͘𐓬𐓶́ 𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"áalįį ąpúkxa","e":"We two wiped the chairs. This is another instrumental with few verb forms. They are in the strong-stem verb class. A useful expression is 𐓅𐓘́ 𐓬𐓣́ 𐓹𐓘͘ [hpá píɣą] blow one’s nose.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196,"id":"65"},{"o":"𐓅𐓘́𐓯𐓬𐓣́ 𐓹𐓘͘.","a":"hpá špíɣą","e":"Did you blow your nose? This is another rare instrumental prefix. It appears in verbs like 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓟 [póse] cut by shooting and 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓯𐓬𐓟 [póšpe] shoot a piece out.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197,"id":"66"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓪́𐓮𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéðį pósa pe","e":"He cut the rope by shooting it.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197,"id":"67"},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓬𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓯𐓬𐓟?","a":"žą́ą ðe poðášpe","e":"Did you shoot a piece out of that tree?","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197,"id":"68"},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟.or𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ą́taahkace or táahkace mįkšé","e":"I’m hot.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197,"id":"69"},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̄𐓵𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟?or𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"taaðíhkace or táahkace nįkšé","e":"Are you hot?","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197,"id":"70"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓥𐓶𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"óhkula akxa táapuze akxai","e":"The clothes are drying.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197,"id":"71"},{"o":"𐓁𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓮𐓤𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ną́ɣe akxa táaską pe","e":"The ice melted.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197,"id":"72"},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"htáa akxa táalį pe","e":"The meat burned.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","sec":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197,"id":"73"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣, 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓣̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hą́ąci wihcíkǫ iihkó apa waachí apai","e":"Last night, my grandfather and my grandmother were dancing.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Joining noun phrases","p":202,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓯𐓣́𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓻𐓘͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́tožį šį́mįžį apa ilǫ́eži óžąke áðuuhta ðuxí apai","e":"The boy and the girl were chasing the cat across the road. We sometimes use 𐓯𐓤𐓣 [ški] to join noun phrases. This word will appear after the nouns (or","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Joining noun phrases","p":202,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̋𐓧𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓻𐓘͘𐓸𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓜𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"tóoleži mą́ąžąxe ški brúwį","e":"I bought carrots as well as onions. When we use 𐓯𐓤𐓣 [ški], we are saying something like English and, so we could also put","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Joining noun phrases","p":202,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ,𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓯𐓤𐓣.","a":"mąhkása hkǫ́bra mįkšé wacúe skúe ški","e":"I want coffee, and cake too.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Joining noun phrases","p":202,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓱𐓘́𐓺𐓘 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wažį́ka ðe akxa ska ohtáza ški akxai","e":"That bird is white and also beautiful.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Joining noun phrases","p":202,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓲𐓪́𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"įchóka ðáabrį iiðáðe","e":"I saw three mice.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":203,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́tožį ðǫ́ǫpa htáhtaze ðuxí apai","e":"Two boys were chasing grasshoppers.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":203,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́tožį ðǫ́ǫpa apa htáhtaze ðuxí apai","e":"The two boys were chasing the grasshoppers. (Context: we have been talking When we add the subject marker 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] to the same sentence, we now say that there","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":203,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋͘𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šǫ́ke ðą́ąbrį mąšcį́kažį ðáabrį ðuxí apai","e":"Three dogs were chasing three bunnies.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":203,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋͘𐓜𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šǫ́ke ðą́ąbrį apa mąšcį́kažį ðáabrį ðuxí apai","e":"The three dogs were chasing three bunnies. (Context: we have been talking","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":203,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́𐓥𐓘͘?","a":"wakǫ́ze háaną pa oðíhką","e":"How many teachers helped you? We can answer this question with a plural subject too, as in 12 below.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":204,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́𐓪𐓘́͘ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ðǫǫpá oą́hką pe","e":"Two teachers helped me. We have been using 𐓷𐓣͘ [wį] a throughout this book, but we have not used it yet to mark a","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":204,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓣́ 𐓬𐓯𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"oðíhtą wį ípša pe","e":"A car came by.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":204,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓪̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wak’ó wį akxa ówe oohǫ́ akxai","e":"One of the women is cooking vegetables. it is always plural and never definite, so when it is used in the subject, it will not take a subject","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":204,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓰𐓪́𐓟𐓤𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓣̄ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́mižį tóe kį́įkįįežį ðuxí apai","e":"Some girls chased butterflies.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":204,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣𐓥𐓘́ 𐓯𐓣𐓟 𐓰𐓪́𐓟𐓣́𐓟𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘.","a":"níhkašie tóe íe íhtapi kíopxa","e":"Some people understand their language.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":204,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐒹𐓟̋𐓪𐓲𐓟 𐓰𐓪́𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟","a":"héeoce tóe iiðáðe","e":"I saw some monkeys.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":204,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘.","a":"mázeska húu ąšcí˛","e":"You have a lot of money.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":205,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐒹𐓶̄𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"huuhtą́ka ohkíhkie apai","e":"A lot of them were talking.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":205,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓡𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žįkážį huuwáli taapóska ci mąðį́ ðée nąpe","e":"Many / a lot of children (usually) walk to school. we make the subject definite.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":205,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓍𐓟 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟̋𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"ðe žįkážį húuwali apa taapóska ci maðį́ ðée štą","e":"That bunch of children always walks to school.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":205,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓶̋𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘","a":"waðáawažį húužį abrį́","e":"I have a little bit of change.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":205,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓬𐓟́ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"kašpéǫpa záani kǫ́ða akxai","e":"He wants all the quarters.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":205,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐒿𐓘́𐓬𐓸𐓘̄͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟?","a":"lápxąąke záani íiðaðe","e":"Did you see all the mosquitoes?","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":205,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐓒𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"záani aðáa pe","e":"Everyone went there. The adverbs 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ [wálį] and 𐓸𐓲𐓣 [xci] These two adverbs are both used to mean very and really and other similar emphatic expres-","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":205,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓐𐓪́͘𐓥𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"xóhka ðe akxa wálį waaðǫ́ ðáalį akxai","e":"Those singers are really singing well.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓺𐓶 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓜𐓘̋𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́ 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓧𐓣͘","a":"háazu wacúe ðubráaska ðaaché wálį ą́ðalį","e":"I really like to eat grape dumplings.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"níhka wíhta akxa wálį žį́įhe ną","e":"My husband sleeps a lot.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"waaðǫ́ ðą́ąlį xci akxai","e":"She sings extremely well.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wálį níwahce akxái","e":"It’s very cold (weather).","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓨𐓘̋͘ 𐓹𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓟 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe mą́ąɣe štáke xci akxa","e":"It was very mild weather today. the adjective. In 32, 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓸𐓬𐓶 𐓯𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘ [mą́xpu šápe xci wį] a very dark cloud, is a noun","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓸𐓬𐓶 𐓯𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"mą́xpu šápe xci wį iiðáðe","e":"I saw a very dark cloud.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́ 𐓯𐓲𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘𐓨𐓘̄͘ 𐓡𐓣́͘𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa wahóščažį xci wį mąąhį́ ðaaché apai","e":"A very tiny horse was eating hay. An important verb is 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ [ecí], which usually corresponds to English there is and there are. This verb only has a single-form verb since it does not ever use pronouns. We don’t use a sub-","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐓄𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟𐓪̄𐓻𐓶 𐓟𐓲𐓣́𐓴𐓟.","a":"paazénii ną́ɣeoožu ecí che","e":"There is milk in the refrigerator. (I have evidence of this.)","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":206,"id":"34"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓘́𐓘́ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"mą́ka ðǫǫpá ášihta ecí apa","e":"There are two skunks outside.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":207,"id":"35"},{"o":"𐒷𐓲𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?","a":"ecí hta nįkšé","e":"Will you be there?","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Numbers","p":207,"id":"36"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"níhka įkšé íiðaðe","e":"Do you see the man sitting there?","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Osage position markers","p":208,"id":"37"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"níhka txą íiðaðe","e":"Do you see the man standing there? that is not the subject. So position markers always pick out a thing and give more information","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Osage position markers","p":208,"id":"38"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘́𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓪͘ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓘.","a":"wákaštǫ įkšé hkáwa áala","e":"Put the saddle blanket (sitting there) on the horse.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Osage position markers","p":208,"id":"39"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓮𐓤𐓶𐓟 𐓴𐓟𐓡𐓶́ 𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓘.","a":"níiskue che húkaaɣa","e":"Pass me the salt (standing).","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Osage position markers","p":208,"id":"40"},{"o":"Mick𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘́𐓩𐓘̄͘ 𐓤𐓪𐓟 𐓘́𐓻𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"Mick šǫ́ke wíhta akxa ánąąhkoe ážą akxai","e":"My dog Mick is lying on the porch.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Osage position markers","p":208,"id":"41"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓟 𐓪𐓧𐓘́!","a":"šǫ́ke kše olá","e":"Chase away the dog lying there! The two position markers 𐓬𐓘 [pa] and 𐓤𐓟 [ke] are always plural. 𐓄𐓘 [pa] is used with","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Osage position markers","p":208,"id":"42"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓥𐓪́ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wak’ó pa óhką hkóbra mįkšé","e":"I want to help those women.","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Osage position markers","p":209,"id":"43"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓪𐓬𐓟𐓰𐓸𐓘́ !","a":"haxį́ ke opetxá","e":"Wrap up those blankets (that are lying around)!","ch":"More about Plurals","sec":"Osage position markers","p":209,"id":"44"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka akxa htáa c’éðe apai.","e":"The man is killing the deer.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓟̋𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"įhtáci apa waléze wį ðéeðe hta apa","e":"My father will send a letter.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟 𐓡𐓶𐓵𐓘́.","a":"wacúe huðá","e":"Pass the bread. The 𐓵𐓟 [ðe]-causative verb class It is important to note that 𐓵𐓟 [ðe]-causative verbs form their own verb class. They use 𐓘-𐓵𐓘 We show this in the following examples.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓮𐓟 𐓷𐓣͘𐓲’𐓟́𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"šǫ́mįhkase wį c’éaðe","e":"I killed a coyote.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓡𐓶𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wéðušupe huðáðe","e":"Did you hand me the keys?","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓟̄𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waléze ðeeáðe hta mįkšé","e":"I will send the letter.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓡𐓶̋𐓵𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"waléze húu ðeą́ðape","e":"We sent a lot of letters.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓂𐓸𐓬𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"oxpáða pe","e":"She got lost.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́͘𐓸𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"oą́xpaðe","e":"I got lost.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":214,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓸𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"oðíxpaðe","e":"You got lost.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":215,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓪𐓸𐓬𐓘́𐓵𐓟𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"wéðušupe oxpáðeaðe","e":"I lost the keys.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":215,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘𐓪𐓸𐓬𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"haaskámį wíhta oxpáðeðaðe","e":"You lost my shawl.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":215,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣𐓪𐓸𐓬𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟𐓘͘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"mą́zeska záani oxpáðeąðape","e":"We lost all the money.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives","p":215,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓤𐓘𐓩𐓪̄͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓹𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟́𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcékanǫǫ akxa žį́kážį ɣaaké káaɣa pe","e":"The teenager made the child cry. The following sentences show how this works when we use pronouns. In the next example, the one who is being made to do something, me, appears as the pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] on 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":215,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žį́kážį ðe akxa húheka ąkáaɣa pe","e":"That child made me sick.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":216,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐒹𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"húheka wihpáaɣe hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to make you sick.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":216,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waachí ąðikáaɣe hta aðįkšé","e":"We two will make you dance.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":216,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcíle wíhta akxa žį́kážį ðe waaðǫ́ kšíða pe.","e":"My family had that child sing.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":216,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ðicéki ówe aðį́aðe akšíðe","e":"I had your uncle carry the groceries.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":216,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓘́𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa ho ðǫǫpá ðuuzá pe","e":"The boy took two fish.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":217,"id":"21a"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa wáðuuza pe","e":"The boy took them.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":217,"id":"21b"},{"o":"𐒹𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓯𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"húheka okášą akxa owáhką pe","e":"The nurse helped them. (where them is known from context) it means something definite, which we would know from context.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":217,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓶̄𐓺𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa ðuuzá pe","e":"The boy took it.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":217,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓶̋ 𐓺𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sį́tožį akxa waðúuza pe","e":"The boy took stuff.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":217,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐓁𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓵𐓘̋𐓯𐓪𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"nąnúhu ðáašoe akxai","e":"He’s smoking tobacco.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":217,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋𐓯𐓪𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ðáašoa pe","e":"He smokes it.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":218,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓯𐓪𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"waðáašoe štą","e":"He smokes.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":218,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓟 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"šǫ́ke ðe akxa waðáaxtake štą","e":"That dog bites. This means that we can make many verbs that have general meanings, like in 27 and 28, these cases, when 𐓷𐓘 [wa] is placed at the beginning of the verb, the 𐓷𐓘 [wa] and the 𐓪 [o]","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":218,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa htáa océ apai.","e":"The man was hunting deer.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":218,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa óce apai (óce, not waocé)","e":"The man was hunting (stuff).","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":218,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐒹𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓯𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"húheka okášą akxa wihcíko óhką pe","e":"The nurse helped my grandfather.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":218,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐒹𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓤𐓘́ 𐓯𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"húheka okášą akxa óhką ną (óhką, not waóhką)","e":"The nurse helps (folks). The use of this 𐓷𐓘 [wa] is so common that we can make many vocabulary words with it.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":218,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟 𐓜𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"ówe brúwį atxąhé","e":"I’m buying vegetables.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":219,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"wabrúwį ąhé","e":"I’m shopping.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","sec":"Causatives made with clauses","p":219,"id":"34"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓨𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓪𐓡𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakóze ąkóhtapi akxa mą́zeska húu ohí pe ([pe] includes [ðe])","e":"Our teacher won a lot of money. (I am declaring this as a fact.)","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Notes for Chapter 19","p":224,"id":"1"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓨𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋𐓪𐓡𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟.","a":"wakóze ąkóhtapi akxa mą́zeska húu ohí che","e":"Our teacher won a lot of money. (I have evidence for it.)","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Notes for Chapter 19","p":224,"id":"2"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓨𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋𐓪𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘̋𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakóze ąkóhtapi akxa mą́zeska húu ohí áape","e":"Our teacher won a lot of money. (They said.)","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Notes for Chapter 19","p":224,"id":"3"},{"o":"𐓒𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓯𐓣𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"záani ši waachí kǫ́ða akxai","e":"Everyone wants to dance again.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":224,"id":"4"},{"o":"𐒻𐓱𐓫́ 𐓵𐓟𐓡𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓯𐓣𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓟𐓘́ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ihtǫ́į ðeha wažáže íe ši ohkíe ánąk’ǫ hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"In the future, I want to hear the Osage language being spoken again.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":224,"id":"5"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓣𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓳𐓟𐓟́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟.","a":"níwahce tą iiną́ haxį́ ši wį hce épše","e":"If it’s cold I ask Mom for another blanket.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":224,"id":"6"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶 𐓵𐓘̄͘𐓴𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"níižu ðąąché akxai","e":"It might rain.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225,"id":"7"},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓘̄͘𐓴𐓟 𐓩𐓣𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"oą́ðahką ðąąché nįkšé","e":"Could you help me? We can place the negation marker 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] on 𐓵𐓘̄͘ 𐓴𐓟́ [ðąąché] to get 𐓵𐓘̄͘ 𐓴𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣 [ðąącháži]","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225,"id":"8"},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓳𐓟́𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓵𐓘̄͘ 𐓴𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"įhtáci akxa oðíhtą hcéka ðuwį́ ðąącháži akxai","e":"Father couldn’t buy a new car.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225,"id":"9"},{"o":"𐒹𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓟́ 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓵𐓘̄͘𐓴𐓘́𐓻𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hǫǫpé ðíhta iiðáðe ðąącháži mįkšé","e":"I can’t find your shoes.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225,"id":"10"},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶𐓰𐓘͘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"níižu tą ówehci štáapaži","e":"If it rains, you (plural) won’t go to the store.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225,"id":"11"},{"o":"𐒴𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"bríištą tą owíhką hta mįkšé","e":"When I get finished, I will help you. and 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [ohkíhkie]","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225,"id":"12"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wažáže íe ąną́e ąkáðe","e":"","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225,"id":"13"},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓴𐓟𐓟́𐓬𐓯𐓟","a":"sitǫ́į ąhúheka che épše","e":"I said that I was sick yesterday.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":226,"id":"14"},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟 𐓴𐓟𐓟́𐓯𐓟.","a":"ðakítąhe che éše","e":"You said that you got better. We do not need the connector 𐓴𐓟 [che] when using 𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áape].","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":226,"id":"15"},{"o":"𐓒𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓤𐓣́𐓺𐓪𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"záani kízo áape","e":"He said that everyone had a good time. or It was said (or they said) that everyone had a good time. We also use 𐓟̋ [ée] for the expression how does someone say? In example 17, don’t confuse the emphatic pronoun 𐓟̋ [ée] (see chapter 13) with the verb 𐓟̋ [ée] say. They are pronounced and spelled the same.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":226,"id":"16"},{"o":"𐒷̋𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓟́ 𐓯𐓟.","a":"ée háakǫ éše","e":"How do you say that? you pronounce (or how do you say). This is because 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 [ðáace] can also mean pronounce.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":226,"id":"17"},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓙 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘𐓣́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 𐓳𐓟𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"wakǫ́ze akxa waðíopxai wálį ík’uce hce ée apa","e":"The teacher told the student to study a lot.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":227,"id":"18"},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓳𐓟𐓟́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟.","a":"žįkážį akší hce épše","e":"I told the child to go back home.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":227,"id":"19"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓤𐓟 𐓣𐓟 𐓳𐓟𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"kahíke ie hce ée apa","e":"The chief was asked to speak. We can also use the verb 𐓣̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ [íihǫ] ask as a request with 𐓴𐓟 [hce] instead of 𐓟̋ [ée]. 𐒻̋ 𐓡𐓪͘","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":227,"id":"20"},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓡𐓪͘.","a":"wižǫ́ke iihkǫ́ óhką hce iiðáhǫ","e":"I asked my daughter to help Grandma.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":227,"id":"21"},{"o":"𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓘́͘𐓧𐓟, 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓟 𐓣́𐓟𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓯𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"hpahą́le waléze ðe íe tóe ékipše hkǫ́bra","e":"First, I want to say a few words about this book.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":227,"id":"22"},{"o":"𐒼𐓘𐓡𐓣́𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓟 𐓣́𐓟𐓰𐓪́𐓟𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓟 𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"kahíke akxa íe tóe ékiše ðikǫ́ða akxai","e":"The chief wants you to say a few words.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":227,"id":"23"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓣𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"hcíle éąkie hta ąðįkšé","e":"Are we two going to speak to the family? These verbs are used when people are talking back and forth with each other. In modern use,","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":227,"id":"24"},{"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́𐓤𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ihcíko akxa wižį́ke ohkíe akxai.","e":"His grandfather is talking to my son.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":228,"id":"25"},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"owíhkie hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"We are speaking Osage.","p":228,"id":"26"},{"o":"𐓋𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hcíle záani apa ohkíhkie apai","e":"The whole family was talking to each other. The following example is from chapter 16.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"I want to talk to you.","p":228,"id":"27"},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"ąkóhkihkie ąkatxái","e":"","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"I want to talk to you.","p":228,"id":"28"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓥𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓯𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži wį ąðáaxta pe hkóopša pe","e":"","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"Relative clauses","p":228,"id":"29"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓰𐓪́𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓥𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓯𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži tóe ąðáaxta pe hkóopša pe","e":"","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"The cat that bit me ran off.","p":228,"id":"30"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ilǫ́eži wį iiðáðe žį́įhe akxai","e":"","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"The cats that bit me ran off.","p":229,"id":"31"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̋𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži wį ąðáaxta pe šį́tožį akxa íiða pe","e":"The boy saw the cat that bit me.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"The cat that I saw was sleeping.","p":229,"id":"32"},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži wį ąðáaxta pe íiðaðe","e":"You saw the cat that bit me. A third way to make a relative clause is to use position markers. We do this by adding a","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"The cat that I saw was sleeping.","p":229,"id":"33"},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓘͘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤𐓣𐓤’𐓶 𐓴𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"haxį́ ąðákik’u che ą́ðaalį mįkšé","e":"","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","sec":"The cat that I saw was sleeping.","p":229,"id":"34"}],"sentences":[{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"įhtáci akxa waaðǫ́ pe","e":"My father sang. (My father is present and stationary, while I’m talking.)","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > the physical position of the subject","p":22},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"įhtáci apa waaðǫ́ pe","e":"My father sang. (My father is not present, while I’m talking.)","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > the physical position of the subject","p":22},{"o":"𐓋𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcée akxa ną́ąka pe","e":"The buffalo ran.","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > Aspect: the way an event unfolds in time","p":23},{"o":"𐓋𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcée apa ną́ąka pe","e":"The buffalo ran.","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > Aspect: the way an event unfolds in time","p":23},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į žįkážį akxa hiiðá pe","e":"Yesterday the child swam. We will show other ways that 𐓬𐓟 [pe] can be used in coming chapters.","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > Aspect: the way an event unfolds in time","p":23},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa apa ną́ąke apai","e":"The horse is running. (The horse is either out of view or moving, and it is running.)","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > The continuous aspect","p":24},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wak’ó akxa waaðǫ́ akxai","e":"The woman is singing. (The woman who is present is continuing to sing.)","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > The continuous aspect","p":24},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wak’ó akxa waaðǫ́ akxa","e":"The woman sings. (The woman who is present sings but may or may not be singing The Basic Sentence she is continuing to sing but not move, we use the aspect marker 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai]. If the singing","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > The continuous aspect","p":24},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe ilǫ́ežį akxa owísi pe","e":"Today the cat jumped. or Today the cat has jumped. (Today the cat is present and no longer jumping.)","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > The continuous aspect","p":25},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe ilǫ́ežį apa owísi apai","e":"Today the cat is jumping.","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > The continuous aspect","p":25},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"sitǫ́į ilǫ́ežį apa owísi apai","e":"Yesterday, the cat was jumping. (Yesterday, the cat somewhere continued to jump.) We could also say this sentence using the aspect marker 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa]. The meaning would be","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > The continuous aspect","p":25},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"sitǫ́į ilǫ́ežį apa owísi apa","e":"Yesterday, the cat was jumping.","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > The continuous aspect","p":25},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į waðíopxaðe apa hiiðá ðe","e":"(It’s true that) the student swam yesterday. an emphasis to what the speaker is saying. A second important evidential is one that indicates that the speaker has evidence that","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > Evidentials: confidence in the message","p":26},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓴𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į waðíopxaðe apa hiiðá che","e":"(I have evidence that) the student swam yesterday.","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > Evidentials: confidence in the message","p":26},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į waðíopxaðe apa hiiðá pe","e":"The student swam yesterday.","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > Evidentials: confidence in the message","p":26},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze akxa žįkážį wį óhką pe","e":"The teacher helped a child. the teacher is present, and 𐓬𐓟 [pe] is an aspect marker that indicates that the helping action is","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding an object","p":31},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"įhtáci apa ðiihǫ́ óhką pe","e":"My father helped your mother. This sentence uses 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] as the subject marker to indicate that the subject is out of","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding an object","p":31},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wihcími apa ðižǫ́ke óhką apai","e":"My aunt is helping your daughter. This sentence uses 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] as the aspect marker to indicate that the action is ongoing.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding an object","p":31},{"o":"𐓏𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓴𐓟.","a":"wįcéki apa ðižį́ke óhką che","e":"My uncle helped your son. (I have evidence for it.) This sentence uses 𐓴𐓟 [che] as an evidential marker to indicate that the speaker has evi- I have direct evidence for it.”","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding an object","p":31},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa htáa c’éða pe","e":"The man killed the deer.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding an object","p":32},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa htáa c’éðe apai","e":"The man is killing the deer.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding an object","p":32},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"níhka akxa htáa c’éðe akxai","e":"The man is killing the deer.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding an object","p":32},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓴𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa htáa c’éðe che","e":"The man killed the deer. (I have evidence for it.)","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding an object","p":32},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓮𐓤𐓘","a":"ilǫ́ežį ska","e":"white cat","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adjectives to phrases","p":32},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓺𐓣","a":"haxį́ zi","e":"yellow blanket","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adjectives to phrases","p":32},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪","a":"ho htóho","e":"blue fish","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adjectives to phrases","p":32},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘","a":"wak’ó ðáalį","e":"good woman","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adjectives to phrases","p":32},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓶̋ 𐓲𐓟𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka lą́ąðe akxa wažįka žúuce íiða pe","e":"The big man saw the red bird.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adjectives to phrases","p":33},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke hpíiži apa ho htóho oðį́įka pe","e":"The bad dog caught the blue fish.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adjectives to phrases","p":33},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"šǫ́ke akxa hpíiži akxa","e":"The dog is bad.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":33},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke akxa hpíiži pe","e":"The dog is bad.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":33},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"níhka akxa lą́ąðe akxa","e":"The man is big.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":33},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa lą́ąða pe","e":"The man is big. When we choose the subject marker 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa], we mean the subject is moving, at a dis-","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":34},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa lą́ąðe apai","e":"The man is big.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":34},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"mąšcį́ka akxa ska akxa","e":"The rabbit is white. The rabbit is here, and we are commenting on its being white.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":34},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"mąšcį́ka akxa ska pe","e":"The rabbit is white. We are saying that it is a white rabbit.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":34},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"mąšcį́ka apa ska apai","e":"The rabbit is white. The rabbit is out of sight, and it is white.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":34},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓶̋𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wažį́ka akxa žúuce akxa","e":"The bird is red.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":34},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓺𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"haxį́ akxa zi pe","e":"The blanket is yellow.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":34},{"o":"𐒹𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hó akxa htóho pe","e":"The fish is blue.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":35},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wak’ó apa ðáalį apai","e":"The woman is good.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adjectives as predicates","p":35},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓧𐓶́𐓻𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ilǫ́ežį ska apa lúži mąðį́ apai","e":"The white cat was walking slowly. We have learned that we do not have to use a special word for the in Osage. When we want to","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adverbs","p":35},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe wasápe akxa sápe akxa","e":"That bear is black.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adverbs","p":35},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wasápe ðe akxa sápe akxa","e":"That bear is black.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adverbs","p":35},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðe ilǫ́ežį hpíiži apa ną́ąke apai","e":"That bad cat is running.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adverbs","p":35},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣 𐓵𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ilǫ́ežį hpíiži ðe apa ną́ąke apai","e":"That bad cat is running.","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > Adding adverbs","p":35},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓥𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į hkée akxa hiiðá pe","e":"Yesterday, the turtle swam.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Adding expressions of time","p":40},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣 𐓴𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe htáa apa owísi che","e":"Today, the deer jumped. (I have evidence that it did.)","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Adding expressions of time","p":40},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓮𐓶́𐓥𐓘 𐓲’𐓟́𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce níhka apa súhka c’éðe apai","e":"Now, the man is killing a chicken.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Adding expressions of time","p":40},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓳𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ące šį́mįžį apa hcíle óhką pe","e":"Last night, the girl helped the family. When we want to add a place, like a location or destination, to an Osage sentence, we typically","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Adding expressions of time","p":40},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka apa niitáahpa įkší mąðį́ pe","e":"The man walked to the pond.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Adding expressions of time","p":40},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓟́𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žįkážį aapa taapóskahci éhtaha ną́ąka pe","e":"","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Adding expressions of time","p":40},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓣 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa htáa žą́ą ci c’éða pe","e":"The man killed the deer in the forest.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":40},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa žą́ą ci htáa c’éða pe","e":"The man killed the deer in the forest.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":40},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́𐓯𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄𐓬𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓤𐓣̋͘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́mįžį wahóšce akxa htaapé níižuuce kšíhtaha kį́įða pe","e":"The small girl threw the ball toward the river.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":41},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́𐓯𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄𐓬𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣̋͘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́mįžį wahóšce akxa níižuuce kšíhtaha htaapé kį́įða pe","e":"The small girl threw the ball toward the river.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":41},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į šį́tožį akxa ho wį niitáahpa ci oðį́įka pe","e":"Yesterday, the boy caught a fish in the pond.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":41},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į šį́tožį akxa niitáahpa ci ho wį oðį́įka pe","e":"Yesterday, the boy caught a fish in the pond. When the shape of a place matters: 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [įkší], 𐓲𐓣 [ci], 𐓤𐓣 [ki],","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":41},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa apa niitáahpa įkší mąðį́ apai","e":"The horse walked to the pond.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":41},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋𐓻𐓣̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa apa níižuuce kši mąðį́ apai","e":"The horse walked to the river.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":42},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"sitǫ́į hkáwa apa hci ci mąðį́ apai","e":"Yesterday, the horse walked to the house.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":42},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hą́ąci šį́mįžį apa waachí ki mąðį́ apai","e":"Last night, the girl walked to the dances.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":42},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓳𐓣𐓲𐓣 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ące šį́mįžį akxa hci ci žį́įha pe","e":"Last night, the girl slept in the house.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":42},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘̄𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓡𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"mį́įǫpa ðǫǫpá haašíhta šį́m̨įžį apa niitáahpa įkší hiiðá apai","e":"Two months ago, the girl swam in the pond. The meaning of 𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 [éhtaha] is fairly well expressed by English toward.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":42},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓘̄𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓱𐓘𐓳𐓣𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hą́ąpa ðáabrį haašíhta hkáwa apa wacúhtahci éhtaha mąðį́ apai","e":"Three days ago, the horse walked toward the barn.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":42},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa apa níižuuce kšíhtaha mąðį́ apai","e":"The horse walked toward the river. We will discuss motion verbs like come or go in chapter 14.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > The child ran toward the school.","p":42},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓮𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́mįhkase apa ną́ąka pe","e":"The coyote ran.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Yes-no questions","p":43},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓮𐓟 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟𐓵𐓟?","a":"šǫ́mįhkase ną́ąke ðe","e":"Did the coyote run? This can also be seen in the dialogue between a father and son that introduces this chapter.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Yes-no questions","p":43},{"o":"𐓍𐓣̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓟?","a":"ðiihǫ́ chi ðe","e":"Has your mother arrived?","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Yes-no questions","p":43},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ .𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓴𐓣 𐓴𐓟.","a":"howé iiną́ apa chi che","e":"Yes, Mother has arrived. The son’s response shows that he doesn’t actually see her, but he has evidence because he","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Yes-no questions","p":43},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"šǫ́žį akxa žį́įhe akxai","e":"The puppy is sleeping.","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Yes-no questions","p":43},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟?","a":"šǫ́žį akxa žį́įhe","e":"Is the puppy sleeping?","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Yes-no questions","p":43},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟?","a":"šǫ́žį žį́įhe","e":"Is the puppy sleeping?","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Yes-no questions","p":43},{"o":"𐓓𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟?","a":"žį́įhe","e":"Is he asleep? or Is he sleeping?","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > Yes-no questions","p":43},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wak’ó ðe apa waachí apai","e":"That woman is dancing.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce waaðǫ́ akxai","e":"Now she is singing. the basic verb and an aspect marker.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į htáa akxa owísi pe","e":"Yesterday the deer jumped.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe ną́ąka pe","e":"Today it ran.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"waachí apai","e":"He or she (possibly it) is dancing. we name our subject, as we do in sentences 1a (𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ [wak’ó]) and 2a (𐓱𐓘̋ [htáa]), or not, as","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","p":50},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į aną́ąke","e":"Yesterday I ran.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The a-ða verb class","p":51},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟.","a":"hą́ące ažį́įhe","e":"Last night I slept.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The a-ða verb class","p":51},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į ðaną́ąke","e":"Yesterday you ran.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The a-ða verb class","p":52},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟.","a":"hą́ące ðažį́įhe","e":"Last night you slept.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The a-ða verb class","p":52},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓜𐓣́͘ .","a":"níižuuce kši mąbrį́ (from the verb mąðį́)","e":"I walked to the river.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":52},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓜𐓪́͘ .","a":"hą́ące waabrǫ́ (from the verb waaðǫ́)","e":"I sang last night.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":52},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"sitǫ́į mąhkása brúwį (from the verb ðuwí́˛)","e":"Yesterday I bought coffee. The second-person Osage pronoun 𐓯𐓲 [šc] or 𐓯𐓰 [št]","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":52},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘.","a":"níižuuce kši mąšcį́","e":"You walked to the river.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":53},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘.","a":"hą́ące waaštǫ́","e":"You sang last night.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":53},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"sitǫ́į mąhkása šcúwį","e":"Yesterday you bought coffee.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > The br-šc “brush” verb class","p":53},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į ną́ąka pe","e":"Yesterday he (or she) ran.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > Third-person subjects: he, she, or it","p":53},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ące waaðǫ́ pe","e":"He (or she) sang last night.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > Third-person subjects: he, she, or it","p":53},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̄𐓻𐓣.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe áwakaaži","e":"I drove today.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":54},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘̄𐓻𐓣.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe waðákaaži","e":"You drove today.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":54},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟.","a":"hą́ące áwanǫbre","e":"Last night I dined (ate a meal).","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":54},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟.","a":"hą́ące waðánǫbre","e":"Last night you dined.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":54},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓘𐓷𐓘̋𐓴𐓣.","a":"sitǫ́į awáachi","e":"Yesterday I danced.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":54},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓴𐓣.","a":"sitǫ́į waðáachi","e":"Yesterday you danced.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":54},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓱𐓘́ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"iihkó akxa wihtáežį óhką pe","e":"My grandmother helped my little sister.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":54},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓱𐓘́𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"wihtáežį oáhką","e":"I helped my little sister.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":55},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓱𐓘́𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"ðihtáežį oðáhką","e":"You helped your little sister.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":55},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓷𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓪𐓘́𐓲𐓟.","a":"hą́ące wéðušupe oáce","e":"Last night I looked for the keys.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":55},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓷𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓘́𐓲𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe wéðušupe oðáce","e":"Today, you looked for the keys.","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > A quick summary","p":55},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waléze wį oáce mįkšé","e":"I am currently looking for a book. or I am looking for a book while sitting.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":59},{"o":"𐒰́𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"áwanǫbre mįkšé","e":"I am currently eating a meal. or I am eating a meal while sitting. This sentence could mean either “I am eating a meal in a sitting position” or “I am in the","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":60},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘̄𐓜𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ąci waabrǫ́ mįkšé","e":"I was singing last night. We can use the context of the conversation or time adverbs like 𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓫́ [sitǫ́į] yesterday or","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":60},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓘́𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ooáhą mįkšé","e":"I am cooking. or I was cooking. The next first-person aspect marker we will discuss is 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ąhé]. Again, there are two usual","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":60},{"o":"𐒰𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"aną́ąke ąhé","e":"I am running. or I have been running. This sentence can mean either I am running (emphasizing that I am moving) or I have been","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ ,𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"sitǫ́į aną́ąke ąhé","e":"Yesterday, I was running. or Yesterday, I had been running.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ ,𐓘𐓡𐓣̋𐓜𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"sitó˛į ahíibra ąhé","e":"Yesterday, I was swimming. or Yesterday, I had been swimming.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61},{"o":"𐒰𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́!","a":"aną́ąke ąðįhé","e":"I am running! or I have been running!","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ ,𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́!","a":"sitǫ́į aną́ąke ąðįhé","e":"Yesterday, I was running! or I had been running yesterday! The final first-person continuous aspect marker is 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ątxąhé]. It is used when the subject","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":61},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"žįkážį wį oáhką ątxąhé","e":"I am helping a child (while standing). or I’m about to help a child.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":62},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓜𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"waabrǫ́ ątxąhé","e":"I’m singing (while standing). or I’m about to sing. This example indicates that the subject is standing ready or standing by to sing.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The first-person continuous aspect markers","p":62},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waðánǫbre nįkšé","e":"You are eating a meal (while sitting). or You are currently eating a meal. This example can mean you are eating a meal while sitting or you are in the ongoing act of","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":62},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ąci waaštǫ́ nįkšé","e":"You were singing last night (while sitting). or You were singing last night. The second-person continuous aspect marker 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [ðaašé] is used when the subject is mov-","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":62},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waðáachi ðaašé","e":"Continuous Aspect, Singular Pronouns, and the Verb 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį] You are dancing. or You have been dancing.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":62},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"sitǫ́į ðahíišta ðaašé","e":"You were swimming yesterday. or You had been swimming yesterday. The second-person continuous aspect marker 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓯𐓟́ [ðatxą́še] is similar to 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":63},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓯𐓟.","a":"waaštǫ́ ðatxą́še","e":"You are singing (while standing). or You are about to sing (imminently). The second-person continuous aspect marker for the lying position is 𐓻𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓟 [žą́kše]. This","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":63},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓻𐓘́͘𐓤𐓯𐓟.","a":"hą́ąci ðažį́įhe žą́kše","e":"You were sleeping last night (lying down).","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > The second-person continuous aspect markers","p":63},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́, 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"hawé tąhé nįkšé","e":"Hello, are you doing well?","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Aspect markers in greetings","p":63},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"tąhé mįkšé","e":"I’m fine. or I’m doing well. This is the basic way. The speakers can be more specific by changing the aspect marker.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Aspect markers in greetings","p":64},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓯𐓟?","a":"tąhé ðatxą́še","e":"Are you doing well? (You are standing.)","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Aspect markers in greetings","p":64},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"tąhé ątxąhé","e":"I’m fine. or I’m doing well. (I am standing.)","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Aspect markers in greetings","p":64},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"tąhé ðaašé","e":"Have you been well? (Said regardless of position.)","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Aspect markers in greetings","p":64},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"tąhé ąhé","e":"I have been well. or I am well. (I am walking.)","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Aspect markers in greetings","p":64},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓣͘.","a":"níhka akxa wakǫ́ze ðį","e":"The man is a teacher.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":65},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓣͘.","a":"wakǫ́ze ðį.","e":"He is a teacher.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":65},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓣͘.","a":"šį́mįžį ðį","e":"She is a girl. How to say I am using 𐓜𐓣͘ [brį], 𐓨𐓣͘ [mį], and 𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘ [anį́]","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓜𐓣͘.or 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘.or 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘.","a":"wažáže brį or wažáže mį or wažáže anį́","e":"I am Osage.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓜𐓣͘.","a":"wak’ó brį","e":"I am a woman. How to say you are using 𐓯𐓲𐓣͘ [šcį], 𐓩𐓣͘ [nį], and 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘ [ðanį́] The most common words that mean you are are 𐓯𐓲𐓣͘ [šcį], 𐓩𐓣͘ [nį], and 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘ [ðanį́]. Again, these three words are largely interchangeable, and note that we sometimes hear 𐓩𐓣͘ [nį] in a","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66},{"o":"𐓅𐓪́͘𐓥𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓣͘. or𐓅𐓪́͘𐓥𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘.or 𐓅𐓪́͘ 𐓥𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓣́͘ .","a":"hpǫ́hka šcį or hpǫ́hka nį or hpǫ́hka ðanį́","e":"You are Ponca.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓣͘.","a":"níhka šcį","e":"You are a man.","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","p":66},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"ąną́ąke","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person dual we two","p":71},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓣͘.","a":"žą́ą ci ąmą́ðį","e":"We two walked in the forest.","ctx":"the Future Marker > We two ran.","p":71},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓡𐓣̋𐓵𐓘.","a":"niitáahpa ci ąhíiða","e":"We two swam in the pond.","ctx":"the Future Marker > We two ran.","p":71},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘.","a":"ówe ąkóohǫ","e":"We two cooked vegetables. We have learned to use 𐓬𐓟 [pe] as a completive aspect for third-person subjects. When we","ctx":"the Future Marker > We two ran.","p":71},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟","a":"ąną́ąkape","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person we plural (more than two)","p":72},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓟́𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓨𐓘́͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"taapóskahci éhtaha ąmą́ðįpe","e":"We (plural) walked toward the school (house).","ctx":"the Future Marker > We (plural) ran.","p":72},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓲𐓣𐓘͘𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níižuuce ci ąhíiðape","e":"We (plural) swam in the river.","ctx":"the Future Marker > We (plural) ran.","p":72},{"o":"𐒹𐓘́𐓬𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hápa wacúe ąkóohǫpe","e":"We (plural) baked cornbread.","ctx":"the Future Marker > We (plural) ran.","p":72},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"ðaną́ąke","e":"You (singular) ran.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Second-person plural you","p":72},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ðaną́ąkape","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > Second-person plural you","p":73},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓡𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘.","a":"ðahíišta","e":"You (singular) swam.","ctx":"the Future Marker > You (plural) ran.","p":73},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓡𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ðahíištape","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > You (plural) ran.","p":73},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níižuuce kši mąšcį́pe","e":"You (plural) walked to the river.","ctx":"the Future Marker > You (plural) swam.","p":73},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓣͘𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟","a":"žįkážį wį oðáhkąpe","e":"You (plural) helped a child.","ctx":"the Future Marker > You (plural) swam.","p":73},{"o":"𐒻́𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ía pe","e":"he, she, or they spoke.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":73},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"owísi pe","e":"he, she, it, or they jumped.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":73},{"o":"𐓌𐓣","a":"𐓪𐓲𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","e":"hci ocá pe","ctx":"the Future Marker > Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":73},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žįkážį wį óhką pe","e":"he, she, or they helped a child.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":74},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa wažį́ka nąk’ǫ́ pe","e":"The boys (or the boy) heard a bird.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","p":74},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ace ą́wanǫbre ąðįkšé","e":"Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker or Last night, we two were eating (a meal, while sitting or lying).","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":74},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ ,𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋𐓵𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"sitǫ́į ąwáaðǫ ąðįkšé","e":"Yesterday we two were singing. or Yesterday we two were singing (while sitting or lying). The continuous dual aspect marker 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́ [ąðé] is used when the subjects are moving, or it can","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ą́wanǫbre ąðé","e":"We two have been eating (a meal). or We two were eating (a meal, while moving).","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓭𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓘͘𐓨𐓘́𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"níitáahpa kši ąmáðį ąðé","e":"We two are walking to the pond. or We two are walking to the pond (moving). an act that is imminent (about to) even if the subjects are not standing.","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"wacúe skúðe ąkóohǫ ątxą́","e":"We two are about to bake cake. or We two are baking cake (standing).","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓣𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋𐓵𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"oohǫ́hci ci ąwáaðǫ ątxą́","e":"We two are about to sing in the kitchen. or We two were singing in the kitchen (while standing).","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","p":75},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓻𐓣̋𐓡𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąžį́įhe ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) have been sleeping. or We (plural) are sleeping.","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓷𐓘̋𐓵𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąwáaðǫ ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) have been singing. or We (plural) are singing (while sitting or lying).","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"ą́wanǫbre ąkatxą́","e":"We (plural) are about to eat (a meal). or We (plural) are eating (a meal, while standing).","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶̋𐓻𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"hį́įce ąðúuža ąkatxą́","e":"We (plural) are about to wash the dishes. or We (plural) are washing dishes (while standing).","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"žįkážį wį ąkóhką ąkatxą́","e":"We (plural) are about to help a child. or We (plural) are helping a child (while standing).","ctx":"the Future Marker > First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","p":76},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðažį́įhe paašé","e":"You (plural) are sleeping.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Second-person plural subjects with continuous aspect, you plural","p":77},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ówehci ci hǫbrį́ke šcúwį paašé","e":"You (plural) are buying beans at the store.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Second-person plural subjects with continuous aspect, you plural","p":77},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"sitǫ́į šǫ́ke ðuxí apai","e":"They were chasing dogs yesterday.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Third-person plural subjects","p":77},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níižuuce kši mąðį́ apai","e":"They are walking to the river.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Third-person plural subjects","p":77},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓟𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"šį́mįžį ðe óhką akxai","e":"They are helping that girl.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Third-person plural subjects","p":77},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓜𐓶̋𐓻𐓘 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hį́įce brúuža hta mįkšé","e":"I am going to wash the dishes.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓱𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"kaasį́ ówehci ci hǫbrį́ke šcúwį hta paašé","e":"Tomorrow you (plural) will buy beans at the store.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓟𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"hą́ąpą ðe šį́mįžį akxa iihkó óhką hta akxai","e":"Today the girl is going to help Grandma.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄͘𐓵𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"hąąðé ðáalį ąžį́įhe hta ąkáðe","e":"Tonight we will sleep well.","ctx":"the Future Marker > Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓟?","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce waðánǫbre hta ðe","e":"Are you going to eat now?","ctx":"the Future Marker > Continuous aspect in its variations","p":79},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘?","a":"níhka táatą ðuwį́","e":"What did the man buy?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":83},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa hápa ðuwį́ pe","e":"The man bought corn. it appears right before the verb. Note that this is also the position where 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] appears","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":83},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘?","a":"táatą šcúwį","e":"What did you buy?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":84},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̄𐓤𐓘̋𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓤𐓟 𐓜𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"niikáapxoke brúwį","e":"I bought a soda.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":84},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓩𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́?","a":"sitǫ́į níhka táatą ðuwį́","e":"What did the man buy yesterday?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":84},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓭𐓣́𐓮𐓶 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́?","a":"táatą hpísu ðaaché","e":"What ate the acorns?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":84},{"o":"𐓆𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓭𐓣́𐓮𐓶 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"sį́ka apa hpísu ðaachá pe","e":"The squirrel ate the acorns.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":84},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓭𐓣́ 𐓮𐓶𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓘𐓬𐓙́?","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce táatą hpísu ðaaché apai","e":"What is eating the acorns now?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":84},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘?","a":"pée oðíhtą ðuwį́","e":"Who bought the car?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":84},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa oðíhtą ðuwį́ pe.","e":"The man bought the car.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":85},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘?","a":"pée haxį kǫ́ða","e":"Who wants the blanket?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":85},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"haxí hkǫ́bra","e":"I want the blanket. When 𐓬𐓟̋ [pée] is the object, as in 8a and 9, it goes in the object’s usual place, right before the verb. Please note that formal English distinguishes between who and whom, as in 8a and 9,","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":85},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓬𐓟̋𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟?","a":"wak’ó pée íiðe","e":"Whom did the woman see?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":85},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó akxa wakǫ́ze íiða pe","e":"The woman saw the teacher.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":85},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓬𐓟̋𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘?","a":"sitǫ́į pée oðáhką","e":"Whom did you help yesterday? The question word 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] where? asks about a location, so it appears where loca- or before the object of the verb, if there is one. Note that 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] appears before the","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":85},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́𐓤𐓣 𐓻𐓪͘𐓭𐓘́ 𐓧𐓟𐓺𐓟 𐓪𐓲𐓟́𐓘𐓬𐓙?","a":"níhka howáįki žǫhpáleze océ apai","e":"Where is the man hunting quail?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":85},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓻𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓻𐓪͘𐓭𐓘́ 𐓧𐓟𐓺𐓟 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa žą́ą ci žǫhpáleze océ apai","e":"The man is hunting quail in the forest.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":86},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓣̋𐓵𐓟?","a":"žįkážį šǫ́ke howáįki íiðe","e":"Where did the child see the dog?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":86},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟?","a":"htáa howáįki íiðaðe","e":"Where did you see the deer? The question word 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 [hówa] which needs to go with a noun, as in which boy or which dog.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":86},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓪́𐓷𐓘 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙?","a":"ší́˛mįžį hówa hápa kǫ́ða akxai","e":"Which girl wants the corn?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":86},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓧𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ší́˛mįžį lažį́į akxa hápa kǫ́ða akxai","e":"The thin girl wants the corn.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":86},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́ ͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓮𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓪́𐓷𐓘 𐓰𐓪́͘𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙?","a":"ší˛ mįžį sį́ka hówa tǫ́pe akxai","e":"Which squirrel is the girl watching?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":86},{"o":"𐓉𐓪̋𐓻𐓶 𐓡𐓪́𐓷𐓘 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"htóožu hówa škǫ́šta","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Using question words","p":86},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓣̋𐓵𐓟?","a":"haatxą́ci wak’ó žįkážį íiðe","e":"When did the woman see the child?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":86},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąci wak’ó akxa žįkážį íiða pe","e":"The woman saw the child last night.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":86},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓷𐓘̄𐓜𐓪́͘?","a":"haatxą́ta waabrǫ́","e":"When do I sing?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":87},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"mį́įoðaake tóopa ci waaštǫ́ hta nįkšé","e":"You sing at 4:00. or You will sing at 4:00.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":87},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣𐓪́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘?","a":"haatxą́ci ónǫbre šcúwį","e":"When did you buy food?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":87},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓤’𐓘́͘ 𐓮𐓘̄𐓤𐓣𐓴𐓣́?","a":"haatxą́ta oðíhtą k’ą́saaki chí","e":"When does the train arrive? We will discuss verbs of motion such as 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] arrive in chapter 14. The question words how much? and how many? are always used with nouns, as in how much the noun is a living thing (animate), we use 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓘 [háaną pa]. Some modern speakers use","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":87},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘𐓪́ 𐓡𐓣?","a":"sitǫ́į wak’ó mą́zeska háaną óhi","e":"How much money did the woman win yesterday?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":87},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓜𐓪́𐓤𐓘 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘𐓪́ 𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó akxa bróka lébrą óhi pe","e":"The woman won ten dollars.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":87},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓮𐓣́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓘𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟?","a":"níhka sį́ka háaną pa íiðe","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Which meat pie do you want?","p":87},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓬𐓶́𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟?","a":"wapúška háaną šcúwįpe","e":"How many beads did you (plural) buy? The question word 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ [háakǫ] can generally be used where we would use how in English. This kind of question is usually answered with several sentences, something you will get better","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟“corn” 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟?","a":"háakǫ štáace “corn” wažáže íe","e":"How do you say “corn” in Osage?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓱𐓪̋𐓻𐓶 𐓯𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟?","a":"háakǫ htóožu škáaɣe","e":"How do you make meat pies? The question word 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 [háakǫta] why? will generally come first in a sentence.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓣́𐓵𐓘𐓟?","a":"háakǫta íðae","e":"Why did you speak?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓪̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙?","a":"háakǫta šǫ́ke akxa hóohtą akxai?","e":"Why is the dog barking?","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > How many squirrels did the man see?","p":88},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"hą́ąðe waachí hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to dance tonight.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓤𐓣́𐓭𐓘̄𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"wéhkilį okíhpaahą škǫ́šta","e":"Do you want to dress? the basic brush pattern, so no new changes are needed. We use 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] in sentences with both nouns and verbs. Verbs do not need any special","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wacúe hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"I want bread.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wacúe ðaaché hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"I want to eat bread.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waaðǫ́ ąkǫ́ða ąðįkšé","e":"We two want to sing.","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > Verbs that belong to two classes","p":92},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓰𐓪́͘𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"įhtáci akxa ątǫ́pe akxai","e":"My father was watching me. The verb 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ [óhką] help infixes pronouns (see chapter 5.) Notice the difference in sen- the accent stays on the 𐓪́ [o] of the verb with the object pronoun in 2a but moves to the subject","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Object pronouns","p":97},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪́𐓘͘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"iihkó akxa óąhką pe","e":"My grandmother helped me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Object pronouns","p":97},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓪𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"iihkó oáhką","e":"I helped my grandmother. The object pronoun 𐓵𐓣 [ði] you","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Object pronouns","p":97},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke akxa ðiną́k'ǫ̨ pe","e":"The dog heard you.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Object pronouns","p":97},{"o":"𐓍𐓣̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðiihǫ́ apa óðihką apai.","e":"Your mother is helping you.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Object pronouns","p":98},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó akxa žįkážį wį óhką pe","e":"The woman helped a child.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žįkážį wį óhką pe","e":"She helped a child. we have two options. We can put something in the object position, as in 5c. Most often this","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98},{"o":"𐓍𐓟̋𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ðée óhką pe","e":"She helped that one (him, her).","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98},{"o":"𐓂́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"óhką pe","e":"She helped him (or her or it). we use a special pronoun, 𐓷𐓘 [wa]. This pronoun has many uses in Osage, and one of the most","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ówahką pe","e":"She helped folks. We will discuss this use of 𐓷𐓘 [wa] again in chapter 19.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","p":98},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"įhtáci apa ówahkąpi hta apai","e":"My father will help us.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural object pronouns","p":99},{"o":"𐒻̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"iiną́ akxa waną́k'ǫ̨pe (not [waną́k'ǫpi pe].)","e":"Mother heard about us. When we use continuous aspect as in example 8, the aspect markers will tell us what the","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural object pronouns","p":99},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓣̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce iiną́ akxa waną́k'ǫ̨pi akxai","e":"Now Mother hears us. We make you plural with 𐓵𐓣 . . . 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [ði . . . api]. 𐓍𐓣 [ði] appears in the place where pro-","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural object pronouns","p":100},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"iiną́ akxa ðiną́k'ǫ̨pe","e":"Mother heard you (plural).","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural object pronouns","p":100},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"iiną́ akxa ðiną́k'ǫ̨pi akxai","e":"Mother hears you (plural). an accent. How can we tell the difference between this and the unaccented 𐓷𐓘 [wa] we dis-","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural object pronouns","p":100},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓘́𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa ho ðǫǫpá ðuuzá pe","e":"The boy took two fish.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural object pronouns","p":100},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa wáðuuza pe","e":"The boy took them.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural object pronouns","p":100},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓶̋ 𐓺𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa waðúuza pe","e":"The boy took stuff.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural object pronouns","p":100},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟̋𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"sǫ́ke apa wéeðe apai","e":"The dog sees them. or The dog sees stuff.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Special forms","p":101},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟̋𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa wéeðe apai","e":"The man sees them. or The man sees stuff.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Special forms","p":101},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓘́𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘?","a":"ąðánąk’ǫ","e":"Did you hear me?","ctx":"Object Pronouns > You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","p":101},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"oą́ðahką","e":"You helped me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","p":101},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́͘𐓯𐓲𐓣̄͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"oą́šcįįke","e":"You hugged me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","p":102},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"ąštǫ́pe nįkšé (or, in place of [nįkšé], another form of continuous aspect)","e":"You’re looking at me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","p":102},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąną́ðaðe","e":"You see me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > A special form for me","p":102},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓯𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘.","a":"ąną́špahǫ","e":"You know me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > A special form for me","p":102},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"sitǫ́į owíhką","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > A special form for me","p":102},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓣̋ 𐓷𐓣𐓵𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"\u0007ðekǫ́ǫce íiwiðe mįkšé (or, in place of [mįkšé], another form of continuous","e":"aspect)","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Yesterday I helped you (singular or plural).","p":102},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́𐓜𐓣̄͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"owíbrįįke","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Right now I see you (singular or plural).","p":103},{"o":"𐒻𐓷𐓣́𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"iwíhpahǫ mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > I hugged you (singular or plural).","p":103},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓪𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe owaðáhkąpi nįkšé","e":"Today you are helping us (plural).","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓪𐓷𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe owáðahką nįkšé","e":"Today you are helping them.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́𐓪𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į owaðáhkąpe","e":"Yesterday you helped us.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wéeðaðapi nįkšé","e":"You see us.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́𐓷𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į wéeðaðape","e":"Yesterday you saw us. When we have a third-person subject, we only have the object pronoun.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":103},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wéeðapi apai","e":"He sees us.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural forms you-us and you-them","p":104},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"ąkóðihką","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural forms: using we and you","p":104},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąkóðihkąpe","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We two (dual) helped you.","p":104},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ąkóðihką ąðįkšé","e":"We two (dual) are helping you.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":104},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkóðihką ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) have been helping you.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":104},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ąkóðihkąpi ąðįkšé","e":"We two (dual) are helping you (plural).","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓣𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkóðihkąpi ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) have been helping you (plural). A second complication with 𐓘͘ [ą] is that it means both we and me. With many verbs, the","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąnąk’ǫ́ pe","e":"He heard me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąną́k'ǫ̨pe","e":"We heard him.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ąną́k'ǫ̨ akxai","e":"He hears me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąną́k'ǫ ąðé","e":"We two hear him.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"ąną́k'ǫ ąkatxą́","e":"We hear him. or me. In continuous aspect, we know which meaning is intended because the subject is also","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫ́į ąną́ða pe","e":"Yesterday she saw me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce ąną́ðe apai","e":"Now she sees me.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sitǫį ąną́ðape","e":"Yesterday we saw him.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":105},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋ 𐓲𐓟𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce ąną́ðe ąkatxą́","e":"Now we see him.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","p":106},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓘́𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąðánąk’ǫpe","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > Plural forms: using you plural","p":106},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓣́𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąðínąk’ǫ́pe","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > You (plural) heard me.","p":106},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓣́𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"ąðínąk’ǫpi ąkatxą́","e":"We hear you (plural). and that 𐓷𐓘 [wa] can also be the first part of the pronoun for us, 𐓷𐓘 . . . 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [wa . . . api]. If 𐓷𐓘","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We heard you (plural).","p":106},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéeða pe","e":"They (or he or she) saw stuff. or They (or he or she) saw them.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We heard you (plural).","p":106},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéeðape","e":"They (or he or she) saw us.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We heard you (plural).","p":106},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"wéeðapi apa","e":"They (or he or she) see us.","ctx":"Object Pronouns > We heard you (plural).","p":107},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wak’ó akxa húheka akxai","e":"The woman is sick (and she is here). or The women are sick.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Stative verbs","p":110},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wak’ó apa húheka apai","e":"The woman is sick (and she is elsewhere). or The women are sick.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Stative verbs","p":110},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘.","a":"ąhúheka","e":"I am sick. We would use example 2a in a situation where we just wanted to declare the condition","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Stative verbs and continuous aspect markers","p":111},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ąhúheka mįkšé.","e":"I am sitting here sick. the subject—sitting.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Stative verbs and continuous aspect markers","p":111},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"ąhúheka ąhé","e":"I am sick while moving around.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Stative verbs and continuous aspect markers","p":111},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘.","a":"ðihúheka","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Plural subjects with stative verbs","p":112},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðihúheka paašé","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > You (singular) are sick.","p":112},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wahúheka ąðįkšé","e":"We two are sick.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > You (plural) are sick.","p":112},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wahúheka ąkáðe","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > You (plural) are sick.","p":112},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"wahúheka ąkatxái","e":"We are standing here sick. (more than two and in a standing position) The verbs 𐓩𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́ 𐓡𐓣 [nǫhpéhi] be hungry and 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓳𐓟 [níhce] be cold are stative verbs whose sub-","ctx":"Stative Verbs > We (plural) are sick.","p":112},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓡𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"šį́mįžį akxa nǫhpéhi akxai","e":"The girl is hungry. and 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai]. Recall that these aspect markers indicate how distant or present the subject is","ctx":"Stative Verbs > We (plural) are sick.","p":112},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓘͘𐓡𐓣.","a":"nǫhpéąhi","e":"I am hungry.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > We (plural) are sick.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓪𐓭𐓟́𐓘͘𐓡𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"nǫhpéąhi mįkšé","e":"I am hungry (sitting).","ctx":"Stative Verbs > We (plural) are sick.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓵𐓣𐓡𐓣.","a":"nǫhpéðihi","e":"You are hungry.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > We (plural) are sick.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓵𐓣𐓡𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"nǫhpéðihi nįkšé","e":"You are hungry (sitting).","ctx":"Stative Verbs > We (plural) are sick.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓵𐓣𐓡𐓣 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"nǫhpéðihi paašé","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > We (plural) are sick.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓣 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"nǫhpéwahi ąðįkšé","e":"We two are hungry.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > You (plural) are hungry.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"nǫhpéwahi ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) are hungry.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > You (plural) are hungry.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓘͘𐓳𐓟.","a":"níąhce","e":"I am cold.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > You (plural) are hungry.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓘͘𐓳𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"níąhce mįkšé","e":"I am cold (sitting).","ctx":"Stative Verbs > You (plural) are hungry.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓘͘𐓳𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"níąhce ąhé","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > You (plural) are hungry.","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"níwahce ąkáðe","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I am cold (moving around).","p":113},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"níwahce ąkatxái","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > We (plural) are cold.","p":113},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟.","a":"ąną́puze","e":"I am thirsty.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I-stem stative verbs","p":113},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ąną́puze mįkšé","e":"I am thirsty (sitting).","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I-stem stative verbs","p":114},{"o":"𐒻́𐓵𐓣𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟.","a":"íðipuze","e":"You are thirsty.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I-stem stative verbs","p":114},{"o":"𐒻́𐓵𐓣𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"íðipuze nįkšé","e":"You are thirsty (sitting).","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I-stem stative verbs","p":114},{"o":"𐒻́𐓵𐓣𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"íðipuze paašé","e":"You (plural) are thirsty.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I-stem stative verbs","p":114},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wéepuze ąðįkšé","e":"We two are thirsty. (See chapter 9 for why this begins with [wée].)","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I-stem stative verbs","p":114},{"o":"𐓏𐓟̋𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wéepuze ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) are thirsty.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I-stem stative verbs","p":114},{"o":"𐒻́𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ípuze akxai","e":"He/she/they is/are thirsty.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > I-stem stative verbs","p":114},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘.","a":"ą́ðalį","e":"I’m glad.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":114},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"htáa ðaaché kiðálį pe","e":"He (or she) likes to eat meat.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘?","a":"wašį́ ðíðalį","e":"Do you like bacon?","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘.","a":"hą́ąhkaži hką́ące ą́ðalį","e":"No, I like fruit. This verb is a synonym of 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ [kíðalį] and is also a ki-stative verb.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣́𐓡𐓪̄͘?","a":"táatą ðíhǫǫ","e":"What do you like?","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓪́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓤𐓣́𐓡𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcíle akxa wažáže ónǫbre kíhǫǫ pe","e":"The family loves Osage food. This verb is also a synonym of 𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ [kiðálį] and 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ [kíhǫǫ] and is also a ki-stative","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘́𐓺𐓪 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"waachí wázo ąkatxái","e":"We are (standing here) enjoying the dances.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐓀𐓘̋͘𐓹𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓪 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"mą́ąɣe ðáalį ą́zo mįkšé","e":"I’m sitting here enjoying the good weather.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓤𐓣́𐓤𐓸𐓪 𐓵𐓣́𐓺𐓪 𐓵𐓟?","a":"hą́ąðe kíkxo ðízo ðe","e":"Are you enjoying the feast tonight?","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐒼𐓣́𐓺𐓪 𐓬𐓟.","a":"kízo pe","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Ki-stative verbs","p":115},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘.","a":"wíoxta","e":"I love you.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":116},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓵𐓣𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘.","a":"ą́ðioxta","e":"You love me.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":116},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓡𐓪́͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"iihǫ́ kíoxta pe.","e":"He (or she or they) loves his (or her or their) mother.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":116},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̋𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́𐓟.","a":"tóoce ąníe","e":"","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":116},{"o":"𐓓𐓟𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣𐓩𐓣́𐓟?","a":"žeká ðiníe","e":"Does your leg hurt?","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":116},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓮𐓣̋ 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́𐓟.","a":"hą́ąhkaži síi ąníe","e":"No, my foot hurts.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":116},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓟̋𐓧𐓣 𐓩𐓣́𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"iiną́ akxa wéeli níe akxai","e":"My mother’s head hurts.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":116},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓭𐓣̋𐓻𐓣.","a":"hcéze ąhpíiži","e":"My stomach feels bad. We might expect 𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓟 [kitą́he] get better to be stative, but it is an a-ða verb.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":116},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓘́͘𐓡𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce akitą́he mįkšé","e":"Now I’m better.","ctx":"Stative Verbs > He/she/they had fun.","p":117},{"o":"𐒻́𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́!","a":"ípuze mįkšé","e":"I’m thirsty!","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Using just the aspect marker with common stative verbs","p":117},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́𐓡𐓣 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́!","a":"nǫhpéhi ąðįkšé","e":"We two are hungry!","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Using just the aspect marker with common stative verbs","p":117},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"tąhé ąhé","e":"I’ve been fine. the subject pronouns—for example, 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 [ąną́puze] or 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [ąną́puze mįkšé]","ctx":"Stative Verbs > Using just the aspect marker with common stative verbs","p":117},{"o":"𐓁𐓘̄͘𐓤𐓘́!","a":"nąąká","e":"Run!","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Singular you","p":128},{"o":"𐓂𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́͘!","a":"oąhką́","e":"Help me!","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Singular you","p":128},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓰𐓪͘𐓬𐓘́!","a":"ątǫpá","e":"Look at me! A command may be made more emphatic by putting 𐓵𐓣 [ði], a form of you, after the verb.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Singular you","p":128},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣𐓵𐓣!","a":"owísi ði","e":"(You singular) Jump!","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Singular you","p":128},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́𐓮𐓣𐓬𐓣!","a":"owísipi","e":"(You plural) jump!","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Plural you","p":129},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̄𐓴𐓘́𐓬𐓣!","a":"ðaachápi","e":"(You plural) eat! The verb 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ [océ] look for has special command forms 𐓪𐓰𐓘́ [otá] and 𐓪𐓰𐓘́ 𐓬𐓣 [otápi]. In","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Plural you","p":129},{"o":"𐓂𐓰𐓘́!","a":"otá","e":"Look for it!","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Plural you","p":129},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓳𐓟.","a":"ą́wanǫbre hce","e":"Let’s eat! (the two of us)","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Plural you","p":129},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓱𐓙.","a":"mąhkása ąðáahtą htai","e":"Let’s drink coffee. (more than two of us)","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Plural you","p":129},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓟.","a":"waaðǫ́ hce","e":"Let him sing!","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Plural you","p":129},{"o":"𐒰𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣͘𐓳𐓟.","a":"awáachi hce","e":"Let me dance!","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Plural you","p":129},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"įhtáci akxa htáa wį íiðaži","e":"My father didn’t find a deer.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":130},{"o":"𐒻́𐓵𐓘𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"íðak’ucaži nįkšé","e":"You are not studying.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":130},{"o":"𐒰𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"aną́ąkemaži","e":"I didn’t run.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":130},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"waléze bráacemaží ąhé","e":"I haven’t been reading the book. The plural marker 𐓬𐓣 [pi] is combined with 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] to form 𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 [paži]. This is used with","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":130},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waléze štáacapaži paašé","e":"You (plural) aren’t reading the book.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":130},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"ówe waðálįpaži","e":"We don’t like vegetables.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":130},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"žįkážį akxa húhekapaži akxai","e":"The children are not sick. the subject is plural. In Osage, child and children are the same word, 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ [žįkážį].","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":130},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"mą́zeska ąðį́įke","e":"I have no money. or I don’t have any money.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":131},{"o":"𐓂́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"ónǫbre waðį́įke","e":"We have no food. The negator 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ [ðįké] has a number of uses. It negates noun phrases, and while it is not a","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":131},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"wižǫ́ke akxa pée ðįké íiðaži.","e":"My daughter did not see anyone.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":131},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"táatą ðįké brúwįmaži","e":"I did not buy anything.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":131},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́.","a":"pée ðįké","e":"No one (was there). We also use 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ [ðįké] for the English expression there is no. This kind of sentence takes","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":131},{"o":"𐓄𐓘̄𐓻𐓟́𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́.","a":"paazénii ðįké","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negation","p":131},{"o":"𐒻́𐓟 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́!","a":"íe ðįká","e":"Don’t talk!","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negative commands: don’t","p":132},{"o":"𐓑𐓘̄𐓤𐓟́ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́!","a":"ɣaaké įká","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Negative commands: don’t","p":132},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣!","a":"waaðǫ́ įká ði","e":"Don’t you sing! The plural form don’t adds the plural marker 𐓬𐓣 [pi] to make 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓬𐓣 [ðįkápi].","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Don’t cry!","p":132},{"o":"𐓍𐓟̋𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓬𐓣!","a":"ðée ðaaché ðįkápi","e":"Don’t (you plural) eat that! We make future negation—not going to—using either 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] or 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ [ðįké]. We place the","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Don’t cry!","p":132},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓘́͘ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓱𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́tožį akxa oą́hkąži hta apai","e":"The boy is not going to help me.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Don’t cry!","p":132},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"htáa bráachemaži hta mįkšé","e":"I’m not going to eat meat.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Don’t cry!","p":132},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̋𐓵𐓘 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́mįžį apa híiða ðįké hta apai","e":"The girl is not going to bathe.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Don’t cry!","p":132},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waðáachi ðįké hta nįkšé","e":"You’re not going to dance.","ctx":"Commands and Negation > Don’t cry!","p":132},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣𐓘͘𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"wahkǫ́tahci ąmą́ðį ną","e":"We walk to church sometimes.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"iihkó akxa húheka ną","e":"My grandmother is occasionally sick.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓪́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.","a":"óweci ci ónǫbre ą́ðuwį ną hta ąkáðe","e":"We will usually buy food at the grocery store.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐓏𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́𐓤𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓳𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"wįcéki akxa hcíle íkihtǫpaži ną","e":"My uncle doesn’t visit the family regularly.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"įhtáci akxa hápa oožú ną","e":"My father grows corn (habitually). We can even put 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą] and 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] together to get the sense of something happening and it happens regularly in the summer (𐓩𐓘͘ [ną]).”","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̄𐓤𐓟́ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘́𐓬𐓘𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"tookétą įhtáci akxa hápa oožú štąną","e":"My father always grows corn in the summer.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́𐓘́ 𐓰𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcíle wíhta akxa htaaská átǫpe nąpe","e":"My family used to raise sheep.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓵𐓪͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"wahkǫ́tahci ci ąwáaðǫ štą","e":"We sing at church a lot.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"iiną́ akxa oohǫ́ štą akxai","e":"My mother is always cooking.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"mąhkása bráahtą štą ąhé","e":"I’m always drinking coffee.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":137},{"o":"𐓂́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋𐓴𐓣 𐓤𐓘̋𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ónǫbre háachi káaɣe apai","e":"They continually make food.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":138},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓪̋𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"háachi ðahóohtą","e":"You kept on shouting.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":138},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"kaasį́exci aną́ąke štą","e":"I run a lot in the morning.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":138},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"kaasį́exci íkiha aną́ąke","e":"I run every morning. These words can also be used together with 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] and 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą], as in the following","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":138},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́ ͘𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"kaasį́exci íkiha aną́ąke ną","e":"I usually run every morning.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":138},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́ ͘𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"kaasį́exci íkiha aną́ąke štą","e":"I run a lot every morning.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Habitual aspects","p":138},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waaštǫ́ šǫ nįkšé","e":"You are still singing.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Durative aspects","p":139},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓧𐓣̋͘𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wižį́ke apa hpahúska olį́į šǫ apai","e":"My son still lives in Pawhuska.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Durative aspects","p":139},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟 𐓷𐓘́𐓡𐓪̄ ͘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"ówe wáhǫǫpaži šǫ ąkatxái","e":"We still don’t like vegetables.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Durative aspects","p":139},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋ ͘𐓡𐓟𐓻𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓟.","a":"hcíle apa wanǫ́bre šǫ apa ðažįįhe žą́kše","e":"While the family ate dinner, you slept. or You slept while the family ate dinner. The connectors 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 [ðáha] and 𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 [áha] A connecting word (the grammar term is conjunction) that is closely related to the meaning of","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Durative aspects","p":139},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶 𐓵𐓣̄𐓯𐓰𐓘́ ͘𐓬𐓟𐓵𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪́ ͘𐓟𐓳𐓣𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"níižu ðiištą́ pe ðáha watǫ́ehci éhtaha áwakaži","e":"As soon as it stopped raining, I drove to the store.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Durative aspects","p":139},{"o":"𐒰𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓯𐓤𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ažį́įhe šǫ mįkšé žįkážį apa škáce apai","e":"While I was sleeping, the children were playing.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Durative aspects","p":139},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓜𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"hcéze ąníe áha paazénii bráahtą","e":"My stomach hurts whenever I drink milk.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Durative aspects","p":140},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓱𐓘𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ąkóhtapi apa ówahkąpi hta áha ąkǫ́ða ąkáðe","e":"Our teacher will help us whenever we want.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Durative aspects","p":140},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke wíhta akxa ðiðáaxtaka pe","e":"My dog bit you.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":140},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe šǫ́ke akxa wíhta akxa","e":"That dog is mine.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":140},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓤’𐓣𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži ðíhta akxa ąðík’iða pe","e":"Your cat scratched me.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":140},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe ilǫ́eži akxa ðíhta akxa","e":"That cat is yours.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓤’𐓘́͘𐓮𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"hkáwa íhta akxa k’ą́saaki pe","e":"His/her horse is fast.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"Henry𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓤’𐓘́͘𐓮𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"Henry hkáwa íhta akxa k’ą́saaki pe","e":"Henry’s horse is fast.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe hkáwa akxa íhta akxa","e":"That horse is his/hers.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐓋𐓣𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hci ąkóhta akxa ska pe","e":"Our (dual) house is white.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐓋𐓣","a":"𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","e":"hci akxa ąkóhta akxa The house is ours (dual).","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ilǫ́eži ąkóhtapi akxa hą́ąpa záani žį́įhe akxa","e":"Our (plural) cat sleeps all day.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe ilǫ́eži akxa ąkóhtapi akxa","e":"That cat is ours (plural).","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hkáwa ðíhtapi akxa sápa pe","e":"Your (plural) horse is black.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe hkáwa sápe akxa ðíhtapi akxa","e":"That black horse is yours (plural).","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":141},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓳𐓟́𐓤𐓘 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"oðíhtą íhtapi akxa hcéka xci akxa","e":"Their car is brand new.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":142},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ðe oðíhtą akxa íhtapi akxa","e":"That car is theirs.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Possessive pronouns","p":142},{"o":"Me.","a":"","e":"or I did.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":142},{"o":"as shown in 34b, we expect the pronoun I to be emphasized: I found the dog.","a":"35b, the pronoun 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓟 [wíe] is a freestanding pronoun that provides a simple answer to the","e":"I found the dog. The answer in 34a is a normal conversational response to this question. If someone answers","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":142},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟?","a":"pée šǫ́ke íiðe","e":"Who found the dog?","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":142},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́𐓟.","a":"wíe","e":"Me. or I did.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":142},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘","a":"wíe wanǫ́bre hkǫbra","e":"I want to eat. or I’m the one who wants to eat or As for me, I want to eat. It is very important to remember that in a sentence, freestanding pronouns such as 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓟","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":142},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓬𐓟̋𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘?","a":"šį́mįžį akxa pée kíoxta","e":"Whom does the girl love?","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":143},{"o":"𐓍𐓣́𐓟.","a":"ðíe","e":"You.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":143},{"o":"𐓍𐓣́𐓟𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓪́𐓸𐓰𐓘.","a":"ðíe šį́mįžį akxa ðióxta.","e":"The girl loves you. or You are the one the girl loves. we use the freestanding 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓟 [ðíe]. We don’t have a record of whether traditional Osage had a special freestanding form for you plural or not. If we need 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓟 [ðíe] to refer to a plural pronoun, we will mark that on the","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":143},{"o":"𐓍𐓣́𐓟𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓣𐓪́ 𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓬𐓣.","a":"ðíe šį́mįžį akxa ðióxtapi","e":"The girl loves you (plural).","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":143},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘?","a":"pée wacúe skúe kǫ́ða","e":"Who wants cake?","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":143},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓟.","a":"ąkóe","e":"Us. or We do.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":143},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkóe wacúe skúe ąkǫ́ða ąkáðe","e":"We want cake. or We are the ones who want cake.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":143},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́?","a":"pée wacúe skúe wíhta ðaaché","e":"Who ate my cake?","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":144},{"o":"𐒷̋.","a":"ée","e":"Him/her/them.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > Other freestanding pronouns","p":144},{"o":"𐒷̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓘́𐓬𐓟.","a":"ée wacúe skúe wíhta ðaachá pe","e":"She/he/they ate my cake. or He/she is the one who ate my cake. or They are the ones who ate my cake.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > or He/she/they did.","p":144},{"o":"𐒷̋ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ée mąhkása káaɣa pe","e":"She is the one who made coffee.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > or He/she/they did.","p":144},{"o":"𐓈𐓪́𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"tówa apa mąhkása káaɣa pe","e":"That guy made coffee.","ctx":"and Freestanding Pronouns > or He/she/they did.","p":144},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟̄𐓤𐓘́ 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðekǫ́ǫce wakǫ́ze apa ðeeká ahú apai","e":"The teacher is coming here now.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":148},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓟́𐓷𐓙 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙!","a":"šǫ́ke iiséwai apa akú apai","e":"The mean dog is coming back here! The h-stem verb class and 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú] the pronoun for first-person singular I is 𐓬𐓯 [pš] and for second-person you (both singular and","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":148},{"o":"𐓄𐓯𐓶 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"pšu ąhé","e":"I’m coming here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐓇𐓶𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́.","a":"šu ðaašé","e":"You’re coming here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐓇𐓶𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́.","a":"šu paašé","e":"You (plural) are coming here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓡𐓶 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąkáhu ąðé","e":"We two are coming here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓡𐓶 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkáhu ąkáðe or ąkai","e":"We are coming here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐒰𐓤𐓶́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"akú ąhé","e":"I’m coming back here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐒰𐓤𐓶́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"akú apai","e":"She’s coming back here. (“she” or another third-person)","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐒼𐓶𐓪́͘!","a":"kuó","e":"Come here!","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓤𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðakú ðaašé","e":"You’re coming back here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓤𐓶́ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðakú paašé","e":"You (plural) are coming back here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓤𐓶 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąkáku ąðé","e":"We two are coming back here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":149},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓤𐓶 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkáku ąkáðe or ąkai","e":"We are coming back here. The motion verb 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] means arrive here or get here. And 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [alí] means get back here,","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":150},{"o":"𐓍𐓣̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓟?","a":"ðiihǫ́ apa chí ðe","e":"Has your mother arrived?","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":150},{"o":"𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟.","a":"ðáalį ðachí che","e":"It’s good you’re here.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":150},{"o":"𐓂𐓳𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓧𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"ohcíle alí hta mįkšé","e":"I will arrive home. The third-person form of 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [alí] arrive back also loses a in most speech.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":150},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓳𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟𐓧𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"iiną́htą akxa ohcíle lí pe","e":"My aunt (mother’s older sister) came back home.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":150},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘𐓰𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓳𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟𐓧𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"kaasį́ta wižį́ðe akxa ohcíle lí hta akxai","e":"My brother (male’s older brother) will return home tomorrow.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":150},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓧𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hkáwa ðe apa ną́ąke lí pe","e":"That horse ran back here (and it arrived).","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":150},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa ðe apa ną́ąke akú apai","e":"That horse is running back here (and it has not yet arrived). When 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [ali] and other short verbs are the last word in the sentence, as in 21a, the pro-","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":151},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓲𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣́𐓟?","a":"haatxą́ci ðalíe","e":"When did you come back?","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":151},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"haatxą́ta ðalí hta nįkše","e":"When will you come back? The motion verbs 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ [aðée] go there and 𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ [alée] go back there are used for movement These are used when we talk about movement that is underway, but we do not assume that the","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":151},{"o":"𐓀𐓣́𐓹𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓬𐓟.","a":"míɣa akxa niitáahpa įkší aðáa pe","e":"The duck went to the pond.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":151},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓲𐓟̋?","a":"hową́įki šcée","e":"Where are you going?","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":151},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓰𐓘̋𐓬𐓟?","a":"howáįki štáape","e":"Where are you (plural) going? The form for you (plural) go, 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [štáape], may be puzzling at first since it comes from The form for first-person dual we two, 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe], is interesting because it is the same","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa íkiha taapóska ci ąkáðe nąpe","e":"We two go to school every day.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́ ͘𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"wisǫ́ežį apa wahkǫ́tahci ci mąðį́ aðée apai","e":"My brother (female’s younger brother) is walking to church.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"žą́ą kši mąðí brée ąhé","e":"I am walking to the forest.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐒰𐓧𐓟̋ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"alée ąhé","e":"I am returning there.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐒰𐓧𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"alée apai","e":"He is returning there.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąkále aðé","e":"We two are returning there.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓧𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąkálape","e":"We (plural) returned there.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ąkále ąkáðe","e":"We (plural) are returning there. We use 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ [ahí] to mean arriving at or being at a place that is not here. It is often used to","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":152},{"o":"𐓄𐓯𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"pší hta mįkšé","e":"I’ll be there.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":153},{"o":"𐓋𐓣","a":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","e":"hci ahí pe She stopped by the house.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":153},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́𐓟.","a":"šíe","e":"You got there.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":153},{"o":"𐓄𐓯𐓣́𐓟.","a":"pšíe","e":"I got there.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":153},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓱𐓘͘𐓤𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓣́𐓟.","a":"šį́htąką pšíe","e":"I got fat.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":153},{"o":"𐒹𐓪̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hóohtą ahí pe","e":"He started to shout.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":153},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓟́𐓷𐓙 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙!","a":"šǫ́ke iiséwai apa akší apai","e":"The mean dog is back there! (It came back to where it was before.)","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":153},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̄𐓤𐓟́𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"tooké íkiha ąkákšipe","e":"We returned home every summer. The verb 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ [aðį́] is used to mean possession, the basic sense of English have. (Be careful.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":153},{"o":"𐒻𐓵𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘.","a":"iðáce apa oðíhtą ðǫǫpá aðí","e":"His father has two cars.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":154},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘?","a":"mą́zeska háaną ašcį","e":"How much money do you have?","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":154},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓘̋𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"mą́zeska háaną ašcį́ paašé","e":"How much money do you (plural) have?","ctx":"Motion Verbs > How to think about movement in osage","p":154},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓘𐓡𐓶 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"iiná apa ónǫbre aðį́ahu apai","e":"My mother is bringing food (here). (My mother is on the way here with the food.) The form for I’m bringing it here is 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓶 [abrį́pšu]. Since 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ [aðį́] is a brush verb, we","ctx":"Motion Verbs > Bringing and taking","p":154},{"o":"𐓂̋𐓻𐓶 𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪 𐓷𐓣͘𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓶 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"óožu htóho wį abrį́pšu ąhé","e":"I’m bringing a blue bowl here. (I’m on my way with a blue bowl.) The form for you’re bringing it here is 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓶 [ašcį́šu].","ctx":"Motion Verbs > Bringing and taking","p":155},{"o":"𐒹𐓪͘𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓶𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hó ašcį́šu ðaašé","e":"You are bringing fish here. (You are on the way with the fish.) We use 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶 [aðį́aku] bring back here often to mean bring back home. The shortened form","ctx":"Motion Verbs > Bringing and taking","p":155},{"o":"𐓂́𐓵𐓘̄𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶𐓘𐓬𐓙. or𐓂́𐓵𐓘̄𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓶 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"óðaake waléze aðį́aku apai or óðaake waléze áðįku apai","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > Bringing and taking","p":155},{"o":"𐓂́𐓵𐓘̄𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"óðaake waléze abrį́aku ąhé","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > She’s bringing the newspaper back.","p":155},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓶 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waléze ašcį́ðaku ðaašé","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > I’m bringing the newspaper back.","p":155},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓣̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe iiną́ akxa ówe aðį́achi pe","e":"Mother brought groceries home today.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":155},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓲𐓣𐓵𐓟?","a":"mą́zeska ašcį́ðachi ðe","e":"Did you bring any money? (and arrive with it)","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":155},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓪𐓳𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘𐓘𐓧𐓣.","a":"ilǫ́ežį wíhta ohcíle abrį́ali","e":"I brought my cat back (home).","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":156},{"o":"𐒰𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟̄𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"aðį́aðee hta akxa","e":"He will take it (away).","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":156},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘𐓯𐓲𐓟̄ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"mą́zeska ašcį́šcee ðaašé","e":"Were you taking the money there? (Were you on your way there with the money?)","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":156},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓘́𐓜𐓣͘𐓜𐓟̄ 𐓘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"wakǫ́ze wíhta waskúe ábrįbree ahé","e":"I am taking sweets to my teacher. (I’m on my way there with the sweets for the","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":156},{"o":"𐒰𐓜𐓣́͘𐓘𐓧𐓟̄ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"abrį́alee ąhé","e":"I’m taking it back home. (I’m on my way back home with it.)","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":156},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓶́𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓧𐓟̄ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"waskúe ąkáðįąkalee ąkáðe","e":"We are on our way back home with the sweets. (We are taking sweets back home.)","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":156},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪𐓳𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"įhtáci akxa wihcíko hci nąnúhu aðį́ahi pe","e":"Father took tobacco to Grandpa’s house.","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":157},{"o":"𐓂́𐓤𐓣𐓺𐓪 𐓪́𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓟?","a":"ókizo ónǫbre ašcį́ši hta ðe","e":"Are you taking food to the party?","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":157},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́ ͘𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"iikǫ́ wahkǫ́tahci ci ašcį́ši hta paašé","e":"Will you (plural) take my grandmother to church?","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":157},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓟́𐓷𐓙 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"šǫ́ke iiséwai apa wahú aðį́akši pe","e":"The mean dog took a bone back (there).","ctx":"Motion Verbs > You’re bringing the book back.","p":157},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓶̋𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓪́𐓡𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"oðíhtą wíhta akxa žúuce akxa oðíhtą ðíhta akxa htóho akxa","e":"My car is red (and) your car is blue.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses joined by word order (no connector)","p":161},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"wacúe ðaaché hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to eat bread.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":161},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"wacúe bráache hkǫ́bra","e":"I want to eat bread.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":161},{"o":"𐓄𐓯𐓣𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟.","a":"pši iðák’uce","e":"I tried to go there.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":162},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"iihkó oðáhką íðak’uce hta nįkšé","e":"Will you try to help Grandma?","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":162},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘𐓷𐓘́ 𐓥𐓪͘𐓜𐓘͘.","a":"wažáže íe hpíǫ wáhkǫbrą","e":"I want them to know the Osage language.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses with different subjects","p":162},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟 𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ówe šcúwį ðikǫ́ða akxa","e":"He wants you to buy groceries. the subject marker 𐓯𐓲 [šc] on the verb 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘ [ðuwį́], giving 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ [šcúwį] you buy.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses with different subjects","p":162},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓴𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"waachí ąkáchipe","e":"We came to dance.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":163},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓯𐓣́𐓟.","a":"waaðǫ́ pšíe","e":"I went to sing.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":163},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ąkóhtapi apa taapóska mąðį́ aðáa pe","e":"Our teacher walked (went by walking) to school.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":163},{"o":"𐓉𐓘́͘𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"htą́wą kši mąðį́ brée hta ąhé","e":"I’m going to walk to town.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":163},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓱𐓘̋𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 𐓴𐓟𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"níhka akxa ižį́ke htáa íiðe che éðe akxa","e":"","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses joined with connectors","p":163},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓧𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wižǫ́ke lí che íhpahǫ mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > The man thinks that his son saw a deer.","p":164},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘𐓯𐓰𐓘 𐓴𐓟𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"táatą škǫ́šta che íhpahǫ mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses with the indefinite question words what and who","p":164},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋𐓥𐓘̄͘ 𐓲𐓪̋𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́ 𐓴𐓟𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"pée hkąącóolą záani ðaaché che ípahǫ akxa","e":"","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > I know what you want.","p":164},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓟.","a":"waðúwį brée hkǫ́bra mįkšé ąži mą́zeska ąðį́įke","e":"I want to go shopping, but I don’t have any money.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > He knows who ate all the pie.","p":164},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓶̋ 𐓲’𐓘𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓳𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"šǫ́ke ąkóhtapi akxa oðúuc’aka pe ąži hcíle akxa kíoxta šǫ akxa","e":"Our dog is lazy, but the family still loves him. We use 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 [kóe] to connect full sentences, the way we would use and in English, and we","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > He knows who ate all the pie.","p":164},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘𐓬𐓟𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąwanóbrape kaðǫ́ waachí ąkáhipe","e":"We ate dinner, and then we went to dance.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > He knows who ate all the pie.","p":165},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙 𐓤𐓪́𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"iihkó apa wahkǫ́tahci ci aðée apai kóe iiną́ apa ówehci ci aðée apai","e":"Grandma is going to church, and Mother is going to the grocery store.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > He knows who ate all the pie.","p":165},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓥𐓶́ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓤𐓪́𐓟 𐓳𐓣𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́𐓮𐓶 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"iiną́ akxa ohkúlą ðiiškí hta akxa kóe hci ðuuwásu hta akxa","e":"Mother will wash clothes, and she will clean the house.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > He knows who ate all the pie.","p":165},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓥𐓶́ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓣𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́𐓮𐓶 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"iiną́ akxa ohkúlą ðiiškí hta akxa kaðǫ́ hci ðuuwásu hta akxa","e":"Mother will wash clothes, and then she will clean the house.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > He knows who ate all the pie.","p":165},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̄𐓮𐓟́ 𐓷𐓙𐓬𐓟.","a":"sǫ́ke wíhta akxa ðáalį pe ilǫ́ežį wíhta akxa iiséwai pe","e":"My dog is nice (and) my cat is mean.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses joined by word order","p":165},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"wacúe skúe štáache škǫ́šta","e":"Do you want to eat cake?","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","p":165},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓳𐓣́𐓤𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓘́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wihcíko akxa oáhką ąkǫ́ða akxa.","e":"Grandfather wants me to help him.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Clauses with different subjects","p":165},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́ 𐓯𐓲𐓟̋?","a":"hiiðá šcée","e":"Are you going swimming?","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Joining clauses using verbs of motion","p":166},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 𐓳𐓣 𐓪𐓭𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka ðe akxa achí pe ðáha hci ohpá pe","e":"When that man arrived, he went into the house.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓜𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"hcéze ąníe áha paazénii bráahtą","e":"My stomach hurts whenever I drink milk.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐒻̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓘̋͘𐓺𐓪.","a":"iihkó iiðáðe ąhé áha ą́ązo","e":"Whenever I see my grandmother, I am glad.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 𐓘́𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓵𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ąkóhtapi apa ówahkąpi áha ąkǫ́ða ąkáðe","e":"Our teacher helps us whenever we want.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓱𐓪̋𐓻𐓶 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ðažį́įhe šǫ nįkšé sǫ́ke ðíhta apa htóožu ąkóhta ðaaché apai","e":"While you were sleeping, your dog was eating our meat pie.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓻𐓘́ ͘𐓤𐓯𐓟.","a":"hcíle apa wanǫ́bre šǫ apa ðažį́įhe žą́kše","e":"While the family was eating dinner, you were sleeping.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐒰𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓯𐓤𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"ažį́įhe šǫ mįkšé žįkážį apa škáce apai","e":"While I was sleeping, the children were playing.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓴𐓟 𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ðíhta akxa žįkážį wálį waðíhta che ažį́ pe","e":"Your teacher believes that the children work hard.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓴𐓟𐓣́ 𐓯𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘𐓻𐓣.","a":"táatą hkǫ́bra che íšpahǫži","e":"You don’t know what I want.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":166},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣𐓵𐓣́ 𐓮𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hcíle ðíhta akxa waðúwį kǫ́ða akxa ąži ðískike nįkšé","e":"Your family wants to shop, but you are tired.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":167},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙 𐓤𐓪́𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 Supernaw’s𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́mįžį apa taapóskahci ci aðée apai kóe iihkó apa Supernaw’s ci aðée apai","e":"The girl is going to school, and her grandmother is going to Supernaw’s.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":167},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘𐓬𐓟𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąwanǫ́brape kaðǫ́ waaðǫ́ ąkáhipe","e":"We ate dinner, and then we went to sing.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":167},{"o":"𐒷́𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘.","a":"ékǫ ažį́","e":"She thinks so. The connector 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 [ąži] but has a nasal ą, and no accented vowels.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":168},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘, 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"šį́tožį akxa wašį́ kíðalį akxa ąži šį́mįžį akxa hką́ące kíðalį akxa","e":"The boy likes bacon, but the girl likes fruit. The negator 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] not has no nasal vowels and no accented vowels. It is a suffix on the","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":168},{"o":"𐓁𐓘̋͘𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"ną́ąkaži","e":"He didn’t run.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":168},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓴𐓟𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘, 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓯𐓘́𐓭𐓟 𐓯𐓲𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"ðiðáce akxa hką́ące žúe ðáalį che ažį́aži akxa ąži šáhpe šcúwį","e":"Your father doesn’t think that the tomatoes are good, but you bought six.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Examples of clauses joined by connectors","p":168},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"wak’ó ðe akxa wéehkilį ohtáza į akxa","e":"That woman is wearing pretty Osage clothes.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":168},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓨𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"haaskámį mį ąhé","e":"I’m wearing a shawl.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"haaskámi wíhta žį ðaašé","e":"You’re wearing my shawl.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘𐓘͘𐓤𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"haaskámi ohtáza ąkį ąkáðe","e":"We are wearing beautiful shawls.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓟́𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wažáže hǫǫpé ðáalį žį paašé","e":"You (plural) are wearing fine Osage moccasins. The verb 𐓟́ 𐓪 [éǫ] means do it, do something (not in the presence of others / not for others).","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐒷́𐓪͘ 𐓴𐓟𐓟́ 𐓜𐓟.","a":"éǫ che ébre","e":"I think that he did it (not in the presence of others).","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐒷́𐓨𐓪͘.","a":"émǫ","e":"I did it (not in the presence of others).","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐒷́𐓻𐓪͘?","a":"éžǫ","e":"Did you do it? (not in the presence of others) The verb 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘ [ékiǫ] means do (in the presence of others).","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐒷́𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓪͘. or𐒷́ 𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓘͘.","a":"ékimǫ or ékimą","e":"I do (it).","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐒷́𐓤𐓣𐓻𐓪͘.","a":"ékižǫ","e":"You do (it).","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":169},{"o":"𐒷𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘.or𐒷́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"eą́kiǫ or ékiǫ ąkáðe","e":"We do (it). The plural form of 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘ [ékiǫ] in example 51 is not always used. Speakers often prefer This verb means both know how and be skillful at something. It is slightly different from the other","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓭𐓣́𐓨𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wažáže íe hpímǫ mįkšé","e":"I know the Osage language.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓯𐓬𐓣́𐓻𐓪͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"wažáže íe špížǫ nįkšé","e":"Do you know the Osage language?","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"oohǫ́ hpíǫ pe","e":"She’s good at cooking. (She’s a good cook.)","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"waachí hpíǫ pe","e":"She’s good at dancing. (She’s a good dancer.)","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘͘𐓭𐓣́𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"waachí ąhpíǫ ąkatxá","e":"We know how to dance. This verb has a similar meaning as the verb 𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 [éðe]. These words don’t mean exactly the","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐒷́𐓪͘𐓴𐓟 𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘.","a":"éǫ che ažámį","e":"I believe that he did it.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐓍𐓟̋𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘?","a":"ðée ažážį","e":"Do you believe that?","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘𐓴𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ilǫ́ežį húheka che ąkažį́ ąðé","e":"We two think that the cat is sick.","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > Nasal-stem verbs","p":170},{"o":"𐒻̄͘𐓩𐓘́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"įįná akxa óohǫ haaskámį kíðuwį pe","e":"Mother bought a shawl for the cook.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":174},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"haaskámį kíðuwį pe","e":"She bought a shawl for her.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":174},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"mą́ze hį́įcežį wį kíbruwi","e":"I bought a metal bowl for him. It is important to note that accented 𐓤𐓣́ [kí] is only used when the subject and the object When we use object pronouns for first- and second-person (for me, for you, for us) and","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":174},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéoohǫ hcéka ą́ðuwį pe","e":"She bought new cooking utensils for me.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":174},{"o":"𐓂̋𐓡𐓪͘𐓷𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓣𐓵𐓣́ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"óohǫ wékahi ðíðuwį pe","e":"She bought a cook-paddle for you.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":174},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓷𐓣́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"mą́ze hį́įcežį wį wíbruwi","e":"I bought a metal bowl for you.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":174},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́𐓮𐓘𐓘́͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"mąhkása ą́šcuwį","e":"You bought me coffee.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐓏𐓘́𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"wáðuwį pe","e":"She bought it for us. or She bought it for them.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓷𐓘́ 𐓯𐓲𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hį́įcežį wášcuwįpe","e":"You bought plates for us.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓵𐓣́𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąðíðuwįpe","e":"We two bought it for you (plural). or We (plural) bought it for you (singular). we plural) or the object 𐓵𐓣́ [ðí] (making you plural). Context tells us which way to interpret it.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐒼𐓣́𐓺𐓪 𐓬𐓟.","a":"kízo pe","e":"He had fun.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓪","a":"waachí ą́zo","e":"I enjoy the dancing. The verb 𐓤’𐓶 [k’u] give a 𐓤𐓣 [ki] pronoun. It uses the regular pronouns from the a-ða class.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓨𐓘̄͘𐓡𐓣́͘ 𐓤’𐓶 𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka ðáalį ðe akxa hkáwa mąąhį́ k’u pe","e":"That good man gave hay to the horse.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤’𐓶́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"haxį́ wį ąk’ú pe","e":"He gave me a blanket.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓩𐓣 𐓷𐓣𐓤’𐓶́.","a":"níini wik’ú","e":"I gave you cold water. The unaccented 𐓤𐓣 [ki] pronoun is frequently used to talk about one’s own possessions or","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":175},{"o":"𐓅𐓘́𐓺𐓟𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟𐓘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘̄𐓹𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"hpáze wanǫ́bre akíhkaaɣe ątxahé","e":"I’m making my own supper.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":176},{"o":"𐒻́𐓟𐓪𐓘́ 𐓤𐓣𐓭𐓯𐓟.","a":"íe oákihpše","e":"I keep my word.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":176},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"žįkážį ðakíhtǫpe nįkšé","e":"You are watching your own children.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":176},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓟𐓵𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"haxį́ okíhpetxą akxai","e":"He’s tying up his own blankets.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":177},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓤𐓣𐓭𐓟𐓰𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘.","a":"haxį́ ąkókihpetxa ąkatxą́","e":"We are tying up our own blankets.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":177},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓧𐓶̋𐓻𐓘.","a":"įcé alúuža","e":"I washed my face.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":177},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓶̋ 𐓻𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"híi ðalúuža nįkšé","e":"𐒿 [l]","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":178},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̋𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"haaská líiški pe","e":"She laundered her own shirts.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":178},{"o":"𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘͘𐓧𐓣̋𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́.","a":"hpahú ąlíiški ątxá","e":"We two are washing our (own) hair.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":178},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓣́𐓤’𐓶.","a":"hcíle akík’u","e":"I gave it to my own family.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":178},{"o":"𐒽𐓪́𐓵𐓘𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤𐓣𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"hkóða oðákihką","e":"You helped your own friends.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":178},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘𐓜𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓣́𐓡𐓪͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"kaasį́exci wanǫ́bre ookíhǫ pe","e":"He cooked his own breakfast.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":179},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓤𐓣𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcíle ąkókihkąpe","e":"We helped our own family. The last group of 𐓤𐓣 [ki] pronouns are the ones that mean do to oneself or for oneself (called","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":179},{"o":"𐒰𐓥𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ahkíhtǫpe mįkšé","e":"I’m looking at myself.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":179},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðahkíhtǫpe nįkšé","e":"Are you looking at yourself?","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":180},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ðahkíhtǫpe paašé","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > Notes for Chapter 15","p":180},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́𐓟 𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wacúe skúe hkihkáaɣa pe","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > or Are you (plural) looking at yourselves?","p":180},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓷𐓙𐓱𐓘̄𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓘͘𐓥𐓣́𐓥𐓘̄ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcéwai htaaníi ąhkíhkaaɣape","e":"We made yonkapin soup for ourselves. or We made yonkapin soup for each other. This group of verbs will have the same sound change as the 𐓤𐓣 [ki] pronouns above: the 𐓵 [ð]","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > She made a cake for herself.","p":180},{"o":"𐒹𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓟́𐓘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"hǫǫpé ahkíluwį","e":"I bought shoes for myself.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > She made a cake for herself.","p":180},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́.","a":"oðíhtą ðahkíluwį paašé","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > She made a cake for herself.","p":180},{"o":"𐒽𐓣𐓧𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"hkilíištą akxai","e":"He’s getting himself ready.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓥𐓣́𐓧𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́.","a":"ąhkíliištą ąðé","e":"We two are getting ourselves ready. or 𐓵 [ð]","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"oáhkihką","e":"I helped myself.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181},{"o":"𐓍𐓘𐓥𐓣́𐓤’𐓶.","a":"ðahkík’u","e":"You gave it to yourself.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181},{"o":"𐓅𐓘̋𐓰𐓘 𐓻𐓟̋𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓪̄ 𐓥𐓣́𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hpáata žéelą wį oohkíhǫ pe","e":"He cooked himself an omelet.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":181},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓘͘.","a":"ąkóhkihką","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","p":182},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"ąkóhkihkie ąkatxái","e":"We are having a conversation.","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > or We two helped each other.","p":182},{"o":"𐓋𐓶́𐓤𐓟𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcúke íðaacha pe","e":"She ate it with a spoon. these Osage clothes. Before enter-","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":186},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘𐓣́ 𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"žą́ą íkaaɣe akxai","e":"He’s making it with (out of) wood.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":187},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓣́𐓱𐓘𐓣́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"ówe mą́zeska íhta íbruwį","e":"I bought groceries with his money. The Prefix 𐓪 [o] location, goal The prefix 𐓪 [o] or long 𐓪̄ [oo] is placed on verbs to signal a location or a goal. We see it in The prefix 𐓪 [o] comes before pronouns. But remember from chapter 5 that when we use","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":187},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓪𐓘́𐓮𐓣.","a":"hkáwa oási","e":"I got off the horse.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":187},{"o":"𐓄𐓘́𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́𐓮𐓣.","a":"páce ąkósi","e":"We two got out of the boat.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":187},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"hową́įki oðálįį škǫ́šta","e":"Where do you want to sit? or Where do you want to live?","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":187},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"níi céɣe oožú akxa","e":"He pours water into the bucket.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":187},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́𐓮𐓘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓪̄𐓘́𐓻𐓶 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"mąhkása céɣeska ooážu ątxahé","e":"I’m pouring coffee into the cup.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":187},{"o":"𐓄𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓪̋𐓻𐓶 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋𐓻𐓶𐓬𐓟.","a":"paazénii óožu ąkóožupe","e":"We poured milk into the bowl. The prefix 𐓘́ [á] on, upon, over, for the benefit of","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":187},{"o":"𐒻̄͘𐓩𐓘́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪̋𐓡𐓪͘𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"įįná akxa óohǫ haaskámį kíðuwį pe","e":"Mother bought a shawl for the cook.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":188},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéoohǫ hcéka ą́ðuwį pe","e":"She bought new cooking utensils for me. The prefix 𐓘́ [á] provides a second way to show that someone benefited from some action. when the object is third-person. Let us look at some examples.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":188},{"o":"𐓅𐓘̋𐓰𐓘𐓣̄͘ 𐓩𐓘́𐓘́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"hpáata įįná ábruwį","e":"I bought eggs for my mother.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":188},{"o":"𐓀𐓘̋͘𐓡𐓣͘ 𐓭𐓘̄𐓡𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓘́ 𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"mą́ąhį hpaahį́ wį ábruwį","e":"I bought a sharp knife for him/her.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":188},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓬𐓶𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓘́ 𐓯𐓲𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"wépukxa ášcuwį","e":"You bought towels for him/her.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":188},{"o":"𐒰́𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"áðuwį pe","e":"He/she bought it for him/her. or They bought it for him/her. the presence of other people, but if we use [á], we are not in the presence of others.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":188},{"o":"𐒰̋͘𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"ą́ąðuwį","e":"We bought it for him/her. When we add 𐓘́ [á] to a form that begins with a nasal vowel like 𐓘͘ [ą] in 12d, the accented","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":188},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓻𐓘͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"htáa apa óžąke ánąąke apai","e":"The deer ran on the road. and down. Usually though, we mean that someone is jumping from one spot to another. This","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":189},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘𐓱𐓘𐓘́ 𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓣 𐓬𐓟.","a":"htáa apa ápahta áwisi pe","e":"The deer jumped over the fence.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":189},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓲𐓟́𐓹𐓟 𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓟́𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘𐓘́ 𐓧𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó akxa céɣe mą́ze wéoohǫ ála pe","e":"The woman put the pot on top of the stove.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":189},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘́𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓶?","a":"hį́įce áwanǫbre áðažu","e":"Did you set the plates on the table?","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":189},{"o":"𐓓𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"žóle mąðį́ apai","e":"He’s walking with her. the third-person forms. Example 17 could also mean, for instance, she’s walking with him, and","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":189},{"o":"𐓓𐓪́𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓟 𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓟?","a":"žóðale ðachí ðe","e":"Did you come with her?","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":190},{"o":"𐒻𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓪́ 𐓘͘𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"ihtáci apa žóąle achí apa","e":"Father came here with me.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":190},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓭𐓘̋𐓰𐓘 𐓻𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓪̄𐓘́𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"wašį́ hpáata žóle ooáhą atxąhé","e":"I am cooking bacon and eggs. and the verb 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓧𐓟 [žóle] for accompaniment with.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":190},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̄𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓳𐓶́𐓤𐓟𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"htaaníi hcúke íðaacha pe","e":"He ate soup with a spoon.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":190},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̄𐓩𐓣̋𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"htaaníi iihǫ́htą žóle ðaachá pe","e":"He ate soup with his aunt. (his mother’s older sister)","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":190},{"o":"𐓓𐓪́𐓧𐓟 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"žóle achí pe","e":"He came here with her.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Notes for Chapter 16","p":190},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̋𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓱𐓘𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓥𐓘̋𐓨𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"níhka akxa íikaahtamą wį ðuuhkáamą pe","e":"The man rang a bell. the front. Photo by Butch DeLong.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":191},{"o":"𐒻̋𐓤𐓘̄𐓱𐓘𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓜𐓶̄ 𐓥𐓘̋𐓨𐓘͘.","a":"íikaahtamą wį bruuhkáamą","e":"I rang a bell.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓣̄ ͘𐓯𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓸𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"mą́ze í˛įštóolą wíhta ðiixǫ́ pe or ðuuxǫ́ pe","e":"He broke my glasses (using his hands).","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓍𐓶̄𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"ðuuhpéece wį ąšcį́ nįkšé","e":"Do you have a lighter? The noun 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟 [ðuuhpéece] lighter is made by putting 𐓵𐓶̄ [ðuu] before 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟 [hpéece]","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓨𐓣̄͘𐓱𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓧𐓣𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wakǫ́ze akxa mįįhtǫ́eli ðaaškíke akxai","e":"The teacher is chewing gum.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̄͘𐓱𐓪́͘𐓟𐓧𐓣𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓯𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"mįįhtǫ́eli štáaškike nįkšé","e":"Are you chewing gum?","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓇𐓣͘𐓰𐓪́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓵𐓘̄𐓸𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šįtóžį akxa ítaeži ðaaxtáka pe","e":"The boy bit his little sister.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wibráaxtake hta mįkšé.","e":"I’m going to bite you.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"šǫ́žį akxa níi ðaahtą́ akxai","e":"The puppy is drinking water.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"mąhkása ąðáahtą ąðįkšé","e":"We two are drinking coffee.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓅𐓟́𐓻𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓜𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hpéženii bráahtą mįkšé","e":"I am drinking tea.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣𐓩𐓣̄𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓥𐓟 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"hą́ąci niikáapxohke štáahtą","e":"You drank pop last night.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":192},{"o":"𐓁𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣́͘!","a":"nąąžį́","e":"Stand up!","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓻𐓣͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ąną́ąžįpe","e":"We stood up.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193},{"o":"𐓀𐓣͘𐓱𐓪́𐓟𐓧𐓣 𐓘̋𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘.","a":"mįįhtǫ́eli áanąąžį","e":"I stepped on some gum.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓮𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘.","a":"ilǫ́ežį sį́įce áðanąąžį","e":"You stepped on the cat’s tail.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193},{"o":"𐓋𐓣𐓻𐓟́ 𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓸𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcižé íhta nąąxǫ́ pe","e":"He broke her door (by using the foot).","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘𐓸𐓟 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓸𐓪͘.","a":"žą́ąxe aną́ąxǫ","e":"I broke the stick (by foot). The next examples include verbs like 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [ną́ąštą] stop (walking or running), 𐓩𐓘̄͘ 𐓮𐓟́","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"mąbrí ąhé kaðǫ́ aną́ąštą","e":"I was walking and then I stopped.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":193},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓩𐓘̋͘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"mąðí apai kaðǫ́ ną́ąštą","e":"He was walking and then he stopped.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́𐓮𐓤𐓘𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓰𐓸𐓙.","a":"taapóska ąkóhtapi ąkónąąžį ąkatxái","e":"We attend Our School (name of the school).","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓤𐓘𐓩𐓪̄ ͘𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓹𐓪́𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hcékanǫ́ǫ apa oðíhtą paaɣóe apai","e":"The teenager is pushing the car.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓪𐓟.","a":"oðíhtą hpáaɣoe","e":"I pushed the car.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓯𐓬𐓘̄𐓹𐓪𐓟.","a":"ą́špaaɣoe","e":"You pushed me.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐓊𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓬𐓘̄𐓸𐓰𐓘́.","a":"céɣenii paaxtá","e":"Tie (down) the drum!","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐓊𐓟́𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓭𐓘̋𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"céɣenii hpaaxcé mįkšé","e":"I’m tying (down) the drum.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐓀𐓣𐓥𐓘́͘𐓤’𐓟 𐓪𐓥𐓣𐓮𐓲𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄𐓮𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"mihkák’e ohkísce paasé akxai","e":"She’s cutting the mushrooms in half.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓬𐓘̋𐓮𐓟.","a":"wašį́ špaáse","e":"You cut the bacon. A second instrumental that is very close in sound to 𐓬𐓘̄ [paa] is 𐓬𐓘́ [pá]. It is very easy to get these two instrumentals confused. Two important verbs with the 𐓬𐓘́ [pá] instrumental are 𐓬𐓘́ 𐓮𐓟","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":194},{"o":"𐓀𐓣𐓥𐓘́͘ 𐓤’𐓟𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓮𐓲𐓟𐓬𐓘́𐓮𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"mihką́k’e ohkísce páse akxai","e":"She’s cutting the mushrooms in half.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓘́𐓮𐓟.","a":"wašį́ paðáse","e":"You cut the bacon.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓬𐓘̋𐓮𐓟.","a":"wacúe skúe páase","e":"I cut the cake.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195},{"o":"𐓂̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓘𐓮𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"oohǫ́ akxa htáa pascé akxai","e":"The cook is cutting the meat into strips.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195},{"o":"𐓀𐓘̋͘𐓻𐓘͘𐓸𐓟 𐓬𐓘̋𐓮𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"mą́ąžąxe páasce mįkšé","e":"I’m cutting up the onion.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195},{"o":"𐒽𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓶́𐓟 𐓘͘𐓬𐓘́ 𐓮𐓲𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"hką́ące žúe ąpásce hta ąkáðe","e":"We are going to cut up the tomatoes. The prefix 𐓤𐓘̄ [kaa] appears in verbs like 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓪͘ [káaxǫ] break and 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓶́ 𐓸𐓟 [kaacúxe] sweep. We","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195},{"o":"𐒹𐓣̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓣͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"hį́įce wį káaxǫ pe","e":"He broke a dish. that he broke the dish with some sudden action, perhaps using his hands or perhaps not. The","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":195},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓱𐓘𐓵𐓘̋𐓸𐓪͘?","a":"mą́ze įįštóolą wíhta ðáaxǫ","e":"Did you break my glasses?","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓥𐓪𐓟 𐓤𐓘̄𐓲𐓶́ 𐓸𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wak’ó wíhta akxa ánąąhkoe kaacúxa pe","e":"My wife swept the floor.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196},{"o":"𐒰́𐓩𐓘̄͘𐓥𐓪𐓟𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓶𐓸𐓟.","a":"ánąąhkoe áacuxe","e":"I swept the floor. This prefix is not common, but it does appear on the useful verbs 𐓬𐓶́ 𐓤𐓸𐓘 [púkxa] wipe and","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓟𐓥𐓘 𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓬𐓶𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"níhka wíhta akxa háabrehka íhta puštáha ąkǫ́ða akxa","e":"My husband wants me to iron his ribbons. (Osage dance ribbons)","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓟𐓥𐓘𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓭𐓶𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"níhka wíhta háabrehka íhta hpuštáha ątxąhé","e":"I’m ironing my husband’s ribbons.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓤𐓘𐓩𐓪̄͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓬𐓶́𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hcékanǫǫ apa áwanǫbre púkxa apai","e":"The teenagers are wiping the table.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196},{"o":"𐒰̋𐓧𐓣̄͘𐓘͘𐓬𐓶́ 𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"áalįį ąpúkxa","e":"We two wiped the chairs. This is another instrumental with few verb forms. They are in the strong-stem verb class. A useful expression is 𐓅𐓘́ 𐓬𐓣́ 𐓹𐓘͘ [hpá píɣą] blow one’s nose.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":196},{"o":"𐓅𐓘́𐓯𐓬𐓣́ 𐓹𐓘͘.","a":"hpá špíɣą","e":"Did you blow your nose? This is another rare instrumental prefix. It appears in verbs like 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓟 [póse] cut by shooting and 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓯𐓬𐓟 [póšpe] shoot a piece out.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓪́𐓮𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"wéðį pósa pe","e":"He cut the rope by shooting it.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197},{"o":"𐓓𐓘̋͘𐓵𐓟 𐓬𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓯𐓬𐓟?","a":"žą́ą ðe poðášpe","e":"Did you shoot a piece out of that tree?","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197},{"o":"𐒰́͘𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟.or𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ą́taahkace or táahkace mįkšé","e":"I’m hot.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̄𐓵𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟?or𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"taaðíhkace or táahkace nįkšé","e":"Are you hot?","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197},{"o":"𐓂́𐓥𐓶𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"óhkula akxa táapuze akxai","e":"The clothes are drying.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197},{"o":"𐓁𐓘́͘𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓮𐓤𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ną́ɣe akxa táaską pe","e":"The ice melted.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓰𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"htáa akxa táalį pe","e":"The meat burned.","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","p":197},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣, 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓣̄𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hą́ąci wihcíkǫ iihkó apa waachí apai","e":"Last night, my grandfather and my grandmother were dancing.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Joining noun phrases","p":202},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓯𐓣́𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘𐓪́ 𐓻𐓘͘𐓤𐓟 𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́tožį šį́mįžį apa ilǫ́eži óžąke áðuuhta ðuxí apai","e":"The boy and the girl were chasing the cat across the road. We sometimes use 𐓯𐓤𐓣 [ški] to join noun phrases. This word will appear after the nouns (or","ctx":"More about Plurals > Joining noun phrases","p":202},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̋𐓧𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓻𐓘͘𐓸𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓜𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘.","a":"tóoleži mą́ąžąxe ški brúwį","e":"I bought carrots as well as onions. When we use 𐓯𐓤𐓣 [ški], we are saying something like English and, so we could also put","ctx":"More about Plurals > Joining noun phrases","p":202},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ,𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟𐓯𐓤𐓣.","a":"mąhkása hkǫ́bra mįkšé wacúe skúe ški","e":"I want coffee, and cake too.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Joining noun phrases","p":202},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓱𐓘́𐓺𐓘 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wažį́ka ðe akxa ska ohtáza ški akxai","e":"That bird is white and also beautiful.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Joining noun phrases","p":202},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓲𐓪́𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"įchóka ðáabrį iiðáðe","e":"I saw three mice.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":203},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́tožį ðǫ́ǫpa htáhtaze ðuxí apai","e":"Two boys were chasing grasshoppers.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":203},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓪̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́tožį ðǫ́ǫpa apa htáhtaze ðuxí apai","e":"The two boys were chasing the grasshoppers. (Context: we have been talking When we add the subject marker 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] to the same sentence, we now say that there","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":203},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋͘𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šǫ́ke ðą́ąbrį mąšcį́kažį ðáabrį ðuxí apai","e":"Three dogs were chasing three bunnies.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":203},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋͘𐓜𐓣͘𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šǫ́ke ðą́ąbrį apa mąšcį́kažį ðáabrį ðuxí apai","e":"The three dogs were chasing three bunnies. (Context: we have been talking","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":203},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́𐓥𐓘͘?","a":"wakǫ́ze háaną pa oðíhką","e":"How many teachers helped you? We can answer this question with a plural subject too, as in 12 below.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":204},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́𐓪𐓘́͘ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakǫ́ze ðǫǫpá oą́hką pe","e":"Two teachers helped me. We have been using 𐓷𐓣͘ [wį] a throughout this book, but we have not used it yet to mark a","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":204},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓣́ 𐓬𐓯𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"oðíhtą wį ípša pe","e":"A car came by.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":204},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓪̄𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wak’ó wį akxa ówe oohǫ́ akxai","e":"One of the women is cooking vegetables. it is always plural and never definite, so when it is used in the subject, it will not take a subject","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":204},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓨𐓣𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓰𐓪́𐓟𐓤𐓣̋͘𐓤𐓣̄ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"šį́mižį tóe kį́įkįįežį ðuxí apai","e":"Some girls chased butterflies.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":204},{"o":"𐓁𐓣𐓥𐓘́ 𐓯𐓣𐓟 𐓰𐓪́𐓟𐓣́𐓟𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘.","a":"níhkašie tóe íe íhtapi kíopxa","e":"Some people understand their language.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":204},{"o":"𐒹𐓟̋𐓪𐓲𐓟 𐓰𐓪́𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟","a":"héeoce tóe iiðáðe","e":"I saw some monkeys.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":204},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘.","a":"mázeska húu ąšcí˛","e":"You have a lot of money.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":205},{"o":"𐒹𐓶̄𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"huuhtą́ka ohkíhkie apai","e":"A lot of them were talking.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":205},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓡𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žįkážį huuwáli taapóska ci mąðį́ ðée nąpe","e":"Many / a lot of children (usually) walk to school. we make the subject definite.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":205},{"o":"𐓍𐓟 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟̋𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"ðe žįkážį húuwali apa taapóska ci maðį́ ðée štą","e":"That bunch of children always walks to school.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":205},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓶̋𐓻𐓣͘𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘","a":"waðáawažį húužį abrį́","e":"I have a little bit of change.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":205},{"o":"𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓬𐓟́ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓤𐓪́͘𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"kašpéǫpa záani kǫ́ða akxai","e":"He wants all the quarters.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":205},{"o":"𐒿𐓘́𐓬𐓸𐓘̄͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟?","a":"lápxąąke záani íiðaðe","e":"Did you see all the mosquitoes?","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":205},{"o":"𐓒𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"záani aðáa pe","e":"Everyone went there. The adverbs 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ [wálį] and 𐓸𐓲𐓣 [xci] These two adverbs are both used to mean very and really and other similar emphatic expres-","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":205},{"o":"𐓐𐓪́͘𐓥𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"xóhka ðe akxa wálį waaðǫ́ ðáalį akxai","e":"Those singers are really singing well.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋𐓺𐓶 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓜𐓘̋𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́ 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓧𐓣͘","a":"háazu wacúe ðubráaska ðaaché wálį ą́ðalį","e":"I really like to eat grape dumplings.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"níhka wíhta akxa wálį žį́įhe ną","e":"My husband sleeps a lot.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘̋𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"waaðǫ́ ðą́ąlį xci akxai","e":"She sings extremely well.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐓏𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"wálį níwahce akxái","e":"It’s very cold (weather).","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟𐓨𐓘̋͘ 𐓹𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓟 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"hą́ąpa ðe mą́ąɣe štáke xci akxa","e":"It was very mild weather today. the adjective. In 32, 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓸𐓬𐓶 𐓯𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘ [mą́xpu šápe xci wį] a very dark cloud, is a noun","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓸𐓬𐓶 𐓯𐓘́𐓬𐓟 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"mą́xpu šápe xci wį iiðáðe","e":"I saw a very dark cloud.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐒽𐓘́𐓷𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́ 𐓯𐓲𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘𐓨𐓘̄͘ 𐓡𐓣́͘𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hkáwa wahóščažį xci wį mąąhį́ ðaaché apai","e":"A very tiny horse was eating hay. An important verb is 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ [ecí], which usually corresponds to English there is and there are. This verb only has a single-form verb since it does not ever use pronouns. We don’t use a sub-","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐓄𐓘̄𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟𐓪̄𐓻𐓶 𐓟𐓲𐓣́𐓴𐓟.","a":"paazénii ną́ɣeoožu ecí che","e":"There is milk in the refrigerator. (I have evidence of this.)","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":206},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓘́𐓘́ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"mą́ka ðǫǫpá ášihta ecí apa","e":"There are two skunks outside.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":207},{"o":"𐒷𐓲𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?","a":"ecí hta nįkšé","e":"Will you be there?","ctx":"More about Plurals > Numbers","p":207},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"níhka įkšé íiðaðe","e":"Do you see the man sitting there?","ctx":"More about Plurals > Osage position markers","p":208},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"níhka txą íiðaðe","e":"Do you see the man standing there? that is not the subject. So position markers always pick out a thing and give more information","ctx":"More about Plurals > Osage position markers","p":208},{"o":"𐓏𐓘́𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓪͘ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ 𐓥𐓘́𐓷𐓘𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓘.","a":"wákaštǫ įkšé hkáwa áala","e":"Put the saddle blanket (sitting there) on the horse.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Osage position markers","p":208},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓮𐓤𐓶𐓟 𐓴𐓟𐓡𐓶́ 𐓤𐓘̄𐓹𐓘.","a":"níiskue che húkaaɣa","e":"Pass me the salt (standing).","ctx":"More about Plurals > Osage position markers","p":208},{"o":"Mick𐓯𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘́𐓩𐓘̄͘ 𐓤𐓪𐓟 𐓘́𐓻𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"Mick šǫ́ke wíhta akxa ánąąhkoe ážą akxai","e":"My dog Mick is lying on the porch.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Osage position markers","p":208},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓟 𐓪𐓧𐓘́!","a":"šǫ́ke kše olá","e":"Chase away the dog lying there! The two position markers 𐓬𐓘 [pa] and 𐓤𐓟 [ke] are always plural. 𐓄𐓘 [pa] is used with","ctx":"More about Plurals > Osage position markers","p":208},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓬𐓘𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓥𐓪́ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"wak’ó pa óhką hkóbra mįkšé","e":"I want to help those women.","ctx":"More about Plurals > Osage position markers","p":209},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓪𐓬𐓟𐓰𐓸𐓘́ !","a":"haxį́ ke opetxá","e":"Wrap up those blankets (that are lying around)!","ctx":"More about Plurals > Osage position markers","p":209},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka akxa htáa c’éðe apai.","e":"The man is killing the deer.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓟̋𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"įhtáci apa waléze wį ðéeðe hta apa","e":"My father will send a letter.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́𐓟 𐓡𐓶𐓵𐓘́.","a":"wacúe huðá","e":"Pass the bread. The 𐓵𐓟 [ðe]-causative verb class It is important to note that 𐓵𐓟 [ðe]-causative verbs form their own verb class. They use 𐓘-𐓵𐓘 We show this in the following examples.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓮𐓟 𐓷𐓣͘𐓲’𐓟́𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"šǫ́mįhkase wį c’éaðe","e":"I killed a coyote.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓡𐓶𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wéðušupe huðáðe","e":"Did you hand me the keys?","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓟̄𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waléze ðeeáðe hta mįkšé","e":"I will send the letter.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓡𐓶̋𐓵𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"waléze húu ðeą́ðape","e":"We sent a lot of letters.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐓂𐓸𐓬𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"oxpáða pe","e":"She got lost.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́͘𐓸𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"oą́xpaðe","e":"I got lost.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":214},{"o":"𐓂𐓵𐓣́𐓸𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"oðíxpaðe","e":"You got lost.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":215},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓪𐓸𐓬𐓘́𐓵𐓟𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"wéðušupe oxpáðeaðe","e":"I lost the keys.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":215},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘𐓪𐓸𐓬𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"haaskámį wíhta oxpáðeðaðe","e":"You lost my shawl.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":215},{"o":"𐓀𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣𐓪𐓸𐓬𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟𐓘͘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"mą́zeska záani oxpáðeąðape","e":"We lost all the money.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives","p":215},{"o":"𐓋𐓟́𐓤𐓘𐓩𐓪̄͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓹𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟́𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcékanǫǫ akxa žį́kážį ɣaaké káaɣa pe","e":"The teenager made the child cry. The following sentences show how this works when we use pronouns. In the next example, the one who is being made to do something, me, appears as the pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] on 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":215},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"žį́kážį ðe akxa húheka ąkáaɣa pe","e":"That child made me sick.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":216},{"o":"𐒹𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"húheka wihpáaɣe hta mįkšé","e":"I’m going to make you sick.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":216},{"o":"𐓏𐓘̄𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"waachí ąðikáaɣe hta aðįkšé","e":"We two will make you dance.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":216},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟 𐓷𐓣́𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"hcíle wíhta akxa žį́kážį ðe waaðǫ́ kšíða pe.","e":"My family had that child sing.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":216},{"o":"𐓍𐓣𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́𐓵𐓟.","a":"ðicéki ówe aðį́aðe akšíðe","e":"I had your uncle carry the groceries.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":216},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓪𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓘́𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa ho ðǫǫpá ðuuzá pe","e":"The boy took two fish.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":217},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘́𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa wáðuuza pe","e":"The boy took them.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":217},{"o":"𐒹𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓯𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"húheka okášą akxa owáhką pe","e":"The nurse helped them. (where them is known from context) it means something definite, which we would know from context.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":217},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓶̄𐓺𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"šį́tožį akxa ðuuzá pe","e":"The boy took it.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":217},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓶̋ 𐓺𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"sį́tožį akxa waðúuza pe","e":"The boy took stuff.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":217},{"o":"𐓁𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓵𐓘̋𐓯𐓪𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"nąnúhu ðáašoe akxai","e":"He’s smoking tobacco.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":217},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋𐓯𐓪𐓘 𐓬𐓟.","a":"ðáašoa pe","e":"He smokes it.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":218},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓯𐓪𐓟𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"waðáašoe štą","e":"He smokes.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":218},{"o":"𐓇𐓪́͘𐓤𐓟𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓟 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"šǫ́ke ðe akxa waðáaxtake štą","e":"That dog bites. This means that we can make many verbs that have general meanings, like in 27 and 28, these cases, when 𐓷𐓘 [wa] is placed at the beginning of the verb, the 𐓷𐓘 [wa] and the 𐓪 [o]","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":218},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa htáa océ apai.","e":"The man was hunting deer.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":218},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"níhka apa óce apai (óce, not waocé)","e":"The man was hunting (stuff).","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":218},{"o":"𐒹𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓤𐓘́𐓯𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"húheka okášą akxa wihcíko óhką pe","e":"The nurse helped my grandfather.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":218},{"o":"𐒹𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓤𐓘́ 𐓯𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓩𐓘͘.","a":"húheka okášą akxa óhką ną (óhką, not waóhką)","e":"The nurse helps (folks). The use of this 𐓷𐓘 [wa] is so common that we can make many vocabulary words with it.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":218},{"o":"𐓂́𐓷𐓟 𐓜𐓶́𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"ówe brúwį atxąhé","e":"I’m buying vegetables.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":219},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́.","a":"wabrúwį ąhé","e":"I’m shopping.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > Causatives made with clauses","p":219},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓨𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓪𐓡𐓣́ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakóze ąkóhtapi akxa mą́zeska húu ohí pe ([pe] includes [ðe])","e":"Our teacher won a lot of money. (I am declaring this as a fact.)","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Notes for Chapter 19","p":224},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓨𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋𐓪𐓡𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟.","a":"wakóze ąkóhtapi akxa mą́zeska húu ohí che","e":"Our teacher won a lot of money. (I have evidence for it.)","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Notes for Chapter 19","p":224},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘𐓨𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋𐓪𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘̋𐓬𐓟.","a":"wakóze ąkóhtapi akxa mą́zeska húu ohí áape","e":"Our teacher won a lot of money. (They said.)","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Notes for Chapter 19","p":224},{"o":"𐓒𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓯𐓣𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"záani ši waachí kǫ́ða akxai","e":"Everyone wants to dance again.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":224},{"o":"𐒻𐓱𐓫́ 𐓵𐓟𐓡𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓯𐓣𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓟𐓘́ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"ihtǫ́į ðeha wažáže íe ši ohkíe ánąk’ǫ hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"In the future, I want to hear the Osage language being spoken again.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":224},{"o":"𐓁𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓯𐓣𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓳𐓟𐓟́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟.","a":"níwahce tą iiną́ haxį́ ši wį hce épše","e":"If it’s cold I ask Mom for another blanket.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":224},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶 𐓵𐓘̄͘𐓴𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"níižu ðąąché akxai","e":"It might rain.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225},{"o":"𐓂𐓘́͘𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓘̄͘𐓴𐓟 𐓩𐓣𐓤𐓯𐓟́?","a":"oą́ðahką ðąąché nįkšé","e":"Could you help me? We can place the negation marker 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] on 𐓵𐓘̄͘ 𐓴𐓟́ [ðąąché] to get 𐓵𐓘̄͘ 𐓴𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣 [ðąącháži]","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225},{"o":"𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘𐓳𐓟́𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓵𐓘̄͘ 𐓴𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"įhtáci akxa oðíhtą hcéka ðuwį́ ðąącháži akxai","e":"Father couldn’t buy a new car.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225},{"o":"𐒹𐓪̄͘𐓬𐓟́ 𐓵𐓣́𐓱𐓘𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓵𐓘̄͘𐓴𐓘́𐓻𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"hǫǫpé ðíhta iiðáðe ðąącháži mįkšé","e":"I can’t find your shoes.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋𐓻𐓶𐓰𐓘͘𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣.","a":"níižu tą ówehci štáapaži","e":"If it rains, you (plural) won’t go to the store.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225},{"o":"𐒴𐓣̋𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘͘𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"bríištą tą owíhką hta mįkšé","e":"When I get finished, I will help you. and 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [ohkíhkie]","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟𐓣́𐓟 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟.","a":"wažáže íe ąną́e ąkáðe","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Expressions for again, possibly, and if","p":225},{"o":"𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓴𐓟𐓟́𐓬𐓯𐓟","a":"sitǫ́į ąhúheka che épše","e":"I said that I was sick yesterday.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":226},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟 𐓴𐓟𐓟́𐓯𐓟.","a":"ðakítąhe che éše","e":"You said that you got better. We do not need the connector 𐓴𐓟 [che] when using 𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áape].","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":226},{"o":"𐓒𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓤𐓣́𐓺𐓪𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"záani kízo áape","e":"He said that everyone had a good time. or It was said (or they said) that everyone had a good time. We also use 𐓟̋ [ée] for the expression how does someone say? In example 17, don’t confuse the emphatic pronoun 𐓟̋ [ée] (see chapter 13) with the verb 𐓟̋ [ée] say. They are pronounced and spelled the same.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":226},{"o":"𐒷̋𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓟́ 𐓯𐓟.","a":"ée háakǫ éše","e":"How do you say that? you pronounce (or how do you say). This is because 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 [ðáace] can also mean pronounce.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":226},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓙 𐓷𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘𐓣́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 𐓳𐓟𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"wakǫ́ze akxa waðíopxai wálį ík’uce hce ée apa","e":"The teacher told the student to study a lot.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":227},{"o":"𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓳𐓟𐓟́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟.","a":"žįkážį akší hce épše","e":"I told the child to go back home.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":227},{"o":"𐒼𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓤𐓟 𐓣𐓟 𐓳𐓟𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.","a":"kahíke ie hce ée apa","e":"The chief was asked to speak. We can also use the verb 𐓣̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ [íihǫ] ask as a request with 𐓴𐓟 [hce] instead of 𐓟̋ [ée]. 𐒻̋ 𐓡𐓪͘","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":227},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓪́𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓡𐓪͘.","a":"wižǫ́ke iihkǫ́ óhką hce iiðáhǫ","e":"I asked my daughter to help Grandma.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":227},{"o":"𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓘́͘𐓧𐓟, 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓵𐓟 𐓣́𐓟𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓯𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘.","a":"hpahą́le waléze ðe íe tóe ékipše hkǫ́bra","e":"First, I want to say a few words about this book.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":227},{"o":"𐒼𐓘𐓡𐓣́𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓟 𐓣́𐓟𐓰𐓪́𐓟𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓟 𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"kahíke akxa íe tóe ékiše ðikǫ́ða akxai","e":"The chief wants you to say a few words.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":227},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́𐓧𐓟𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓣𐓟𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"hcíle éąkie hta ąðįkšé","e":"Are we two going to speak to the family? These verbs are used when people are talking back and forth with each other. In modern use,","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":227},{"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́𐓤𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘𐓤𐓟 𐓪𐓥𐓣́𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ihcíko akxa wižį́ke ohkíe akxai.","e":"His grandfather is talking to my son.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":228},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"owíhkie hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > We are speaking Osage.","p":228},{"o":"𐓋𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓺𐓘̋𐓩𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.","a":"hcíle záani apa ohkíhkie apai","e":"The whole family was talking to each other. The following example is from chapter 16.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > I want to talk to you.","p":228},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓤𐓪́𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́.","a":"ąkóhkihkie ąkatxái","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > I want to talk to you.","p":228},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓥𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓯𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži wį ąðáaxta pe hkóopša pe","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > Relative clauses","p":228},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓰𐓪́𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓥𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓯𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži tóe ąðáaxta pe hkóopša pe","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > The cat that bit me ran off.","p":228},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘𐓟𐓻𐓣 𐓷𐓣͘𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓻𐓣̋͘𐓡𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"ilǫ́eži wį iiðáðe žį́įhe akxai","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > The cats that bit me ran off.","p":229},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̋𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži wį ąðáaxta pe šį́tožį akxa íiða pe","e":"The boy saw the cat that bit me.","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > The cat that I saw was sleeping.","p":229},{"o":"𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋𐓸𐓰𐓘 𐓬𐓟𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟.","a":"ilǫ́eži wį ąðáaxta pe íiðaðe","e":"You saw the cat that bit me. A third way to make a relative clause is to use position markers. We do this by adding a","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > The cat that I saw was sleeping.","p":229},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘𐓘͘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤𐓣𐓤’𐓶 𐓴𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘̄𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́.","a":"haxį́ ąðákik’u che ą́ðaalį mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > The cat that I saw was sleeping.","p":229},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , Mary 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́ ͘𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Introduction > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘)","p":17},{"o":"","a":"hawé, Mary žáže abrį́e","e":"","ctx":"Introduction > dialogue (šį́mįžį)","p":17},{"o":"John 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘  .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Introduction > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘)","p":17},{"o":"","a":"John žáže abrį́","e":"","ctx":"Introduction > dialogue (šį́tožį)","p":17},{"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Introduction > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘)","p":17},{"o":"","a":"owíhkie ðáalį akxa","e":"","ctx":"Introduction > dialogue (šį́mįžį)","p":17},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓣̄ 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Introduction > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘)","p":17},{"o":"","a":"howé iiwíðe hta mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"Introduction > dialogue (šį́tožį)","p":17},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓣́ 𐓟?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":18},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘)","p":30},{"o":"","a":"hawé tąhé","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (šį́tožį)","p":30},{"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘)","p":30},{"o":"","a":"tąhé","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (šį́mįžį)","p":30},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘)","p":30},{"o":"","a":"háakǫ ðaašé","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (šį́tožį)","p":30},{"o":"𐒷𐓱𐓘́ ͘, 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘)","p":30},{"o":"","a":"ehtą́, wálį ǫ́wǫ ąhé","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (šį́mįžį)","p":30},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣́͘ , 𐓣̋ 𐓩𐓪̄ ͘𐓭𐓘!","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘)","p":30},{"o":"","a":"wiškį́, íinǫǫhpa","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (šį́tožį)","p":30},{"o":"𐒷́ 𐓤𐓪͘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘)","p":30},{"o":"","a":"ékǫ","e":"","ctx":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage > dialogue (šį́mįžį)","p":30},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟̄ 𐓉𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓪𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄ ͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .\t \u0007šį́mįžį: htaasílee htą́wą áška ci","a":"𐓉𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟̄ 𐓉𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓪𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄ ͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .\t \u0007šį́mįžį: htaasílee htą́wą áška ci","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘)","p":39},{"o":"𐓅𐓪́͘ 𐓥𐓘 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓪𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘)","p":39},{"o":"","a":"hpǫ́hka htą́wą oálįį mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (šį́tožį)","p":39},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘)","p":39},{"o":"","a":"wažáže brį́e","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (šį́mįžį)","p":39},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣́ , 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 name 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘)","p":39},{"o":"","a":"wiškí wažáže žaže name abrį́","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (šį́tožį)","p":39},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 name 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘)","p":39},{"o":"","a":"wažáže žaže name abrį́e","e":"","ctx":"The Basic Sentence > dialogue (šį́mįžį)","p":39},{"o":"𐓪̋ 𐓻u 𐓺𐓣́ [óožu zí] yellow bowl","a":"𐓪̋ 𐓻u 𐓺𐓣́ [óožu zí] yellow bowl","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (Example)","p":36},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟! 𐒼𐓶𐓪́͘ !","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":48},{"o":"","a":"wižį́ke kuǫ́","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (iðáce)","p":48},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , 𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣. 𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (𐒻𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓟)","p":48},{"o":"","a":"hawé įhtáci ðáalį ðachí che","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (ižįke)","p":48},{"o":"𐓍𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓟?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":48},{"o":"","a":"ðiihǫ́ chi ðe","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (iðáce)","p":48},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ . 𐒻̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓴𐓣 𐓴𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (𐒻𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓟)","p":48},{"o":"","a":"howé iiną́ apa chi che","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (ižįke)","p":48},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":48},{"o":"","a":"ðáalį","e":"","ctx":"Adding Objects and Adjectives > dialogue (iðáce)","p":48},{"o":"using the location words 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [įkší], 𐓲𐓣 [ci], 𐓤𐓣 [ki],","a":"using the location words 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [įkší], 𐓲𐓣 [ci], 𐓤𐓣 [ki],","e":"","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > dialogue (Adding a place)","p":40},{"o":"𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ [šǫ́ke ðǫǫpá] or 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ [ilǫ́ežį ðáabri].","a":"𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ [šǫ́ke ðǫǫpá] or 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ [ilǫ́ežį ðáabri].","e":"","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > dialogue (the number second)","p":46},{"o":"𐓀𐓘̄͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > dialogue (Speaker B)","p":58},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶, 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":58},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪͘!","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > dialogue (Speaker B)","p":58},{"o":"𐓊𐓟 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪͘!","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Expressions and Locations > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":58},{"o":"𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run and 𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 [žį́įhe] sleep.","a":"𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run and 𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 [žį́įhe] sleep.","e":"","ctx":"I, You, He, She, and It > dialogue (at two common verbs)","p":51},{"o":"","a":"paahą́pi","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (iihǫ́)","p":67},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓣́ 𐓡𐓣 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":67},{"o":"","a":"howé wacúe tazíhi hpáaxe ški","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (iðáce)","p":67},{"o":"","a":"wíe ékimǫ","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (ilǫ́ǫhpa)","p":67},{"o":"","a":"óohǫ ðiištą́","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (iihǫ́)","p":67},{"o":"𐓩𐓣́͘ 𐓟 [nį́e].","a":"𐓩𐓣́͘ 𐓟 [nį́e].","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (longer form)","p":66},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (1.\t A)","p":79},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓚́ , 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (2.\t B)","p":79},{"o":"𐓈𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . . . . 𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (3.\t C)","p":79},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (4.\t D)","p":79},{"o":"𐓂̄ 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓻𐓶 𐓳𐓟. 𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓻𐓘̄͘ 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (5.\t C)","p":79},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓭𐓘 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (6.\t A)","p":79},{"o":"𐓅𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (7.\t B)","p":79},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘. 𐓻𐓘̄͘ 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤’𐓶́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (8.\t D)","p":79},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 𐓟̋ 𐓩𐓘 𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓱𐓘͘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (9.\t C)","p":79},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį] > dialogue (10.\t A)","p":79},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] and 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ [ąkatxą́].","a":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] and 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ [ąkatxą́].","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (person plural subjects)","p":75},{"o":"𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ , 𐓭𐓘𐓮𐓶́ 𐓪𐓧𐓣̋͘ 𐓣𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (1.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":91},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓘́͘ , 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓟̋ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":91},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̄͘ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (3.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":91},{"o":"𐓏𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (4.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":91},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓘́͘ , 𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ , 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (5.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":91},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓘, 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘𐓨𐓘͘𐓻𐓣.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (6.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘)","p":91},{"o":"𐒷𐓱𐓘́͘ , 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓘̄ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (7.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":91},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (8.\t 𐒻𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓭𐓘)","p":91},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘, 𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟, 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓭𐓶𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"the Future Marker > dialogue (9.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":91},{"o":"𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] what?, 𐓬𐓟̋ [pée] who?, 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] where?, 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 [hówa]","a":"𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] what?, 𐓬𐓟̋ [pée] who?, 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] where?, 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 [hówa]","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (words listed here)","p":93},{"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓣. 𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓭𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (2.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":105},{"o":"𐓋𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓺𐓘͘𐓲𐓪́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓟?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (3.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘)","p":105},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (4.\t 𐒻́ 𐓧𐓪̄͘ 𐓭𐓘)","p":105},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓲𐓶́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (5.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":105},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘!","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (6.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘)","p":105},{"o":"𐓏𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘́ ͘𐓡𐓪̄ !","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (7.\t 𐒻́ 𐓧𐓪̄͘ 𐓭𐓘)","p":105},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (8.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":105},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙. 𐓅𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘͘","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (9.\t \u0007𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":105},{"o":"𐒷̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓡𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"and Strong-Stem Verbs > dialogue (10.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":105},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓏𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (1.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":118},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":118},{"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓴𐓟 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (3.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":118},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘, 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓸𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (4.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":118},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (5.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":118},{"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟, 𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓸𐓲𐓟́ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":118},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́ 𐓟, 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓪͘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (7.\t 𐒻𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓭𐓘)","p":118},{"o":"𐒼𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓘͘, 𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓤’𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (8.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":118},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́ 𐓟, 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓪͘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (9.\t 𐒼𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘)","p":118},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘, 𐓨𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟 𐓧𐓶̋ 𐓮𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓪.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (10.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":118},{"o":"𐓀𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟 𐓻𐓶̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓧𐓶̋ 𐓮𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓪.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (11.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘͘)","p":118},{"o":"𐓀𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟 𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 𐓘𐓧𐓶̋ 𐓮𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓪.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (12.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":118},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘. . . . 𐓘͘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘𐓬𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Object Pronouns > dialogue (13.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":118},{"o":"𐒰́ 𐓳𐓣𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Osage Lifeways > dialogue (2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":136},{"o":"𐓐𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Osage Lifeways > dialogue (3.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":136},{"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Osage Lifeways > dialogue (6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":136},{"o":"𐒹𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓘. 𐓏𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Osage Lifeways > dialogue (7.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘)","p":136},{"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Osage Lifeways > dialogue (8.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́)","p":136},{"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘͘ 𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓶 𐓱𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Osage Lifeways > dialogue (9.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":136},{"o":"𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] for second- and third-person subjects (you, he, she, it),","a":"𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] for second- and third-person subjects (you, he, she, it),","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (root. There are three forms)","p":129},{"o":"𐓈𐓪͘𐓬𐓘́ ! 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ . 𐒼𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":133},{"o":"𐓂́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓜𐓣́ ͘, 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (Speaker B)","p":133},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣. 𐓂𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 𐓳𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":133},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘. 𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓣.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (Speaker B)","p":133},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐒻𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓭𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (1.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":144},{"o":"𐒷́ 𐓤𐓪͘, 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (2.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":144},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓺𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓴𐓟 𐓘͘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓡𐓣 𐓳𐓟, 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓧𐓘͘","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (3.\t \u0007𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":144},{"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (5.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":144},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟, 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓶́ 𐓯𐓤𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":144},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́ , 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓻𐓪𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓰𐓪𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (7.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":144},{"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓷𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (8.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":144},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘 𐓬𐓣 𐓴𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (9.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":144},{"o":"𐒹𐓶̋ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟, 𐓡𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓸𐓘, 𐓡𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘. 𐒷̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Commands and Negation > dialogue (10.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":144},{"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú], 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú], and the h-stem verb class","a":"𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú], 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú], and the h-stem verb class","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Movement toward here)","p":148},{"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú] means come here while 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú] means come back here, so it could","a":"𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú] means come here while 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú] means come back here, so it could","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (distinction)","p":148},{"o":"𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú]. We distinguish them with the aspect marker. The first syl-","a":"𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú]. We distinguish them with the aspect marker. The first syl-","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (third-person are the same)","p":149},{"o":"𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] and 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [alí]","a":"𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] and 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [alí]","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Arrival here)","p":150},{"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ [aðée] and 𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ [alée]","a":"𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ [aðée] and 𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ [alée]","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Movement toward there)","p":151},{"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ [ahí] and 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [akší]","a":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ [ahí] and 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [akší]","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Arrival there)","p":153},{"o":"𐓬𐓯𐓣́ [pší] and 𐓯𐓣́ [ší]. If the verb is in completive aspect, speakers usually add","a":"𐓬𐓯𐓣́ [pší] and 𐓯𐓣́ [ší]. If the verb is in completive aspect, speakers usually add","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (person forms)","p":153},{"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶 [aðį́ahu], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶 [aðį́aku], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 [aðį́achi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣 [aðį́ali]","a":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶 [aðį́ahu], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶 [aðį́aku], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 [aðį́achi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣 [aðį́ali]","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Bring here)","p":154},{"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟 [aðį́aðe], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓟 [aðį́ale], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣 [aðį́ahi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣 [aðíakši]","a":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟 [aðį́aðe], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓟 [aðį́ale], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣 [aðį́ahi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣 [aðíakši]","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Take there)","p":156},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓯𐓲𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":157},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘? 𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Speaker B)","p":157},{"o":"𐓁𐓣̄ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓥𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́ ͘𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓶.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":157},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Speaker B)","p":157},{"o":"𐓂́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":157},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐒻́ 𐓳𐓣𐓤𐓪 𐓣́ 𐓥𐓶𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓣𐓘𐓲’𐓣͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓤’𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (1.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":169},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓰𐓪̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":169},{"o":"𐓒𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓳𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (5.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":169},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓬’𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ , 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓵𐓣𐓧𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":169},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (8.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟)","p":169},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓪͘𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Motion Verbs > dialogue (11.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘)","p":169},{"o":"𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ [ažį́], 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 [ąži], 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži]","a":"𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ [ažį́], 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 [ąži], 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži]","e":"","ctx":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs > dialogue (Learn the difference)","p":168},{"o":"𐓭 [hp], 𐓱 [ht], 𐓥 [hk].","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > dialogue (preaspirated)","p":179},{"o":"𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘𐓧𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . 𐓏𐓘𐓮𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":182},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ? 𐓂𐓘͘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > dialogue (Speaker B)","p":182},{"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓰𐓪̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤𐓘 𐓜𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > dialogue (Speaker A)","p":182},{"o":"𐒻𐓷𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓭𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns > dialogue (Speaker B)","p":182},{"o":"𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓟 [páase]. The pronoun 𐓘 [a] comes after the 𐓬𐓘́ [pá] instru-","a":"𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓟 [páase]. The pronoun 𐓘 [a] comes after the 𐓬𐓘́ [pá] instru-","e":"","ctx":"Building Words with Prefixes > dialogue (Notice the form for I cut)","p":195},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ , 𐓰𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́ , 𐓱𐓘̄͘ 𐓰𐓘́͘ , 𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟́ —𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (1.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟)","p":210},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ . 𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘. 𐒿𐓪̄͘ 𐓡𐓪̋ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (2.\t \u0007𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 1)","p":210},{"o":"𐓈𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́ 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ . 𐓈𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓨𐓘̄͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘. 𐒰́ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓤𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (3.\t \u0007𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 2)","p":210},{"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (4.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟)","p":210},{"o":"𐓉𐓘̄͘ 𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘 𐓥𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟. 𐒽𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (5.\t \u0007𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 3)","p":210},{"o":"𐓏𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . 𐓄𐓘𐓵𐓟́ 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ . 𐓁𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (6.\t \u0007𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 4)","p":210},{"o":"numbers, 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ [háaną], 𐓷𐓣͘ [wį], 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 [tóe],","a":"numbers, 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ [háaną], 𐓷𐓣͘ [wį], 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 [tóe],","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (Words that name quantity)","p":203},{"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓴𐓟 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (1.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":221},{"o":"𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓪̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (6.\t 𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘)","p":221},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓲𐓶́ , 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓟𐓧𐓣, 𐓮𐓶́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓧𐓟, 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓺𐓶 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (7.\t \u0007𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":221},{"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (11.\t 𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘)","p":221},{"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓟𐓧𐓣, 𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓳𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (12.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":221},{"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓚́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (15.\t 𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘)","p":221},{"o":"𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓺𐓶 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"More about Plurals > dialogue (16.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":221},{"o":"I will make the 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ and grape dumplings.","a":"","e":"I will make the 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ and grape dumplings.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (16. \t Second daughter)","p":213},{"o":"𐓇𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (1.\t𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":231},{"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓬𐓟.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (2.\t𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘)","p":231},{"o":"𐒰́ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ . 𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓲𐓶́ 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (3.\t𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":231},{"o":"𐓅𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟𐓱𐓪𐓡𐓪 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘, 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (5.\t𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘)","p":231},{"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟?","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (7.\t𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":231},{"o":"𐓈𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ .","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (8.\t𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘)","p":231},{"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶𐓬𐓟, 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶 𐓪𐓤𐓶́ 𐓭𐓶 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.","a":"","e":"","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (9.\t𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́)","p":231},{"o":"The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking.","a":"","e":"The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking.","ctx":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding > dialogue (5.\tThird daughter)","p":231},{"o":"𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe], 𐓟̋ [ée], 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 [ékie], 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [óhkie],","a":"𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe], 𐓟̋ [ée], 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 [ékie], 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [óhkie],","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (Verbs for speaking)","p":225},{"o":"𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áa pe] is written as 𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áape].","a":"𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áa pe] is written as 𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áape].","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (before 𐓬𐓟 [pe] is at work here)","p":226},{"o":"","a":"mąhkása tóe káaɣe htai","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (1.\t A)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"ąhą́į mąhkása hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (2.\t B)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"tóe hpáaɣe hta mįkšé mąhkása oohǫ́ ðiištą́","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (3.\t C)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"mąhkása oožú ðéka","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (4.\t D)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"oowížu hce pée hpaazénii žąąníi kǫ́ða","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (5.\t C)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"mąhkása akxa hpa wálį akxa","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (6.\t A)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"hpaazénii tóe hkǫ́bra mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (7.\t B)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"mąhkása skúe ąðáalį žąąníi tóe ąk’ú","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (8.\t D)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"mąhkása sápe éena bráahtą","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (9.\t C)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"mąhkása ðáalį akxa","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (10.\t A)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"iihkó, hpasú olį́į ilǫ́ǫška ąkáðe hta","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (1.\t wihé)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"ąhą́ haatxą́ta šcée škǫ́šta","e":"","ctx":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses > dialogue (2.\t iihkó)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"mįįðǫ́hta ðiištą́ waachí brée hkǫ́bra","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (3.\t wihé)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"wéhkilį okíhpaahą škǫ́šta","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (4.\t iihkó)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"ąhą́ iihkó wéhkilį okíhpaahą hkǫ́bra","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (5.\t wihé)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"hą́ąhkaži wéhkilį okípąąhą hkǫ́bramąži","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (6.\t wak’óhpa)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"ehtą́ haaskámį aðį́aðaa","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (7.\t iihkó)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"hą́ąðe waachí hkǫ́bra","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (8.\t ilǫ́ohpa)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"ðáalį wižį́ke haaská ðíhta hpuštáha hta mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (9.\t iihkó)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"nǫhpéąhi hową́įki hpáze wanǫ́bre ąðáache hta ąkatxą́","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (2.\t wihé)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"hcíle ąkóhtapi zącólį céɣenii aðį́ ímą žówale ąwanǫ́bre hta ðe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (3.\t wak’óhpa)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"táatą oohǫ́ apai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (4.\t ílǫ́ǫhpa)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"htáa lįkó wacúe kaascú","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (5.\t iihǫ́)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"ðáalį","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (6.\t wak’óhpa)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"ą́hǫǫ","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (7.\t ílǫ́ǫhpa)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"mį́įoðaake háaną ąkáðe hta","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (8.\t wihé)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"mį́įoðaake tóopa tą ąkáðe hta akxai hpáze wanǫ́bre mį́įoðaake sáhtą","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (9.\t iihǫ́)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"éetxą háhahkiðapi","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (10.\t iðáce)","p":232},{"o":"","a":"kaasį́tą akxa waníðe hta","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (1.\t iihkó)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"wapáaxce ąkóhtapi ąkáaɣe htai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (2.\t iihǫ́)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"haxį́ ðe che haaskámį ški níąðe hta ąkatxái","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (3.\t iihkó)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"wiškítą mą́zeska tóe nąnúhu ški céɣenii ažu abrį mįšké","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (4.\t iðáce)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"ðáalį hta akxa","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (5.\t iihkó)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"ðekǫ́oce pée waníðe paaxcé","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (6.\t iihǫ́)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"wie ékimǫ","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (7.\t ilǫ́ǫhpa)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"kaasítą pée wapáaxce k’į́ahi","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (8.\t iihkó)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"wíe ékimǫ","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (9.\t kšǫ́ka)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"šį́mįžį mį́waapaache lúustako","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (10.\t iihǫ́)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"mį́waapaache žúuce alúustako","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (11.\t wak’óhtą)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"mį́waapaache htóho alúustako","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (12.\t wihé)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"ðáalį ąhkíliištąpe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (13.\t iihkǫ́)","p":233},{"o":"","a":"áhcihtą kši ąkáðe htai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (2.\t iihkó)","p":234},{"o":"","a":"xóhka apa waaðǫ́ ðǫ́ha éetxą pe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (3.\t iihǫ́)","p":234},{"o":"","a":"íciko waaðǫ́ íhta ðǫ́ha éetxą ahí akxai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (6.\t iihkó)","p":234},{"o":"","a":"háhahkiða wihcíko hcéka waachí tą ąkóðaha","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (7.\t wak’óhpa)","p":234},{"o":"","a":"ihcíko waaðǫ́ ðiištą́ tą wapáaxce ąkóhtapi ąhkíliiški hta ąkáðe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (8.\t iihkó)","p":234},{"o":"","a":"ihcíko akxa íe tóe ékie kaðǫ́ žáže kípą áwawak’u hta","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (9.\t iihǫ́)","p":234},{"o":"","a":"tookétą wižį́ke akxa ilǫ́ǫška ohpé hta akxai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (1.\t iihǫ́)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"ékǫ éetxą́ ahí akxa","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (2.\t iðáce)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"táatą záani ąkáðį che ąpáahi hce kaðǫ́ táatąžiški ąðúwį waðílą ąhkíhkaaɣe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (3.\t iihǫ́)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"ðáalį","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (5.\t iðáce)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"htaasį́įce wapúške ški ą́ðuwį hta ąkatxái","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (6.\t iihǫ́)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"htaasį́įce wahú haaléžowaake toe abrį́","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (7.\t iðáce)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"ihcími akxa wažáže wéehkilį kšíɣe hta akxai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (8.\t iihǫ́)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"wapáache ðáalį káaɣa pi che","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (9.\t iðáce)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"húuįke híðaxa húðaxe sce kšíɣe hta eená táatą ðáalį hta akxai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (10.\t iihǫ́)","p":235},{"o":"","a":"wižį́ke akxa íhciko íhkuaci íhta niióhkiac’į ški k’įhta akxai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (1.\t iðáce)","p":236},{"o":"","a":"haaská hcéka hkietǫ́ǫpa kǫ́ða akxa","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (2.\t iihǫ́)","p":236},{"o":"","a":"záani wahcéka ąkóhce hta ąðįkšé","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (5.\t iðáce)","p":237},{"o":"","a":"wanǫ́p’į akšíɣe hta mįkšé tóoce ðiláace ški","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (6.\t iihǫ́)","p":237},{"o":"","a":"pée hǫǫpé káaɣe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (8.\t iðáce)","p":237},{"o":"","a":"wižį́ke íišupe áalǫðį ðįká","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (11.\t iihǫ́)","p":237},{"o":"","a":"pée tooké htąątą́ paðé hówa ðíhǫǫ paašé","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (1.\t wakǫ́ze)","p":238},{"o":"","a":"pée ą́hǫǫ péetą níižu štą lǫǫhóohtą ánąk’ǫ kóe lǫ́ǫ waléze htǫ́pe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (2.\t waðíopxaðe 1)","p":238},{"o":"","a":"tooké ą́hǫǫ taapóska paną́ą kóe mąąšcé akxa ášihta aškáce ą́hǫǫ","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (3.\t waðíopxaðe 2)","p":238},{"o":"","a":"hówa ðíhǫǫ nįkšé","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (4.\t wakǫ́ze)","p":238},{"o":"","a":"htąątą́ žą́ąpe apa ohtáza hkíðe nąpe hką́ącenii taašcúce brį́brą ą́hǫǫ","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (5.\t waðíopxaðe 3)","p":238},{"o":"","a":"wíe mįkšé paðé ą́hǫǫ níwahce éetxą kóe pahúðe ą́hǫǫ hąąská šooká","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (6.\t waðíopxaðe 4)","p":238},{"o":"","a":"hą́ąpa wahkąhtáki ímąche wižį́ke iitáðape ékitxą akxai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (1.\t wihé)","p":239},{"o":"","a":"táatą ooðáhą ðikǫ́ða","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (6.\t asį́ka)","p":239},{"o":"","a":"wacúe kaascú htáaweli súhka htaaníi wacúe sása žóle háazu wacúe ðubráaska","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (7.\t wihé)","p":239},{"o":"","a":"pée óhką hce éše","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (11.\t asį́ka)","p":239},{"o":"","a":"wižǫ́ą htáaweli hǫbrí˛ke htóho káaɣe hce épše hta mįkšé","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (12.\t wihé)","p":239},{"o":"","a":"ąhą́į","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (15.\t asį́ka)","p":239},{"o":"","a":"paašpú háazu wacúe ðubráaska hpáaɣe hta mįksé","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (16.\t wihé)","p":239},{"o":"","a":"šáakeooląk’ǫ ðó˛ha ðiištą́","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (1.\t wihé)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"šį́mįžį apa hį́įce ážu ðiištą́ pe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (2.\t asį́ka)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"ášihta tǫ́pe mąðį́ wižǫ́ke apa wacúe kaascú ðó˛ha oohǫ́ ðiištą́","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (3.\t wihé)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"hpéžehtoho ną́ɣeoožu ecí akxa kóe paašpú oohǫ́ ðiištą́","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (5.\t asį́ka)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"mąhkása ąkáaɣe","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (7.\t wihé)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"tóe hpáaɣe atxąhé","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (8.\t asį́ka)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"wacúe skúe áwanǫbre ážupe níioožu okúhpu akxai","e":"","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (9.\t wihé)","p":240},{"o":"The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking.","a":"","e":"The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking.","ctx":"APA Dialogues and Stories > dialogue (5.\t Third daughter)","p":240},{"o":"","a":"using ðe-­causative verbs, 213–15;","e":"","ctx":"English-𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐒻́ 𐓟 Glossary > dialogue (causatives)","p":286},{"o":"","a":"definition of, 190–91; ðaa,","e":"","ctx":"Index > dialogue (instrumental prefixes)","p":278},{"o":"","a":"a-­ða, 49, 51–52; br-­šc (brush),","e":"","ctx":"Index > dialogue (verb classes)","p":279},{"o":"𐓤𐓘𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓨͘𐓡͘𐓰𐓪𐓟 𐓵𐓘̄𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘","a":"","e":"The horse is eating some hay","ctx":"Sentence structure exercise","p":1},{"o":"𐓪𐓵𐓣𐓰͘𐓴𐓟 𐓷𐓟𐓧͘𐓰𐓪𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓶 𐓤͘𐓜𐓘","a":"","e":"I want you to put some gas in the car","ctx":"Sentence structure exercise","p":1},{"o":"𐓡𐓘𐓤͘𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄𐓮𐓤𐓣́𐓤𐓟 𐓩͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"Why are you tired?","ctx":"Interrogatives exercise","p":1},{"o":"𐓡͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓨͘𐓤𐓘𐓮𐓘 𐓜𐓘𐓰͘𐓨͘𐓻𐓣","a":"","e":"I haven't drank coffee today","ctx":"Interrogatives exercise — reply","p":1},{"o":"𐓰𐓣𐓵𐓟 𐓵𐓚𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"You've been gossiping","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — moving","p":11},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓪𐓷𐓪͘𐓘͘𐓡𐓟","a":"","e":"Today, I've been busy","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — moving","p":11},{"o":"𐓣𐓵𐓣𐓸𐓪𐓬𐓟 𐓵𐓚𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"You've been lying","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — moving","p":11},{"o":"𐓟𐓥𐓣𐓨𐓘͘𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"","e":"I am getting ready to do it","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — standing","p":13},{"o":"𐓪𐓷𐓣́𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"","e":"I am talking to you","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — standing","p":13},{"o":"𐓪𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓪͘𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"You are cooking","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — standing","p":13},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓜𐓣𐓰𐓘͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I am working","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — sitting","p":15},{"o":"𐓡𐓘𐓤𐓪͘𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"What's the matter?","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — sitting","p":15},{"o":"𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓺𐓘͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I am balling him out","ctx":"Continuative Aspect Markers — sitting","p":15},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓤𐓘𐓹𐓟 𐓵𐓣̄͘𐓤𐓟́ 𐓰𐓘͘, 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓶́𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓣͘𐓱𐓘 𐓤𐓸𐓘","a":"","e":"Next Saturday, it will be snowing","ctx":"Time — future tense with days","p":11},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓲𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓰𐓘͘, 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓳𐓟","a":"","e":"Next Tuesday, it will be cold","ctx":"Time — future tense with days","p":12},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓘͘𐓧𐓟 𐓲𐓣, 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣𐓰𐓘͘𐓬𐓘𐓩𐓘𐓬𐓟","a":"","e":"Last Sunday, it rained","ctx":"Time — past tense with days","p":14},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟𐓵𐓘𐓜𐓣͘𐓲𐓣, 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓣𐓟 𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓪͘𐓺𐓟","a":"","e":"Last Thursday, I taught Osage language","ctx":"Time — past tense with days","p":14},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓟𐓵𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓲𐓣, 𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘͘𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓜𐓟̋","a":"","e":"Last Friday, I went to the dentist","ctx":"Time — past tense with days","p":14},{"o":"𐓬𐓟𐓰𐓘͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓣𐓬𐓟","a":"","e":"We have made it to spring time","ctx":"Motion verbs — to there","p":15},{"o":"𐓵𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘, 𐓬𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"Good, I will be there.","ctx":"Motion verbs — reply to an invite","p":15},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓣͘𐓪𐓵𐓶𐓲'𐓘𐓤𐓟 𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"You've gotten real lazy","ctx":"Motion verbs — to there","p":15},{"o":"𐓭𐓘́𐓺𐓟 𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓪͘𐓘̋𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I will be home before the evening","ctx":"Motion verbs — to there","p":15},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"We are home!","ctx":"Motion verbs — to there (dual)","p":15},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓣 𐓡𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓻𐓣𐓬𐓟?","a":"","e":"Why didn't you all come home last night?","ctx":"Motion verbs — to there","p":15},{"o":"𐓪́𐓷𐓟 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓪͘𐓜𐓘","a":"","e":"I want to go to the grocery store","ctx":"Motion verbs — going there","p":17},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟 𐓴𐓟","a":"","e":"Let's go to the store","ctx":"Motion verbs — going there","p":17},{"o":"𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́𐓤𐓣 𐓯𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"Where are you going?","ctx":"Motion verbs — going there","p":17},{"o":"𐓘́𐓧𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I'm going to head home","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning there","p":17},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓘͘𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"When will you go home?","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning there","p":17},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓧𐓟 𐓰𐓙","a":"","e":"Let's go home!","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning there (leaving work early)","p":17},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓟̋𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓪͘𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"Why are you still here?","ctx":"Interrogatives — why","p":17},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 Noah 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓮𐓘 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟?","a":"","e":"Why does Noah always drink coffee?","ctx":"Interrogatives — why","p":18},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓨𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣͘𐓵𐓘͘𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"Why are you walking?","ctx":"Interrogatives — why","p":19},{"o":"𐓪𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓘͘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣𐓰𐓘͘𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"Are you gonna close that window?","ctx":"Classroom commands — close/open","p":1},{"o":"𐓪𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓘͘𐓬𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣𐓰𐓘͘𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘","a":"","e":"You ought to close the window","ctx":"Classroom commands — close/open","p":1},{"o":"𐓳𐓣𐓻𐓟́𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣𐓰𐓘͘𐓥𐓪͘𐓜𐓘","a":"","e":"I would like you to close the door","ctx":"Classroom commands — close/open","p":1},{"o":"𐓘𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓹𐓘","a":"","e":"Turn on the lights!","ctx":"Classroom commands — lights","p":1},{"o":"𐓘𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓘͘𐓵𐓶𐓰𐓘𐓻𐓣","a":"","e":"Turn off the lights!","ctx":"Classroom commands — lights","p":1},{"o":"𐓨𐓘́͘𐓺𐓟 𐓪𐓤𐓣𐓤𐓣𐓟 𐓵𐓶̄𐓰𐓘̋𐓻𐓣 𐓬𐓣!","a":"","e":"Everybody turn off your phones!","ctx":"Classroom commands — phones","p":1},{"o":"𐓨𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓮𐓘 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"Are you gonna make it to the coffee shop?","ctx":"Motion verbs — arriving","p":1},{"o":"𐓡𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟, 𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟.","a":"","e":"No, I am not going to make it. I am sick.","ctx":"Motion verbs — arriving (reply)","p":1},{"o":"𐓷𐓘͘𐓤𐓪͘𐓘̋𐓧𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I will be right back","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning here","p":1},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓘͘𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"When will you return?","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning here","p":1},{"o":"𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́𐓤𐓣 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"Where are you?","ctx":"Motion verbs — location","p":1},{"o":"𐓬𐓯𐓶́ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I'm coming to you, where you are","ctx":"Motion verbs — coming to","p":1},{"o":"𐓰𐓘𐓰𐓘͘𐓷𐓣͘𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓶 𐓤𐓪͘𐓜𐓘","a":"","e":"I want you to bring something back for me","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning here","p":1},{"o":"𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓫́, 𐓨𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓮𐓘 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓬𐓯𐓣́","a":"","e":"Yesterday I went to the coffee shop","ctx":"Motion verbs — going there (past)","p":2},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟, 𐓡𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓰𐓘̄𐓬𐓪́𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓯𐓣𐓻𐓣?","a":"","e":"Why didn't you go to school today?","ctx":"Motion verbs — going there","p":2},{"o":"𐓰𐓘𐓮𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘𐓷𐓘͘𐓤𐓣 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟, 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪͘𐓨𐓘͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I'm going to Tulsa, and then I'm going to go to the bank","ctx":"Motion verbs — complex sentence with conjunction","p":2},{"o":"𐓭𐓘́𐓺𐓟 𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓪͘𐓘̋𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I'll be back home before the evening","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning there","p":2},{"o":"𐓨𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓮𐓘 𐓜𐓘𐓰𐓘͘","a":"","e":"I drank coffee","ctx":"Tense — past","p":4},{"o":"𐓨𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓮𐓘 𐓜𐓘𐓰𐓘͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I am drinking coffee","ctx":"Tense — present","p":4},{"o":"𐓨𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓮𐓘 𐓜𐓘𐓰𐓘͘𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I will be drinking coffee","ctx":"Tense — future","p":4},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓩𐓣𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓨𐓣̋͘𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓯𐓘́𐓭𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟","a":"","e":"Osages always dance in June","ctx":"Cultural — habitual action","p":7},{"o":"Preston 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣𐓰𐓘͘𐓣𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓣𐓬𐓣𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘","a":"","e":"Preston's car is always breaking down on him","ctx":"Habitual action — stative","p":7},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓣𐓟 𐓯𐓪͘𐓯𐓪͘𐓷𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓥𐓪͘𐓜𐓘","a":"","e":"I want this Osage language to go on forever","ctx":"Cultural — language preservation","p":6},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓣𐓟 𐓟𐓩𐓘͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓪𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓴𐓟","a":"","e":"Let's just talk Osage","ctx":"Cultural — language use","p":9},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓬𐓘̄𐓯𐓟́?","a":"","e":"When are you all gonna come back?","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning here","p":8},{"o":"𐓤𐓘̄𐓮𐓣́͘𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓪𐓰𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓰𐓘͘𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓧𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́𐓵𐓟","a":"","e":"We will be back on the day after tomorrow","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning here (future)","p":8},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘𐓟𐓩𐓘͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓵𐓪𐓰𐓘͘𐓵𐓣𐓯𐓰𐓘͘𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓧𐓣 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓘𐓩𐓘͘","a":"","e":"It is very good that we have returned here this afternoon","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning here","p":8},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓵𐓟𐓤𐓪͘𐓲𐓣𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓘̋𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓟𐓵𐓘𐓪","a":"","e":"Today, right now, I have indeed returned here","ctx":"Motion verbs — returning here (emphatic)","p":8},{"o":"𐓷𐓣𐓟 𐓣𐓟 𐓪𐓘𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓯𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I keep my word","ctx":"Verbs — to follow/believe","p":6},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́𐓺𐓟 𐓮𐓘𐓭𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓟 𐓪𐓘𐓬𐓯𐓟 𐓘̄͘𐓡𐓟́","a":"","e":"I live in accordance to the Bible","ctx":"Verbs — to follow/believe","p":6},{"o":"𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣́𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 𐓰𐓘𐓰𐓘͘𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘𐓵𐓪͘𐓸𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘","a":"","e":"My younger brother is always asking me things","ctx":"Habitual action","p":6},{"o":"Carolyn 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓣𐓟 𐓣𐓵𐓪͘𐓸𐓟 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","a":"","e":"Carolyn is always asking about Osage words","ctx":"Habitual action","p":5},{"o":"𐓭𐓘́𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓟 𐓰𐓘𐓰𐓘͘𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓪͘𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"","e":"This evening, what do you want to eat?","ctx":"Interrogatives — what","p":11},{"o":"𐓡𐓘𐓩𐓘͘𐓨𐓘͘𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣͘𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"How much money do you have?","ctx":"Interrogatives — how much","p":11},{"o":"𐓰𐓘𐓮𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘𐓷𐓘͘𐓤𐓣 𐓡𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓜𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"How long will it take me to go to Tulsa?","ctx":"Interrogatives — how long","p":11},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓲𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣?","a":"","e":"When did you get here?","ctx":"Interrogatives — when (past)","p":11},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̄𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘𐓰𐓘 𐓵𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓚𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"When will you come back?","ctx":"Interrogatives — when (future)","p":11},{"o":"𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘?","a":"","e":"Who all is going to come?","ctx":"Interrogatives — who","p":12},{"o":"𐓡𐓘𐓤𐓪͘𐓵𐓚𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"How have things been?","ctx":"Interrogatives — how (greeting)","p":12},{"o":"𐓰𐓘𐓮𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘𐓷𐓘͘𐓤𐓣 𐓡𐓘̋𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓟?","a":"","e":"Why did you go to Tulsa?","ctx":"Interrogatives — why","p":12},{"o":"𐓰𐓘𐓮𐓣𐓧𐓟 𐓰𐓘͘𐓷𐓘͘𐓤𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I am shopping in Tulsa","ctx":"Locative — in/at a place","p":12},{"o":"𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́𐓤𐓣 𐓯𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓪͘𐓯𐓰𐓘?","a":"","e":"Where do you wanna go today?","ctx":"Interrogatives — where","p":12},{"o":"𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓪𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓣𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟?","a":"","e":"Who are you talking to?","ctx":"Interrogatives — who","p":13},{"o":"𐓨𐓣͘𐓘𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓘𐓩𐓘͘𐓴𐓟?","a":"","e":"What time is it?","ctx":"Time — clock","p":10},{"o":"𐓪𐓘𐓨𐓣͘","a":"","e":"I hit it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person, vowel-initial","p":7},{"o":"𐓪𐓵𐓘𐓨𐓣͘","a":"","e":"You hit it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person, vowel-initial","p":7},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓪𐓨𐓣͘","a":"","e":"We hit it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st plural, vowel-initial","p":7},{"o":"𐓘𐓩𐓘͘𐓤'𐓪͘","a":"","e":"I hear it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person, consonant-initial","p":8},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘͘𐓤'𐓪͘","a":"","e":"You hear it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person, consonant-initial","p":8},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘𐓤'𐓪͘","a":"","e":"We hear it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st plural, consonant-initial","p":8},{"o":"𐓪̄𐓘́𐓻𐓶","a":"","e":"I pour it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person, vowel-initial","p":9},{"o":"𐓪𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓶","a":"","e":"You pour it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person, vowel-initial","p":9},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓪𐓻𐓶","a":"","e":"We pour it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st plural, vowel-initial","p":9},{"o":"𐓘𐓤'𐓟́","a":"","e":"I dug it up","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person, vowel-initial","p":10},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓤'𐓟","a":"","e":"You dug it up","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person, vowel-initial","p":10},{"o":"𐓘𐓤'𐓟́","a":"","e":"We dug it up","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st plural, vowel-initial","p":10},{"o":"𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"I dance","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person, w-initial","p":14},{"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"You dance","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person, w-initial","p":14},{"o":"𐓘̋𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I climb","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person, a-initial (stress shift)","p":18},{"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"You climb","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person, a-initial","p":18},{"o":"𐓘̋𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓤𐓟","a":"","e":"I tied a knot","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person, a-initial (stress shift)","p":19},{"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓤𐓟","a":"","e":"You tied a knot","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person, a-initial","p":19},{"o":"𐓜𐓣𐓯𐓵𐓘͘","a":"","e":"I am finished","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person","p":25},{"o":"𐓯𐓲𐓣𐓯𐓵𐓘͘","a":"","e":"You are finished","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person","p":25},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓵𐓣𐓯𐓵𐓘͘","a":"","e":"We are finished","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st plural","p":25},{"o":"𐓜𐓶𐓷𐓣͘","a":"","e":"I buy something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person","p":26},{"o":"𐓯𐓲𐓶𐓷𐓣͘","a":"","e":"You buy something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person","p":26},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘","a":"","e":"We buy something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st plural","p":26},{"o":"𐓜𐓣𐓬𐓪͘","a":"","e":"I broke something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person","p":27},{"o":"𐓯𐓲𐓣𐓬𐓪͘","a":"","e":"You broke something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person","p":27},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓵𐓣𐓬𐓪͘","a":"","e":"We broke something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st plural","p":27},{"o":"𐓜𐓶𐓲𐓟","a":"","e":"I take something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person","p":28},{"o":"𐓯𐓲𐓶̋𐓲𐓟","a":"","e":"You take something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person","p":28},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓵𐓶𐓲𐓟","a":"","e":"We take something","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st plural","p":28},{"o":"𐓜𐓘𐓵𐓘͘","a":"","e":"I drink","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person, ða-initial (šca rule)","p":30},{"o":"𐓯𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓘͘","a":"","e":"You drink","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person, ða-initial (šca rule)","p":30},{"o":"𐓜𐓘𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"I eat","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person, ða-initial","p":31},{"o":"𐓯𐓵𐓘𐓯𐓟","a":"","e":"You eat","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person, ða-initial (šca rule)","p":31},{"o":"𐓜𐓘𐓤'𐓣͘","a":"","e":"I spit","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person, ða-initial","p":32},{"o":"𐓯𐓵𐓘𐓤'𐓣͘","a":"","e":"You spit","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person, ða-initial (šca rule)","p":32},{"o":"𐓜𐓣𐓰𐓘͘","a":"","e":"I touched it","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person","p":1},{"o":"𐓯𐓲𐓣𐓰𐓘͘","a":"","e":"You touched it","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person","p":1},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓵𐓣𐓰𐓘͘","a":"","e":"We touched it","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st plural","p":1},{"o":"𐓜𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","a":"","e":"I stopped eating","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st person (cease eating/talking)","p":1},{"o":"𐓯𐓰𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","a":"","e":"You stopped eating","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 2nd person (cease eating/talking)","p":1},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓵𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓘͘","a":"","e":"We stopped eating","ctx":"Brush verb conjugation — 1st plural (cease eating/talking)","p":1},{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟","a":"","e":"I saw it","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st person","p":7},{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓵𐓟","a":"","e":"You saw it","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 2nd person","p":7},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘𐓵𐓟","a":"","e":"We saw it","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st plural","p":7},{"o":"𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓸𐓪𐓬𐓟","a":"","e":"I lied","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st person (to tell lies)","p":8},{"o":"𐓣́𐓵𐓘𐓸𐓪𐓬𐓟","a":"","e":"You lied","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 2nd person (to tell lies)","p":8},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘𐓸𐓪𐓬𐓟","a":"","e":"We lied","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st plural (to tell lies)","p":8},{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓸𐓘","a":"","e":"I laughed","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st person (to laugh)","p":9},{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓸𐓘","a":"","e":"You laughed","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 2nd person (to laugh)","p":9},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘𐓸𐓘","a":"","e":"We laughed","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st plural (to laugh)","p":9},{"o":"𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓮𐓣","a":"","e":"I hate","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st person (to hate/dislike)","p":10},{"o":"𐓣́𐓵𐓘𐓮𐓣","a":"","e":"You hate","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 2nd person (to hate/dislike)","p":10},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓩𐓘͘𐓮𐓣","a":"","e":"We hate","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st plural (to hate/dislike)","p":10},{"o":"𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓟","a":"","e":"I awoke","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st person (to wake up)","p":13},{"o":"𐓣́𐓵𐓘𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓟","a":"","e":"You awoke","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 2nd person (to wake up)","p":13},{"o":"𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓻𐓪𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"I forbid","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st person (to forbid/prohibit)","p":14},{"o":"𐓣̄𐓵𐓘́𐓻𐓪𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"You forbid","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 2nd person (to forbid/prohibit)","p":14},{"o":"𐓣𐓵𐓘́𐓩𐓘͘𐓡𐓣","a":"","e":"I agree","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 1st person (to agree)","p":14},{"o":"𐓣́𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘͘𐓡𐓣","a":"","e":"You agree","ctx":"E-verb conjugation — 2nd person (to agree)","p":14},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓣","a":"","e":"I went there","ctx":"Motion verb — going there, 1st person","p":6},{"o":"𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"You went there","ctx":"Motion verb — going there, 2nd person","p":6},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"I arrived home","ctx":"Motion verb — returning there (home), 1st person","p":7},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣","a":"","e":"You arrived home","ctx":"Motion verb — returning there (home), 2nd person","p":7},{"o":"𐓜𐓟̋","a":"","e":"I'm going there","ctx":"Motion verb — going there (underway), 1st person","p":8},{"o":"𐓯𐓲𐓟","a":"","e":"You're going there","ctx":"Motion verb — going there (underway), 2nd person","p":8},{"o":"𐓘́𐓧𐓟","a":"","e":"I'm returning there (going home)","ctx":"Motion verb — returning there (underway), 1st person","p":9},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓟̋","a":"","e":"You're returning there (going home)","ctx":"Motion verb — returning there (underway), 2nd person","p":9},{"o":"𐓬𐓯𐓣́","a":"","e":"I've arrived there","ctx":"Motion verb — arrive there (complete), 1st person","p":11},{"o":"𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́","a":"","e":"I've returned there","ctx":"Motion verb — return there (complete), 1st person","p":12},{"o":"𐓪𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓘͘","a":"","e":"I take care of it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person (to take care of)","p":1},{"o":"𐓪𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓘͘","a":"","e":"You take care of it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person (to take care of)","p":1},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓪𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓘͘","a":"","e":"We take care of it","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st plural (to take care of)","p":1},{"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓟𐓲𐓣͘","a":"","e":"I sneezed","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st person (to sneeze)","p":1},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓟𐓲𐓣͘","a":"","e":"You sneezed","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 2nd person (to sneeze)","p":1},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓡𐓟𐓲𐓣͘","a":"","e":"We sneezed","ctx":"Regular verb conjugation — 1st plural (to sneeze)","p":1},{"o":"𐓘̋𐓧𐓣̄͘","a":"","e":"I returned here","ctx":"Motion verb — returning here, 1st person","p":8},{"o":"𐓵𐓘́𐓧𐓣͘","a":"","e":"You returned here","ctx":"Motion verb — returning here, 2nd person","p":8},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓧𐓣","a":"","e":"We returned here","ctx":"Motion verb — returning here, 1st dual","p":8},{"o":"𐓘𐓴𐓣́","a":"","e":"I arrived here","ctx":"Motion verb — arriving here, 1st person","p":9},{"o":"𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣","a":"","e":"You arrived here","ctx":"Motion verb — arriving here, 2nd person","p":9},{"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓴𐓣","a":"","e":"We arrived here","ctx":"Motion verb — arriving here, 1st plural","p":9}],"dialogues":[{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , Mary 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́ ͘𐓟."},{"spk":"šį́mįžį","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"a":"hawé, Mary žáže abrį́e"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"o":"John 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘  ."},{"spk":"šį́tožį","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"a":"John žáže abrį́"},{"spk":"Boy","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"e":"My name is John."},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"o":"𐓂𐓷𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘."},{"spk":"šį́mįžį","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"a":"owíhkie ðáalį akxa"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓣̄ 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"šį́tožį","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"a":"howé iiwíðe hta mįkšé"},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"o":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓣́ 𐓟?"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ?"},{"spk":"šį́tožį","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"a":"hawé tąhé"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"o":"𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"šį́mįžį","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"a":"tąhé"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"o":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ?"},{"spk":"šį́tožį","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"a":"háakǫ ðaašé"},{"spk":"Boy","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"e":"How are you doing?"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"o":"𐒷𐓱𐓘́ ͘, 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"šį́mįžį","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"a":"ehtą́, wálį ǫ́wǫ ąhé"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣́͘ , 𐓣̋ 𐓩𐓪̄ ͘𐓭𐓘!"},{"spk":"šį́tožį","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"a":"wiškį́, íinǫǫhpa"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"o":"𐒷́ 𐓤𐓪͘."},{"spk":"šį́mįžį","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":30,"a":"ékǫ"},{"spk":"Aspect","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":22,"e":"the way an event unfolds in time"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"o":"𐓉𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟̄ 𐓉𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓪𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄ ͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .\t \u0007šį́mįžį: htaasílee htą́wą áška ci","a":"𐓉𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟̄ 𐓉𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓪𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄ ͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .\t \u0007šį́mįžį: htaasílee htą́wą áška ci"},{"spk":"Girl","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"e":"I live near Tulsa."},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"o":"𐓅𐓪́͘ 𐓥𐓘 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓪𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"šį́tožį","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"a":"hpǫ́hka htą́wą oálįį mįkšé"},{"spk":"Boy","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"e":"I live in Ponca City."},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟."},{"spk":"šį́mįžį","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"a":"wažáže brį́e"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣́ , 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 name 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ ."},{"spk":"šį́tožį","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"a":"wiškí wažáže žaže name abrį́"},{"spk":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"o":"𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 name 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟."},{"spk":"šį́mįžį","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"a":"wažáže žaže name abrį́e"},{"spk":"Girl","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":39,"e":"My Osage name is name."},{"spk":"Example","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":36,"o":"𐓪̋ 𐓻u 𐓺𐓣́ [óožu zí] yellow bowl","a":"𐓪̋ 𐓻u 𐓺𐓣́ [óožu zí] yellow bowl"},{"spk":"𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟! 𐒼𐓶𐓪́͘ !"},{"spk":"iðáce","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"a":"wižį́ke kuǫ́"},{"spk":"𐒻𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓟","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , 𐒻͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣. 𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓴𐓣́ 𐓴𐓟."},{"spk":"ižįke","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"a":"hawé įhtáci ðáalį ðachí che"},{"spk":"𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"o":"𐓍𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓴𐓣 𐓵𐓟?"},{"spk":"iðáce","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"a":"ðiihǫ́ chi ðe"},{"spk":"𐒻𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓟","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ . 𐒻̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓴𐓣 𐓴𐓟."},{"spk":"ižįke","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"a":"howé iiną́ apa chi che"},{"spk":"𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘."},{"spk":"iðáce","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"a":"ðáalį"},{"spk":"Adding a place","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":40,"o":"using the location words 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [įkší], 𐓲𐓣 [ci], 𐓤𐓣 [ki],","a":"using the location words 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [įkší], 𐓲𐓣 [ci], 𐓤𐓣 [ki],"},{"spk":"the number second","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":46,"o":"𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ [šǫ́ke ðǫǫpá] or 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ [ilǫ́ežį ðáabri].","a":"𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ [šǫ́ke ðǫǫpá] or 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ [ilǫ́ežį ðáabri]."},{"spk":"Speaker B","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":58,"o":"𐓀𐓘̄͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":58,"o":"𐓁𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶, 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"Speaker B","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":58,"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪͘!"},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":58,"o":"𐓊𐓟 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪͘!"},{"spk":"at two common verbs","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":51,"o":"𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run and 𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 [žį́įhe] sleep.","a":"𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run and 𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 [žį́įhe] sleep."},{"spk":"iihǫ́","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":67,"a":"paahą́pi"},{"spk":"𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":67,"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓣́ 𐓡𐓣 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣."},{"spk":"iðáce","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":67,"a":"howé wacúe tazíhi hpáaxe ški"},{"spk":"ilǫ́ǫhpa","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":67,"a":"wíe ékimǫ"},{"spk":"Eldest son","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":67,"e":"I will do it."},{"spk":"iihǫ́","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":67,"a":"óohǫ ðiištą́"},{"spk":"Mother","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":67,"e":"The cooking is finished."},{"spk":"longer form","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":66,"o":"𐓩𐓣́͘ 𐓟 [nį́e].","a":"𐓩𐓣́͘ 𐓟 [nį́e]."},{"spk":"1.\t A","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓙."},{"spk":"2.\t B","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓚́ , 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"3.\t C","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓈𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . . . . 𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ ."},{"spk":"4.\t D","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘."},{"spk":"5.\t C","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓂̄ 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓻𐓶 𐓳𐓟. 𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓻𐓘̄͘ 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘?"},{"spk":"6.\t A","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓭𐓘 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘."},{"spk":"7.\t B","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓅𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"8.\t D","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘. 𐓻𐓘̄͘ 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤’𐓶́ ."},{"spk":"9.\t C","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 𐓟̋ 𐓩𐓘 𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓱𐓘͘."},{"spk":"10.\t A","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘."},{"spk":"6.\t A","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"e":"This coffee is really strong."},{"spk":"7.\t B","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"e":"I want some cream."},{"spk":"8.\t D","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"e":"I like sweet coffee. Give me some sugar."},{"spk":"9.\t C","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"e":"I only drink mine black."},{"spk":"10.\t A","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":79,"e":"The coffee is good."},{"spk":"person plural subjects","ch":"the Future Marker","p":75,"o":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] and 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ [ąkatxą́].","a":"𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] and 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ [ąkatxą́]."},{"spk":"1.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ , 𐓭𐓘𐓮𐓶́ 𐓪𐓧𐓣̋͘ 𐓣𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘?"},{"spk":"2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓘́͘ , 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓟̋ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘?"},{"spk":"3.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐓀𐓣̄͘ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘."},{"spk":"4.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐓏𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘?"},{"spk":"5.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓘́͘ , 𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ , 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘."},{"spk":"6.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓘, 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘𐓨𐓘͘𐓻𐓣."},{"spk":"7.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐒷𐓱𐓘́͘ , 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓘̄ ."},{"spk":"8.\t 𐒻𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓭𐓘","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘."},{"spk":"9.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘, 𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟, 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓭𐓶𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"3.\t Second daughter","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"e":"I want to go to the afternoon dance."},{"spk":"8.\t First son","ch":"the Future Marker","p":91,"e":"I want to dance tonight."},{"spk":"words listed here","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":93,"o":"𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] what?, 𐓬𐓟̋ [pée] who?, 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] where?, 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 [hówa]","a":"𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] what?, 𐓬𐓟̋ [pée] who?, 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] where?, 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 [hówa]"},{"spk":"2.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓣. 𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓭𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ ?"},{"spk":"3.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐓋𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓺𐓘͘𐓲𐓪́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓟?"},{"spk":"4.\t 𐒻́ 𐓧𐓪̄͘ 𐓭𐓘","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙?"},{"spk":"5.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐓉𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓲𐓶́ ."},{"spk":"6.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘!"},{"spk":"7.\t 𐒻́ 𐓧𐓪̄͘ 𐓭𐓘","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐓏𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘́ ͘𐓡𐓪̄ !"},{"spk":"8.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘?"},{"spk":"9.\t \u0007𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙. 𐓅𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘͘"},{"spk":"10.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"o":"𐒷̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓡𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓣."},{"spk":"4.\t First son","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"e":"What are they cooking?"},{"spk":"7.\t First son","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"e":"I really like that!"},{"spk":"8.\t Second daughter","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"e":"What time will we go?"},{"spk":"9.\t Mother","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"e":"When it’s 4:00, we will leave. Supper is at 5:00."},{"spk":"You-me","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":101,"e":"you (subject)—me (object)"},{"spk":"1.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐒼𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓏𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘."},{"spk":"2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓙."},{"spk":"3.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓴𐓟 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́ ."},{"spk":"4.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘, 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓸𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"5.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘."},{"spk":"6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟, 𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓸𐓲𐓟́ ?"},{"spk":"7.\t 𐒻𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓭𐓘","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓏𐓣́ 𐓟, 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓪͘."},{"spk":"8.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐒼𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓘͘, 𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓤’𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣?"},{"spk":"9.\t 𐒼𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓏𐓣́ 𐓟, 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓨𐓪͘."},{"spk":"10.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘, 𐓨𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟 𐓧𐓶̋ 𐓮𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓪."},{"spk":"11.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘͘","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓀𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟 𐓻𐓶̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓧𐓶̋ 𐓮𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓪."},{"spk":"12.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓀𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟 𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 𐓘𐓧𐓶̋ 𐓮𐓰𐓘𐓤𐓪."},{"spk":"13.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘. . . . 𐓘͘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘𐓬𐓟."},{"spk":"1.\t Grandma","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"e":"Tomorrow is Giveaway."},{"spk":"3.\t Grandma","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"e":"These are the blankets and shawls we are going to give away."},{"spk":"4.\t Father","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"e":"I also have some money and tobacco to put on the drum."},{"spk":"8.\t Grandma","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"e":"Tomorrow, who will carry the bundle?"},{"spk":"11.\t First daughter","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"e":"I have my red blanket ready."},{"spk":"12.\t Second daughter","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":118,"e":"I have my blue blanket ready."},{"spk":"2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":136,"o":"𐒰́ 𐓳𐓣𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓙."},{"spk":"3.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":136,"o":"𐓐𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟."},{"spk":"6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":136,"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"7.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":136,"o":"𐒹𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓘. 𐓏𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓘."},{"spk":"8.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":136,"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟."},{"spk":"9.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":136,"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘͘ 𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓶 𐓱𐓘."},{"spk":"8.\t Grandma","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":136,"e":"When Grandpa’s song ends we will gather together with our bundles."},{"spk":"root. There are three forms","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":129,"o":"𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] for second- and third-person subjects (you, he, she, it),","a":"𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] for second- and third-person subjects (you, he, she, it),"},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133,"o":"𐓈𐓪͘𐓬𐓘́ ! 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ . 𐒼𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘."},{"spk":"Speaker B","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133,"o":"𐓂́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓜𐓣́ ͘, 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133,"o":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣. 𐓂𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 𐓳𐓟."},{"spk":"Speaker B","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133,"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘. 𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓣."},{"spk":"1.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐓈𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐒻𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓪𐓭𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"2.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐒷́ 𐓤𐓪͘, 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘."},{"spk":"3.\t \u0007𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓺𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓴𐓟 𐓘͘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓡𐓣 𐓳𐓟, 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓻𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓧𐓘͘"},{"spk":"5.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘."},{"spk":"6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐓉𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟, 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓶́ 𐓯𐓤𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́ ."},{"spk":"7.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐓉𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́ , 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓻𐓪𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓰𐓪𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ ."},{"spk":"8.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓷𐓟̋ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"9.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘 𐓬𐓣 𐓴𐓟."},{"spk":"10.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"o":"𐒹𐓶̋ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓟, 𐓡𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓸𐓘, 𐓡𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓸𐓘 𐓮𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘. 𐒷̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"2.\t Father","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"e":"It is time."},{"spk":"6.\t Mother","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"e":"We will buy him a roach headdress and drop feathers too."},{"spk":"7.\t Father","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"e":"I have a roach spreader and some handkerchiefs."},{"spk":"9.\t Father","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"e":"She makes good ribbon work."},{"spk":"10.\t \u0007Mother","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":144,"e":"She is going to make leggings, breechcloth, and a tail piece for him."},{"spk":"Context","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":144,"e":"I see that my grandmother made coffee. Someone asks if I or my grandmother"},{"spk":"Context","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":144,"e":"We are at a gathering with a number of people, some of whom I don’t know."},{"spk":"Movement toward here","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":148,"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú], 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú], and the h-stem verb class","a":"𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú], 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú], and the h-stem verb class"},{"spk":"distinction","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":148,"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú] means come here while 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú] means come back here, so it could","a":"𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú] means come here while 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú] means come back here, so it could"},{"spk":"third-person are the same","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":149,"o":"𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú]. We distinguish them with the aspect marker. The first syl-","a":"𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú]. We distinguish them with the aspect marker. The first syl-"},{"spk":"Arrival here","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":150,"o":"𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] and 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [alí]","a":"𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] and 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ [alí]"},{"spk":"Movement toward there","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":151,"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ [aðée] and 𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ [alée]","a":"𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ [aðée] and 𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ [alée]"},{"spk":"Arrival there","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":153,"o":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ [ahí] and 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [akší]","a":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ [ahí] and 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ [akší]"},{"spk":"person forms","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":153,"o":"𐓬𐓯𐓣́ [pší] and 𐓯𐓣́ [ší]. If the verb is in completive aspect, speakers usually add","a":"𐓬𐓯𐓣́ [pší] and 𐓯𐓣́ [ší]. If the verb is in completive aspect, speakers usually add"},{"spk":"Bring here","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":154,"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶 [aðį́ahu], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶 [aðį́aku], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 [aðį́achi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣 [aðį́ali]","a":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶 [aðį́ahu], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶 [aðį́aku], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 [aðį́achi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣 [aðį́ali]"},{"spk":"Take there","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":156,"o":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟 [aðį́aðe], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓟 [aðį́ale], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣 [aðį́ahi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣 [aðíakši]","a":"𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟 [aðį́aðe], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓟 [aðį́ale], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣 [aðį́ahi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣 [aðíakši]"},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":157,"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓯𐓲𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?"},{"spk":"Speaker B","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":157,"o":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘? 𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?"},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":157,"o":"𐓁𐓣̄ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓥𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́ ͘𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓶."},{"spk":"Speaker B","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":157,"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ?"},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":157,"o":"𐓂́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓟."},{"spk":"1.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐒻́ 𐓳𐓣𐓤𐓪 𐓣́ 𐓥𐓶𐓘𐓲𐓣 𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓣𐓘𐓲’𐓣͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓤’𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"o":"𐒹𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓰𐓪̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘."},{"spk":"5.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"o":"𐓒𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓳𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓬’𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ , 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓵𐓣𐓧𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓤𐓣."},{"spk":"8.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟?"},{"spk":"11.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓪͘𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ ."},{"spk":"5.\t Father","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"e":"We will look for all new things."},{"spk":"6.\t Mother","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"e":"I will make his choker and bandoleros."},{"spk":"8.\t Father","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":169,"e":"Who will make the moccasins?"},{"spk":"Learn the difference","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":168,"o":"𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ [ažį́], 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 [ąži], 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži]","a":"𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ [ažį́], 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 [ąži], 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži]"},{"spk":"preaspirated","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":179,"o":"𐓭 [hp], 𐓱 [ht], 𐓥 [hk]."},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":182,"o":"𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘𐓧𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . 𐓏𐓘𐓮𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"Speaker B","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":182,"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ? 𐓂𐓘͘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"Speaker A","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":182,"o":"𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓰𐓪̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤𐓘 𐓜𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘."},{"spk":"Speaker B","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":182,"o":"𐒻𐓷𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓭𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"Notice the form for I cut","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","p":195,"o":"𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓟 [páase]. The pronoun 𐓘 [a] comes after the 𐓬𐓘́ [pá] instru-","a":"𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓟 [páase]. The pronoun 𐓘 [a] comes after the 𐓬𐓘́ [pá] instru-"},{"spk":"1.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ , 𐓰𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́ , 𐓱𐓘̄͘ 𐓰𐓘́͘ , 𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟́ —𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ?"},{"spk":"2.\t \u0007𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 1","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ . 𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘. 𐒿𐓪̄͘ 𐓡𐓪̋ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟"},{"spk":"3.\t \u0007𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 2","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"o":"𐓈𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́ 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ . 𐓈𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓨𐓘̄͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘. 𐒰́ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓯𐓤𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟"},{"spk":"4.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"o":"𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓘́ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?"},{"spk":"5.\t \u0007𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 3","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"o":"𐓉𐓘̄͘ 𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘 𐓥𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟. 𐒽𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ ."},{"spk":"6.\t \u0007𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟 4","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"o":"𐓏𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . 𐓄𐓘𐓵𐓟́ 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ . 𐓁𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ ."},{"spk":"Student","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"e":"I like spring. It rains a lot. I like listening to the thunder and looking at"},{"spk":"Student","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"e":"I like summer. School is out and it’s hot and sunny. I like to play outdoors"},{"spk":"Words that name quantity","ch":"More about Plurals","p":203,"o":"numbers, 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ [háaną], 𐓷𐓣͘ [wį], 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 [tóe],","a":"numbers, 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ [háaną], 𐓷𐓣͘ [wį], 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 [tóe],"},{"spk":"1.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"More about Plurals","p":221,"o":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘𐓴𐓟 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"6.\t 𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘","ch":"More about Plurals","p":221,"o":"𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓪̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘?"},{"spk":"7.\t \u0007𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"More about Plurals","p":221,"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓲𐓶́ , 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓟𐓧𐓣, 𐓮𐓶́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓧𐓟, 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓺𐓶 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟"},{"spk":"11.\t 𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘","ch":"More about Plurals","p":221,"o":"𐓄𐓟̋ 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓯𐓟?"},{"spk":"12.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"More about Plurals","p":221,"o":"𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓟𐓧𐓣, 𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓳𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"15.\t 𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘","ch":"More about Plurals","p":221,"o":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓚́ ."},{"spk":"16.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"More about Plurals","p":221,"o":"𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓺𐓶 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"6.\t Third daughter","ch":"More about Plurals","p":221,"e":"What does she want you to cook?"},{"spk":"11.\t Third daughter","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":213,"e":"Who are you going to ask to help?"},{"spk":"12.\t \u0007Second daughter","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":213,"e":"I am going to ask (older) sister to make the steam fry and green"},{"spk":"16. \t Second daughter","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":213,"o":"I will make the 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ and grape dumplings.","e":"I will make the 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ and grape dumplings."},{"spk":"1.\t𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"o":"𐓇𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓧𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ ."},{"spk":"2.\t𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"o":"𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓬𐓟."},{"spk":"3.\t𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"o":"𐒰́ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ . 𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓲𐓶́ 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ ."},{"spk":"5.\t𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"o":"𐓅𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟𐓱𐓪𐓡𐓪 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘, 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ ."},{"spk":"7.\t𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"o":"𐓀𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟?"},{"spk":"8.\t𐒰𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"o":"𐓈𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ."},{"spk":"9.\t𐓏𐓣𐓡𐓟́","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"o":"𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶𐓬𐓟, 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶 𐓪𐓤𐓶́ 𐓭𐓶 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙."},{"spk":"1.\tSecond daughter","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"e":"The handgame is almost finished."},{"spk":"2.\tThird daughter","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"e":"The girls have finished setting the tables."},{"spk":"5.\tThird daughter","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"o":"The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking.","e":"The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking."},{"spk":"9.\tSecond daughter","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":231,"e":"The cake is set on the table, and the pitchers are full."},{"spk":"Verbs for speaking","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":225,"o":"𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe], 𐓟̋ [ée], 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 [ékie], 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [óhkie],","a":"𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe], 𐓟̋ [ée], 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 [ékie], 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [óhkie],"},{"spk":"before 𐓬𐓟 [pe] is at work here","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":226,"o":"𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áa pe] is written as 𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áape].","a":"𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áa pe] is written as 𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓟 [áape]."},{"spk":"1.\t A","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"mąhkása tóe káaɣe htai"},{"spk":"2.\t B","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"ąhą́į mąhkása hkǫ́bra mįkšé"},{"spk":"3.\t C","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"tóe hpáaɣe hta mįkšé mąhkása oohǫ́ ðiištą́"},{"spk":"4.\t D","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"mąhkása oožú ðéka"},{"spk":"5.\t C","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"oowížu hce pée hpaazénii žąąníi kǫ́ða"},{"spk":"6.\t A","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"mąhkása akxa hpa wálį akxa"},{"spk":"7.\t B","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"hpaazénii tóe hkǫ́bra mįkšé"},{"spk":"8.\t D","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"mąhkása skúe ąðáalį žąąníi tóe ąk’ú"},{"spk":"9.\t C","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"mąhkása sápe éena bráahtą"},{"spk":"10.\t A","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"mąhkása ðáalį akxa"},{"spk":"6.\t A","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"e":"This coffee is really strong."},{"spk":"7.\t B","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"e":"I want some cream."},{"spk":"8.\t D","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"e":"I like sweet coffee. Give me some sugar."},{"spk":"9.\t C","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"e":"I only drink mine black."},{"spk":"10.\t A","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"e":"The coffee is good."},{"spk":"1.\t wihé","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"iihkó, hpasú olį́į ilǫ́ǫška ąkáðe hta"},{"spk":"2.\t iihkó","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":240,"a":"ąhą́ haatxą́ta šcée škǫ́šta"},{"spk":"3.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"mįįðǫ́hta ðiištą́ waachí brée hkǫ́bra"},{"spk":"4.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"wéhkilį okíhpaahą škǫ́šta"},{"spk":"5.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"ąhą́ iihkó wéhkilį okíhpaahą hkǫ́bra"},{"spk":"6.\t wak’óhpa","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"hą́ąhkaži wéhkilį okípąąhą hkǫ́bramąži"},{"spk":"7.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"ehtą́ haaskámį aðį́aðaa"},{"spk":"8.\t ilǫ́ohpa","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"hą́ąðe waachí hkǫ́bra"},{"spk":"9.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"ðáalį wižį́ke haaská ðíhta hpuštáha hta mįkšé"},{"spk":"3.\t Second daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"e":"I want to go to the afternoon dance."},{"spk":"8.\t First son","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"e":"I want to dance tonight."},{"spk":"2.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"nǫhpéąhi hową́įki hpáze wanǫ́bre ąðáache hta ąkatxą́"},{"spk":"3.\t wak’óhpa","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"hcíle ąkóhtapi zącólį céɣenii aðį́ ímą žówale ąwanǫ́bre hta ðe"},{"spk":"4.\t ílǫ́ǫhpa","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"táatą oohǫ́ apai"},{"spk":"5.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"htáa lįkó wacúe kaascú"},{"spk":"6.\t wak’óhpa","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"ðáalį"},{"spk":"7.\t ílǫ́ǫhpa","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"ą́hǫǫ"},{"spk":"8.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"mį́įoðaake háaną ąkáðe hta"},{"spk":"9.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"mį́įoðaake tóopa tą ąkáðe hta akxai hpáze wanǫ́bre mį́įoðaake sáhtą"},{"spk":"10.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"a":"éetxą háhahkiðapi"},{"spk":"4.\t First son","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"e":"What are they cooking?"},{"spk":"7.\t First son","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"e":"I really like that!"},{"spk":"8.\t Second daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"e":"What time will we go?"},{"spk":"9.\t Mother","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"e":"When it’s 4:00, we will leave. Supper is at 5:00."},{"spk":"1.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"kaasį́tą akxa waníðe hta"},{"spk":"2.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"wapáaxce ąkóhtapi ąkáaɣe htai"},{"spk":"3.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"haxį́ ðe che haaskámį ški níąðe hta ąkatxái"},{"spk":"4.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"wiškítą mą́zeska tóe nąnúhu ški céɣenii ažu abrį mįšké"},{"spk":"5.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"ðáalį hta akxa"},{"spk":"6.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"ðekǫ́oce pée waníðe paaxcé"},{"spk":"7.\t ilǫ́ǫhpa","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"wie ékimǫ"},{"spk":"8.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"kaasítą pée wapáaxce k’į́ahi"},{"spk":"9.\t kšǫ́ka","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"wíe ékimǫ"},{"spk":"10.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"šį́mįžį mį́waapaache lúustako"},{"spk":"11.\t wak’óhtą","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"mį́waapaache žúuce alúustako"},{"spk":"12.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"mį́waapaache htóho alúustako"},{"spk":"13.\t iihkǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"a":"ðáalį ąhkíliištąpe"},{"spk":"1.\t Grandma","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"e":"Tomorrow is Giveaway."},{"spk":"3.\t Grandma","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"e":"These are the blankets and shawls we are going to give away."},{"spk":"4.\t Father","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"e":"I also have some money and tobacco to put on the drum."},{"spk":"8.\t Grandma","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"e":"Tomorrow, who will carry the bundle?"},{"spk":"11.\t First daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"e":"I have my red blanket ready."},{"spk":"12.\t Second daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":233,"e":"I have my blue blanket ready."},{"spk":"2.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":234,"a":"áhcihtą kši ąkáðe htai"},{"spk":"3.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":234,"a":"xóhka apa waaðǫ́ ðǫ́ha éetxą pe"},{"spk":"6.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":234,"a":"íciko waaðǫ́ íhta ðǫ́ha éetxą ahí akxai"},{"spk":"7.\t wak’óhpa","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":234,"a":"háhahkiða wihcíko hcéka waachí tą ąkóðaha"},{"spk":"8.\t iihkó","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":234,"a":"ihcíko waaðǫ́ ðiištą́ tą wapáaxce ąkóhtapi ąhkíliiški hta ąkáðe"},{"spk":"9.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":234,"a":"ihcíko akxa íe tóe ékie kaðǫ́ žáže kípą áwawak’u hta"},{"spk":"8.\t Grandma","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"e":"When Grandpa’s song ends we will gather together with our bundles."},{"spk":"1.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"tookétą wižį́ke akxa ilǫ́ǫška ohpé hta akxai"},{"spk":"2.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"ékǫ éetxą́ ahí akxa"},{"spk":"3.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"táatą záani ąkáðį che ąpáahi hce kaðǫ́ táatąžiški ąðúwį waðílą ąhkíhkaaɣe"},{"spk":"5.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"ðáalį"},{"spk":"6.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"htaasį́įce wapúške ški ą́ðuwį hta ąkatxái"},{"spk":"7.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"htaasį́įce wahú haaléžowaake toe abrį́"},{"spk":"8.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"ihcími akxa wažáže wéehkilį kšíɣe hta akxai"},{"spk":"9.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"wapáache ðáalį káaɣa pi che"},{"spk":"10.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"a":"húuįke híðaxa húðaxe sce kšíɣe hta eená táatą ðáalį hta akxai"},{"spk":"2.\t Father","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"e":"It is time."},{"spk":"6.\t Mother","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"e":"We will buy him a roach headdress and drop feathers too."},{"spk":"7.\t Father","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"e":"I have a roach spreader and some handkerchiefs."},{"spk":"9.\t Father","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"e":"She makes good ribbon work."},{"spk":"10.\t Mother","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":235,"e":"She is going to make leggings, breechcloth, and a tail piece for him. There-"},{"spk":"1.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":236,"a":"wižį́ke akxa íhciko íhkuaci íhta niióhkiac’į ški k’įhta akxai"},{"spk":"2.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":236,"a":"haaská hcéka hkietǫ́ǫpa kǫ́ða akxa"},{"spk":"5.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":237,"a":"záani wahcéka ąkóhce hta ąðįkšé"},{"spk":"6.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":237,"a":"wanǫ́p’į akšíɣe hta mįkšé tóoce ðiláace ški"},{"spk":"8.\t iðáce","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":237,"a":"pée hǫǫpé káaɣe"},{"spk":"11.\t iihǫ́","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":237,"a":"wižį́ke íišupe áalǫðį ðįká"},{"spk":"5.\t Father","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":237,"e":"We will look for all new things."},{"spk":"6.\t Mother","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":237,"e":"I will make his choker and bandoleros."},{"spk":"8.\t Father","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":237,"e":"Who will make the moccasins?"},{"spk":"1.\t wakǫ́ze","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":238,"a":"pée tooké htąątą́ paðé hówa ðíhǫǫ paašé"},{"spk":"2.\t waðíopxaðe 1","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":238,"a":"pée ą́hǫǫ péetą níižu štą lǫǫhóohtą ánąk’ǫ kóe lǫ́ǫ waléze htǫ́pe"},{"spk":"3.\t waðíopxaðe 2","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":238,"a":"tooké ą́hǫǫ taapóska paną́ą kóe mąąšcé akxa ášihta aškáce ą́hǫǫ"},{"spk":"4.\t wakǫ́ze","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":238,"a":"hówa ðíhǫǫ nįkšé"},{"spk":"5.\t waðíopxaðe 3","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":238,"a":"htąątą́ žą́ąpe apa ohtáza hkíðe nąpe hką́ącenii taašcúce brį́brą ą́hǫǫ"},{"spk":"6.\t waðíopxaðe 4","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":238,"a":"wíe mįkšé paðé ą́hǫǫ níwahce éetxą kóe pahúðe ą́hǫǫ hąąská šooká"},{"spk":"Student","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":238,"e":"I like spring. It rains a lot. I like listening to the thunder and looking at"},{"spk":"Student","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":238,"e":"I like summer. School is out and it’s hot and sunny. I like to play out-"},{"spk":"1.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"a":"hą́ąpa wahkąhtáki ímąche wižį́ke iitáðape ékitxą akxai"},{"spk":"6.\t asį́ka","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"a":"táatą ooðáhą ðikǫ́ða"},{"spk":"7.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"a":"wacúe kaascú htáaweli súhka htaaníi wacúe sása žóle háazu wacúe ðubráaska"},{"spk":"11.\t asį́ka","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"a":"pée óhką hce éše"},{"spk":"12.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"a":"wižǫ́ą htáaweli hǫbrí˛ke htóho káaɣe hce épše hta mįkšé"},{"spk":"15.\t asį́ka","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"a":"ąhą́į"},{"spk":"16.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"a":"paašpú háazu wacúe ðubráaska hpáaɣe hta mįksé"},{"spk":"6.\t Third daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"e":"What does she want you to cook?"},{"spk":"11.\t Third daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"e":"Who are you going to ask to help?"},{"spk":"12.\t Second daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"e":"I am going to ask (older) sister to make the steam fry and green"},{"spk":"17.\t Second daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"e":"The girls are going to set the table."},{"spk":"1.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"a":"šáakeooląk’ǫ ðó˛ha ðiištą́"},{"spk":"2.\t asį́ka","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"a":"šį́mįžį apa hį́įce ážu ðiištą́ pe"},{"spk":"3.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"a":"ášihta tǫ́pe mąðį́ wižǫ́ke apa wacúe kaascú ðó˛ha oohǫ́ ðiištą́"},{"spk":"5.\t asį́ka","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"a":"hpéžehtoho ną́ɣeoožu ecí akxa kóe paašpú oohǫ́ ðiištą́"},{"spk":"7.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"a":"mąhkása ąkáaɣe"},{"spk":"8.\t asį́ka","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"a":"tóe hpáaɣe atxąhé"},{"spk":"9.\t wihé","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"a":"wacúe skúe áwanǫbre ážupe níioožu okúhpu akxai"},{"spk":"1.\t Second daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"e":"The handgame is almost finished."},{"spk":"2.\t Third daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"e":"The girls have finished setting the tables."},{"spk":"5.\t Third daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"o":"The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking.","e":"The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking."},{"spk":"9.\t Second daughter","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":240,"e":"The cake is set on the table, and the pitchers are full."},{"spk":"causatives","ch":"English-𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐒻́ 𐓟 Glossary","p":286,"a":"using ðe-­causative verbs, 213–15;"},{"spk":"instrumental prefixes","ch":"Index","p":278,"a":"definition of, 190–91; ðaa,"},{"spk":"verb classes","ch":"Index","p":279,"a":"a-­ða, 49, 51–52; br-­šc (brush),"}],"grammar":[{"name":"How to Use This Book","expl":"We have designed this book with three different groups in mind: teachers and their students, those who want (or need) to study Osage on their own, and linguists, particularly those who are interested in Native American languages. For teachers, we have designed a book with carefully ordered topics that lead quickly to knowing how pronounce Osage, how to create and understand full sentences, and how to read and write in the Osage alphabet. Our intent is to provide enough material for at least the equivalent of a two-semester college course. By adding supplementary material or by placing a strong focus on providing conversation and writing practice, we believe that our book can be used to provide three semesters of material, perhaps more. And by adjusting the pace of the course, it can also be used in high school or community classes. For teachers and students, especially those who are working on their own, we have done our utmost to frame our explanations in clear language, limiting our use of linguistic jargon whenever possible, and including numerous example sentences to help illustrate our points. Even those who skip the grammar can still learn a considerable amount of Osage from this book. A student could make great progress simply by practicing, memorizing, and minimally modifying the sentences that appear in each chapter. 6 Introduction Indeed, each chapter begins with a short dialogue or story that contains useful, natural language. They have been written by the authors who are Osage speakers with the aim of presenting commonly used language and providing small windows into their life experiences. Our intent is for students to memorize these passages without trying to analyze them. The example sentences within the chapter, on the other hand, are designed to illustrate the topics as we introduce them. At times we will encounter expressions, words, or grammar that won’t get explained until later. This is particularly true with the dialogues, which should be practiced and memorized, but not analyzed. While our book is designed to stand on its own, we believe that it will be most useful when used in collaboration with other existing books and resources for Osage. In particular, we have taken great care to make our book as consistent as possible with Carolyn Quintero’s Osage Dic- tionary. Without Carolyn Quintero’s Osage Dictionary and Osage Grammar, none of what we have done here would be possible. We strongly recommend using her dictionary as a supplement to our book, particularly in terms of building vocabulary, because it is a rich source of informa- tion and example sentences. Where possible, we have tried to make our spellings consistent with hers. (La Flesche’s 1932 work, A Dictionary of the Osage Language, may also be useful, though it has been subsumed and updated by Quintero’s work, and students would also have to master its particular system of spelling.) For linguists, our book provides a strong collection of empirical data as well as a solid introduction to the core principles of Osage grammar. While we have avoided the use of linguistic jargon to the fullest extent possible, the language we use should still be suitably descriptive for linguists to map our explanations to more technical ones. In a few places, we have added short notes at the end of the chapter for clarification. In addition, to make this work accessible to linguists who may not have the time to master the Osage alphabet, we have provided Americanist Phonetic Alphabet (APA) transcriptions for all the dialogues, example sentences, and words in the glossary. From the seventh chapter on, the APA for the dialogues has been moved to an appendix. We do not, however, provide interlinear glossing or a morpheme breakdown for our sentences, as that was viewed as too distracting and potentially off-putting for those who have not studied linguistics. A second appendix illustrates ten of the verb classes that we present in the book. Along these lines, one of our many goals is to teach the Osage alphabet. It is crucial to note that the Osage alphabet has ways of indicating where an accent falls, whether a vowel is long or short or nasal, and whether a consonant has an h-like sound preceding or following it. Knowing this information is absolutely critical to a language learner. Mistakes or omissions of any of these things can lead to saying something either incorrectly or incomprehensibly, or even saying something completely unintended. While native speakers, by virtue of knowing the language completely, could get by without all of these distinctions in their spelling system, language learners cannot. For this reason, we see their use as essential to any introductory materials for teaching Osage. When using the Osage alphabet, we follow the usual conventions for punctuation and capi- talization. Note that we do not do this when using the APA since punctuation and capitalization can change the intended sound for an APA symbol. All of the lexical words in our book appear in the glossary in their basic form. And all the words that appear in our example sentences appear in the vocabulary section at the end of each Introduction 7 chapter (and in the glossary). Grammatical words, however, present an entirely different prob- lem because they rarely map clearly or successfully to any words in English. For this reason, we have included most of the grammatical words in the index but not the glossary. We also need to acknowledge that some communities, families, and people have different words, turns of phrases, or ways of saying things. We respect all of them, though, for reasons of space we cannot include all the possible variations that exist. Cameron Pratt Stephanie Rapp Marcia Haag Dylan Herrick 𐓂𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [ohkíhkie] conversation 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , Mary 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́ ͘𐓟. šį́mįžį: hawé, Mary žáže abrį́e Girl: Hello, my name is Mary. 𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓟? táatą žáže ašcį́e What’s your name? 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ : \t John 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘  . šį́tožį: John žáže abrį́ Boy: My name is John. 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐓂𐓷𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘. šį́mįžį: owíhkie ðáalį akxa Girl: It’s good to talk to you. 𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟 𐓣̄ 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . walézeaace iiwíðe hta mįkšé See you in class! 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓣̄ 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . šį́tožį: howé iiwíðe hta mįkšé Boy: Yes, I will see you. We will start every chapter with a short dialogue or conversation. These dialogues are to be memorized and practiced, not analyzed. They will often have language that we have not yet explained, and the English we give may not match as precisely as in our examples. Some dia- logues will be followed by a short paragraph like this, and others will not. Here, note that Mary introduces herself before asking John’s name. For many Osage people, it would feel jarring to ask someone’s name without introducing yourself first. Another point is that the boy uses 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓟́ [howé] and 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ [abrį́], which is considered men’s speech. A woman would be more likely to use 𐓘̋͘ [ą́ą] or 𐓘͘𐓡𐓚́ [ąhą́į] instead of 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓟́ [howé] and 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟 [abrį́e] instead of 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ [abrį́].","ch":"Introduction","p":5,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Osage pronunciation","expl":"When we hear people talk, one of the first things we notice is their accent and dialect. Do they use different words from us (e.g., soda vs. pop)? Do they pronounce things differently (pie vs. CHAPTER 1","ch":"Introduction","p":17,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Writing and pronouncing Osage vowels","expl":"Osage has three different types of vowels: regular vowels, long vowels, and nasal vowels. In addition, vowels may be accented or unaccented. The best way to learn the Osage sounds is to imitate your teacher, an experienced Osage speaker, or recordings of the language. If that is not possible, the pronunciation guide presented here provides a solid introduction to the sounds of Osage and how to write them in the Osage Alphabet.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":9,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Regular vowels","expl":"The regular vowels are written and pronounced as follows: 𐒻 like the ea in heat, 𐓎 like the ou in soup, 𐒷 like the e in beg, 𐓂 like the o in hope, 𐒰 like the a in father, and 𐒱 like the i in hi. To get a sense of these sounds, try saying the English words heat or feet, soup or Susan, egg or eight, hope or go, father or nod, and hi or buy, and then repeating the underlined vowel sound. In the pronunciation guide below, the first column is labeled 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 [wažáže íe] Osage language, and it lists the uppercase and lowercase letters of the Osage alphabet. The second column, labeled sounds like, provides a rough approximation of the sound of the Osage letter. Sometimes there is no English equivalent, and in these cases, we have given a brief explana- tion after the pronunciation guide. The third column gives an Osage word that contains the Osage sound that we are looking at, and this word is written in the Osage alphabet and fol- lowed by an APA spelling. In each case, the sound in question is indicated in bold. The next column, English meaning, provides a rough, though not exact, meaning from English, and the last column contains the APA equivalent of the Osage letter. If possible, you should listen to recordings of these sounds or ask a skilled Osage speaker or teacher to pronounce these words for you.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":9,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Pronunciation guide for the regular vowels","expl":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟\t Sounds like 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 word\t English meaning APA 𐒻 𐓣 ea in heat 𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe] word [ i ] 10 Chapter 1 𐓎 𐓶 ou in soup 𐓸𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘 [xúða] eagle [ u ] 𐒷 𐓟 e in beg 𐓟́ 𐓰𐓘͘ [étą] therefore [ e ] 𐓂 𐓪 o in hope 𐓵𐓪́ 𐓵𐓪 [ðóðo] greasy [ o ] 𐒰 𐓘 a in father 𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘 [hápa] corn [ a ] 𐒱 𐓙 i in hi 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙́ [akxái] aspect (see chapter 2) [ ai ] Note that the bolded vowel in each of these examples is written with an accent mark ( ́ ) like the 𐓣́ in 𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe], to show that it is an accented vowel. We discuss accent marks in more detail below.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":9,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Long vowels","expl":"The next set of words illustrate the long vowels, which are written with the same basic letters as above, but include a length mark ( ̄ ) over the vowel. In Osage, the long vowels typically sound very similar to the regular vowels, but the length mark indicates that the vowel is pronounced for a longer amount of time than the regular vowel. This is different from English, where long and short vowels sound different, for example, in seed (long) and in said (short). The Osage long vowels are written as follows: 𐒻̄ like the e in he, 𐓎̄ like the ue in Sue, 𐒷̄ like the ey in they, 𐓂̄ like the o in so, and 𐒰̄ like the a in pa. If the vowel is both long and accented, as in 𐓥𐓟̋ [hkée] turtle, it is marked with a double accent mark ( ̋ ) instead of the length mark ( ̄ ). We will discuss vowels and accent marks more below. In English, we can hear something like regular and long vowels when we listen carefully to the vowels in words like seat and sea. In sea, the vowel is longer in duration than it is in seat. Try pronouncing the following words, but make sure to pronounce the vowels in bold for a longer duration.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":10,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Pronunciation guide for the long vowels","expl":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟\t Sounds like 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 word English meaning APA 𐒻̄ 𐓣̄ e in he 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́ [ðiihǫ́] your mother [ ii ] 𐓎̄ 𐓶̄ ue in Sue 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓻𐓘́ [ðuužá] wash [ uu ] 𐒷̄ 𐓟̄ ey in they 𐓳𐓟̄ 𐓡𐓣̋͘ [hceehį́į] yarn belt [ ee ] 𐓂̄ 𐓪̄ o in so 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ [oohǫ́] cook [ oo ] 𐒰̄ 𐓘̄ a in pa 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓸𐓪́ [paaxó] hill, mountain [ aa ]","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":10,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nasal vowels","expl":"Osage also has another group of vowels, called nasal vowels, and they can be either regular (short) or long. These vowels are similar to the sounds above, but they have a clear nasal twang and are written with a small dot ( ͘ ) and pronounced as follows: 𐒰͘ like the o in on or Tom, 𐒻͘ like the ee in seen or seem, 𐓂͘ like the o in tone or home, 𐒲 like the i in sign or time, and 𐓃 like the oi in coin or join. Again, these vowels can also use the marks for being accented or long. To help familiarize yourself with these sounds, try saying the English words and then repeating just the vowel sound. The Sounds and Spelling of Osage 11","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":10,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Pronunciation guide for the nasal vowels","expl":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟\t Sounds like 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 word English meaning APA 𐒻͘ 𐓣͘ ee in green 𐓨𐓣̋͘ [mį́į] sun [ į ] 𐓂͘ 𐓪͘ o in tone 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ [ðǫǫpá] two [ ǫ ] 𐒰͘ 𐓘͘ o in on 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 [hą́ąpa] day [ ą ] 𐒲 𐓚 i in sign 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [hową́įki] where? [ ąį ] 𐓃 𐓫 oi as in coin 𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓫́ [sitǫ́į] yesterday [ ǫį ] Nasal vowels, although they exist in English, are often tricky for us to hear and pronounce when we need to. Try practicing these sounds by repeating the words in the pronunciation guide. Exercise 1, at the end of this chapter, also gives some advice on how to get better at pronouncing the nasal vowels.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":11,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Spelling the Osage vowel sounds","expl":"Because Osage has regular, long, and nasal vowels, and because these vowels can be either accented or not accented, each vowel can be spelled a number of ways (sixteen ways, actu- ally, if we include both uppercase and lowercase letters). A vowel like 𐒻 can be regular and accented 𐒻́ , regular but not accented 𐒻, long and accented 𐒻̋ , long but not accented 𐒻̄ , nasal and accented 𐒻́͘ , nasal but not accented 𐒻͘, long nasal and accented 𐒻̋͘ , and finally, long nasal but not accented 𐒻̄͘ . This is summarized below for uppercase 𐒻. Note also that we have included the APA symbol for each spelling of 𐒻 in brackets, like this: [ i ]. Eight ways to spell 𐒻 Regular Long Accented 𐒻́ [ í ] 𐒻̋ [ íi ] Not accented 𐒻 [ i ] 𐒻̄ [ ii ] Nasal Long nasal Accented 𐒻́͘ [ į́ ] 𐒻̋͘ [ į́į ] Not accented 𐒻͘ [ į ] 𐒻̄͘ [ įį ] Not every vowel has this many spellings. For example, 𐒷 and 𐓎 are almost never spelled with the nasal dot, and 𐒲 and 𐓃 have the nasal dot built in.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":11,"cat":"general"},{"name":"More about writing accents, nasal vowels, and long vowels","expl":"This book views the Osage alphabet’s accent marks, nasal vowels, and long vowels as essential tools for studying Osage. While a native speaker knows intuitively how to pronounce each word, a learner does not. Thus, as students of the language, we must memorize how each vowel is pronounced, and the accent marks play a crucial role in allowing us to do this successfully. There are, however, two cases where we will not use accent marks. The first is with words that have only a single short vowel such as 𐓬𐓘 [pa] snow or 𐓺𐓣 [zi] yellow. The second is with 12 Chapter 1 commonly used short words that are needed for the grammar, such as 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] or 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] (discussed in chapter 2). You can read more about this in the notes at the end of this chapter.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":11,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Writing and pronouncing Osage consonants","expl":"Osage has many consonants, and several of them are very similar to English. In order to make this introduction a bit more manageable, we have broken the consonant sounds into four groups: m-n-l-w sounds, p-t-k sounds, s-z-h sounds, and combined sounds. Of these, the com- bined sounds are the most different from English, so we have left those for the end.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":12,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Pronunciation guide for group one consonants (m-n-l-w)","expl":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟\t Sounds like 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 word English meaning APA 𐓀 𐓨 m in me 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 [mį́įǫpa] moon [ m ] 𐓁 𐓩 n in neat 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ake] run [ n ] 𐒿 𐓧 l in leek 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ [lébrą] ten [ l ] 𐓏 𐓷 w in we 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́ ͘𐓺𐓟 [wakǫ́ze] teacher [ w ] The sounds m-n-l-w require little explanation. If you pronounce them as you do in English, you will be doing a very good job.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":12,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Pronunciation guide for group two consonants (p-t-k)","expl":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟\t Sounds like 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 word English meaning APA 𐓄 𐓬 p in spy 𐓬𐓘 [pa] snow [ p ] 𐓈 𐓰 t in sty 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 [tóopa] four [ t ] 𐒼 𐓤 k in sky 𐓤𐓘́ 𐓸𐓘 [káxa] creek [ k ] 𐒵 𐓝 ch in chip 𐓝𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 [čóopa] a small amount, few [ č ] 𐓊 𐓲 ts in its 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟 [céɣe] bucket, kettle, pot [ c ] 𐒴 𐓜 br in breeze 𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 [bráaska] flat [ br ] The p-t-k sounds are both easy and difficult at the same time. While they are similar to English sounds, they have been described as medial sounds, halfway between p~b, t~d, and k~g. Fortunately, the Osage alphabet provides a wonderful way to remind us of this. Look closely at the Osage letters. You can see that the p sound, 𐓄, actually looks like a combination of p and b. The same is true of the t and d sounds. The t sound, 𐓈, looks like a combination of a capital T and a capital D. The k sound, 𐒼, looks like a k that also has the descending hook part of a g. When we get to the ch [č] sound, 𐒵, you can almost see this as a combination of C and a curvy h (like the ch in chip). For the ts [c] sound, 𐓊, the top part looks like the Osage t sound, 𐓈, which has been combined with the mirror image of an S (and which sounds like the ts in its). Finally, the br sound, 𐒴, looks sort of like a combination of a b (or the Osage 𐓄) and R. We hope these images help you remember the Osage letters and their pronunciations. Now let’s move on to the group three sounds. The Sounds and Spelling of Osage 13","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":12,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Pronunciation guide for group three consonants (s-z-h)","expl":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟\t Sounds like 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 word English meaning APA 𐓍 𐓵 th in they 𐓵𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 [ðiðáce] your father [ ð ] 𐓆 𐓮 s in say 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 [sápe] black [ s ] 𐓒 𐓺 z in zoo 𐓺𐓣 [zi] yellow [ z ] 𐓇 𐓯 sh in shoe 𐓯𐓘́ 𐓭𐓟 [šáhpe] six [ š ] 𐓓 𐓻 g in beige 𐓻𐓣͘ / 𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [žį] / [žį́ka] little, small [ ž ] 𐓐 𐓸 (heavy h) 𐓸𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘 [xúða] eagle [ x ] 𐓑 𐓹 (soft g) 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟 [ną́ɣe] ice [ ɣ ] 𐒹 𐓡 h in hello 𐓡𐓘𐓷𐓟́ [hawé] hello [ h ] Among this third group, most of the sounds should be familiar to us, but there are three sounds that we need to discuss further. First, the letter 𐓵 sounds like the th in English words like the or they, but when we say this sound in English, the tip of the tongue sticks out just a bit beyond our teeth. In Osage, the tip of the tongue stays just behind the teeth. Second and third, the letters 𐓸 and 𐓹 are difficult to describe in terms of English. They are similar to a heavy h sound, but the tongue is almost the same shape as when we make a k or g sound, without touching the roof of the mouth. If you are familiar with Spanish, 𐓸 (heavy h) is very similar to Spanish j in caja (box), and 𐓹 (soft g) is very similar to Spanish g in hago (I do). Not all speak- ers make both 𐓸 and 𐓹, and many only use 𐓸. If you are in a class, ask your teacher to discuss and pronounce these sounds. You may also be able to find recordings online at websites for the Osage Language Program or the Sam Noble Museum of Natural History Native American Languages Archive. The final group of sounds are perhaps best thought of as sound combinations. The sounds p [p], t [t], k [k], and ts [c] combine with the sounds 𐓡 (the h [h] sound) and ( ’ ) (called a glot- tal stop). The glottal stop ( ’ ) is sort of like a “catch in the throat,” and it is heard in English in the middle of the word uh-oh (where the hyphen is). There are also some sequences of two Osage letters such as 𐓬𐓯 [pš] and 𐓬𐓸 [px]. These sound combinations take some practice to get used to, especially for native speakers of English. For these sounds, it is especially important to listen to a good speaker or to recordings.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":13,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Pronunciation guide for group four sounds (sound combinations)","expl":"𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟\t Sounds like 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 word English meaning APA 𐓅 𐓭 h + p 𐓯𐓘́ 𐓭𐓟 [šáhpe] six [ hp ] 𐓉 𐓱 h + t 𐓡𐓪̋ 𐓱𐓘͘ [hóohtą] animal noise, thunder [ ht ] 𐒽 𐓥 h + k 𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓥𐓘͘ [híihką] ankle [ hk ] 𐓋 𐓳 h + ts 𐓪𐓻𐓟́ 𐓳𐓣 [ožéhci] bathroom [ hc ] 𐓌 𐓴 ts + h 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ [achí] arrive here [ ch ] 𐓄’ 𐓬’ p + ’ 𐓪𐓬’𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [op’ą́ða] steam, fog on water [ p’ ] 𐒼’ 𐓤’ k + ’ 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ [wak’ó] woman [ k’ ] 𐓊’ 𐓲’ ts + ’ 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓲’𐓘 [wéc’a] snake [ c’ ] 𐓄𐓯 𐓬𐓯 p + sh 𐓬𐓯𐓘 [pša] pound it! [ pš ] 𐒼𐓯 𐓤𐓯 k + sh 𐓤𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [kšǫ́ka] second son [ kš ] 14 Chapter 1 𐓄𐓸 𐓬𐓸 p + heavy h 𐓬𐓸𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣 [pxáðaži] confused [ px ] 𐓈𐓸 𐓰𐓸 t + heavy h 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓡𐓘 [txą́ha] until, from [ tx ] 𐒼𐓸 𐓤𐓸 k + heavy h 𐓤𐓸𐓘́𐓻𐓣͘ [kxážį] third son [ kx ] The first four sounds can be made by pronouncing an h [h] and then saying the next sound (p [p], t [t], k [k], or ts [c]). If these sounds come at the beginning of a word, the h is often not heard. The fifth sound, 𐓴, is made by adding an h [h] sound after ts [c] (pronounced like ts plus h and not pronounced like t plus sh). The next three sounds are made by pronouncing a p [p], k [k], or ts [c] and then a “catch in the throat” or by making a “sharp beginning” to the next vowel sound. The sounds 𐓬𐓯 [pš] and 𐓤𐓯 [kš] are made by pronouncing a p [p] or a k [k] fol- lowed by sh [š], similar to the start of the word pshaw. Finally, the sounds 𐓬𐓸, 𐓰𐓸, and 𐓤𐓸 are made with a p [p], t [t], or k [k], followed by a loud or heavy h [h] sound. Again, if possible, try listening to and imitating the recordings or ask your teacher for help pronouncing these sounds. Quick guides to APA and 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 pronunciation For your convenience, here are two lists you can bookmark and return to as needed. The first is an alphabetized list of APA pronunciations along with the Osage letter that makes that sound. It does not include all APA sounds—just the ones that are used in this book. The second is a list of Osage letters and combinations with their pronunciations. This information is all found in previous sections in this chapter, but it is arranged here for easy reference. Remember, an apostrophe ( ’ ) indicates a glottal stop (like the hyphen in uh-oh).","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":13,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Quick guide to APA pronunciation","expl":"APA Sounds like 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 [ a ] a in father 𐒰 𐓘 [ aa ] a in pa 𐒰̄ 𐓘̄ [ ą ] o in on 𐒰͘ 𐓘͘ [ ai ] i in hi 𐒱 𐓙 [ ąį ] i in sign 𐒲 𐓚 [ br ] br in breeze 𐒴 𐓜 [ c ] ts in its 𐓊 𐓲 [ c’ ] ts + ’ 𐓊’ 𐓲’ [ ch ] ts + h 𐓌 𐓴 [ č ] ch in chip 𐒵 𐓝 [ ð ] th in they 𐓍 𐓵 [ e ] e in beg 𐒷 𐓟 [ ee ] ey in they 𐒷̄ 𐓟̄ [ h ] h in hello 𐒹 𐓡 [ hc ] h + ts 𐓋 𐓳 [ hk ] h + k 𐒽 𐓥 [ hp ] h + p 𐓅 𐓭 The Sounds and Spelling of Osage 15 [ ht ] h + t 𐓉 𐓱 [ i ] e in heat 𐒻 𐓣 [ ii ] e in he 𐒻̄ 𐓣̄ [ į ] ee in green 𐒻͘ 𐓣͘ [ k ] k in sky 𐒼 𐓤 [ k’ ] k + ’ 𐒼’ 𐓤’ [ kš ] k + sh 𐒼𐓯 𐓤𐓯 [ kx ] k + heavy h 𐒼𐓸 𐒼𐓸 [ l ] l in leek 𐒿 𐓧 [ m ] m in me 𐓀 𐓨 [ n ] n in neat 𐓁 𐓩 [ o ] o in hope 𐓂 𐓪 [ oo ] o in so 𐓂̄ 𐓪̄ [ ǫ ] o in tone 𐓂͘ 𐓪͘ [ ǫį ] oi as in coin 𐓃 𐓫 [ p ] p in spy 𐓄 𐓬 [ p’ ] p + ’ 𐓄’ 𐓬’ [ pš ] p + sh 𐓄𐓯 𐓬𐓯 [ px ] p + heavy h 𐓄𐓸 𐓬𐓸 [ s ] s in say 𐓆 𐓮 [ š ] sh in shoe 𐓇 𐓯 [ t ] t in sty 𐓈 𐓰 [ tx ] t + heavy h 𐓈𐓸 𐓰𐓸 [ u ] ou in soup 𐓎 𐓶 [ uu ] ue in Sue 𐓎̄ 𐓶̄ [ w ] w in we 𐓏 𐓷 [ x ] (heavy h) 𐓐 𐓸 [ ɣ ] (soft g) 𐓑 𐓹 [ z ] z in zoo 𐓒 𐓺 [ ž ] g in beige 𐓓 𐓻 Quick guide to 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 letters and combinations with pronunciation 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 APA Sounds like 𐒰 𐓘 [ a ] a in father 𐒰͘ 𐓘͘ [ ą ] o in on 𐒰̄ 𐓘̄ [ aa ] a in pa 𐒱 𐓙 [ ai ] i in hi 𐒲 𐓚 [ ąį ] i in sign 𐒴 𐓜 [ br ] br in breeze 𐒵 𐓝 [ č ] ch in chip 𐒷 𐓟 [ e ] e in beg 𐒷̄ 𐓟̄ [ ee ] ey in they 𐒹 𐓡 [ h ] h in hello 16 Chapter 1 𐒻 𐓣 [ i ] e in heat 𐒻͘ 𐓣͘ [ į ] ee in green 𐒻̄ 𐓣̄ [ ii ] e in he 𐒼 𐓤 [ k ] k in sky 𐒼’ 𐓤’ [ k’ ] k + ’ 𐒼𐓯 𐓤𐓯 [ kš ] k + sh 𐒼𐓸 𐒼𐓸 [ kx ] k + heavy h 𐒽 𐓥 [ hk ] h + k 𐒿 𐓧 [ l ] l in leek 𐓀 𐓨 [ m ] m in me 𐓁 𐓩 [ n ] n in neat 𐓂 𐓪 [ o ] o in hope 𐓂͘ 𐓪͘ [ ǫ ] o in tone 𐓂̄ 𐓪̄ [ oo ] o in so 𐓃 𐓫 [ ǫį ] oi as in coin 𐓄 𐓬 [ p ] p in spy 𐓄’ 𐓬’ [ p’ ] p + ’ 𐓄𐓯 𐓬𐓯 [ pš ] p + sh 𐓄𐓸 𐓬𐓸 [ px ] p + heavy h 𐓅 𐓭 [ hp ] h + p 𐓆 𐓮 [ s ] s in say 𐓇 𐓯 [ š ] sh in shoe 𐓈 𐓰 [ t ] t in sty 𐓈𐓸 𐓰𐓸 [ tx ] t + heavy h 𐓉 𐓱 [ ht ] h + t 𐓊 𐓲 [ c ] ts in its 𐓊’ 𐓲’ [ c’ ] ts + ’ 𐓋 𐓳 [ hc ] h + ts 𐓌 𐓴 [ ch ] ts + h 𐓍 𐓵 [ ð ] th in they 𐓎 𐓶 [ u ] ou in soup 𐓎̄ 𐓶̄ [ uu ] ue in Sue 𐓏 𐓷 [ w ] w in we 𐓐 𐓸 [ x ] (heavy h) 𐓑 𐓹 [ ɣ ] (soft g) 𐓒 𐓺 [ z ] z in zoo 𐓓 𐓻 [ ž ] g in beige 𐒻́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 [ík’uce] practice What follows is a set of exercises to help you practice speaking and pronouncing and a short list of useful Osage phrases. We have placed the most useful words from this chapter in the The Sounds and Spelling of Osage 17 vocabulary (𐒻́ 𐓟 [íe]) section of chapter 2, though some words (question words, conjunctions, family members) have been moved to more relevant chapters.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":14,"cat":"subject_markers"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟___ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟? háakǫ štáace nąpe ___ wažáže íe How do you say ___ in Osage?","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":17,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐓇𐓣 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓘. ši ékia Say it again. B: \t ____. ____. For example:","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 eagle 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟?","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"cat":"general"},{"name":"B:","expl":"𐓐𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘. Now try this with the other words from the pronunciation guide below. Whenever you want to learn a new word in Osage, you can use 𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 ___ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟? to ask your teacher.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 ____ 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓣́ 𐓟?\t háakǫ štáace nąpe ____ įįštáxį íe How do you say _____ in English?","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"cat":"general"},{"name":"B:","expl":"_____. For example: A: \t 𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓣́ 𐓟? B: \t Sun.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Teacher:","expl":"____ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓘.\t ____ wažáže ía Say _____ in Osage.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Teacher:","expl":"Corn 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓘.\t corn wažáže ía Say corn in Osage.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Student:","expl":"𐒹𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘. hápa Corn. The Sounds and Spelling of Osage 19","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A:","expl":"_____ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟. _____ žáže abrį́e My name is _____. 𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓟?\t táatą žáže ašcį́e What’s your name?","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":19,"cat":"general"},{"name":"B:","expl":"_____ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟. _____ žáži abrį́e My name is _____.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":19,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓟?\t táatą žáže aðį́e What’s his (or her) name?","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":19,"cat":"general"},{"name":"B:","expl":"_____ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ . _____ žáže aðį́ His (or her) name is _____.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":19,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A. Spelling","expl":"Where possible, we have followed the spelling system in Carolyn Quintero’s Osage Dictionary. Her dictionary is written using the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet (APA). One area where we differ slightly from the Osage Dictionary is in our use of accents. We do not use accent marks on words with a single short vowel or on short two-syllable words that play a grammatical role. This second group includes words such as the subject markers like 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa], aspect markers like 𐓬𐓟 [pe], 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa], or 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai], or evidential markers like 𐓴𐓟 [che] (see chapter 2). We do use accent marks on one-syllable words with a long vowel. This is because the accent mark also tells us that the vowel is long. Some speakers or families may use different accents than what is found in the Osage Dictionary, and accents can sometimes change, especially in morphologically complex words or phrases or when speaking quickly.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":19,"cat":"general"},{"name":"B. Spelling vowels in the APA","expl":"Note that in the APA system, long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel: [i] is regular, and [ii] is long. Nasal vowels such as 𐓂͘ are spelled with a small hook, written like this (  ̨ ), under the vowel; [ǫ] is a nasal vowel, [o] is not a nasal vowel. The diphthongs 𐒱 [ai], 𐒲 [ąį], and 𐓃 [ǫį] can be spelled by combining [a], [ą], or [ǫ] with [i] or [į]. Since the APA is a spell- ing system for sounds, we do not capitalize or use punctuation marks like commas or periods. 20 Chapter 1 Finally, in spelling nasal vowels in the Osage alphabet, the nasal dot can be very difficult to see when the vowels 𐒻͘ or 𐓂͘ are followed by the consonants 𐓈, 𐓉, 𐓍, 𐓒 or 𐓓.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":19,"cat":"subject_markers"},{"name":"C. Notes about the sounds of Osage","expl":"We follow Quintero in using the sound [u], but this sound is better described as a high central vowel that often alternates with a front rounded, or even unrounded, vowel or diphthong. At times, this makes spelling challenging since, for example, the [u] in a word like [kúǫ] come here might be pronounced often with a sound like [i], [ü], or [y]. This makes it sound much more like [kyǫ́] than [kúǫ]. In cases like these, we have tried to spell words as they appear in the dictionary, unless the alternative is extremely common. For linguists, the APA symbols may give more information about sounds. For example, [x] and [ɣ] are velar fricatives. It is not clear whether the distinction between these sounds is voicing, stridency, or something else. There is a fair amount of variation in the pronunciation of vowels. For example, accented [ą́] often sounds like a nasal schwa, like the vowel in hunt, and final unaccented [e] and [a] are often pronounced as schwa (though many speakers don’t hear it that way). The Osage alphabet has a symbol for this schwa vowel, but it is not often used and does not appear in the Osage Dictionary, so we have not included it here. The vowel 𐓟 likely ranges between [e] and [ɛ], with Cameron Pratt and Stephanie Rapp expressing a slight preference to illustrate it in English with words like beg or egg rather than tale or vague. Nasal vowels also exhibit variation, with [ą] and [ǫ] often sounding like each other. Many oral (non-nasal) vowels are also sporadically spoken with nasalization. Based on looking at archival recordings, the accent in Osage appears to be based on a pitch change (a lowering, after the accented vowel) without a change to loudness. Without doing an instrumental analysis, changes to length are more difficult to assess. Finally, the letter 𐓠 [ęį] is also a part of the Osage alphabet, but it is so rare that we have not included it here. One place where it occurs is in 𐓨𐓠́ [mę́į], an alternative form of 𐓨𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ [maðį́] walk. 𐓂𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [ohkíhkie] conversation 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐒹𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ? šį́tožį: hawé tąhé Boy: Hello! Everything well? 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ . šį́mįžį: tąhé Girl: Everything is well. 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ? šį́tožį: háakǫ ðaašé Boy: How are you doing? 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐒷𐓱𐓘́ ͘, 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓪́͘ 𐓷𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ . šį́mįžį: ehtą́, wálį ǫ́wǫ ąhé Girl: Well, I’ve been really busy. 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐓏𐓣𐓯𐓤𐓣́͘ , 𐓣̋ 𐓩𐓪̄ ͘𐓭𐓘! šį́tožį: wiškį́, íinǫǫhpa Boy: Me too, take care! 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ : \t 𐒷́ 𐓤𐓪͘. šį́mįžį: ékǫ Girl: All right! Nowadays, when we see our acquaintances, the most common greeting is 𐓡𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ? [hawé tąhé], and the most usual response is 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [tąhé]. Another good greeting is 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ? [háakǫ ðaašé]. If this is the first question asked, 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [tąhé] would still be a good answer. In the dialogue, the girl responds with “I’ve been really busy” because she’s already answered 𐓡𐓘𐓷𐓟́ , 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ? [hawé tąhé] with 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [tąhé], so it makes sense to say a bit more. Finally, 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓪͘ [ékǫ] is a good way to show agreement with someone. For family members or people you live with, you might simply say 𐓰𐓘𐓡𐓟́ [tąhé] when you first see someone. 𐒻́ 𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟 [íe wahkílaace] grammar When we learn another language, we must begin to think in our new language. You might think we could simply match up an English word with one that means something similar in Osage. But this is not the case! Instead, we must learn the way the Osage language views the world. Chapter 2","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":20,"cat":"general"},{"name":"the physical position of the subject","expl":"The first thing an Osage speaker must determine is whether the subject of the sentence is pres- ent or distant, whether it is stationary or moving. These physical positions are marked with what we call subject markers. The two most important subject markers in Osage are 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa]. These are used when the subject is third-person. (In grammatical terms, first-person refers to I or we, second-person refers to singular and plural you, and third-person refers to someone or something else—for example, my father, the woman, the buffalo, or pro- nouns like he, she, it, or they.) When a subject is present and stationary we use 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa], and we use 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] when a subject is distant, out of sight, or moving, for example, from one place to another. This means that if a subject is present but moving, 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] would be used. The examples below show how they are used in sentences. Please remember that the con- text and speaker choices can change the nuance.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":22,"cat":"subject_markers"},{"name":"Aspect: the way an event unfolds in time","expl":"The next important thing an Osage speaker must mark is the way something occurs. Has it been completed? Is it ongoing? Does it happen all at once? Does it happen over and over? The grammar term for this is aspect, and the Osage language indicates aspect with small words, or aspect mark- ers, that come at the end of the sentence. The two most important aspects in Osage are completive and continuous, which we introduce below. Later chapters will introduce other aspect markers. The Basic Sentence 23 The completive aspect 𐓬𐓟 [pe] The completive aspect is marked with 𐓬𐓟 [pe]. This marker is the most basic of the Osage aspect markers, and it is often understood even if it is not said out loud. It shows that an event or action has finished. This event or action does not have to be in the past as long as it has reached completion. To better understand this, let’s look at two sentences that are about a buffalo running. Notice the difference in meaning when we change the subject marker but keep the completive aspect marker. Keep in mind that when we speak English we would not include all the informa- tion that we must have in Osage.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":22,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"The continuous aspect","expl":"The continuous aspect is somewhat more complicated than the completive aspect, and it has many more forms. It is used to show that an action continues, whether it is in the present or the past, as in the birds are flying or the birds were flying. It may also be used to state a general fact, such as birds fly. 24 Chapter 2 The forms of the two major continuous aspect markers are very much the same as those of the subject markers. They have an interesting history, which is worth pointing out here because it affects the way the Osage language is used nowadays. Traditionally, men and women spoke somewhat different variations of language. Women would often finish their sentences with the marker 𐓵𐓟 [ðe], which is discussed below in the section on evidentials. Men did not. The aspect marker 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] was used by men, while 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓟 [akxa ðe], shortened to 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai], was used by women. Men used the aspect marker 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa], while women used 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 [apa ðe], which became 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai]. In the recent past, we have seen two situations: some men still only use 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa], but today, generally, everyone uses both, and they have evolved in their meanings. 𐒰𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] is used when making a general statement about something in the world, such as it’s hot and 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] is used when something is or was happening at the moment. It is also interpreted as being more emphatic. Modern speakers will use both forms in most situations. You will very rarely need to make a distinction between them, and you should expect to hear both. In our examples we will use both forms to help you get accustomed to them. The continuous aspect markers 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] also foreground the subject or bring it to the front of our attention. This is partly why they are very often given in English using present tense. On the other hand, 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] are used when an action takes place out of the speaker’s sight or if the subject is moving, as with the subject markers. The words 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] will often be put into English using past tense. Using 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa], 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai], 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa], and 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] The continuous aspect marker 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] or 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] is used when the action of the verb is continuing but the subject is stationary. 𐒰𐓬𐓘 [apa] or 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] is used when the verb is continuing and the subject is in motion. In English we would most likely speak a simpler sentence and let the context take care of the more complicated details. The continuous aspect marker follows the verb, just as 𐓬𐓟 [pe] does.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":23,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Evidentials: confidence in the message","expl":"The third important thing in an Osage sentence has to do with how much confidence the speaker has in the truth of what he or she says. This is common in many languages of the world. Does the speaker know something because he did it? Because she heard it from some- one else? Because it’s common knowledge? Because he suspects it’s true but can’t be sure? Osage grammars call markers that show this judgment evidentials. 26 Chapter 2 The most frequent Osage evidential marker is what the grammars call declarative. The declarative evidential marker is 𐓵𐓟 [ðe], meaning the speaker is simply asserting that something is true. The completive aspect marker 𐓬𐓟 [pe] is a reduced form of 𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓵𐓟 [api ðe], where the 𐓵𐓟 [ðe] is the evidential marker. This means that when we use 𐓬𐓟 [pe], the declarative marker is already built into the meaning. Similarly, as discussed earlier, the continuous aspect marker 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] is reduced from 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓟 [akxa ðe], and 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] is reduced from 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 [apa ðe]. Sentences with 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] and 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] have the declarative built into them as well. When we use 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] as aspect markers, the declarative evidential is understood. We have used it’s true that in the English below, but there are many other ways to say 𐓵𐓟 [ðe] in English.","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":25,"cat":"evidentials"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘 hápa corn 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ ilǫ́ežį cat 𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘 hkáwa horse 𐓥𐓟̋ hkée turtle 𐓨𐓣̋͘ mį́į sun 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 mį́įǫpa moon 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 níhka man 𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ óohǫ a cook 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓸𐓪́ paaxó hill, mountain 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ šį́mįžį girl 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ šį́tožį boy 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 šǫ́ke dog 𐓱𐓘̋ htáa deer or meat 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟 céɣe bucket, pail, kettle, pot 𐓳𐓟̋ hcée buffalo 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ wak’ó woman 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 wakǫ́ze teacher 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 wanǫ́bre dinner, a meal 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ waachí a dance 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘𐓵𐓟\t waðíopxaðe student 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓙 waðíopxai student (variant) 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 wižǫ́ke (my) daughter 𐓸𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘 xúða eagle 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ žįkážį child","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":28,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"In Osage, verbs belong to different verb classes. We explain the most common classes, called a-ða and brush (br-šc), in chapter 5 and other verb classes in later chapters. In the vocabulary section, we include the verb class, in parentheses, with the APA form of each verb. 𐓡𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ hiiðá (br-šc) swim, bathe 𐓣́ 𐓟 íe (a-ða) talk, speak 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 ną́ąke (a-ða) run 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣 owísi (a-ða) jump 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 wakáaži (a-ða) drive 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 wanǫ́bre (a-ða) dine 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ waachí (a-ða) dance 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ waaðǫ́ (br-šc) sing","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":28,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ ðáalį good The Basic Sentence 29","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":28,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other Words","expl":"𐓘̋͘ ą́ą yes (used by women) 𐓘͘𐓡𐓚́ ąhą́į yes (used by women) 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣 hą́ąhkaži no (used by both men and women) 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 hą́ąpa ðe today 𐓡𐓘𐓷𐓟́ hawé hello 𐓡𐓪̋ hóo yes (used by men) 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓟́ howé yes (used by men) 𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓫́ sitǫ́į yesterday","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":29,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adding an object","expl":"In chapter 2, we learned about the most basic elements of a sentence. These include subject markers (like 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa]), aspect markers, and evidentials. Now we will add another important thing—an object. Consider the following sentence:","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":31,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adding adjectives to phrases","expl":"Another way to make longer and more descriptive phrases is by modifying a noun with an adjective (e.g., white cat, big man, bad dog). In Osage, we put the adjective after the noun, literally cat white, man big, dog bad. Examples 9–14 use the adjectives 𐓮𐓤𐓘 [ska] white, 𐓧𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 [lą́ąðe] big, 𐓭𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓣 [hpíiži] bad, 𐓻𐓶̋ 𐓲𐓟 [žúuce] red, 𐓺𐓣 [zi] yellow, 𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 [htóho] blue, and 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ [dáalį] good. Notice how in each case, the adjective comes after the noun.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":32,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives as predicates","expl":"In most sentences, there is a subject and a predicate, and the predicate is usually a verb, such as the buffalo runs, where runs is the predicate. In English, many sentences have an adjective as the predicate of a sentence. For instance, the man is good or my horse is black. When we use an adjective as a predicate in English, we need to include some form of the verb be (like is or was). In Osage, adjectives that are the predicate of a sentence do not need be. Instead, we only need to use a subject marker (like 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa]) and an aspect marker (like 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] or 𐓬𐓟 [pe]). By doing this, we can turn phrases like those in 9–14 into sentences, as shown below. When we use adjectives as predicates, our choice of aspect marker can make a difference in meaning, as illustrated below. If we use the subject marker 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa], we mean that the subject is present and stationary. Now, we may choose either the aspect marker 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 / 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxa / akxai] or 𐓬𐓟 [pe]. If we choose 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 / 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxa / akxai], we emphasize the state of the subject right then. If we choose 𐓬𐓟 [pe], we are more likely to be talking about a condition that is stable or permanent.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":33,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adding adverbs","expl":"Adverbs are words like 𐓧𐓶́ 𐓻𐓣 [lúži] slowly that modify the meaning of verbs. In Osage, we put adverbs right before the verb.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":35,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ haxį́ blanket 𐓡𐓪 ho fish 𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ iihkó my (also his/her) grandmother (any side) 𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣 įhtáci (our) father 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘 mąšcį́ka rabbit 𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ mąšcį́kažį bunny 𐓪̋ 𐓻𐓶 óožu bowl 𐓱𐓘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓤’𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓶𐓤𐓸𐓘 htaną́k’a ípukxa paper napkin 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ ðiihǫ́ your mother 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 ðižį́ke your son (any; general term) 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 ðižǫ́ke your daughter (any; general term) 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘 wažį́ka bird 𐓷𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣 wįcéki my uncle (mother’s brother) 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣 wihcími my aunt (father’s sister; any)","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":37,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 íiðe (i-stem) see, find 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓻𐓣́ kaaží (a-ða) drive (something, e.g., a car) 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ óhką (a-ða) help 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 oðį́įke (br-šc) catch, hug 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 c’éðe (ðe-causative) kill 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓻𐓘́ ðuužá (br-šc) wash (dishes, a car, etc.; not one’s own) Note, we explain the verb classes a-ða and brush in chapter 5, i-stem verbs in chapter 8, and ðe-causatives in chapter 19.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":37,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 bráaska flat 𐓧𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 lą́ąðe big 𐓧𐓘𐓻𐓣̋ ͘ lažį́į thin, skinny, slender 𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘 ohtáza pretty, beautiful 𐓭𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓣 hpíiži bad 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 sápe black 𐓮𐓤𐓘 ska white 𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 htóho blue 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣 wasísi energetic, strong 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶 wasúhu clean 38 Chapter 3 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓻𐓣 wasúhuži dirty 𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓪́ 𐓯𐓟 wašóše brave 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ wáwalį stingy 𐓺𐓣 zi yellow 𐓺𐓣́ 𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓪͘ zížuuce ékǫ orange 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ žįká (often žį) small 𐓻𐓶̋ 𐓲𐓟 žúuce red","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":37,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Father: Good.","expl":"For family or people you live with, you might greet them with a simple 𐓡𐓘𐓷𐓟́ [hawé] or 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓟́ [howé]. They would typically respond with 𐓡𐓘𐓷𐓟́ [hawé] or 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓟́ [howé]. 𐒻́ 𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟 [íe wahkílaace] In this chapter, we will learn how to add expressions of time, locations, and destinations to make more natural and complete sentences.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adding expressions of time","expl":"In chapter 2, we introduced time expressions like 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 [hą́ąpa ðe] today and 𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓫́ [sitǫ́į] yesterday. In Osage, we almost always put time expressions like this at the beginning of the sentence. Here are some more sentences with time expressions. Chapter 4","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":48,"cat":"general"},{"name":"The child ran toward the school.","expl":"If the sentence has both an object and a place, we can choose to put either the object or the place closest to the verb. In 7a the place, in the forest (𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓣 [žą́ą ci]), comes immediately before the verb (𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟 [c’éða pe]) and after the object (the deer). In 7b the object (𐓱𐓘̋ [htáa] the deer) appears closest to the verb. We see the same thing with toward the river in sentences 8a and 8b.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":40,"cat":"motion"},{"name":"Yes-no questions","expl":"Yes-no questions in Osage rely heavily on context. Often a yes-no question in completive aspect replaces 𐓬𐓟 [pe] with the evidential marker 𐓵𐓟 [ðe]. The subject marker is also often left out of questions.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":43,"cat":"questions"},{"name":"Numbers","expl":"Here are the numbers one through ten. 𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 wį́xce one 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ ðǫǫpá two 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ ðáabrį three 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 tóopa four 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘͘ sáhtą five 𐓯𐓘́ 𐓭𐓟 šáhpe six 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘 hpéeðǫǫpa seven 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 hkietóopa eight 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟 𐓷𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 lébrą hce wį́įke nine (ten minus one) 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ lébrą ten When we get to eleven, we join numbers with 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ [álįį] place upon, often pronounced as [álį] when used in counting. This gives us something like one placed on ten for eleven, two placed on ten for twelve, and so on. 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 lébrą álįį wį́xce eleven 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ lébrą álįį ðǫǫpá twelve 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ lébrą álįį ðáabrį thirteen 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 lébrą álįį tóopa fourteen 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘͘ lébrą álįį sáhtą fifteen 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓘́ 𐓭𐓟 lébrą álįį šáhpe sixteen 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘 lébrą álįį hpéeðǫǫpa seventeen 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 lébrą álįį hkietóopa eighteen 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟 𐓷𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 lébrą álįį lébrą hce wį́įke nineteen When we get to twenty, thirty, forty, and so on, we say something like ten-two, ten-three, ten- four. To say twenty-one, we say 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ 𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 [lébrą ðǫǫpá ecí wį́xce] ten-two and one. 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ lébrą ðǫǫpá twenty 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ 𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 lébrą ðǫǫpá ecí wį́xce twenty-one 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ lébrą ðáabrį thirty 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 lébrą tóopa forty 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘͘ lébrą sáhtą fifty 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓘́ 𐓭𐓟 lébrą šáhpe sixty 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘 lébrą hpéeðǫǫpa seventy 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 lébrą hkietóopa eighty 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟 𐓷𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 lébrą lébrą hce wį́įke ninety Adding Time Expressions and Locations 45 𐒻́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 [ík’uce]","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":44,"cat":"numbers"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 hką́ące apple or fruit 𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ hką́ącenii juice 𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓡𐓣͘ mą́ąhį knife 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ mąhká medicine 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓭𐓘 mąhkáhpa pepper 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 mąhkása coffee 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓳𐓶́ 𐓤𐓟 máze hcúke spoon (metal) 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓮𐓤𐓶𐓟 níiskue salt 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘 niitáahpa pond 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟 níižuuce river 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓣 oohǫ́hci kitchen 𐓨𐓘́ ͘𐓺𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘ mą́zeoohǫ oven 𐓪́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 ónǫbre food Adding Time Expressions and Locations 47 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ paazénii milk 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘 hpáata eggs 𐓮𐓶́ 𐓥𐓘 súhka chicken 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓮𐓟 šǫ́mįhkase coyote, fox, wolf, canine 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓻𐓣͘ šǫ́žį puppy 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘(𐓳𐓣) taapóska(hci) school (building) 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 tóoska potato 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓤𐓪́ htáa lįkó meat gravy 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓩𐓣̋ htaaníi soup 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟́ htaacé windy 𐓱𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘ htóolą sandwich 𐓱𐓪̋ 𐓻𐓶 htóožu meat pie 𐓲𐓟 ce lake 𐓲𐓟𐓸𐓟́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ cexéskažį cup 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓥𐓘 wahúhka fork 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟 waléze newspaper, book, printed material 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 wasápe bear 𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ wašį́ bacon or fat 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓱𐓘 wacúhta animal 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓱𐓘𐓳𐓣 wacúhtahci barn 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓲’𐓘 wéc’a snake 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟̄ 𐓧𐓘͘ wéžeelą skillet 𐓻𐓘̋͘ žą́ą forest, woods 𐓻𐓘̄͘ 𐓩𐓣̋ žąąníi sugar","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":46,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 káaɣe (strong-stem) make 𐓤𐓣̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 kį́įðe (a-ða) throw 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ mąðį́ (br-šc) walk 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ oohǫ́ (a-ða) bake, cook, prepare 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́ ðaaché (br-šc) eat Note, we will explain the a-ða and br-šc verb classes in chapter 5 and the strong-stem verb class in chapter 8.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":47,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓭𐓘 hpa bitter 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓣́ 𐓡𐓣 taazíhi browned, fried 𐓵𐓪́ 𐓵𐓪 ðóðo greasy 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́ 𐓯𐓲𐓟 wahóšce small 𐓻𐓟̋ 𐓧𐓘͘ žéelą fried 48 Chapter 4","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":47,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Location words","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓲𐓣 áška ci near 𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 éhtaha toward 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ įkší in, to; see chap. 4 𐓤𐓣 ki in, to; see chap. 4 𐓤𐓯𐓣 kši in, to; see chap. 4 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 kšíhtaha toward 𐓲𐓣 ci in, to; see chap. 4","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":48,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other words","expl":"𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓉𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ hą́ąmąðį htą́wą Hominy (city in Oklahoma) 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘 hą́ąpa ðáabrį haašíhta three days ago 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 hą́ące last night 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓣 hą́ąci last night (variant) 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 hą́ąðe tonight 𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘 mį́įǫpa haašíhta last month 𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘\t mį́įǫpa ðǫǫpá haašíhta two months ago 𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓤𐓪̄ 𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 𐓲𐓟 sitǫ́į kootáha ce the day before yesterday 𐓵𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 ðekǫ́ǫce now","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":48,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓹𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘? hą́ąpa ðe mą́ąɣe háakǫ How’s the weather today? B: \t 𐓀𐓘̄͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙. mą́ąšcé akxai It’s hot and sunny. 𐓊𐓟 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘. ce įkší brée hta I’m going to the lake. 𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓨𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘? hą́ąmąðį htą́wą mą́ąɣe háakǫ How’s the weather in Hominy? A: \t 𐓁𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶, 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙. níižu htaacé akxai It’s raining and (it’s) windy. 𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓜𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . waléze wį bráace hta mįkšé I’m going to read a book. B: \t 𐓏𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪͘! waléze ðízǫ Enjoy the book! A: \t 𐓊𐓟 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪͘! ce ðížǫ Enjoy the lake! 𐒻́ 𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟 [íe wahkílaace] In this chapter, we will learn about subject pronouns, words like I, you, he, she, and it. In Osage, the pronoun appears with the verb, sometimes inside the verb. Even though this works very differently from English, we will call these forms pronouns. As we learn how pronouns and verbs work together, we will learn about different classes of verbs such as the br-šc class and a-ða class. This will help us make more natural and useful sentences. Chapter 5","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":58,"cat":"general"},{"name":"The third-person singular subjects: he, she, and it","expl":"To say a third-person subject like he, she, or it in Osage, we typically don’t need to say anything at all. Instead, just using the basic form of the verb and an aspect marker will tell us that the subject is third-person. The context of the sentence lets us figure out if the subject is he, she, or it. For example, 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ [waachí] is the basic dictionary form for the verb dance, and 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ [waachí] can mean either he dances, she dances, or it dances. If needed, Osage does have emphatic pronouns, and we will examine these in chapter 13. To see how this works, let’s look at a few examples. Sentence 1a has a named subject, that woman, which acts as the context for 1b. Because of the context, we know that the subject of 1b is she. Again, we don’t need a special word to say she. Instead, we just need a basic verb such as 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ [waaðǫ́] and an aspect marker such as 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai].","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":50,"cat":"general"},{"name":"The pronouns I and you","expl":"Before we can talk about how to say you and I in Osage, we have to learn about three things: Osage verb classes, the Osage pronouns for I and you, and more about how aspect is understood. Let’s start with verb classes. Osage verbs, like those of many other languages, are divided into different classes. Each class requires a different way to pronounce the verbs when the subject is I or when it is you. The two most common verb classes are called the a-ða class and the br-šc class. These classes take their names from the sounds found in the first- and second- person pronouns. We will learn about these two verb classes in this chapter. Knowing the verb class will let us know which Osage pronouns to use and where to put them in the verb. For the a-ða class, we use a for I and ða for you (which is why it is called the a-ða class). For the br-šc class, we use br for I and šc for you. Most teachers we know call this the brush class to make it easy to pronounce and remember, and we will often do so too. The sections below explain more about where to put the pronouns into the verbs. Finally, as with all Osage sentences, we need to consider how aspect works. In this chap- ter, we will focus on the completive aspect because it is simpler. We will discuss other aspects in later chapters.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":51,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"The a-ða verb class","expl":"The a-ða class is one of the two most common verb classes in Osage. We will start by looking at two common verbs: 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run and 𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 [žį́įhe] sleep. The first-person Osage pronoun 𐓘 [a] In the a-ða class, the Osage pronoun that means I is 𐓘 [a]. In the examples below, 𐓘 [a] is prefixed or placed before the verbs 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] and 𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 [žį́įhe] (giving us 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [aną́ąke] and 𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 [ažį́įhe]). We will learn some slightly different rules for verbs that begin with 𐓪 [o] or 𐓷𐓘 [wa] below.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":51,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"The br-šc “brush” verb class","expl":"A second important verb class is the br-šc class, again, named for the first- and second-person subject pronouns 𐓜 [br] and 𐓯𐓲 [šc]. The teachers we know all call this class the brush class, and we will do the same. The first-person Osage pronoun 𐓜 [br] In the brush class the first-person pronoun I is 𐓜 [br]. All verbs in the brush class have the sound 𐓵 [ð] in them. To make the first-person, the 𐓜 [br] replaces the sound 𐓵 [ð]. For example, 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ [mąðį́] becomes 𐓨𐓘͘𐓜𐓣́͘ [mąbrį́] and 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘ [ðuwí́˛] becomes 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ [brúwį]. Since the 𐓵 [ð] sound often occurs inside brush verbs, this means that the Osage pronoun 𐓜 [br] is frequently infixed, or placed inside the verb.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":52,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"Third-person subjects: he, she, or it","expl":"Here are two sentences with a-ða and brush verbs in third-person. Because they are in third- person, they don’t need a pronoun, but they do need an aspect marker such as 𐓬𐓟 [pe]. Com- pare 14 and 15 with the I and you sentences 4–13 above.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":53,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A quick summary","expl":"Let’s make a quick summary of what we have just learned. First, Osage has verb classes that use different sounds to say the pronouns I and you. Second, the a-ða verb class has the pronouns 𐓘 [a] for I and 𐓵𐓘 [ða] for you. Third, the brush verb class has the pronouns 𐓜 [br] for I and 𐓯𐓲 [šc]or 𐓯𐓰 [št] for you. Last, the completive aspect is unmarked when using first- and second-person singular pro- nouns. In other words, we leave 𐓬𐓟 [pe] out of the sentence when using the Osage pronouns I and you. 54 Chapter 5 The special cases of 𐓷𐓘 [wa] and 𐓪 [o] verbs in the a-ða verb class Osage very often has variations in the place where pronouns appear. Some of these are regular enough that we can group them together. We will look at verbs that begin with [wa] and with [o] below. Another change that will sometimes happen is that the accent on a word will shift from its original syllable to another one. When that happens, we will mark it as in 16 and 20 below. Verbs that begin with 𐓷𐓘 [wa] Many Osage verbs in the a-ða group begin with the syllable 𐓷𐓘 [wa]. In most of these cases, we need to move the second-person pronoun 𐓵𐓘 [ða] to the syllable following the 𐓷𐓘 [wa]— we need to flip their positions (𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 [wakáaži] becomes 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓻𐓣 [waðákaaži]). In other words, we need to infix 𐓵𐓘 [ða] after the first syllable 𐓷𐓘 [wa]. The 𐓘 [a] first-person marker remains prefixed to the beginning of the verb.","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":53,"cat":"general"},{"name":"The special cases of verbs that are in more than one class","expl":"There are some verbs, like 𐓡𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ [hiiðá] swim, that belong to both the a-ða and the brush verb class. Verbs like this use the pronouns for both classes at the same time. For example, I swim is 𐓘𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓜𐓘 [ahíibra] with the [a] from the a-ða class and the [br] from the brush class. Similarly, you swim is 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘 [ðahíišta]. This is a topic that will come up again in later chapters. 𐒻́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 [ík’uce]","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":55,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ haaská shirt 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓟́ htaapé ball 𐓳𐓣́ hcí house 𐓵𐓣𐓱𐓘́ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ ðihtáežį your little sister 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ wéhkilį traditional clothes 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟 wéðušupe keys 𐓷𐓣𐓱𐓘́ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ wihtáežį my little sister","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":57,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ mąðį́ (br-šc) walk 𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓡𐓘͘ okíhpaahą (a-ða) dress oneself 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ océ (a-ða) look for, search for, hunt 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ ðiištą́ (br-šc) be finished 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘ ðuwí́˛ (br-šc) buy 𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 žį́įhe (a-ða) sleep","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":57,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓝𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 čóopa small amount, few (also a noun) 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓱𐓘̄͘ šį́htąą fat (chubby) 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 hcéka new, fresh","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":57,"cat":"general"},{"name":"The first-person continuous aspect markers","expl":"We are going to discuss three first-person aspect markers in this section: 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [mįkšé], 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ąhé] (and its variant 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́ [ąðįhé]), and 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ątxąhé]. The one you are likely to hear most often is 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [mįkšé], which is typically used to indicate that an action is ongoing or that the subject doing the action is in a lying or sitting position. 𐓀𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [mįkšé] In examples 1 and 2 there are two usual ways to interpret the aspect marker 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [mįkšé]. In the first way, the speaker is emphasizing that the action occurs while he is or was sitting or lying. In the second way, the speaker is not emphasizing the position; instead, the emphasis is on the ongoing nature of the action. We can tell which meaning is being used based on the context of the conversation.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":59,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"The second-person continuous aspect markers","expl":"𐓁𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [nįkšé] The second-person you has four distinct continuous aspect markers. The one you may hear most often is 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [nįkšé]. This is used when the subject is in a sitting position, or, like 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [mįkšé], it indicates that an action is ongoing. 𐓁𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [nįkšé] is also often used as an aspect marker when the speaker doesn’t need to emphasize the position of the subject.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":62,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Aspect markers in greetings","expl":"The following sentences show how the position aspect markers might be used in a simple greet- ing with 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [tąhé], be well.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":63,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"A review of continuous aspect markers","expl":"We have learned many aspect markers, especially for continuous aspect. The following tables summarize the aspect markers for I, for you, and for he, she, and it that we introduced above. Exercise 2, at the end of this chapter, asks you to reorganize this information in a way that highlights some patterns found with I and you markers.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":64,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Continuous aspect marker for I (first-person)","expl":"𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [mįkšé] ongoing action: am doing or subject is sitting or lying 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ątxąhé] action is imminent: about to or subject is standing 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ąhé] have been doing or subject is moving 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓡𐓟́ [ąðįhé] have been doing or subject is moving Continuous Aspect, Singular Pronouns, and the Verb 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį] 65","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":64,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Continuous aspect markers for you (second-person)","expl":"𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [nįkšé] ongoing: are doing or subject is sitting 𐓻𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓟 [žą́kše] ongoing: are doing or subject is lying 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓯𐓟 [ðatxą́še] imminent: about to or subject is standing 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [ðaašé] have been doing or subject is moving","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":65,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Continuous aspect markers for he, she, it (third-person)","expl":"𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] ongoing: is doing or stationary or visible 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] ongoing: is doing or stationary or visible 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] ongoing: is doing or in motion, at a distance, or out-of-sight 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai] ongoing: is doing or in motion, at a distance, or out-of-sight When we don’t need to specify the position of a first- or second-person subject, or if the position is not important, we usually just use 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [mįkšé] and 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [nįkšé]. The positions marked in the continuous aspect markers only apply to the subject of a sen- tence. We don’t mark the position of other elements in a sentence this way. The verb 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį] be We know that Osage does not have a verb that does all the things that the English verb be does. Recall from chapter 3 that neither verbs nor predicate adjectives use any form of be when we would need to do this in English. For example, 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟 [níhka akxa lą́ąða pe] means the man is big in Osage. Importantly, notice that there is no Osage word in this sentence that means is. However, sometimes a noun is the predicate of a sentence: for example, “The man is a teacher” or “You are a doctor.” In these cases, Osage, like English and many languages, requires some word to hold the sentence together the way be does. In Osage, this verb is 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį] be or exist. How to say he, she, or it is using 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį] Look at the examples below. When using a third-person subject like the man in 24 or he, she, or it in 25 and 26, Osage uses the verb 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį] to say is. This verb does not need an aspect marker.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":65,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 áwanǫbre table 𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 hǫbrį́ke beans 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓤𐓸𐓪 kíkxo feast (noun) 𐓥𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓟 hką́ące hį́įšce peach 𐓥𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓶́ 𐓟 hką́ące žúe tomato 𐓨𐓘̋͘ 𐓻𐓘͘𐓸𐓟 mą́ąžąxe onion 𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 ówehci store 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓣́ paazénii saakí cheese 𐓭𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟𐓱𐓪𐓡𐓪 hpéžehtoho lettuce 𐓅𐓪́͘ 𐓥𐓘 hpǫ́hka Ponca 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓟𐓻𐓣 tóoleži carrot 𐓱𐓘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓤’𐓘 htaną́k’a paper 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓩𐓣̋ htaaníi soup 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓡𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ hcéhežį dishes, plates, cups, bowls 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 waskúe sápe blackberry 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 wacúe bread (any kind) 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘 wacúe ðutáahpa biscuit 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓧𐓟𐓺𐓟 wéleze pen or pencil 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓧𐓣 wéli oil, pork fat","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":68,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓲𐓶̋ 𐓰𐓘𐓻𐓣 cúutaži raw 𐓲𐓶̋ 𐓲𐓟, 𐓮𐓶̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ cúuce, súutą ripe Continuous Aspect, Singular Pronouns, and the Verb 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį] 69","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":68,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Completive aspect: plural subject pronouns","expl":"For the first-person plural pronouns, Osage, like many other Native languages, makes a distinc- tion between dual—we two, and plural—we plural (more than two). Second-person you does not make a distinction between dual and plural. Third-person plural they follows the same pat- tern as third-person singular he, she, or it. We will also learn that there are two types of 𐓬𐓟 [pe]. One is used for completive aspect, and the other is used to help mark plurals, and we will show how to distinguish them below.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":71,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"First-person dual we two","expl":"The first-person dual pronoun, we two, is 𐓘͘ [ą], which is placed in front of the verb. In the case of we two, there is no difference in how we form the pronoun for a-ða and brush verbs. The variant 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] is used if the verb begins with 𐓪 [o] or 𐓘 [a]. In sentences below, the dual, we two, is made by placing 𐓘͘ [ą] before the verb. In 4, we use 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] because the verb, 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ [oohǫ́], begins with the sound 𐓪 [o].","ch":"the Future Marker","p":71,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"First-person we plural (more than two)","expl":"Plural we is made by placing 𐓘 [ą], the same pronoun we saw above, in front of the verb, plus we add 𐓬𐓟 [pe] at the end of the verb: [ą] + verb + [pe]. As noted above, we use 𐓘 [ą] for both a-ða and brush verbs, and we use 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] if the verb begins with 𐓪 [o] or 𐓘 [a]. In verbs that end in 𐓟 [e], such as 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke], the final 𐓟 [e] becomes 𐓘 [a] before any 𐓬𐓟 [pe], whether it is for plural or for aspect.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":72,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Second-person plural you","expl":"The second-person plural pronoun, you, is almost the same as the singular forms. This means we will use 𐓵𐓘 [ða] for a-ða verbs and 𐓯𐓲 / 𐓯𐓰 [šc / št] for brush verbs. To make you plural, we add 𐓬𐓟 [pe] to the end of the verb. To see this, compare the singular you examples, 9a and 10a, with the plural you examples, 9b and 10b. Note that in the first-person plural forms, the pronoun appeared at the front of the verb. However, with second-person plural forms, the pronoun appears in the same place that it does with singular forms. This means that with some verbs like 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ [óhką] help, the pronoun goes inside the verb as explained in chapter 5 and shown in example 12 below.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":72,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Third-person pronouns he, she, it, they","expl":"Third-person plural they is formed the same way as third-person singular he, she, or it. Recall from chapter 2 that third-person pronouns are not marked on the verb. Osage speakers use context to know whether a third-person subject is singular or plural. If we were talking about a boy, then sentence 13 would mean he spoke. If we were talking about several boys, then 13 would mean they spoke.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":73,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Summary: subject pronouns with completive aspect","expl":"Dual first-person subjects (we two) are made by placing the pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] or 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] before the verb. Plural first-person subjects (we plural) are made by placing the pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] or 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] before the verb and attaching 𐓬𐓟 [pe] after it. Second-person plural subjects are made by using the appropriate second-person singular pronoun and attaching 𐓬𐓟 [pe] to the end of the verb. Third-person plural subjects, whether singular or plural, are made the same way we learned in chapter 5, with no marking on the verb. Completive aspect is made by using 𐓬𐓟 [pe], and to help us distinguish this from plural 𐓬𐓟 [pe], we write the aspect marker separately from the verb.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":74,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Continuous aspect: plural pronouns","expl":"Recall from before that the continuous aspect has several forms that are changed depending on whether the subject is first-, second-, or third-person. The forms also indicate the position of the subject (sitting, standing, lying, moving) and, depending on context, can be used to indicate meanings such as have been doing, is doing, or about to do (see chapter 6).","ch":"the Future Marker","p":74,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"First-person dual subjects in continuous aspect, we two","expl":"As with completive aspect, first-person dual subjects (we two) are marked with the pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] or 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] placed in front of the verb. To indicate the continuous aspect, there are three aspect markers that can go with first-person dual subjects: 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [ąðįkšé], 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́ [ąðé], and 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ [ątxá]. Similar to what we saw in chapter 6, each of these new aspect markers can have multiple meanings depending on context. 𐒰͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [ąðįkšé] If the subjects are sitting or lying, the aspect marker is 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [ąðįkšé]. The action may be in the present or past as long as it is ongoing.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":74,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"First-person plural subjects in continuous aspect, we plural","expl":"First-person plural subjects (we, plural, more than two) are again marked with the pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] or 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] placed in front of the verb. There are two aspect markers that can go with first- person plural subjects: 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] and 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ [ąkatxą́]. 76 Chapter 7 𐒰͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] If the subjects are sitting, lying, or moving from one place to another, the aspect marker is 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe]. Following the pattern seen earlier, 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] may also indicate have been doing.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":75,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Second-person plural subjects with continuous aspect, you plural","expl":"Second-person plural subjects take the aspect marker 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [paašé] for all positions and situations. 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [paašé] Second-person plural pronouns are the same as the singular forms. Thus, we only need to add 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [paašé] and remember which class the verb belongs to, a-ða or brush, as discussed in chapter 5. Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker 77","ch":"the Future Marker","p":76,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Third-person plural subjects","expl":"As with the completive forms, context tells us whether a third-person subject is singular or plural. Any of the sentences below could also be interpreted with a singular subject.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":77,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"Summary: subject pronouns with continuous aspect","expl":"First-person dual subjects (we two) take the pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] or 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] placed before the verb. The continuous aspect markers 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [ąðįkšé], 𐓘𐓵𐓟́ [ąðé], or 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́ [ątxá] finish the sentence. First-person plural subjects (we, more than two) take the pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] or 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] placed before the verb. The continuous aspect markers 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] or 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ [ąkatxą́] finish the sentence. Second-person plural subjects (you plural) use the second-person pronoun that corre- sponds to the verb class, such as a-ða or brush. Finish the sentence with the continuous aspect marker 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [paašé]. Third-person plural subjects (they) are formed the same way as third-person singular. Fin- ish the sentence with the continuous aspect markers 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 / 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxa / akxai] or 𐓘𐓬𐓘 / 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apa / apai].","ch":"the Future Marker","p":77,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Variations of completive and continuous aspect:","expl":"examples using 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run and 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘ [ðuwį́] buy","ch":"the Future Marker","p":77,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"in all persons and aspects","expl":"The purpose of these lists is to show how aspect markers indicate who the subject is. We have illustrated this with run and with buy. Some of the positional meanings here are odd and likely 78 Chapter 7 wouldn’t be used with run or buy; running while standing might be running in place on a tread- mill. Running while lying down is hard to imagine.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":77,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Completive aspect in its variations","expl":"𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run (a-ða) 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 aną́ąke I run 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 ðaną́ąke you run 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟 ną́ąka pe he, she, they run 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 ąną́ąke we two run 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟 ąną́ąkape we (plural) run 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓬𐓟 ðaną́ąkape you (plural) run 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘ [ðuwį́] buy (brush) 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ brúwį I buy 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ šcúwį you buy 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓟 ðuwį́ pe he, she, they buy 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ ąðúwį we two buy 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟 ąðúwįpe we (plural) buy 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘𐓬𐓟 šcúwįpe you (plural) buy","ch":"the Future Marker","p":78,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Continuous aspect in its variations","expl":"𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run (a-ða) 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ aną́ąke mįkšé I run 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ aną́ąke ąhé 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ aną́ąke ątxąhé 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ðaną́ąke nįkšé you run 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ðaną́ąke ðaašé 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓯𐓟 ðaną́ąke ðatxą́še 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓻𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓟 ðaną́ąke žą́kše 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 ną́ąke akxai he, she, they run 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙 ną́ąke apai 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́ ąną́ąke ąðé we two run 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ąną́ąke ąðįkšé 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́ ͘ ąną́ąke ątxą́ 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 ąną́ąke ąkáðe we (plural) run 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ ąną́ąke ąkatxą́ 𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ðaną́ąke paašé you (plural) run 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘ [ðuwí́˛] buy (brush) 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ brúwį mįkšé I buy Plural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker 79 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ brúwį ąhé 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ brúwį ątxąhé 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ šcúwį nįkšé you buy 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ šcúwį ðaašé 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓯𐓟́ šcúwį ðatxaše 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓻𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓟́ šcúwį žą́kše 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 ðuwį́ akxai he, she, they run 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙 ðuwį́ apai 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́ ąðúwį ąðé we two buy 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ąðúwį ąðįkšé 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́ ͘ ąðúwį ątxą́ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 ąðúwį ąkáðe we (plural) buy 𐓘͘𐓵𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ ąðúwį ąkatxą́ 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ šcúwį paašé you (plural) buy The future marker 𐓱𐓘 [hta] We have already seen that Osage does not mark the past and present tenses as English does. Instead, we use time words and context to tell us if something occurred in the past. But Osage does have a future marker. It is used when an event will occur any time after the moment of speech. It can be said as will or going to. Notice that 𐓱𐓘 [hta] appears after the verb. It is most often followed by a continuous aspect marker. This means the order will be verb + hta + aspect.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":78,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 hápa wacúe cornbread (general) 𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 hį́įce dishes 𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟 ówe vegetables, groceries 𐓭𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟 hpáze evening 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ céɣenii aðį́ drumkeeper 𐓳𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟 hcíle family 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘 wak’óhpa first daughter 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟 wacúe skúe cake (common variant) 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟\t wacúe skúðe cake 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓧𐓣 wacúe wéli frybread (general) 𐓷𐓣𐓡𐓟́ wihé second daughter","ch":"the Future Marker","p":81,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪́͘ nąk’ǫ́ (a-ða) hear 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ ðuxí (br-šc) chase","ch":"the Future Marker","p":81,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other","expl":"𐓣𐓱𐓫́ 𐓵𐓟́ 𐓡𐓘 ihtǫ́į ðéha future, the future 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ kaasį́ tomorrow 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓘͘ kaasį́tą tomorrow (variant) 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓵𐓪𐓱𐓘 mį́įðohta noon, midday 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓵𐓪𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ mį́įðohta ðiištą́ afternoon 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓘́͘ 𐓧𐓟 hpahą́le first, at the outset","ch":"the Future Marker","p":81,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Using question words","expl":"Osage question words do not automatically appear at the beginning of a sentence as they do in English. Instead, they appear where the answer would be if the question were turned into a statement. If you ask a question about the subject of a sentence, the question word goes where the subject would go. If you ask about the object, it goes where the object would go, and so on. We illustrate and discuss this in the examples below. Another point is that when asking questions, the subject markers 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] tend to be omitted, although it is not incorrect to use them. But if the question word itself is a subject, it never takes a subject marker. Similarly, the completive aspect marker 𐓬𐓟 [pe] is usually left out when asking questions in Osage. Other aspect markers, such as 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] or 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai], may be used in questions. Although the focus of this chapter is on questions, we must also think about answers. In conversation, people often reply to questions with a short phrase or even a single word. How- ever, when we answer with a full sentence, we need to remember to use subject markers, and if the answer is in completive aspect, we need to use a completive aspect marker like 𐓬𐓟 [pe] too. We have provided several examples below of how to answer a question with a full sentence. Using the question word 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] what? If we want to ask a question using what, we use 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą]. Notice that in sentences 1a, 2a, and 3, 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] takes the place of the object, which is almost always right before the verb. Sentences 1b and 2b give answers to their respective questions.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":83,"cat":"questions"},{"name":"Which meat pie do you want?","expl":"Using the question words 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣 [haatxą́ci] when (in the past)? and 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 [haatxą́ta] when (in the present or future)? As you recall, time expressions come first in a sentence, so 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣 [haatxą́ci] and 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 [haatxą́ta] will appear there too. We use 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣 [haatxą́ci] to ask about the past and 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 [haatxą́ta] to ask about the present or future.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":86,"cat":"general"},{"name":"How many squirrels did the man see?","expl":"In example 21, we use 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓘 [háaną pa] because the noun phrase squirrels is animate. 88 Chapter 8","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":87,"cat":"general"},{"name":"I-stem verbs","expl":"There is an important subgroup of a-ða verbs called i-stem verbs. This verb class contains the very important verbs 𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe] speak and 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 [íiðe] see. These are called i-stem verbs because they begin with either a short 𐓣 [i] or a long 𐓣̄ [ii], and we must learn a few important points in order to use this class correctly.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":88,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"Singular I and you pronouns","expl":"First, like the o-verbs that we studied in chapter 5, we place the pronouns for I and you inside of i-stem verbs, just after the i-sound. The next thing we need to know is that we use the same pronoun, 𐓵𐓘 [ða], for the first- and second-person singular pronouns, I and you. Even though we use the same pronoun, we can tell these forms apart by where the accent falls. For example, in 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓟 [iðáe] I speak, the second syllable is accented, and in 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟 [íðae] you speak, the accent stays on the 𐓣́ [í]. Briefly, accented 𐓵𐓘́ [ðá] is used for I, and unaccented 𐓵𐓘 [ða] is used for you. Question Words, I-Stem Verbs, and Strong-Stem Verbs 89 Many speakers pronounce the end of these words with the sound 𐓙́ [ái] rather than 𐓘́ 𐓟 [áe], as 𐓣𐓵𐓙́ [iðái] and 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓙 [íðai].","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":88,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"We two, we plural, and you plural pronouns","expl":"In the forms for we two and we plural, the pronoun is 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ [ąną́]. It replaces the 𐓣 [i] (or 𐓣̄ [ii]) at the start of the verb. For example, we two speak, from 𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe], is said as 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟 [ąną́e] and we (plural) speak is said as 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟𐓬𐓟 [ąną́epe]. For you plural, we add 𐓬𐓟 [pe] to the you singular form; 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟 [íðae] you (singular) speak becomes 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟𐓬𐓟 [íðaepe] you (plural) speak. These verbs will still need their aspect markers when relevant. Here are the forms for 𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe] speak in both completive and continuous aspect. Space does not allow for all the possible English meanings for each form. Please review chapters 2, 5, and 6 for explanations of how to use these forms. Completive forms for 𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe] speak 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓟 iðáe I speak (often pronounced 𐓣𐓵𐓙́ [iðái]) 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟 íðae you (singular) speak (often pronounced 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓙 [íðai]) 𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓟𐓬𐓟 íðaepe you (plural) speak (often pronounced 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓙𐓬𐓟 [íðaipe]) 𐓣́ 𐓟 íe he (or she or they) speaks\t (pronounced 𐓣́ 𐓘 [ía] before 𐓬𐓟 [pe]) 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟 ąną́e we two speak (often pronounced 𐓘͘𐓩𐓚́ [ąðą́į]) 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟𐓬𐓟 ąną́epe we (plural) speak (often pronounced 𐓘͘𐓩𐓚́ 𐓬𐓟 [ąną́įpe]) Continuous forms (with their aspect markers) for 𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe] speak 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ iðáe mįkšé I speak 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ iðáe ąhé 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ iðáe ątxąhé 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ íðae nįkšé you (singular) speak 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ íðae ðaašé 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́ ͘𐓯𐓟\t íðae ðatxą́še 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟 𐓻𐓘́ ͘𐓤𐓯𐓟 íðae žą́kše 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ íðae paašé you (plural) speak 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 íe akxai he (or she or they) speak 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙 íe apai 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́ ąną́e ąðé we two speak 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ąną́e ąðįkšé 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́ ąną́e ątxá 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 ąną́e ąkáðe we (plural) speak 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ ąną́e ąkatxą́ 90 Chapter 8 𐒻̋ 𐓵𐓟 [íiðe] see (or find) The forms of 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 [íiðe] see are similar to those of 𐓣́ 𐓟 [íe]. The pronoun for both I and you is 𐓵𐓘 [ða], and again, we distinguish them by placing the accent on different syllables, 𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [iiðáðe] I see and 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟 [íiðaðe] you speak. In first-person plural, 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ [ąną́] replaces 𐓣̄ [ii]. Note that the verb see can also mean find. Here are the forms for 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 [íiðe] see or find in both completive and continuous aspect. Completive forms for 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 [íiðe] see (or find) 𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 iiðáðe I see 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟 íiðaðe you see 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟 íiðaðape you (plural) see 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 (𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟) íiðe (íiða pe) he/she/they see 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟 ąną́ðe we two see 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓬𐓟 ąną́ðape we (plural) see","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":89,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Continuous forms","expl":"𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ iiðáðe mįkšé I see 𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ iiðáðe ąhé 𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ iiðáðe ątxąhé 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ íiðaðe nįkšé you see 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓵𐓘̄͘ 𐓯𐓟́ íiðaðe ðąąšé 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́ ͘𐓯𐓟 íiðaðe ðatxą́še 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓻𐓘́ ͘𐓤𐓯𐓟 íiðaðe žą́kše 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ íiðaðe paašé you (plural) see 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 íiðe akxai he (or she or they) sees 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙 íiðe apai 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́ ąną́ðe ąðé we two see 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ąną́ðe ąðįkšé 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘́ ąną́ðe ątxá 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 ąną́ðe ąkáðe we (plural) see 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ ąną́ðe ąkatxą́","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":90,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Strong-stem verbs","expl":"Another important class of verb is the strong-stem class. This class contains useful verbs that we need for everyday speech. Question Words, I-Stem Verbs, and Strong-Stem Verbs 91 In this class, if the first sound is 𐓬, 𐓰, 𐓤 [p, t, k], then the subject pronouns for I and you (singular) change. The subject pronoun for first-person singular I is 𐓡 [h], and the subject pro- noun for second-person singular you is 𐓯 [š]. Both pronouns appear at the beginning of the verb, as shown below. Note that the first-person plural pronoun remains 𐓘͘ [ą]. Completive forms for 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 [tǫ́pe] watch or look at and 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓟́ [paasé] cut up 𐓱𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 htǫ́pe I watch it 𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 štǫ́pe you (singular) watch it 𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓘𐓬𐓟 štǫ́pape you (plural) watch it 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 tǫ́pe he (or she or they) watches it 𐓘͘𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 ątǫ́pe we two watch it 𐓘͘𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓘𐓬𐓟 ątǫ́pape we (plural) watch it 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓟 hpáase I cut it up 𐓯𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓟 špáase you (singular) cut it up 𐓯𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓘𐓬𐓟 špáasape you (plural) cut it up 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓟́ paasé he (or she or they) cuts it up 𐓘͘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓟 ąpáase we two cut it up 𐓘͘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓘𐓬𐓟 ąpáasape we (plural) cut it up Continuous forms for verbs like these take the aspect markers, as explained in chapter 6 and as shown with the i-stem verbs above.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":90,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"Verbs that belong to two classes","expl":"𐒻́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ [ípahǫ] know and 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] want Recall from chapter 5 that some verbs belong to two classes. This means that they will use pronouns from both classes at the same time. 𐒻́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ [ípahǫ] know and 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] want are strong-stem verbs that also belong to other classes. 𐒻́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ [ípahǫ] know The verb 𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ [ípahǫ] know belongs to both the i-stem and the strong-stem verb classes. We use the 𐓡 [h] and 𐓯 [š] pronouns from the strong-stem class, but place them after the 𐓣 [i] and before the 𐓬 [p]. 𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ íhpahǫ I know 𐓣́ 𐓯𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ íšpahǫ you know In the first-person plural, again the syllable 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ [ąną́] replaces 𐓣 [i], the way we do with i-stem verbs. 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ ąną́pahǫ we two know 92 Chapter 8 𐒼𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] want The important verb 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] want is in both the strong-stem class and the brush class. Like other strong-stem verbs, it takes [h] for I and [š] for you. And like other brush verbs, the [ð] is replaced by [br] for I and [št] for you. Look at the following examples, repeated from the dialogue above.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":91,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓜𐓪́ 𐓤𐓘 bróka dollar 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘ haaskámį shawl 94 Chapter 8 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 mą́zeska money 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟 ną́ɣe kípše ice cream 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ ną́ɣe paazénii ice cream 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓥𐓟 niikáapxohke soda, pop 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ oðíhtą car 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓤’𐓘́͘ 𐓮𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓣 oðíhtą k’ą́saaki train 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓘̋͘ hpéece žą́ą firewood 𐓭𐓣́ 𐓮𐓶 hpísu acorns 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘 sį́ka squirrel 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓰𐓘𐓳𐓣 wahkǫ́tahci church 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓶́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 wapúška beads 𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓳𐓣 watǫ́ehci store 𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓫́ 𐓳𐓣 watǫ́įhci store (variant) 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘ wéhkilį dress 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓪𐓟 žą́ąhkoe trunk, box (variant) 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓪𐓤𐓟 žą́ąhkoke trunk, box 𐓻𐓘̄͘ 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ žąąníežį candy","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":93,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓡𐓪̋ 𐓱𐓘͘ hóohtą (a-ða) shout, bark, howl 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ ípahǫ (i-stem, strong)\t know 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓭𐓟 iðáhpe (i-stem) wait, wait for 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 íiðe (i-stem) find, see 𐓣̋ 𐓸𐓘 íixa (i-stem) laugh 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 kǫ́ða (strong, br-šc) want 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓟́ paasé (strong-stem) cut (something up) 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 tǫ́pe (strong-stem) watch, look at","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":94,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Question words","expl":"𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ háakǫ how? 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 háakǫta why? 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ háaną how many? 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 haatxą́ta when (in the present or future)? 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣 haatxą́ci when (in the past)? 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 hówa which? 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 howáįki where? 𐓬𐓟̋ pée who? 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ táatą what? Question Words, I-Stem Verbs, and Strong-Stem Verbs 95","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":94,"cat":"questions"},{"name":"6.\t First daughter: Good!","expl":"7.\t First son: I really like that! 8.\t Second daughter: What time will we go? 9.\t Mother: When it’s 4:00, we will leave. Supper is at 5:00. 10.\t Father: Everybody be ready. As can be seen from this dialogue, eating is an important part of the dances. Getting to eat with someone who plays an important role in the dances, like the drumkeeper, would make the day even more special. Chapter 9","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":105,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Object pronouns","expl":"Since the object pronouns have many forms, we will introduce them one by one before making a table of them. Some pronouns will have special forms. Just like the subject pronouns, Osage object pronouns usually appear at the beginning of the verb. If the subject pronoun would be placed inside the verb, like with 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ [óhką] help, the object pronoun will appear in the same place the subject pronoun would go. To help make these points clear, the object pronouns have been bolded in the examples below. The object pronoun 𐓘͘ [ą] me In example 1 below, the verb is 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 [tǫ́pe] look at, watch, and the pronoun is 𐓘͘ [ą] me, which attaches to the beginning of the verb root.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":97,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Singular third-person objects: him, her, it","expl":"Just as we do not have a pronoun for third-person singular subjects, we do not have a pronoun that goes on the verb for third-person singular objects like him, her, or it. This is very different from English, and it can be confusing. Usually, context allows us to understand the meaning. But there are also two common ways to clarify the meaning of a sentence with a third-person singular object, and we will show them below. Let’s begin with a full sentence, one with both a subject and object, and then examine how we can understand its meaning when we omit one or both of its noun phrases. Chapter 13 discusses how to use freestanding third-person pronouns.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":98,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Plural object pronouns","expl":"Osage pronouns for plural objects are more complicated than the singular forms. The pronouns for plural you and us consist of two parts, one that appears at the beginning of the verb and one at the end. For example, the pronoun for us has 𐓷𐓘 [wa] before the verb and 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [api] after the verb. An additional complication, particularly when we use both subject and object pronouns together, is that there are multiple meanings possible. Some meanings can be distinguished by using different aspect markers, but in many cases, we will need context to help us understand the intended meaning. 𐓏𐓘 . . . 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [wa . . . api] us Osage distinguishes between we two and we plural for subject pronouns; however, there is only one plural first-person object pronoun, 𐓷𐓘 . . . 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [wa . . . api], which means us. In most cases, the 𐓘 [a] in 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [api] will be deleted. This happens in example 6 where, instead of 𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓘𐓬𐓣 [ówahkąapi], we have 𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓘͘𐓬𐓣 [ówahkąpi].","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":99,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Special forms","expl":"When any 𐓷𐓘 [wa] pronoun, accented or unaccented, appears on a verb that begins with the sound 𐓣 [i] (an i-stem verb, see chapter 8), it will change to 𐓷𐓟́ [wé] and the 𐓣 [i] disappears. (If the i-sound is long, then we use 𐓷𐓟̋ [wée].) We show this with the common verb 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 [íiðe] see. The distinction between a plural object and the indefinite can only be made by context.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":101,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Using subject and object pronouns together","expl":"Now that we have both subject and object pronouns, we can begin to say very important things like I see you and you are helping us. You may have already wondered, if both the subject pronouns and the object pronouns are placed right before the verb root, what will happen if we need to use both of them?","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":101,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Order of pronouns","expl":"Even though Osage places the subject before the object in a sentence, the usual order of the pronouns on the verb is object, subject. However, there are several special cases that we will also examine.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":101,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"You-me: you (subject)—me (object)","expl":"We have highlighted the pronouns to show how the object 𐓘͘ [ą] me comes before the subject 𐓵𐓘 [ða] you.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":101,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A special form for me","expl":"When a verb is in the i-stem class, like 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ [ípahǫ] know and 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 [íiðe] see, it will have a special form for the me pronoun: 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ [ąną́]. This pronoun will also cause the initial 𐓣 [i] to be deleted.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":102,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Right now I see you (singular or plural).","expl":"Object Pronouns 103 When we have brush verbs, we use both 𐓷𐓣 [wi] and the 𐓜 [br] pronoun.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":102,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"I hugged you (singular or plural).","expl":"Similarly, strong-stem verbs use both 𐓷𐓣 [wi] and the 𐓡 [h] pronoun.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":103,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"Plural forms you-us and you-them","expl":"The plural object for us, 𐓷𐓘 . . . 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [wa . . . api], appears in its full form in continuous aspect. The you subject-marker, 𐓵𐓘 [ða], stays unchanged.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":103,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"Plural forms: using we and you","expl":"Recall that the subject pronoun for we is 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] or 𐓘͘ [ą]. This means that it can be confused with 𐓘͘ [ą] me. But one way that Osage handles this problem is to change the rule about the object pronoun coming before the subject. When the subject is we, 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] or one of its variants will come first, before the object pronoun, except when that pronoun is 𐓷𐓘 [wa], as we will see below. In many, but not all, verbs with infixed pronouns, 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk] will appear first, as we see in examples 26–27, with 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ [óhką] help. From chapter 6, recall that Osage distinguishes between dual and plural we in subject pronouns. The aspect of the sentence is very important here. In completive aspect, dual we two takes the form of 𐓘͘ [ą] or 𐓘͘𐓤 [ąk], while plural we is 𐓘͘ . . . 𐓬𐓟 [ą . . . pe] or 𐓘͘𐓤 . . . 𐓬𐓟 [ąk . . . pe]. In the next two examples, remember that 𐓵𐓣 [ði] is the object pronoun for you.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":104,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"We (plural or dual) helped you (singular or plural).","expl":"In completive aspect, we have a problem in interpreting example 26b. Because we can only have one 𐓬𐓟 [pe] on the verb, and because you plural is 𐓵𐓣 . . . 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [ði . . . api], we will have to use context to know if this verb means we two helped you (plural), we (plural) helped you (singular), or we (plural) helped you (plural). We do not have this problem in continuous aspect because the aspect marker tells us what the subject is. Remember that continuous aspect markers come in several variations; we are giving one variation in these examples.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":104,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"Plural forms: using you plural","expl":"We have a similar pattern for you plural pronouns. When either the subject or object is plural, 𐓘𐓬𐓣 [api] or its completive form 𐓬𐓟 [pe] will appear on the verb. In completive aspect, context will determine the meaning of the verb when we have 𐓘͘ [ą] and 𐓵𐓣 [ði] as well as 𐓬𐓟 [pe], as in example 30b.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":106,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"We heard you (plural).","expl":"With the right context, 30b could also mean we heard you (singular). However, without such a context, the meaning you plural is usually the first meaning to come to mind for Osage speakers. In continuous aspect, the aspect marker will always tell us what the subject is.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":106,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓩𐓘̄͘ 𐓥𐓪𐓟\t ánąąhkoe floor, porch 𐓡𐓘̋͘ hą́ą night 𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 hą́ąpa day 𐓡𐓪̋ 𐓱𐓘͘ hóohtą animal noise 108 Chapter 9 𐓤𐓘́ 𐓸𐓘 káxa creek 𐓧𐓪̄͘ 𐓡𐓪̋ 𐓱𐓘͘\t lǫǫhóohtą thunder 𐓨𐓘̋͘ 𐓹𐓟 mą́ąɣe weather 𐓩𐓘́ 𐓹𐓟 ną́ɣe ice 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶 níižu rain 𐓪𐓬’𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘 op’ą́ða steam, fog on water 𐓪𐓻𐓟́ 𐓳𐓣 ožéhci bathroom 𐓬𐓘 pa snow 𐓳𐓣́ 𐓪𐓥𐓘 hcíohka room 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́ wahú bone","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":107,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓥𐓪̄ 𐓬𐓯𐓟́ hkoopšé (a-ða) run away, flee 𐓪𐓭𐓟́ ohpé (a-ða) enter, go in 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓮𐓶\t ðuuwásu (br-šc) clean, clean up","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":108,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓩𐓪̋͘ nǫ́ǫ old, elderly 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́ 𐓤’𐓘\t wahók’a young","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":108,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓡𐓘 álįįha afterward 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓘́ 𐓥𐓣𐓡𐓘 mį́įǫpa áhkiha next month 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 mį́įoðaake clock, o’clock, time of day (literally sun tells it) 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘\t mį́įoðaake háaną\t what time?","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":108,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Stative verbs","expl":"Let us start by looking at a stative verb with a named subject, the woman. Here are example sentences that show the set of forms for the verb 𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 [húheka] be sick.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":110,"cat":"stative"},{"name":"Stative verbs and continuous aspect markers","expl":"Sometimes verbs are not used with an aspect marker. In chapter 5, when we used first- and sec- ond-person pronouns, the completive aspect is assumed and does not need to be included. With stative verbs, if we don’t use an aspect marker with first- or second-person subjects (I, we two, we plural, you singular, or you plural), then we understand the aspect to be continuous. If we do use an aspect marker, we add different nuances to the sentence. When we use an aspect marker, we take advantage of the fact that it marks position to emphasize the position of the subject. In examples 2a, 2b, and 2c, notice the difference in emphasis when we use a continuous aspect marker with the singular pronoun I.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":111,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"or I have been sick.","expl":"In 2c, someone might say this if speaking on the phone where she can’t be seen and wants to indicate that she’s still able to walk around. As we already learned, using 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ [ąhé] could also be interpreted as have been, as in I have been sick.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":111,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Plural subjects with stative verbs","expl":"With plurals, the Osage language takes advantage of the fact that aspect markers give us infor- mation about number. This is what allows us to distinguish, for example, plural you from singular you. 𐓍𐓣 [ði] is the stative pronoun we use for you singular and for you plural. As we saw above, if we do not use a continuous aspect marker with 𐓵𐓣 [ði] as in example 3a, we under- stand that the aspect is continuous and that the subject is you singular. However, when we add the plural continuous aspect marker 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [paašé], as in 3b, we understand the subject as you plural. 112 Chapter 10","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":111,"cat":"stative"},{"name":"You (plural) are sick.","expl":"In short, we tell the difference between singular and plural you by the presence of the aspect marker 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ [paašé]. In 4a and 4b, we tell the difference between dual and plural we by the aspect markers 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟 [ąðįkšé] for dual and 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 [ąkáðe] for plural. Note that the aspect for sitting will be the one we typically use for stative verbs. See chapter 6.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":112,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"We (plural) are sick.","expl":"Example 5 shows again the use of the “standing” version of first-person plural 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓙́ [ąkatxái] to show position. This might be said in a context where several people are waiting in line to get into a clinic, and we want to emphasize that they are standing.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":112,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"I-stem stative verbs","expl":"Stative verbs like 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 [ípuze] be thirsty have the same special pronoun forms as the other i-stem verbs (see chapter 8). Again, we have bolded the pronouns and aspect markers below to show how to use i-stem verbs.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":113,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"Words for feelings","expl":"Osage has several words that mean things such as like, love, enjoy, feel good. Some of them are synonyms, meaning we can use whichever we choose and the meaning will be pretty much the same. Others have more special meanings.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":114,"cat":"stative"},{"name":"Ki-stative verbs","expl":"Many words about feelings belong to a verb class called ki-statives. We will study 𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ [kiðálį], 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ [kíhǫǫ], 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪 [kízo], and 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘 [kíoxta]. With ki-stative verbs, we only include the 𐓤𐓣 [ki] syllable for third-person subjects. First- and second-person subjects delete this syllable and use the usual stative subject markers. 𐒼𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ [kiðálį] be pleased, feel good, like This stative verb can be used in a general way to include being pleased about something, liking to do something, and liking things.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":114,"cat":"stative"},{"name":"He/she/they had fun.","expl":"116 Chapter 10 𐒼𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘 [kíoxta] cherish, love, like (especially in family relationships) This verb is used to talk about human relationships. It is not used to talk about things. This means that sometimes both the subject and the object take object pronouns—for instance, I love you in 26. In this case we use the pronoun 𐓷𐓣 [wi] I-you (see chapter 9).","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":115,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Using just the aspect marker with common stative verbs","expl":"In casual conversation you may hear Osage speakers use the continuous aspect marker by itself, without the pronoun, for very common expressions such as I’m hungry or I’m thirsty. Because the aspect marker tells us the subject and stative verbs are most often in continuous aspect, this is a shorter way to say things in conversation.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":117,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ? How have you been doing?","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":117,"cat":"general"},{"name":"B:","expl":"𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘. I am sick. 118 Chapter 10","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":117,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ ? What do you like?","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":118,"cat":"general"},{"name":"B:","expl":"𐒽𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘. I like fruit. 𐒽𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘? Do you like fruit?","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":118,"cat":"general"},{"name":"A:","expl":"𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘. No, I like bacon.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":118,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓡𐓣̋ híi teeth 𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓥𐓘͘ híihką ankle 𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶 nąnúhu tobacco 𐓭𐓘 hpa nose 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓶́ hpahú hair 𐓮𐓣̋ síi foot 𐓯𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓟 šáake hand 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓲𐓟 tóoce throat 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟 hcéze stomach 𐓷𐓟̋ 𐓧𐓣 wéeli head 𐓻𐓟𐓤𐓘́ žeká leg","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":118,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 húheka (stative) be sick 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ kíhǫǫ (ki-stative) like, like to do things 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓸𐓰𐓘 kíoxta (ki-stative) like or love someone 𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓘́ ͘𐓡𐓟 kitą́he (a-ða) get better 𐓤𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ kiðálį (ki-stative) be glad, be pleased, like 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪 kízo (ki-stative) enjoy, like Stative Verbs 119 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟 níe (stative) be hurt, in pain 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓳𐓟 níhce (stative) be cold 𐓩𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́ 𐓡𐓣 nǫhpéhi (stative) be hungry 𐓭𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓣 hpíiži (stative) bad, feel bad 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ tąhé (stative) be fine","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":118,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Blankets","expl":"Blankets have been important to us for a long time, perhaps even before they gained value as a trade item. Woolen blankets in the style of those made by the Hudson Bay Company, Pendle- ton, or other companies are typically called 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ [haxį́], and these are worn by both men and women. Blanket shawls (fringed blankets) are worn by women and are also called 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ [haxį́]. Women also often wear lightweight shawls called 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘ [haaskámį]. There are many other words for blankets. Some, called 𐓨𐓣́͘ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟 [mį́waapaache], are only worn by women, and 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓣𐓭𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟 [óhkihpaache] are worn by men. These blankets are gen- erally made from broadcloth and often have ribbonwork or beadwork. Some blankets can also be embroidered or have yarnwork. We call a wraparound skirt 𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓟𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ [wáakipetxą]. This is often made from lightweight materials like silk. In the old days, these were almost always black. Other Osage wraparound skirts are called 𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟 [wáache] (often 𐓷𐓘̄𐓴𐓟́ [waaché]) and are made from 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 [haaštáha], a woolen broadcloth. Another word for blanket is 𐓨𐓣͘ [mį], though this word is usually used for robes. The word 𐓪𐓨𐓣́ 𐓻𐓟 [omíže] is typically used for bedding, like sheets and blankets, throws, quilts, bedclothes, or even rugs and carpets. 𐓂𐓨𐓣́ 𐓻𐓟 [omíže] is also used for the bundle of blankets or pillows wrapped in a bedsheet and carried to 𐓥𐓣𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 [hkihkǫ́ze] Osage Native American Church meetings. The word for a saddle blanket is 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓪͘ [wákaštǫ], and this word can also be used for a blanket that is folded up and used to pad a chair or even as a term for a cushion or pillow. Although some people no longer do this, others we know follow traditions where the colors, patterns, and decorations for blankets given to children (when they are old enough) 122 Chapter 11 are determined by birth order. For one author’s family, the eldest son will be given a red and blue blanket with a pattern where the red part, when worn, will cover the heart or the left side of the body. The second son would be given a completely red blanket, and the third son (and any after that) would be given an all-blue blanket. For daughters, the first daughter gets a red blanket, and all others get a blue blanket. Nowadays, people may get blankets of red or blue, regardless of their birth order, and each family may follow a different way of doing this. The Hominy Arbor in Hominy, Oklahoma. Photo by Butch DeLong. The Gray Horse arbor near Fairfax, Oklahoma. Photo by Butch DeLong. Osage Lifeways 123","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":121,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Talking about family members","expl":"There’s no finer way of linking Osage language and culture than to look at the structure of the 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪̋͘ [wahǫ́ǫ] system. This system is the Osage way to address each other according to their position in families that demonstrates respect. It demonstrates our respect for and intercon- nectedness with family, community, and our natural world. Children who were raised in this system grew up knowing and understanding the positions and expectations given to everyone in the family. Birth order was very important. For example, firstborn children were given special treatment, and they also had extra roles and responsibilities. And we will see the importance of this in names for our kin. We will learn how to talk about our parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents, siblings, children, and grandchildren. We will also mention how these words change when talking about someone else’s relatives. Please remember that some families may follow slightly different traditions and use a few different words (or variations of these words) than we have used here. Let’s start with our mother and our mother’s sisters. In Osage, we typically call our mother 𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ [iiną́]. Our mother’s older sister is usually called 𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓱𐓘͘ [iiną́htą], and we call her younger sister 𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓻𐓣͘ [iiną́žį]. Remember that 𐓱𐓘͘ [htą] means big and 𐓻𐓣͘ [žį] means small, so aunts on our mother’s side are our big or little mothers. Moving to our father and his brothers, we call our father 𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣 [įhtáci], and we typically call our father’s older brother 𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣𐓱𐓘͘ [įhtácihtą] and his younger brother 𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣𐓻𐓣͘ [įhtácižį] (big or little father). If a child were to lose either parent, they still have their big (or little) mother and father. This illustrates the interconnectedness and relationships of the 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪̋͘ [wahǫ́ǫ] system and how it helps to ensure that no one will become 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓫́ 𐓤𐓟 [wahǫ́įke] an orphan, without family. Our aunts on our father’s side are called 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣 [wihcími], whether they are older or younger than our father. And our mother’s brothers, regardless of birth order, are called 𐓷𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣 [wįcéki]. The words we use for our brothers and sisters depend on whether we are a man or a woman. As a man, we call our older brother 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟 [wižį́ðe] (or 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓟 [wižį́e] or 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ [wižį́]), and we call our younger brother 𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [wisǫ́ka]. And as a man, we call our older sister 𐓷𐓣𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [wihtą́ke] and our younger sister 𐓷𐓣𐓱𐓟́ 𐓻𐓣͘ [wihtéžį]. As a woman, we call our older sister 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓘͘ [wižǫ́ą] (some say 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ [wižǫ́]) and our younger sister 𐓷𐓣𐓱𐓟́ 𐓻𐓣͘ [wihtéžį]. And as a woman, we call our older brother 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́͘ 𐓱𐓪 [wihcį́hto] and our younger brother 𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ [wisǫ́ežį]. Mothers and fathers use the same words for their sons and daughters. The firstborn son is called 𐓣𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓭𐓘 [ilǫ́ǫhpa]. The firstborn daughter is called 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘͘ [wak’óhtą] (or 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘 [wak’óhpa], and some say 𐓨𐓣̋ 𐓩𐓘 [míina]). The second-born son is called 𐓤𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [kšǫ́ka] (or 𐓤𐓯𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [kšą́ka]) and the second-born daughter is 𐓷𐓣𐓡𐓟́ [wihé]. For sons born third and after, people say 𐓤𐓸𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ [kxážį] (or 𐓤𐓸𐓘́ 𐓤𐓟 [kxáke]). For the third-born daughter, we say 𐓘𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [asį́ka] (some say 𐓘𐓮𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘 [asíhpa]). And for the fourth-born daughter and beyond, we say 𐓘𐓮𐓣́ 𐓻𐓣͘ [asížį]. The general terms for children are 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [wižį́ke] for sons and 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [wižǫ́ke] for daughters. Our grandfathers on either side of the family are typically called 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [wihcíko] or 𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [hcíko], and our grandmothers (either side) are called 𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ [iihkó]. Our grandchild, 124 Chapter 11 whether a boy or a girl, is usually called 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓪́ 𐓯𐓬𐓘 [wihcóšpa]. A more general way to say grandchild (more like a or the grandchild) is 𐓻𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓪𐓷𐓘́ 𐓥𐓣𐓡𐓘͘ [žįká owáhkihą]. Within our family, we often use birth order names for each other rather than our given names. So, everyone might just call the firstborn son 𐓣𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓭𐓘 [ilǫ́ǫhpa] and the firstborn daugh- ter 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘͘ [wak’óhtą]. This might be like people calling a child Sonny or a parent Mom or Dad in English, and we’ve tried to capture the sense of this in a few of our chapter dialogues. The Pawhuska Arbor in Pawhuska, Oklahoma. Photo by Butch DeLong. The Hominy Roundhouse in Hominy, Oklahoma. Photo by Butch DeLong. Osage Lifeways 125 Along these lines, a husband may call his wife mother of (name of the firstborn child), and a wife may call her husband father of (name of the firstborn child). So if the eldest child’s name is Jesse, then the husband would call his wife “Jesse 𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘  ” [iihǫ́] and the wife would call her husband “Jesse 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟” [iðáce]. Another point is that Osage uses slightly different forms of these words to talk about other people’s family members. For example, my grandfather is 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [wihcíko], but your grand- father is 𐓵𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [ðihcíko], and his or her (or a or the) grandfather is 𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [ihcíko]. We have organized the family words into a table below. Notice that the words in the my column often begin with wi (or į), the words in the your column begin with ði, and the words in the his or her column begin with i.","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":123,"cat":"general"},{"name":"(or a/the)","expl":"father 𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣 [įhtáci] 𐓵𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 [ðiðáce] 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 [iðáce] mother 𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ [iiną́] 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ [ðiihǫ́] 𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ [iihǫ́] uncle (father’s elder) 𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣𐓱𐓘͘ [įhtácihtą]\t 𐓵𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 [ðiðáce] 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 [iðáce] uncle (father’s younger) 𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣𐓻𐓣͘ [įhtácižį] 𐓵𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ [ðiðácežį]\t 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ [iðácežį] aunt (mother’s elder) 𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓱𐓘͘ [iiną́htą] 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘͘ [ðiihǫ́htą] 𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘͘ [iihǫ́htą] aunt (mother’s younger) 𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓻𐓣͘ [iiną́žį] 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓻𐓣͘ [ðiihǫ́žį] 𐓣̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓻𐓣͘ [iihǫ́žį] uncle (mother’s brother) 𐓷𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣 [wįcéki] 𐓵𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣 [ðįcéki] 𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣 [įcéki] aunt (father’s sister; any) 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣 [wihcími] 𐓵𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣 [ðihcími] 𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓨𐓣 [ihcími] older brother (if a man) 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟 [wižį́ðe] 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟 [ðižį́ðe] 𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓟 [ižį́ðe] older brother (if a woman) 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪 [wihcį́to] 𐓵𐓣𐓳𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪 [ðihcį́to] 𐓣𐓳𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪 [ihcį́to] younger brother (if a man) 𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [wisǫ́ka] 𐓵𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [ðisǫ́ka] 𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘 [isǫ́ka] younger brother (if a woman)\t 𐓷𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ [wisǫ́ežį] 𐓵𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ [ðisǫ́ežį] 𐓣𐓮𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ [isǫ́ežį] son (any; general term) 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [wižį́ke] 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ðižį́ke] 𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ižį́ke] daughter (any; general term)\t 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [wižǫ́ke] 𐓵𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ðižǫ́ke] 𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ižǫ́ke] grandchild (general term) 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓪́ 𐓯𐓬𐓘 [wihcóšpa]\t 𐓵𐓣𐓳𐓪́ 𐓯𐓬𐓘 [ðihcóšpa]\t 𐓣𐓳𐓪́ 𐓯𐓬𐓘 [ihcóšpa] grandfather (any) 𐓷𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [wihcíko] 𐓵𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [ðihcíko] 𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [ihcíko] or 𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 [hcíko] grandmother (any) 𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ [iihkó] 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ [ðiihkó] 𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́ [iihkó] This table is a good start for the words we use for family members, but there are still many other things to learn (like how to talk about cousins or in-laws). You can ask your teacher about these terms, or you can find many of them in Quintero’s Osage Dictionary or her Osage Grammar. Please also remember that some people use slightly different words for their family members. 𐒻́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":125,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Singular you","expl":"Positive Osage commands are made with the bare verb. Verbs that end in the sound 𐓟 [e], as in examples 1 and 3, 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] and 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 [tǫ́pe], will change that sound to 𐓘 [a] (as we have done before). Sometimes the accent is moved to the final syllable for emphasis, but this is not necessary. Note that commands are not marked for aspect.","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":128,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Plural you","expl":"The command for plural you is made by putting the plural marker 𐓬𐓣 [pi] after the verb. Commands and Negation 129","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":128,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"Negation","expl":"Negation with forms of 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] The simplest way to negate a sentence is to place a form of the negator 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] after the verb root. There are three forms: 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] for second- and third-person subjects (you, he, she, it), 𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣 [maži] for first-person subjects (I), and 𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 [paži] for plural subjects. Similar to what we have seen before, if a verb ends in the sound 𐓟 [e], it is replaced with the 𐓘 [a] in 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži]. 130 Chapter 12 We will write 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži], 𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣 [maži], and 𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣 [paži] as part of the verb. Some people prefer to write these as separate words. While we use the forms of continuous aspect for all persons, third-person negation does not take completive 𐓬𐓟 [pe]. This is one of the instances where the completive aspect is built in. 𐒰𐓻𐓣 [aži]","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":129,"cat":"negation"},{"name":"Negative commands: don’t","expl":"We use the negator 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ [ðįké] plus the command marker 𐓘́ [á] to make 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ [ðįká] don’t! This negator also has the variation 𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ [įká].","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":132,"cat":"negation"},{"name":"Don’t cry!","expl":"Just as with positive commands, we may add 𐓵𐓣 [ði] to a negative command to make it more emphatic.","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":132,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓳𐓣𐓱𐓘͘ áhcihtą arbor 𐓜𐓘́ 𐓬𐓸𐓘̄͘ 𐓤𐓟 brápxąąke mosquito 𐓡𐓟̋ 𐓪𐓲𐓟 héeoce monkey 𐓣͘𐓴𐓪́ 𐓤𐓘 įchóka mouse 134 Chapter 12 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 kaasį́exci morning 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 kaasį́exci wanǫ́bre breakfast (morning meal) 𐓤𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓣̄͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ kį́įkįįežį butterfly 𐓧𐓘́ 𐓬𐓸𐓘̄͘ 𐓤𐓟 lápxąąke mosquito 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓘 mą́ka skunk 𐓨𐓣́ 𐓹𐓘 míɣa duck 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ htaaská sheep 𐓱𐓘́ 𐓱𐓘𐓺𐓟 htáhtaze grasshopper 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 wanǫ́bre dinner 𐓸𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘 xóhka singers and drummers","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓣́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 ík’uce (i-stem) practice, study, try 𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓟𐓺𐓟 páaleze (strong-stem) write 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟́ ðaacé (brush) call, pronounce, read 𐓵𐓣̄͘ 𐓤𐓟́ ðįįké (stative) have none, lack, not have anything 𐓹𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟́ ɣaaké (a-ða) cry","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":134,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other","expl":"𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ éetxą it is time to 𐓬𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ pée ðįké not anyone, no one 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ táatą ðįké not anything, nothing 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ ðįké none, no, not any, there is no","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":134,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Habitual aspects","expl":"One very important aspect is the one that indicates that an act happens habitually or repeti- tively. We will call this habitual aspect. This aspect is typically made with adverbials. Some English adverbs that mark this aspect are always, a lot, over and over, usually, habitually, sometimes, often, used to, keep on, and others. There are four common Osage adverbials that mark this aspect: 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną], 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą], 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣 [háachi], and 𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 [íkiha]. We discuss each of them along with their meanings below. 𐓁𐓘͘ [ną] (or 𐓩𐓘 [na]) and 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą] Two of the four most commonly used adverbials are 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] and 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą]. Rather than try to match these to English adverbs, it’s best to understand that the difference between them is that 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą] indicates that the rate or intensity of the action is stronger than that indicated by 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną]. For many Osage speakers, 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] means sometimes or usually, and 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą] means always or a lot. If we wanted to say over and over we could use either, but 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] would indi- cate every so often and 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą] would indicate more frequently. These two adverbials appear after the verb and before the completive or continuous aspect marker, if one is used. When 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] is used with the completive 𐓬𐓟 [pe], it is almost always Habitual and Durative Aspects and Freestanding Pronouns 137 written 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 [nąpe]. When the aspect is continuous, instead of 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] plus 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] we only use 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną], and 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] plus 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] will appear as 𐓩𐓙 [nai].","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":136,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Durative aspects","expl":"Another kind of aspect is called durative aspect. It describes events or states that last over time. The English adverb for this aspect is still. 𐓇𐓪͘ [šǫ] still The adverbial particle 𐓯𐓪͘ [šǫ] behaves like 𐓩𐓘͘ [ną] and 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ [štą]—it appears after the verb and before any aspect marker. Durative aspects are a kind of continuous aspect (they continue over time), so we will generally use a continuous aspect marker at the end of the sentence. Habitual and Durative Aspects and Freestanding Pronouns 139","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":138,"cat":"aspect"},{"name":"Freestanding pronouns","expl":"Up until now, all of our pronouns have been affixed to the verbs they are used with. There are other important pronouns that work differently and are separate from the verb. Two of these kinds of pronouns are possessives (for example, my or mine) and emphatics (for example, me! or you!).","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":140,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Possessive pronouns","expl":"𐓏𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 [wíhta] my, mine Let’s start by looking at two sentences with 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 [wíhta].","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":140,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Other freestanding pronouns","expl":"When we converse, we don’t always have to use a full sentence. Sometimes a phrase or even a single word is what we need. Freestanding pronouns let us do this. Think about the following English responses to the question “Who found the dog?”","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":142,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓣𐓥𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 ihkówa friend 𐓥𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘 hkóða friend","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":145,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓰𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 átǫpe (strong-stem) raise, take care of 𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 íkihtǫpe (a-ða) visit one’s family 𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ oožú (a-ða) pour or put into 𐓯𐓤𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 škáce (a-ða) play 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓸𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓟 ðaaxtáke (br-šc) bite 𐓵𐓣𐓤’𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 ðik’íðe (br-šc) scratch","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":145,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓤’𐓘́͘ 𐓮𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓣 k’ą́saaki fast 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓸𐓲𐓣 hcéka xci brand new","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":145,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 áha whenever 𐓡𐓘̋͘𐓬𐓘 𐓺𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣 hą́ąpa záani all day 146 Chapter 13 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓳𐓣 háahci all the time, continually 𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓡𐓘 íkiha repetitively, every time 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤𐓘 nąka maybe 𐓰𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́ 𐓰𐓘͘ tookétą in the summer 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 ðáha when, as soon as","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":145,"cat":"general"},{"name":"How to think about movement in osage","expl":"English speakers are used to using verbs like come and go in a very loose way—we rely on context to tell us what those words mean. For example, if someone says, “Are you coming to the party?” it is not really different from saying, “Are you going to the party?” In Osage we are very careful about expressing the ideas of here versus there and of traveling versus arriving. In this chapter we will learn how to use eight important verbs of motion. These eight verbs of motion also permit us to make verbs that mean bring and take. We will make another eight verbs based on the basic motion verbs that give us very fine distinctions in moving and carrying. Movement toward here: 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú], 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú], and the h-stem verb class The motion verbs 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú] and 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú] both mean moving here. In Osage we make another distinction: 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ [ahú] means come here while 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ [akú] means come back here, so it could also be translated return here. These verbs are used when motion is underway, so they are almost always used with continuous aspect.","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":148,"cat":"motion"},{"name":"Bringing and taking","expl":"The eight motion verbs discussed above form another eight verbs that have to do with carrying something while moving or arriving. These will correspond to English bring and take, but you can already guess that English meanings are much broader than the Osage ones. In English, bring and take can often be used interchangeably, but here we will use bring for verbs that mean carry here and take to translate verbs that mean carry there. All the bring and take verbs are compounded with the verb for have (𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ [aðį́]). Both parts of the compounded verb use the pronouns for their own verb class. This will make some very interesting forms in some cases. Bring here: 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶 [aðį́ahu], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶 [aðį́aku], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 [aðį́achi], 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣 [aðį́ali] The uses of 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶 [aðį́ahu] bring here but not arrive are somewhat more limited than those of the other carrying verbs because there are fewer situations when we would just talk about the motion underway. One way to translate this might be on the way. 𐒰𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶 [aðį́ahu]","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":154,"cat":"general"},{"name":"You’re bringing the book back.","expl":"𐒰𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 [aðí˛achi] 𐒰𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 [aðį́achi] is used to mean bringing something and arriving at a place, very often home.","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":155,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓪́ 𐓤𐓣𐓺𐓪 ókizo party 𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟 óðaake waléze newspaper, magazine, or newsletter 𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟́ paðé winter 𐓬𐓟̋ pée spring 𐓰𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́ tooké summer 𐓱𐓘̄͘ 𐓰𐓘́͘ htąątą́ autumn","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":158,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ ahí (h-stem) arrive there (also begin, get) 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ ahú (h-stem) come here 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ akší (a-ða) arrive back there 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ akú (a-ða) come back/return here Motion Verbs 159 𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ alée (a-ða) go back/return there 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ alí (a-ða) arrive back here 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ achí (a-ða) arrive here 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ aðée (br-šc) go there 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ aðį́ (br-šc) have, possess 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣 aðį́ahi (br-šc + h-stem) take there, bring there 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶 aðį́ahu (br-šc + h-stem) bring here 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣 aðį́akši (br-šc + a-ða) take back there, take home 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓶 aðį́aku (br-šc + a-ða) bring back here 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓟̄ aðį́alee (br-šc + a-ða) take back, take home 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓧𐓣 aðį́ali (br-šc + a-ða) bring back here, bring home 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 aðį́achi (br-šc + h-stem) bring here, arrive with 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟̄ aðį́aðee (br-šc) carry, take there","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":158,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Clauses joined by word order (no connector)","expl":"Some clauses in Osage do not need a connector when they are joined. When we join two simple sentences together in English we would do this with and, or we would just pronounce one right after the other. This is often how we do it in Osage; we simply put one clause after the other.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":161,"cat":"connectors"},{"name":"Clauses that permit subject pronouns on both verbs","expl":"There are many Osage verbs, such as 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] want and 𐓣́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 [ík’uce] try that do not use a connector between clauses. For verbs like these, we can put subject pronouns either on both verbs or only on the main (final) verb. This is a speaker’s choice. So examples 2 and 3 are both correct.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":161,"cat":"pronouns"},{"name":"Clauses with different subjects","expl":"Often clauses that use no connectors such as 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] want have different subjects. An example of this in English is “He wants me to eat dinner.” He is the subject of the main clause and me is the subject of the second clause. Notice that me is the subject of eat, even though it appears with the pronoun we usually use for objects. We will do something similar in Osage.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":162,"cat":"connectors"},{"name":"Joining clauses using verbs of motion","expl":"Another way to join clauses is by using verbs of motion (see chapter 14) with another verb. In these sentences we only put subject pronouns on the motion verb, the verb of the main clause. Motion verbs are often used with another verb to express a purpose. Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs 163","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":162,"cat":"motion"},{"name":"Clauses joined with connectors","expl":"Now let’s look at some clauses that are joined with connectors. 𐓌𐓟 [che] that An important connector is 𐓴𐓟 [che], which is not to be confused with the evidential marker of the same form. It is very much like English that in sentences such as “My neighbor thinks that his house is too big” or “I know that summer will be here soon.” There are several things to know about how to make this kind of sentence. Let’s begin by looking at example 12.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":163,"cat":"connectors"},{"name":"The man thinks that his son saw a deer.","expl":"First, one of the clauses is actually embedded in the other, the main clause. This embed- ded clause, shown in bold font above, appears before the main verb. We will see this embed- ding when both the clauses have a noun phrase subject. In this sentence, the main clause is 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [níhka akxa éðe akxa] the man thinks. The embedded clause is 𐓣𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟 [ižį́ke htáa íiðe] his son saw a deer. The connector 𐓴𐓟 [che] separates the clauses by showing where the embedded clause ends. We place 𐓴𐓟 [che] at the end of the embedded clause, separating it from the clause that contains the main verb. The subject of the embedded clause does not take a subject marker, and the verb of the embedded clause does not take an aspect marker. 164 Chapter 15 In the next example, the subject of the main verb is a pronoun, not a noun phrase. In sen- tences like this, where the main verb has a pronoun subject, 𐓴𐓟 [che] will still show us where the embedded clause ends.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":163,"cat":"general"},{"name":"I know that my daughter returned (home).","expl":"In this sentence the embedded clause is 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓧𐓣́ [wižǫ́ke lí] my daughter returned home. The main clause is 𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [íhpahǫ mįkšé] I know. Again, we do not use a subject marker with the subject of the embedded clause, 𐓷𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [wižǫ́ke] my daughter.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":164,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Clauses with the indefinite question words what and who","expl":"We also use 𐓴𐓟 [che] in clauses with indefinite what and who as in example 14. An indefinite is when we use question words such as what and who without asking a real question. Examples in English are “I remember what you said” and “The boy knows who helped him.” Although we would not use that to connect these clauses in English, we will use 𐓴𐓟 [che] to connect them in Osage.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":164,"cat":"questions"},{"name":"He knows who ate all the pie.","expl":"𐒰͘𐓻𐓣 [ąži] but The connector 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣 [ąži] is used very much like English but. (Do not confuse it with 𐓘𐓻𐓣 [aži] not.) It appears between full clauses. Both clauses will have subject markers and aspect mark- ers when these are needed.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":164,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Examples of Osage connected sentences","expl":"Here are examples of sentences using all the ways we can make connected sentences that we have discussed so far.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":165,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Joining clauses using verbs of motion","expl":"When we join clauses with verbs of motion, only the verb of motion has a pronoun, as in this case: 166 Chapter 15","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":165,"cat":"motion"},{"name":"Examples of clauses joined by connectors","expl":"𐓍𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 [ðáha] when, as soon as (at some moment in time)","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":166,"cat":"connectors"},{"name":"Nasal-stem verbs","expl":"The nasal-stem verb class has fewer members than others, but these verbs are commonly used. Five important verbs in this class are 𐓟́ 𐓪 [éǫ] do (not in the presence of others or for others), 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘ [ékiǫ] do (in the presence of others), 𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ [ažį́] think, believe, 𐓭𐓣́ 𐓪͘ [hpíǫ] know, be skill- ful, and 𐓣͘ [į] wear. Of course, many Osage verbs have nasal vowels, so just because a verb has a nasal vowel does not mean that it is in this class. In this verb class, the pronoun for first-person singular, I, is 𐓨 [m]. The pronoun for second-person singular, you, is 𐓻 [ž]. These pronouns will appear before the nasal vowel. The other pronouns work as we have seen before.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":168,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓬𐓟́ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 kašpéǫpa quarter (coin) 𐓥𐓘̄͘ 𐓲𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘ hkąącóolą pie 𐓪𐓥𐓶́ 𐓧𐓘͘ ohkúlą clothes 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓘 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘ waðáawa lébrą dime","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":171,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ ažį́ (nasal-stem) believe, think 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘ ékiǫ (nasal-stem) do (in the presence of others) 𐓟́ 𐓪͘ éǫ (nasal-stem) do (not in the presence of or for others) 𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 éðe (br-šc) thinking that way, consider, believe 𐓣͘ į (nasal-stem) wear (clothes) 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓣́ 𐓤𐓟 kaaskíke (ki-stative) be tired (physically) 𐓪𐓵𐓶̋ 𐓲’𐓘𐓤𐓟 oðúuc’ake (br-šc) be lazy 𐓪𐓻𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 ožéðe (stative) be tired (mentally) 172 Chapter 15 𐓭𐓣́ 𐓪͘ hpíǫ (nasal-stem) know (how to), be skillful at 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́ ðiiškí (br-šc) launder, wash (someone else’s clothes) 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓺𐓟́ ðuuzé (br-šc) choose, select, take","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":171,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓟́ 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓟 iiséwaðe mean 𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓟́ 𐓷𐓙 iiséwai mean (variant) 𐓪́ 𐓡𐓟𐓮𐓘𐓻𐓣 óhesaži fast 𐓮𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣 sísi energetic","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":172,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other","expl":"𐓟́ 𐓤𐓪͘ ékǫ like that 𐓺𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣 záani all","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":172,"cat":"general"},{"name":"or Are you (plural) looking at yourselves?","expl":"𐒽𐓣𐓡 [hkih] For third-person, we use 𐓥𐓣𐓡 [hkih] one does to or for oneself.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":180,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"She made a cake for herself.","expl":"𐒰͘𐓥𐓣𐓡 [ąhkih] For first-person dual and plural, we use 𐓘͘𐓥𐓣𐓡 [ąhkih] we do to or for ourselves or each other.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":180,"cat":"general"},{"name":"You (plural) are buying a car for yourselves.","expl":"Using the 𐓤𐓣 [ki] Pronouns 181 𐒽𐓣𐓧 [hkil] For third-person, we use 𐓥𐓣𐓧 [hkil] one does to or for oneself.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":180,"cat":"plurals"},{"name":"or We two helped each other.","expl":"The verb 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓟 [ohkíe] speak with someone, converse, call on the phone has each other built into it. We also have the full form, 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 [ohkíhkie], which means hold a conversation, generally with more than two persons. We will look at this again in chapter 20.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":182,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ hį́įcežį plates 𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓟́ hǫǫpé shoes 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ mą́ze hį́įcežį metal bowl 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓩𐓣 níini cold water 𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓣 óohǫ wékahi cook-paddle 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘 𐓻𐓟̋ 𐓧𐓘͘ hpáata žéelą fried egg or omelet 𐓭𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 hpáze wanǫ́bre supper 𐓭𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟 hpéže mąhkása ną́ɣe\t ice tea 𐓯𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓶𐓤𐓸𐓘 šáake ípukxa hand towel 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓷𐓙 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓩𐓣̋ hcéwai htaaníi yonkapin soup 𐓳𐓶́ 𐓤𐓟 hcúke spoon 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘ wéoohǫ cooking utensils 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓬𐓶𐓤𐓸𐓘 wépukxa towels","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":183,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓭𐓟 iðáhpe (i-stem) wait for 𐓤’𐓶́ k’ú (a-ða) give 𐓧𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́ liiškí (ki-ð-stem) wash (own hair or laundry) 𐓧𐓶̄ 𐓻𐓘́ luužá (ki-ð-stem) wash (own body or things) 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟 ohkíhkie (a-ða) hold a conversation 𐓪𐓬𐓟́ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ opétxą (strong-stem) tie up 𐓪𐓬𐓯𐓟́ opšé (a-ða) obey, follow 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́ ðiiškí (br-šc) wash clothes","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":183,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other","expl":"𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓪𐓤𐓣́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟 íe okípše (a-ða) keep one’s word 184 Chapter 16","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":183,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Special Siouan instrumental prefixes","expl":"All the Siouan languages use special prefixes to talk about the way an action occurs—usually the kind of instrument that is used to perform an action. Body parts are often considered kinds of instruments. Many of the verbs we have already learned have instrumental prefixes. Flu- ent Osage speakers can use the instrumental prefixes to make new words, but the words most Building Words with Prefixes 191 modern speakers use are already in the vocabulary. As the vocabulary has evolved, the original meanings of the prefixes are often no longer apparent, just as we saw with the 𐓣 [i], 𐓪 [o], 𐓘́ [á] prefixes. 𐓍𐓣̄ / 𐓵𐓶̄ [ðii / ðuu] by hand, using the hands The original form of this prefix is 𐓵𐓣̄ [ðii], but it has changed into 𐓵𐓶̄ [ðuu] in many words. You will see both forms. Almost all verbs that include this prefix are in the brush verb class. There are a number of nouns that also are formed with this prefix.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","p":190,"cat":"word_formation"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣̄ ͘ áalįį chair 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓟𐓥𐓘 háabrehka ribbon, ribbons sewn on Osage clothing 𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓬’𐓣͘ hį́įska wanǫ́p’į bead necklace 𐓣̋ 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓱𐓘𐓨𐓘͘ íikaahtamą bell 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘ mą́ze įįštóolą eyeglasses 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘ mą́ze wéoohǫ stove 𐓨𐓣̄͘ 𐓱𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓧𐓣 mįįhtǫ́eli gum 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓮𐓲𐓟 ohkísce half (of anything) 𐓬𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 páce boat 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟 hpéece fire 𐓭𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 hpéže mąhkása tea 𐓭𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ hpéženii tea Building Words with Prefixes 199 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ céɣenii drum 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 céɣeska cup (variant) 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ céɣeskažį small cup, tea cup 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓡𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 hcéheska cup 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓭𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟 ðuuhpéece lighter 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘𐓹𐓘 𐓵𐓣𐓧𐓣́ 𐓧𐓣𐓟 wápaɣa ðilílie brooch (sparkly pin for ribbon) 𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓟 wáache skirt 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́ waaché skirt (variant) 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓵𐓣͘ wéðį rope 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓸𐓟 žą́ąxe stick, pole","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","p":198,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓧𐓟 ále (a-ða) put on top of 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶 ážu (a-ða) set items out on something 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓶́ 𐓸𐓟 kaacúxe (kaa-delete) sweep 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘 ną́ąšta (a-ða) stop (when walking or running) 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓻𐓣͘ ną́ąžį (a-ða) stand, stand up, step on 𐓩𐓪̋ ͘𐓭𐓟 nǫ́ǫhpe (stative) be afraid (of) 𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ oožú (a-ða) pour/put into 𐓬𐓘𐓮𐓲𐓟́ pascé (a-ða) cut into pieces, slices, strips 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓸𐓲𐓟́ paaxcé (strong-stem) tie down, gather in a bundle 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓹𐓪́ 𐓟 paaɣóe (strong-stem) push something or someone 𐓬𐓣́ 𐓹𐓘͘ píɣą (strong-stem) blow on something 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓟 póse (a-ða) cut by shooting 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓯𐓬𐓟 póšpe (a-ða) shoot a piece out (of something) 𐓬𐓶́ 𐓤𐓸𐓘 púkxa (a-ða) wipe something off, erase 𐓬𐓶𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘 puštáha (strong-stem) iron (clothes) 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓥𐓘𐓲𐓟 táahkace (single-form/stative) be hot 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ táalį (single-form) burn 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟 táapuze (single-form) dry 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓮𐓤𐓘͘ táaską (single-form) melt 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣́ 𐓤𐓟 ðaaškíke (br-šc) chew 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓶́ 𐓬𐓟 ðiišúpe (br-šc) unlock, open 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓸𐓪́͘ / 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓸𐓪́͘ ðiixǫ́ / ðuuxǫ́ (br-šc) break something with the hands 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓥𐓘̋ 𐓨𐓘͘ ðuuhkáamą (br-šc) ring a bell or doorbell 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓧𐓟 žóle (a-ða) be with, accompany","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","p":199,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Joining noun phrases","expl":"In English we have the very handy word and that allows us to put together long strings of noun phrases and sentences. In Osage we may simply put one noun phrase after the other, as in examples 1 and 2.","ch":"More about Plurals","p":202,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Numbers","expl":"If we use a number greater than one with a noun, that noun will of course be plural. In Osage, we have different ways of treating plurals depending on whether the plural noun is definite, meaning pointed out, or not definite, meaning not specific. In examples 6 and 7, the plural nouns are not specific.","ch":"More about Plurals","p":203,"cat":"numbers"},{"name":"Position markers","expl":"The Siouan languages all have position markers that are used to note the position that something is in, and in many cases, whether that thing is animate (alive) or inanimate (not alive). Osage has many of these, though some have been let go as the language evolved. The position markers are optional, but they are very much part of the language of fluent speakers, and they help comprehen- sion. Note that they are not used with subjects of sentences—for those we use the subject markers 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa]. Another fact about position markers is that their use is evolving.","ch":"More about Plurals","p":207,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Osage position markers","expl":"𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [įkšé] sitting, round animate and inanimate (or 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [ðįkšé]) 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ [txą] standing animate 𐓴𐓟 [che] standing, upright, vertical inanimate 𐓤𐓯𐓟 [kše] lying, horizontal, long, spread out animate and inanimate 𐓬𐓘 [pa] plural sitting, standing, moving animate 𐓤𐓟 [ke] plural scattered, dispersed animate and inanimate You may find that the position markers remind you of the continuous aspect markers. There is a historical connection in the development of the aspect markers from the position markers, but their uses have diverged greatly. You have probably also noticed that the location words from chapter 4 sometimes are based on position markers. Also note that we have a third use for 𐓴𐓟 [che]. Do not confuse the position marker 𐓴𐓟 [che] with the evidential marker (chapter 2) or the connector (chapter 15). In the old usage for Siouan languages, inanimate objects were classified according to their shape, and assigned a position marker. But modern Osage speakers do not use the position markers to classify all objects. Instead, speakers use the position markers only when they need to contrast an object with others or to clarify which object they refer to. Fluent speakers can use position markers to express a large range of subtle differences in how they perceive a situ- ation. This communication is about how the speaker wishes the hearer to interpret a situation, not about classifying objects. 208 Chapter 18 Let’s look at some examples of sentences with position markers and their contexts. In 37 and 38, the speaker is using position markers in order to point out a man who might not be known and can be contrasted with other people who are also in the area.","ch":"More about Plurals","p":207,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Painting pictures with position markers","expl":"Remember that the position markers are typically used in a context where both the speaker and the hearer can see the situation. This allows speakers to use position markers to paint a picture of the idea the speaker wants to communicate. Returning to the example of blankets, and in the context of two speakers in a room with a blanket or blankets, a speaker could say 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [haxį́ įkšé] to point out a particular blanket, the blanket sitting there. If there were multiple blankets, the speaker could say 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓴𐓟 [haxį́ che]. This would indicate that the blankets were stacked up and formed a vertical, standing pile. The speaker could also say 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟 [haxį́ ke] as we saw above, meaning that blankets were scattered around. Using position markers this way can become metaphorical for some speakers. For example, we typically use 𐓤𐓯𐓟 [kše] for something horizontal or long like a stick; however, if we bundled sticks together, we might end up with a round bundle of sticks, and we could express that by using 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [įkšé], which is used for round or sitting things: 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [žą́ą įkšé], a bundle of sticks. We typically use 𐓴𐓟 [che] for standing things, like a house, but if we use 𐓤𐓯𐓟 [kše] with the word house, 𐓳𐓣 𐓤𐓯𐓟 [hci kše], we are suggesting that there is a row or line of houses or that the house is perceived as particularly long and rectangular. Modern speakers are far less likely to use a single position marker to classify a word and far more likely to describe an object’s position as they perceive it in context. 𐒻𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟","ch":"More about Plurals","p":209,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓡𐓪̋ hóo voice 𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓻𐓣͘ húužį a bit, a few 𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓬𐓟́ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 kašpéǫpa quarter (coin) 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓸𐓬𐓶 mą́xpu cloud 𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓹𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶 ną́ɣeoožu refrigerator 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓟 níhkašie person, people, human 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣 níhkaši person, people, human (variant) 𐓪́ 𐓻𐓘͘𐓤𐓟 óžąke road 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓰𐓪͘ wákaštǫ saddle blanket 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣͘ waðáawažį coins, change 𐓻𐓘̄͘ 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟 žąąníe sugar (variant)","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓻𐓘͘ ážą (a-ða) lie on 𐓡𐓶𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 hukáaɣe (strong-stem) pass (e.g., the salt) More about Plurals 211 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟 ípše (i-stem) come by, pass by 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓪𐓬𐓸𐓘 kíopxa (ki-stative) understand 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 níwahce (single-form) it’s cold (weather)","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Adjectives","expl":"𐓯𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟 šápe dark 𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓟 štáke mild","ch":"More about Plurals","p":211,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Other","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘 ášihta outside 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 áška nearby 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓲𐓣 áška ci near (something) 𐓘́ 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓱𐓘 áðuuhta across 𐓡𐓶̋ húu many, lots 𐓡𐓶̄ 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓤𐓘 huuhtą́ka a large number of 𐓡𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣 huuwáli a lot of 𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓻𐓣͘ húužį a bit of, a few of 𐓯𐓤𐓣 ški also, too, and 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 tóe some, any 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘ wálį very, really 𐓷𐓣͘ wį a 𐓸𐓲𐓣 xci real, very, precisely","ch":"More about Plurals","p":211,"cat":"general"},{"name":"15. \t Third daughter: Yes.","expl":"16. \t Second daughter: I will make the 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ and grape dumplings. 17. \t The girls are going to set the table. 18. \t It will be good. A handgame is a guessing game that also involves dancing and food. It is for lifting our spirits and celebrating important occasions. Here, a family is preparing to celebrate a birthday. 𐒻́ 𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓘̄ 𐓲𐓟 We often need to talk about making or causing something to happen. In English, we can add a suffix such as -ize to a word like random, giving us randomize, meaning to make random. We can also build a phrase like make X do Y, as in “Fred made me spill my soup.” And in some words the causation is inherent. For example, kill means cause to die. Osage has two primary ways to form a sentence with a causative meaning. One way is with the use of a causative marker 𐓵𐓟 [ðe], which will create a new verb. The second way is with the use of verbs that mean make or allow, like what we do in English. In this chapter we also discuss how to use 𐓷𐓘 [wa] with verbs to build sentences that do not need to have an object. We briefly introduced this concept when we talked about the uses of 𐓷𐓘 [wa] in chapter 9. Finally, we look at ways of making new words by changing them from verbs to nouns and also by combining two words.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":213,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Causatives","expl":"Verbs made with causative 𐓵𐓟 [ðe] One way that Osage makes words that have causative meanings is by placing 𐓵𐓟 [ðe] as the final syllable of a verb. We have seen this in the verb 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 [c’éðe] kill, which combines 𐓲’𐓟 [c’e], meaning die, with causative 𐓵𐓟 [ðe]. Do not confuse causative 𐓵𐓟 [ðe] with 𐓵𐓟 [ðe] that or the declarative evidential 𐓵𐓟 [ðe]. The following example is from chapter 3. 214 Chapter 19","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":213,"cat":"word_formation"},{"name":"Causatives made with clauses","expl":"Osage also forms causative expressions with clauses, like we do in English. This means the sentence will have two clauses, one with the causative verb, usually make or have, and one that says what was made to happen. This kind of sentence is done with no connectors between the clauses, as explained in chapter 15. Three common Osage verbs that make causative clauses are 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 [káaɣe] make, which we are already familiar with, 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 [kšíðe] have someone (not one’s own relatives) do some- thing, and 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 [kíðe] have (one’s own relatives) do something. 𐒼𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 [káaɣe] make Here are some sentences with 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘 [káaɣe].","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":215,"cat":"word_formation"},{"name":"Verbs into nouns","expl":"You have probably already noticed that many Osage nouns have the same form as the verb. Since we do this all the time in English, it is not surprising. Some verb-noun pairs that we have seen: 𐓣́ 𐓟 íe to speak; a word 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ waachí to dance; a dance 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶 níižu to rain; rain 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ waaðǫ́ to sing; a song Verbs made with 𐓷𐓘 [wa] are very frequently converted into nouns. We have already seen 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 [wanǫ́bre] eat a meal and dinner, and 𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 [áwanǫbre] eat something on and table. The word 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓟𐓺𐓟 [wapáaleze] writing instrument works like this too. We can see the instrumental 𐓬𐓘̄ [paa] by pushing and 𐓧𐓟𐓺𐓟 [leze] marks. As a verb this would mean make marks on stuff by pushing down, but of course we really only use this word as the noun writing instrument (usually a pen or pencil). Many other nouns have been made from verbs that begin with 𐓪 [o]. This is because of what happens when we combine 𐓷𐓘 [wa] and 𐓪 [o] (as above). For example, 𐓪̋ 𐓻𐓶 [óožu] a bowl comes from 𐓷𐓘 [wa] plus 𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́ [oožú] to pour or put into, and 𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ [óohǫ] a cook comes from 𐓷𐓘 [wa] plus 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ [oohǫ́] to cook.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":219,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Making new nouns using compounding","expl":"You have probably already noticed that many Osage words seem to be made from two other words. For instance, 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟 [wacúe skúe] cake is made of the words for bread and sweet. We also have 𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 [hápa wacúe] cornbread, 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓵𐓶𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘 [wacúe ðutáahpa] biscuit, and 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓧𐓣 [wacúe wéli] frybread. Some compounds are written as a single word, such as 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓩𐓣̋ [htaaníi] soup, made from the words for meat and water. The rules for making compound nouns are quite simple. If the compound is made from two nouns, the main noun comes second, just as is done in English. So 𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 [hápa 220 Chapter 19 wacúe] corn + bread is a type of bread made from corn. 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟 [wažáže íe waléze] combines three words the same way to mean Osage language book. If the compound noun is made from a noun and an adjective or verb, the noun comes first. So the word for cake is 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟 [wacúe skúe] bread + sweet. The word for pie is 𐓥𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓪̄ 𐓧𐓘́͘ [hką́ące oolą́] fruit + put into (sometimes shortened to 𐓥𐓘̄ ͘𐓲𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘ [hkąącóolą]). Compounding verbs in Osage is very rare. Even though we see some compounded verbs such as 𐓘𐓵𐓣́ 𐓘𐓴𐓣 [aðį́achi] arrive with (see chapter 14), most Osage verbs are formed through the many roots and prefixes that we have been studying. 𐒻́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":219,"cat":"word_formation"},{"name":"Nouns","expl":"𐓘́ 𐓰𐓘𐓥𐓘͘ átahką lights 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓘͘ ážą bed 𐓥𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓪̄ 𐓧𐓘́͘ hką́ące oolą́ fruit pie 𐓨𐓘́ ͘𐓺𐓟 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓟 mą́ze ohkíe telephone 𐓪𐓨𐓣́ 𐓻𐓟 omíže pajamas, bedding 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓧𐓣 paazénii wéli butter, cream","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":221,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓡𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟 húðe (ðe-causative) hand over, pass 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 kíðe (a-ða) allow (own relatives) to 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 kšíðe (a-ða) allow, have something done 𐓪𐓸𐓬𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 oxpáðe (stative) get lost, be lost 𐓪𐓸𐓬𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟𐓵𐓟 oxpáðeðe (ðe-causative) lose (something) 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓯𐓪𐓟 ðáašoe (br-šc) smoke 𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓟 ðéeðe (ðe-causative) send 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 ðuutáaži (br-šc) turn off","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":221,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Expressions for again, possibly, and if","expl":"𐓇𐓣 [ši] again The adverb 𐓯𐓣 [ši] again is placed right before the verb it modifies in a sentence.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":224,"cat":"general"},{"name":"We are speaking Osage.","expl":"226 Chapter 20 𐒷̋ [ée] say that (reported speech) 𐒷̋ [ée] is an h-stem verb that is usually used to report speech that has already occurred. In the examples below, we usually put the connector 𐓴𐓟 [che] (which corresponds to English that) between the two clauses (see chapter 15).","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":225,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Relative clauses","expl":"The last topic we will discuss is the way to make relative clauses. One of the trickiest parts of learning to make these is being able to identify them! Here is an example of a relative clause in English: “The cat that bit me ran away.” The clause that bit me describes the cat, and the whole noun phrase the cat that bit me is the subject of the sentence. Here is another example: “The community appreciates the women who helped the children.” The clause who helped the children describes women, and the entire noun phrase the women who helped the children is the object of the sentence. In short, a relative clause describes a noun that is inside a noun phrase in a sentence. Osage does not make relative clauses the way English does, but there are a few basic types of sentences that you can learn and practice. In the first type, the relative clause is in the subject of the sentence. There are two impor- tant things to note about this type of relative clause. First, there is no subject marker 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] or 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] in the relative clause—not on the noun and not at the end of the relative clause. Even if the subject is definite, we use 𐓷𐓣͘ [wį] if singular or 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 [tóe] if plural. Second, the relative clause does have an aspect marker.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":228,"cat":"connectors"},{"name":"The cat that I saw was sleeping.","expl":"In the second type, the relative clause is in the object of the sentence. There are three things to remember about this type of relative clause. First, if the subject is a noun phrase (not a pronoun), that subject will take a subject marker, 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] or 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa]. Second, the relative clause usually comes first in the sentence (as we saw above). These two points are illustrated in the following examples.","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":229,"cat":"general"},{"name":"How do we go forward from here?","expl":"Congratulations on making it this far! We have covered a lot of material. But despite the amount of work we have done in learning Osage, we are far from finished. There are many grammar topics that we have left unexplained, often because they are more complicated than we can manage in a beginning grammar book, and sometimes because those topics are much more rarely used in modern speech. And, of course, our glossary contains only a fraction of the Osage vocabulary. Some students will want to progress in their Osage language studies. At this time there are no advanced language books, but students can do a number of things to maintain and expand their language knowledge and fluency. First, students can get together with other Osage students and speakers and speak together. This is, perhaps, the most important thing a learner can do. Second, students can help Osage teachers form advanced classes. Third, some students will want to read parts of Carolyn Quin- tero’s Osage Grammar. Those students should probably discuss this material with an Osage teacher. Fourth, students should continue to learn Osage words from a source such as Carolyn 230 Chapter 20 Quintero’s Osage Dictionary. This will help to add to their vocabulary. Fifth, students can seek out online sources such as videos, audio content, websites, and apps that feature Osage being spoken. Last, students should support any language programs that exist now and those that will be formed in the future. 𐒻́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 Choosing from all the vocabulary words and grammar lessons in this book, write a thoughtful Osage composition of twelve sentences. 𐒻́ 𐓟","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":229,"cat":"general"},{"name":"Verbs","expl":"𐓟̋ ée (h-stem) say 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 ékie (h-stem) say to others 𐓥𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓯𐓟 hkóopše (a-ða) run away, flee 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓪͘𐓹𐓟 íðǫɣe (br-sc) ask for information 𐓣̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ íihǫ (i-stem) ask as a request 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓟 ohkíe (a-ða) talk to someone, talk on telephone","ch":"Verbs for Speaking, Relative Clauses","p":230,"cat":"general"},{"name":"6.\t First daughter: Good!","expl":"7.\t First son: I really like that! 8.\t Second daughter: What time will we go? 9.\t Mother: When it’s 4:00, we will leave. Supper is at 5:00. 10.\t Father: Everybody be ready. APA Dialogues and Stories 233 Chapter 10 ohkíhkie 1.\t iihkó: kaasį́tą akxa waníðe hta 2.\t iihǫ́: wapáaxce ąkóhtapi ąkáaɣe htai 3.\t iihkó: haxį́ ðe che haaskámį ški níąðe hta ąkatxái 4.\t iðáce: wiškítą mą́zeska tóe nąnúhu ški céɣenii ažu abrį mįšké 5.\t iihkó: ðáalį hta akxa 6.\t iihǫ́: ðekǫ́oce pée waníðe paaxcé 7.\t ilǫ́ǫhpa: wie ékimǫ 8.\t iihkó: kaasítą pée wapáaxce k’į́ahi 9.\t kšǫ́ka: wíe ékimǫ 10.\t iihǫ́: šį́mįžį mį́waapaache lúustako 11.\t wak’óhtą: mį́waapaache žúuce alúustako 12.\t wihé: mį́waapaache htóho alúustako 13.\t iihkǫ́: ðáalį ąhkíliištąpe 1.\t Grandma: Tomorrow is Giveaway. 2.\t Mother: Let’s make our bundles. 3.\t Grandma: These are the blankets and shawls we are going to give away. 4.\t Father: I also have some money and tobacco to put on the drum. 5.\t Grandma: It’ll be good. 6.\t Mother: Now, who is going to tie up the giveaway? 7.\t Eldest son: Me, I will do it. 8.\t Grandma: Tomorrow, who will carry the bundle? 9.\t Second son: Me, I will do it. 10.\t Mother: Girls, get your blankets ready. 11.\t First daughter: I have my red blanket ready. 12.\t Second daughter: I have my blue blanket ready. 13.\t Grandma: Good. . . . We are ready. Chapter 11 ohkíe 1.\t záani wawíhǫįpi hkǫ́bra. 2.\t wižǫ́ą wihtáežį wihcį́to wižíðe 3.\t hpahą́le waléze ðe íe tóe ékipše hkǫ́bra 4.\t ée wažáže íe che wažáže ók’ą ški oðáake hta akxa 5.\t wažáže íe íðai ðiópxąį škǫ́štapi ðáha waléze ðe oðíhkąpi hta akxa 6.\t ðekǫ́ǫce oáhkilake mįkšé 7.\t Stephanie Rapp įįštáxį žáže abrį́e 8.\t xuðátǫmį wažáže žáže abrį́e 9.\t Tulsa htą́wą owálįį mįkšé 10.\t hašíhta apa htaasíle htą́wą ðaatá pe 11.\t hcížo waštáke htą́wąla mįkšé 234 Appendix A 12.\t hpasú olį́į aníhkašie 13.\t wižǫ́ke ðǫ́ǫpa iitáðe 14.\t žįká owáhkihą ðóopa abrį́ mįkšé 15.\t ðe waléze akxa žįká owáhkihą wíhta wažáže íe hkihpíǫ óhką hta akxai che ékǫ ažámį mįkšé 16.\t wažáže íe hpíǫ wahkǫ́bra 17.\t ihtǫ́į ðéha wažáže íe ohkíhkie ši ánąk’ǫ hkǫ́bra hta mįkšé 18.\t wažáže níhkaši apa wažáže íe wažáže óhk’ą ąkóhtapi šǫǫšǫ́we mąðį́ ðée kǫ́ða hta apai 19.\t éetana záani waašką́ htai. 1.\t I wish to address all of you with respect. 2.\t Older sisters, younger sisters, older brothers, younger brothers. 3.\t First, I want to say a few words about this book. 4.\t It is going to tell you about the Osage language and Osage ways. 5.\t This book is going to help those of you who want to know and understand the Osage language. 6.\t Now I’m going to tell about myself. 7.\t Stephanie Rapp is my (English) name. 8.\t My Osage name is Xuðátǫmį. 9.\t I live in Tulsa. 10.\t The ones before me called it Htaasíle Htą́wą (Deer Tracks Town). 11.\t My clan is Hcížo Waštake. 12.\t I belong to the Gray Horse district. 13.\t I have two daughters. 14.\t I have four grandchildren. 15.\t I believe this book will help my grandchildren to learn the Osage language. 16.\t I want them to learn the Osage language. 17.\t In the future, I want to hear the Osage language being spoken again. 18.\t Osage people want the Osage language and our Osage ways to go on forever. 19.\t Therefore, everybody, let’s do our best! Chapter 12 ohkíhkie 1.\t waníðe ékitxą ahí akxai 2.\t iihkó: áhcihtą kši ąkáðe htai 3.\t iihǫ́: xóhka apa waaðǫ́ ðǫ́ha éetxą pe 4.\t waðáachi hta níhkašie íihkimąį níðe wak’ó waaðǫ́ ímą wák’u 5.\t šáake oðį́įke kaðǫ́ mą́zeska wák’u 6.\t iihkó: íciko waaðǫ́ íhta ðǫ́ha éetxą ahí akxai 7.\t wak’óhpa: háhahkiða wihcíko hcéka waachí tą ąkóðaha 8.\t iihkó: ihcíko waaðǫ́ ðiištą́ tą wapáaxce ąkóhtapi ąhkíliiški hta ąkáðe 9.\t iihǫ́: ihcíko akxa íe tóe ékie kaðǫ́ žáže kípą áwawak’u hta APA Dialogues and Stories 235 10.\t hpáhąle ée céɣenii aðį́ ðáabrį kípą kaðǫ́ hkóða ąkóhtapi wéenį ąkóða hta 11.\t alí˛įha ihcíko haxį́ haaskámį ški į kšiðé, záanii šáake oðí˛įke 12.\t kaðǫ́ ilǫ́ǫhpa akxa kšǫ́ka éeðǫǫpa mą́zeska ninúhu ški céɣenii ážu 1.\t It’s time again for Giveaway. 2.\t Grandma: Let’s go to the arbor. 3.\t Mother: It’s almost time for the singers to start. 4.\t When you dance, give to the visitors or women singers. 5.\t Shake hands and give them money. 6.\t Grandma: It’s almost time for Grandpa’s song. 7.\t First daughter: Get ready. When Grandpa starts dancing we will follow him out. 8.\t Grandma: When Grandpa’s song ends we will gather together with our bundles. 9.\t Mother: Grandpa will say a few words and then call out the names we are giving to. 10.\t He will call the three drumkeepers first, and then our friends we want to show our appreciation to. 11.\t Shake hands with everybody after Grandpa puts blankets and shawls on them. 12.\t And then First Son and Second Son will both put money and tobacco on the drum. Chapter 13 ohkíhkie 1.\t iihǫ́: tookétą wižį́ke akxa ilǫ́ǫška ohpé hta akxai 2.\t iðáce: ékǫ éetxą́ ahí akxa 3.\t iihǫ́: táatą záani ąkáðį che ąpáahi hce kaðǫ́ táatąžiški ąðúwį waðílą ąhkíhkaaɣe 4.\t įcéki akxa xúða mą́šǫ wį akíðį akxai 5.\t iðáce: ðáalį 6.\t iihǫ́: htaasį́įce wapúške ški ą́ðuwį hta ąkatxái 7.\t iðáce: htaasį́įce wahú haaléžowaake toe abrį́ 8.\t iihǫ́: ihcími akxa wažáže wéehkilį kšíɣe hta akxai 9.\t iðáce: wapáache ðáalį káaɣa pi che 10.\t iihǫ́: húuįke híðaxa húðaxe sce kšíɣe hta eená táatą ðáalį hta akxai 11.\t ée htónįke káaɣe ški 1.\t Mother: In the summer Sonny will go into the dance. 2.\t Father: It is time. 3.\t Mother: Let’s gather up everything we have, and then decide what else we will buy. 4.\t Uncle has an eagle feather for him. 5.\t Father: Good. 6.\t Mother: We will buy him a roach headdress and drop feathers too. 7.\t Father: I have a roach spreader and some handkerchiefs. 8.\t Mother: Aunt will make his Osage clothes. 9.\t Father: She makes good ribbon work. 10.\t Mother: She is going to make leggings, breechcloth, and a tail piece for him. There- fore, his things will be good. 236 Appendix A 11.\t She will make his otter too. Chapter 14 ohkíe ihcíko akxa ilǫ́ǫška wahǫ́ǫ akxa 1.\t ilǫ́ǫška záani xóhka watǫ́pe ški 2.\t hpásuolįį céɣenii aðį́ totą́ha wahtą́ka totą́ha níhkaši ški 3.\t waxákolįį céɣenii aðį́ totą́ha wahtą́ka totą́ha níhkaši ški 4.\t ząącólįį céɣenii aðį́ totą́ha wahtą́ka totą́ha níhkaši ški 5.\t záani wawíhǫįpi 6.\t waaðǫ́ wíhta záani awáachipi hce ówenį atxąhé 7.\t ðekǫ́ǫce žáže tóe áapą atxąhé 8.\t hpásuolįį céɣenii aðį́ 9.\t waxákolįį céɣenii aðį́ 10.\t ząącólįį céɣenii aðį́ 11.\t wacípxąį 12.\t waną́še 13.\t ilǫ́ǫhpa kšǫ́ka mą́zeska nąnúhu ški céɣenii ážu áwakšie atxąhé 14.\t kakóną Grandpa addresses Ilonshka. 1.\t All Ilonshka, singers, and onlookers. 2.\t Gray Horse Drumkeeper, Head Committeeman, and Committeemen. 3.\t Pawhuska Drumkeeper, Head Committeeman, and Committeemen. 4.\t Hominy Drumkeeper, Head Committeeman, and Committeemen. 5.\t I respectfully address everyone. 6.\t I am grateful to everyone that danced on my song. 7.\t Now, I am going to call a few names (to give them blankets). 8.\t The Gray Horse Drumkeeper. 9.\t The Pawhuska Drumkeeper. 10.\t The Hominy Drumkeeper. 11.\t The Town Crier. 12.\t The Whipmen. 13.\t I will have First Son and Second Son put money and tobacco on the drum. 14.\t That’s all. Chapter 15 ohkíhkie 1.\t iðáce: wižį́ke akxa íhciko íhkuaci íhta niióhkiac’į ški k’įhta akxai 2.\t iihǫ́: haaská hcéka hkietǫ́ǫpa kǫ́ða akxa APA Dialogues and Stories 237 3.\t haaská wanǫ́p’į huuwáli ðuuzé che ąkáðį ąðįkšé wápaɣa ški 4.\t áapiolą hcéka mązéštahižį į́įhtǫ ąðúwį tą 5.\t iðáce: záani wahcéka ąkóhce hta ąðįkšé 6.\t iihǫ́: wanǫ́p’į akšíɣe hta mįkšé tóoce ðiláace ški 7.\t wižǫ́ą hcéehį ópahtą hįúni kšíɣe hce éepše hta mįkšé 8.\t iðáce: pée hǫǫpé káaɣe 9.\t Supernaw’s hǫǫpé hcéka aðį́ ðą́ąche 10.\t kaasį́ta Supernaw’s hci ci brée hta mįkšé 11.\t iihǫ́: wižį́ke íišupe áalǫðį ðįká 1.\t Father: Sonny is going to carry Grandpa’s fan and mirror board. 2.\t Mother: Sonny wants eight new shirts. 3.\t We have lots of scarves that he can choose from, and scarf slides too. 4.\t We will buy new armbands, bells, and earrings. 5.\t Father: We will look for all new things. 6.\t Mother: I will make his choker and bandoleros. 7.\t I will ask Older Sister to make the streamers and garters. 8.\t Father: Who will make the moccasins? 9.\t Supernaw’s might have new moccasins. 10.\t I will go to Supernaw’s tomorrow. 11.\t Mother: Don’t forget Sonny’s belt. Chapter 16 ohkíe 1.\t hpahą́le hą́ąpa ímąche ohkúlą akíhpaahi ną 2.\t iiną́ akxa ohkúlą wíhta ą́paahi ną 3.\t iiną́ akxa wihtéžį hiiðá kšíðe kaðǫ́ áðiikxą ží˛įhe kšíɣe 4.\t mí˛įoðaake hpeðǫ́pa ohkísce tą híibrą híi alúuža kaðǫ́ omíže oákihpaahą ną 5.\t įhtáci akxa híi ðalúuža ąną́ðǫɣe štą 6.\t hą́ą tą ąną́puze tą níi ážą páskuha áažu ną 7.\t níwahce tą iiną́ haxį́ ši wį hce épše ąži mąąšcé tą aží˛įhe brúuc’ake 8.\t mí˛įoðaake hkietóopa ohkísce ci áažą kaðǫ́ iiną́ akxa átahką ðuutáži ną 9.\t iiną́ akxa óðaake wį ąðáace ąži mą́ze ohkíe kihtǫ́pe tą aží˛įhe pši ną 1.\t First, I pick out my clothes for the next day. 2.\t Sometimes Mom picks out my clothes for me. 3.\t Mom gives Little Sister a bath and then gets her ready to lie down and sleep. 4.\t When it’s 7:30 I take a bath and brush my teeth and put on my pajamas. 5.\t Dad always asks, “Did you brush your teeth?” 6.\t In case I get thirsty during the night I set water beside my bed. 7.\t If it’s cold I ask Mom for another blanket, but I can’t sleep when it’s hot. 8.\t I lie down at 8:30, and Mom turns off the lights. 9.\t Sometimes Mom reads me a story or watches her phone until I go to sleep. 238 Appendix A Chapter 17 ohkíe 1.\t wažáže wéhkilį ðe niáðe 2.\t wáache akxa haaštáha htóho akxa 3.\t haaská akxa mą́zeska zi ékǫ akxa 4.\t hceehį́į wį akxa žúuce zi mąąhį́ htóho hį́įska žóle akxa hcehį́į ímąkše ðiištą́ ðįké 5.\t háabreka wápaɣa ðáabrį wápaɣa ðilílie 6.\t hą́ąska wanǫ́p’į į́įhtǫ ški 7.\t hǫǫpé 8.\t ákahamį žúuce lǫǫhúu 1.\t I gave these Osage clothes away. 2.\t The skirt was blue broadcloth. 3.\t The shirt was gold. 4.\t One of the finger woven belts was red, yellow, blue, and green with beads, and the other belt was left unfinished. 5.\t Ribbons, three shirt pins, and a (shiny) brooch. 6.\t A bead necklace and earrings too. 7.\t Moccasins. 8.\t Red wedding coat and wedding hat. Chapter 18 ohkíhkie 1.\t wakǫ́ze: pée tooké htąątą́ paðé hówa ðíhǫǫ paašé 2.\t waðíopxaðe 1: pée ą́hǫǫ péetą níižu štą lǫǫhóohtą ánąk’ǫ kóe lǫ́ǫ waléze htǫ́pe ą́hǫǫ mą́žą mąąhį́ htóho ahí ški 3.\t waðíopxaðe 2: tooké ą́hǫǫ taapóska paną́ą kóe mąąšcé akxa ášihta aškáce ą́hǫǫ ahíibra ški 4.\t wakǫ́ze: hówa ðíhǫǫ nįkšé 5.\t waðíopxaðe 3: htąątą́ žą́ąpe apa ohtáza hkíðe nąpe hką́ącenii taašcúce brį́brą ą́hǫǫ 6.\t waðíopxaðe 4: wíe mįkšé paðé ą́hǫǫ níwahce éetxą kóe pahúðe ą́hǫǫ hąąská šooká šcúuce mį kóe pa akíškace 1.\t Teacher: Spring, summer, fall, winter—which do you all like? 2.\t Student 1: I like spring. It rains a lot. I like listening to the thunder and looking at the lightning. And the land becomes green. 3.\t Student 2: I like summer. School is out and it’s hot and sunny. I like to play out- doors and swim. 4.\t Teacher: Which do you like? 5.\t Student 3: In the fall the leaves become beautiful. I like smelling warm apple cider. 6.\t Student 4: It’s my turn and I like winter. I like when it’s cold and snowing. I wear my warm sweatshirt and play in the snow. APA Dialogues and Stories 239 Chapter 19 ohkíhkie 1.\t wihé: hą́ąpa wahkąhtáki ímąche wižį́ke iitáðape ékitxą akxai 2.\t ihcími apa šáakeooląk’ǫ kšíɣe hta apa 3.\t oohǫ́ wahtą́ka mįkšé hce ée apa 4.\t ée iiðánąhi 5.\t ą́ðixope akxa wéeaną mįkšé 6.\t asį́ka: táatą ooðáhą ðikǫ́ða 7.\t wihé: wacúe kaascú htáaweli súhka htaaníi wacúe sása žóle háazu wacúe ðubráaska hǫbrį́ke htóho 8.\t iiną́ akxa hápa káaɣe hce mǫ́pše kisúðe apai ékia pe 9.\t éetana paašpú oohǫ́ hkǫ́bra mįkšé 10.\t iihǫ́ akxa hpéžehtoho ąðį́achi ékie kóe iihkó wacúe skúe káaɣe hta akxa 11.\t asį́ka: pée óhką hce éše 12.\t wihé: wižǫ́ą htáaweli hǫbrí˛ke htóho káaɣe hce épše hta mįkšé 13.\t wižǫ́ke wacúe kaascú káaɣe hkǫ́bra 14.\t wihtáežį súhka htaaníi wacúe sása žóle škáaɣe 15.\t asį́ka: ąhą́į 16.\t wihé: paašpú háazu wacúe ðubráaska hpáaɣe hta mįksé 17.\t šį́mįžį apa hį́įce ážu hta apai 18.\t ðáalį hta akxa 1.\t Second daughter: Next week it’s Sonny’s birthday. 2.\t Our aunt (father’s side) is going to have a handgame for him. 3.\t She asked me to be the head cook. 4.\t I agreed (to that). 5.\t She honored me, and I am thankful. 6.\t Third daughter: What does she want you to cook? 7.\t Second daughter: Frybread, steam fry, chicken and dumplings, grape dumplings, and green beans. 8.\t Mama said to make a corn dish in remembrance of our ancestors. 9.\t So, I want to cook 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ . (𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ [paašpú] is a corn dish.) 10.\t His mother said she is going to bring a salad and his grandmother is going to make the cake. 11.\t Third daughter: Who are you going to ask to help? 12.\t Second daughter: I am going to ask (older) sister to make the steam fry and green beans. 13.\t I want my daughter to make frybread. 14.\t Younger Sister, will you make chicken and dumplings?","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":232,"cat":"general"},{"name":"15.\t Third daughter: Yes","expl":"16.\t I will make the 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ and grape dumplings. 17.\t Second daughter: The girls are going to set the table. 18.\t It will be good. 240 Appendix A Chapter 20 ohkíhkie 1.\t wihé: šáakeooląk’ǫ ðó˛ha ðiištą́ 2.\t asį́ka: šį́mįžį apa hį́įce ážu ðiištą́ pe 3.\t wihé: ášihta tǫ́pe mąðį́ wižǫ́ke apa wacúe kaascú ðó˛ha oohǫ́ ðiištą́ 4.\t éetxą súhka htaaníi wacúe sása žóle háazu wacúe ðuubráaska htáaweli hcíhta ąðį́ku kaðǫ́ hį́įce okúhpu káaɣa 5.\t asį́ka: hpéžehtoho ną́ɣeoožu ecí akxa kóe paašpú oohǫ́ ðiištą́ 6.\t wižǫ́e akxa hǫbrį́ke htóho oðókahi šǫ akxa ąži ðó˛ha ðiištą́ 7.\t wihé: mąhkása ąkáaɣe 8.\t asį́ka: tóe hpáaɣe atxąhé 9.\t wihé: wacúe skúe áwanǫbre ážupe níioožu okúhpu akxai 10.\t ónǫbre che áwanǫbre ážu htai 1.\t Second daughter: The handgame is almost finished. 2.\t Third daughter: The girls have finished setting the tables. 3.\t Second daughter: Go outside and look. Daughter is almost finished cooking the frybread. 4.\t It’s time to bring in the chicken and dumplings, grape dumplings, and steam fry, and fill the serving bowls. 5.\t Third daughter: The salad is in the refrigerator, and the 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓬𐓶́ is finished cooking. 6.\t Older Sister is still stirring the green beans, but they are almost done. 7.\t Second daughter: Did we make coffee? 8.\t Third daughter: I’ll make some. 9.\t Second daughter: The cake is set on the table, and the pitchers are full. 10.\t Let’s set the food on the table. This appendix illustrates the person marking for ten verb classes. It does not include the way plural forms change with aspect marking. Please refer to the chapters for that information. The third-person forms could be given as he, she, it, or they. a-ða 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ waachí dance 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ óhką help 𐓘𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣 awáachi I dance 𐓪𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘ oáhką I help 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣\t waðáachi you dance 𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘ oðáhką you help 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ waachí (third-person) 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ óhką (third-person) 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣 ąwáachi we dance 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ ąkóhką we help","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":239,"cat":"general"},{"name":"brush","expl":"𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ waaðǫ́ sing 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ ðiištą́ be finished 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓜𐓪́͘ waabrǫ́ I sing 𐓜𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ bríištą I am finished 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ \t waaštǫ́ you sing 𐓯𐓲𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ šcíištą you are finished 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ waaðǫ́ (third-person) 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ ðiištą́ (third-person) 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓵𐓪́͘ \t ąwáaðǫ we sing 𐓘͘𐓵𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ ąðíištą we are finished","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":250,"cat":"general"},{"name":"stative","expl":"𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 húheka be sick 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓳𐓟 níhce be cold 𐓘͘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 ąhúheka I am sick 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓘͘𐓳𐓟 níąhce I am cold 𐓵𐓣𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘\t ðihúheka you are sick 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓵𐓣𐓳𐓟 níðihce you are cold 𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 húheka (third-person) 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓳𐓟 níhce (third-person) 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 wahúheka we are sick 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓷𐓘𐓳𐓟 níwahce we are cold Appendix B","ch":"APA Dialogues and Stories","p":250,"cat":"stative"},{"name":"ki-stative","expl":"𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ kíðalį feel good, like 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪 kízo enjoy 𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ ą́ðalį I feel good 𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓪 ą́zo I enjoy 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ ðíðalį you feel good 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪 ðízo you enjoy 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ kíðalį (third-person) 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪 kízo (third-person) 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘ wáðalį we feel good 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓺𐓪 wázo we enjoy","ch":"Verb Classes","p":242,"cat":"stative"},{"name":"strong-stem","expl":"𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 tǫ́pe watch, look at 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪 ípaho know 𐓱𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 htǫ́pe I watch 𐓣́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪 íhpaho I know 𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟\t štǫ́pe you watch 𐓣́ 𐓯𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪 íšpaho you know 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 tǫ́pe (third-person) 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪 ípaho (third-person) 𐓘͘𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟\t ątǫ́pe we watch 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪 ąną́paho we know","ch":"Verb Classes","p":242,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"variations on strong-stem","expl":"𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 káaɣe make 𐓤𐓪́ ͘𐓵𐓘 kǫ́ða want 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 hpáaɣe I make 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘 hkǫ́bra I want 𐓯𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 škáaɣe you make 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘 škǫ́šta you want 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 káaɣe (third-person) 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 kǫ́ða (third-person) 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 ąkáaɣe we make 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ ͘𐓵𐓘 ąkǫ́ða we want","ch":"Verb Classes","p":242,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"i-stem","expl":"𐓣̋ 𐓸𐓘 íixa laugh 𐓣́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 ík’uce study, try 𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓸𐓘 iiðáxa I laugh 𐓣𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 iðák’uce I try 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘𐓸𐓘 íiðaxa you laugh 𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 íðak’uce you try 𐓣̋ 𐓸𐓘 íixa (third-person) 𐓣́ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 ík’uce (third-person) 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓸𐓘 ąną́xa we laugh 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓤’𐓶𐓲𐓟 ąną́k’uce we try","ch":"Verb Classes","p":242,"cat":"verb_classes"},{"name":"h-stem","expl":"𐓘𐓡𐓣́ ahí arrive there 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 ékie speak to someone 𐓬𐓯𐓣 pši I arrive there 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓬𐓯𐓟 ékipše I speak to someone 𐓯𐓣 ši you arrive there 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓯𐓟 ékiše you speak to someone 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ ahí (third-person) 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 ékie (third-person) 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓡𐓣 \t ąkáhi we arrive there 𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓣𐓟 éąkie we speak to someone Verb Classes 243","ch":"Verb Classes","p":242,"cat":"general"},{"name":"nasal-stem","expl":"𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ ažį́ believe 𐓣͘ į wear 𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘ ažámį I believe 𐓨𐓣͘ mį I wear 𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ ažážį you believe 𐓻𐓣͘ žį you wear 𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ ažį́ (third-person) 𐓣͘ į (third-person) 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ ąkážį we believe 𐓘͘𐓤𐓣́͘ ąkį́ we wear ðe-causative 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 c’éðe kill 𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓟 ðéeðe send 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓘𐓵𐓟 c’éaðe I kill 𐓵𐓟𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 ðeáðe I send 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘𐓵𐓟 c’éðaðe\t you kill 𐓵𐓟𐓵𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 ðeðáðe \t you send 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 c’éðe (third-person) 𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓟 ðéeðe (third-person) 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟 c’éąðe we kill 𐓵𐓟𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟 ðeą́ðe we send 𐓘̋͘ . ą́ą. yes (used by women) 𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘. áha. whenever 𐓘͘𐓡𐓚́ ͘. ąhą́į. yes (used by women) 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ . ahí (h-stem). arrive there 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ . ahú (h-stem). come here 𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓘𐓨𐓣͘. ákahamį. Osage wedding coat 𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ . akší (a-ða). arrive back there 𐓘𐓤𐓶́ . akú (a-ða). come back, return here 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓟. ále (a-ða). put on top of 𐓘𐓧𐓟̋ . alée (a-ða). go back, return there 𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣̄ ͘. áalįį. chair 𐓘𐓧𐓣́ . alí (a-ða). arrive back here 𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣̄͘ 𐓡𐓘. álįįha. after, afterward 𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓪͘𐓵𐓣͘. áalǫðį (br-šc, a-ða). leave behind, forget 𐓘́ 𐓩𐓘̄͘ 𐓥𐓪𐓟. ánąąhkoe. floor, porch 𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓣𐓪𐓧𐓘͘. áapiolą. armband 𐓘𐓮𐓣́ 𐓻𐓣͘. asížį. one’s fourth-born (and beyond) daughter 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓣𐓱𐓘. ášihta. outside 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓲𐓣. áška ci. near (something) 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘. áška. nearby 𐓘́ 𐓰𐓘𐓥𐓘͘. átahką. lights 𐓘́ 𐓰𐓪͘𐓬𐓟. átǫpe (strong-stem). raise, take care of 𐓘́ 𐓮𐓣𐓰𐓘͘. asį́ka. one’s third-born daughter 𐓘́ 𐓳𐓣𐓱𐓘. áhcihtą. arbor 𐓘𐓴𐓣́ . achí (a-ða). arrive here 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ . aðée (br-šc). go there 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ . aðį́ (br-šc). have, possess 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣. aðį́ahi (br-šc + h-stem). take there, bring there 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓶. aðį́ahu (br-šc + h-stem). bring here","ch":"Verb Classes","p":243,"cat":"verb_classes"}],"exercises":[{"num":1,"title":"Pronouncing nasal vowels","content":"For many of us, the nasal vowels 𐓣͘, 𐓪͘, and 𐓘͘ are a bit tricky to hear and pronounce, but there\nis a simple exercise to help us hear and feel the difference between the nasal vowels and the\nregular vowels. Again, try saying the English example words above, but this time, pinch your\nnose shut as you say them. When you get to the nasal vowel examples in seen, green, tone,\nhome, on, and Tom, do the words suddenly sound different? If so, you’re making an excel-\nlent nasal vowel! Now try saying just the vowel while pinching your nose shut. Can you still\nmake it sound nasal? Does it sound normal when you say the regular vowels seat, suit, set,\nsoda, and sod? Practice saying the regular vowels and then the nasal vowels with your nose\nplugged. Then practice the vowels without your nose plugged and listen for the difference.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":17},{"num":2,"title":"Spelling vowels","content":"Look at the table illustrating the eight ways to spell 𐒻. Practice writing these out by hand. Now\ntry spelling 𐒰 in these eight different ways. Next try this with the vowel 𐓂.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":17},{"num":3,"title":"Practicing the Osage alphabet","content":"Handwrite each Osage letter on the left edge of a page. Practice saying the sound out loud and\nwrite the Osage letter as you pronounce the sound. Do this at least three times. Practice this\neach day until you feel comfortable writing the Osage letters. If you want, you can do this with\nthe APA symbols too.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":17},{"num":4,"title":"Spelling and vocabulary","content":"Go through each pronunciation guide one by one. Practice pronouncing the words. Start slowly\nand repeat each word a few times until you can pronounce them smoothly. Then, practice spell-\ning the words. You can start with the APA if you find that helpful at first but be sure to also\npractice writing the words in the Osage alphabet too.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":17},{"num":5,"title":"Vocabulary and pronunciation A","content":"In this exercise, person A asks how to say an English word in Osage, and person B responds\nwith the Osage word. Try this with a classmate, or if you are not in a class, read both parts.\nA:\n𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟___ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟?\nháakǫ štáace nąpe ___ wažáže íe\nHow do you say ___ in Osage?\nB:\n____.\n____.\n18\nChapter 1\nA:\n𐓇𐓣 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓘.\nši ékia\nSay it again.\nB: \t ____.\n____.\nFor example:\nA:\n𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 eagle 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟?\nB:\n𐓐𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘.\nA:\n𐓇𐓣 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓘.\nB:\n𐓐𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘.\nNow try this with the other words from the pronunciation guide below. Whenever you want to\nlearn a new word in Osage, you can use 𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 ___ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓟? to ask your teacher.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":17},{"num":6,"title":"Vocabulary and pronunciation B","content":"In this exercise, the languages are reversed, and you are given an Osage word and asked what\nit means in English. Note that the word for English could be either 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓣́ 𐓟 [įįštáxį íe] or\n𐓡𐓶́𐓡𐓘𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓟 [húhaska íe], and we have only used 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́ 𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓣́ 𐓟 here.\nA:\n𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 ____ 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓣́ 𐓟?\t háakǫ štáace nąpe ____ įįštáxį íe\nHow do you say _____ in English?\nB:\n_____.\nFor example:\nA: \t 𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓲𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘𐓬𐓟 𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́𐓸𐓣͘ 𐓣́ 𐓟?\nB: \t Sun.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18},{"num":7,"title":"Vocabulary and pronunciation C","content":"In this exercise, instead of asking a question, a teacher is telling a student to say an Osage word\nin English.\nTeacher:\n____ 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓘.\t ____ wažáže ía\nSay _____ in Osage.\nStudent:\n_____.\n_____.\nFor example:\nTeacher:\nCorn 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓘.\t corn wažáže ía\nSay corn in Osage.\nStudent:\n𐒹𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘.\nhápa\nCorn.\nThe Sounds and Spelling of Osage\n19","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":18},{"num":8,"title":"What’s your name?","content":"Follow the pattern in the dialogue below and ask others what their name is. Note that where\nsome speakers use 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 [žáže], others prefer 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣 [žáži], and we have included both options\nin the dialogue below.\nA:\n_____ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟.\n_____ žáže abrį́e\nMy name is _____.\n𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓟?\t táatą žáže ašcį́e\nWhat’s your name?\nB:\n_____ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟.\n_____ žáži abrį́e\nMy name is _____.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":19},{"num":9,"title":"What’s his/her name?","content":"Now try asking about someone else’s name following the dialogue below.\nA:\n𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓟?\t táatą žáže aðį́e\nWhat’s his (or her) name?\nB:\n_____ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ .\n_____ žáže aðį́\nHis (or her) name is _____.\nNotes for Chapter 1\nA. Spelling\nWhere possible, we have followed the spelling system in Carolyn Quintero’s Osage Dictionary.\nHer dictionary is written using the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet (APA). One area where we\ndiffer slightly from the Osage Dictionary is in our use of accents. We do not use accent marks\non words with a single short vowel or on short two-syllable words that play a grammatical\nrole. This second group includes words such as the subject markers like 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] and 𐓘𐓬𐓘\n[apa], aspect markers like 𐓬𐓟 [pe], 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa], or 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai], or evidential markers like 𐓴𐓟\n[che] (see chapter 2). We do use accent marks on one-syllable words with a long vowel. This\nis because the accent mark also tells us that the vowel is long. Some speakers or families may\nuse different accents than what is found in the Osage Dictionary, and accents can sometimes\nchange, especially in morphologically complex words or phrases or when speaking quickly.\nB. Spelling vowels in the APA\nNote that in the APA system, long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel: [i] is regular,\nand [ii] is long. Nasal vowels such as 𐓂͘ are spelled with a small hook, written like this (  ̨ ),\nunder the vowel; [ǫ] is a nasal vowel, [o] is not a nasal vowel. The diphthongs 𐒱 [ai], 𐒲 [ąį],\nand 𐓃 [ǫį] can be spelled by combining [a], [ą], or [ǫ] with [i] or [į]. Since the APA is a spell-\ning system for sounds, we do not capitalize or use punctuation marks like commas or periods.\n20\nChapter 1\nFinally, in spelling nasal vowels in the Osage alphabet, the nasal dot can be very difficult to see\nwhen the vowels 𐒻͘ or 𐓂͘ are followed by the consonants 𐓈, 𐓉, 𐓍, 𐓒 or 𐓓.","ch":"The Sounds and Spelling of Osage","p":19},{"num":1,"title":"How do you say this?","content":"In this chapter, we introduced how to use the subject and aspect markers 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa], 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙\n[akxai], 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa], and 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai]. Look at the sentences below and state what they mean.\nThere may be different ways to say them in English.\nThe Basic Sentence\n27\n1.\t 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\nšį́mįžį apa waaðǫ́ apa\n2.\t 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓴𐓟.\nšį́tožį apa waaðǫ́ che\n3.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́͘ 𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣 𐓬𐓟.\nsitǫ́į hkáwa akxa owísi pe\n4.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\nhą́ąpa ðe wak’ó apa waachí apai\n5.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.\nwakǫ́ze akxa íe akxai\n6.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣 𐓴𐓟.\nhą́ąpa ðe htáa apa owísi che\n7.\t 𐓇𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\nšǫ́ke apa mąðį́ apai\n8.\t 𐒹𐓪 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\nho apa hiiðá apai\n9.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\nsitǫ́į níhka apa wakáaži apa\n10.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟.\nsitǫ́į wakǫ́ze apa waaðǫ́ pe","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":26},{"num":2,"title":"Subject and aspect markers","content":"Go through the sentences in exercise 1, change the subject and aspect markers, and say what the\nnew sentences mean. If a sentence uses 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa], change it to use 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa] or 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai].\nIf it uses 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa], change it to use 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa] or 𐓘𐓬𐓙 [apai]. The examples below illustrate\nhow to do this. Remember to change both the subject and aspect markers.\n𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\nchange to\n𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.\nwižǫ́ke apa waaðǫ́ apa\nwižǫ́ke akxa waaðǫ́ akxai\n𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.\nchange to\n𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\nwakǫ́ze akxa íe akxai\nwakǫ́ze apa íe apai","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":27},{"num":3,"title":"Evidentials","content":"Use the sentences in exercise 1 and replace the aspect or evidential marker with 𐓴𐓟 [che],\nthen do this with the declarative marker (remember that the declarative marker is built into\n𐓬𐓟 [pe], 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa], 𐓘𐓬𐓘 [apa]) and state how the meaning changes.\n𐒻́ 𐓟 [íe] Vocabulary\nWords from the dialogue will often not appear in the vocabulary section, but they will appear\nin the glossary in their basic forms. Some dialogue words are not in their basic forms, and you\nwill need to study the dialogue’s English meaning to learn them.\n28\nChapter 2\nNouns\n𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘\nhápa\ncorn\n𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘\nilǫ́ežį\ncat\n𐓥𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘\nhkáwa\nhorse\n𐓥𐓟̋\nhkée\nturtle\n𐓨𐓣̋͘\nmį́į\nsun\n𐓨𐓣̋͘ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘\nmį́įǫpa\nmoon\n𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘\nníhka","ch":"The Basic Sentence","p":27},{"num":1,"title":"Modifying nouns with adjectives","content":"Here is a list of Osage nouns and another of adjectives. Make as many noun phrases as you can\nwith the words on these lists. Make sure they make sense!\n36\nChapter 3\nExample: 𐓪̋ 𐓻u 𐓺𐓣́ [óožu zí] yellow bowl\nNouns\nAdjectives\n𐓳𐓟̋\nhcée\n𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘\nðáalį\n𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘\nhápa\n𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪\nhtóho\n𐓪̋ 𐓻𐓶\nóožu\n𐓧𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘\nlažį́į\n𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟\ncéɣe\n𐓺𐓣\nzi\n𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘\nilǫ́ežį\n𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘\nžį́ka\n𐓯𐓪́ ͘𐓤𐓟\nšǫ́ke\n𐓮𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":35},{"num":2,"title":"Adjectives as predicates","content":"Use the phrases you created with nouns and adjectives in exercise 1 to create sentences\nby adding a subject marker (like 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 [akxa]) and an aspect marker (like 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙 [akxai] or\n𐓬𐓟 [pe]).\nExample:\n𐓪̋ 𐓻𐓶 𐓺𐓣́ [óožu zí] yellow bowl becomes\n𐓂̋ 𐓻𐓶 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓺𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙. [óožu akxa zí akxai] The bowl is yellow.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":36},{"num":3,"title":"Sentence practice—adding objects","content":"Replace the object noun, underlined, in the examples below with a different noun to make new\nsentences. Write out at least ten new sentences and choose words so that the new meanings\nmake sense! Go to the vocabulary sections and the glossary to find nouns to use.\n1.\t 𐓁𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.\nnihka akxa ilǫ́ežį íiða pe\nThe man saw the cat.\n2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪̋ 𐓻𐓶 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\niihkó apa óožu ðuužá apai\n(someone’s) Grandmother is washing the bowl.","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":36},{"num":4,"title":"Objects and adjectives","content":"Start with the sentences you made in exercise 3, and modify the nouns with adjectives, like you\ndid in exercise 1.\nAdding Objects and Adjectives\n37\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘\nhaxį́\nblanket\n𐓡𐓪\nho\nfish\n𐓣̄ 𐓥𐓪́\niihkó\nmy (also his/her) grandmother (any side)\n𐓣͘𐓱𐓘́ 𐓲𐓣\nįhtáci\n(our) father\n𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘\nmąšcį́ka\nrabbit\n𐓨𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣͘\nmąšcį́kažį\nbunny\n𐓪̋ 𐓻𐓶\nóožu\nbowl\n𐓱𐓘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓤’𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓶𐓤𐓸𐓘\nhtaną́k’a ípukxa\npaper napkin","ch":"Adding Objects and Adjectives","p":36},{"num":1,"title":"Adding time expressions","content":"Look at sentences 5–8 and 10–17. Rewrite each sentence by adding or changing one of the\ntime expressions below.\n1.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 [hą́ąpa ðe] today\n2.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 [hą́ące] last night\n3.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ [sitǫ́į] yesterday\n4.\t 𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 [ðekǫ́ǫce] now\n5.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘 [hą́ąpa ðáabrį haašíhta] three days ago\n6.\t 𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘 [mį́įǫpa ðǫǫpá haašíhta] two months ago\n7.\t 𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘 [mį́įǫpa haašíhta] last month\nExample using sentence 7a:\n𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ , 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓣 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.\nsitǫ́į níhka akxa htáa žą́ą ci c’éða pe","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":45},{"num":2,"title":"Sentence practice—adding locations","content":"Add a location to the sentences listed below. Make sure the location makes sense.\nLocations\n𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́\nniitáahpa įkší\n𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘\nníižuuce kšíhtaha\n𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓣\nžą́ą ci\n1.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓩𐓘́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓨𐓘͘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓬𐓟.\niiną́ apa mąðį́ pe\n2.\t 𐓏𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓸𐓶́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.\nwižǫke akxa xúða íiða pe (remember that íiðe changes to íiða before pe)\n3.\t 𐒻𐓵𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\niðáce apa hiiðá apai\n4.\t 𐓏𐓟́ 𐓲’𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\nwéc’a apa hiiðá apai","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":45},{"num":3,"title":"Making yes-no questions","content":"Give the following sentences in English. Then, convert them into yes-no questions and read\nthem out loud. You may use a rising intonation to form the question. The examples are all in\ncompletive aspect, so you will want to either delete 𐓬𐓟 [pe] or replace it with 𐓵𐓟 [ðe]. Next,\nconvert the sentences into continuous aspect. Since the continuous aspect marker is optional in\nquestions like this, keep the aspect marker for half the sentences, and remove it for the other\nhalf. You may optionally use subject markers.\n46\nChapter 4\n1.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓬𐓟.\nhą́ące šį́mįžį akxa hiiðá pe\n2.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓘 𐓬𐓟.\nhą́ąpa ðe šǫ́ke akxa ną́ąka pe\n3.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.\nsitǫ́į wakǫ́ze apa šį́tožį óhką pe\n4.\t 𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓻𐓣̋ ͘𐓡𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.\nšį́mįžį akxa žį́įhe akxai","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":45},{"num":4,"title":"Making food","content":"Using the model below, replace the bolded adjectives and food words and make six new\nsentences.\n𐒻̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓘 𐓬𐓟. 𐓱𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘.\niiną́ akxa htáa lįkó káaɣa pe. htáa lįkó akxa ðáalį.\nMom made meat gravy. The meat gravy is good.","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":46},{"num":5,"title":"Numbers 1–10","content":"The numbers one through ten are listed below in the vocabulary. Practice counting to ten out\nloud. Note that the numbers for seven and nine have short forms that are often more common\nthan the long forms. Note that if you want to say something like two dogs or three cats, you say\nthe number second: 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘́ [šǫ́ke ðǫǫpá] or 𐓣𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ [ilǫ́ežį ðáabri].\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟\nhką́ące\napple or fruit\n𐓥𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟𐓩𐓣̄\nhką́ącenii\njuice\n𐓨𐓘̋͘𐓡𐓣͘\nmą́ąhį\nknife\n𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́\nmąhká\nmedicine\n𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓭𐓘\nmąhkáhpa\npepper\n𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘\nmąhkása\ncoffee\n𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓳𐓶́ 𐓤𐓟\nmáze hcúke\nspoon (metal)\n𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓮𐓤𐓶𐓟\nníiskue\nsalt","ch":"Expressions and Locations","p":46},{"num":1,"title":"How do you say this?","content":"Give the English meaning of these sentences. There may be more than one way to correctly\nsay them.\n1.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓣̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘ 𐓬𐓟.\nsitǫ́į iiną́ akxa wašį́ ðuwí́˛ pe\n2.\t 𐓋𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓶̄ 𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 𐓬𐓟.\nhcíko akxa níižuuce kši wakáaži pe\n3.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓨𐓘𐓜𐓣́͘ .\nhą́ąpa ðe taapóskahci éhtaha mąbrį́\n4.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓣 𐓘𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣\nhą́ąci awáachi\n56\nChapter 5\n5.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟.\nsitǫ́į oohǫ́hci ci áwanǫbre\n6.\t 𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓺𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪𐓷𐓣́ 𐓮𐓣 𐓬𐓟.\nžįkázį ðáalį akxa owísi pe\n7.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓣 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟.\nhą́ąci hci ci ðažį́įhe\n8.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́ 𐓬𐓟.\nwak’ó ohtáza akxa oohǫ́hci ci waaðǫ́ pe\n9.\t 𐒽𐓘𐓷𐓘 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓱𐓘̄ ͘ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.\nhkáwa šį́htąą wį óhką pe\n10.\t 𐓁𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘 𐓧𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓣́ 𐓘𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓜𐓘.\nniitáahpa lą́ąðe įkší ahíibra\n11.\t 𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓧𐓘𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘.\nžįkážį lažį́į wį oðáhką\n12.\t 𐓓𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓻𐓣.\nžą́ą kši áwakaaži\n13.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓻𐓣.\nsitǫ́į taapóskahci ci waðákaaži","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":55},{"num":2,"title":"Practicing a-ða and brush verbs","content":"Use the list of a-ða and brush verbs below. For each verb, list the basic verb and then put the\npronouns for I, you, and he/she/it where they belong. Be sure to pay attention to the a-ða verbs\nbeginning with 𐓷𐓘 and 𐓪. Example:\n𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke] run\n𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟\naną́ąke\nI . . .\n𐓵𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟\nðaną́ąke\nyou . . .\n𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟\nną́ąke\nhe, she, or it . . .\nSome a-ða verbs:\nSome brush verbs:\n𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟\nną́ąke\nrun\n𐓡𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓘́\nhiiðá\nswim, bathe\n𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́\nwaachí\ndance\n𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘\nðuwí́˛\nbuy\n𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘\nóhką\nhelp","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":56},{"num":3,"title":"Adding Locations and time expressions","content":"Look at the list of words that you made in exercise 2. Choose ten of the I or you examples\nand use them to make ten sentences, where each sentence includes a place. Look at previous\nVerb Classes and the Pronouns\n57\nchapters to review some ways to add objects, adjectives, locations, and time expressions to\nsentences. Here is an example using 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟:\n𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓘𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟.\nhą́ące žą́ą kši aną́ąke\nLast night I ran to the woods.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́\nhaaská\nshirt\n𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓟́\nhtaapé\nball\n𐓳𐓣́\nhcí\nhouse\n𐓵𐓣𐓱𐓘́ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘\nðihtáežį\nyour little sister\n𐓷𐓟́ 𐓥𐓣𐓧𐓣͘\nwéhkilį\ntraditional clothes\n𐓷𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶𐓯𐓶𐓬𐓟\nwéðušupe\nkeys\n𐓷𐓣𐓱𐓘́ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘","ch":"I, You, He, She, and It","p":56},{"num":1,"title":"How do you say this?","content":"Give the English for the following conversation between a child and a grandmother. Note that\nthere may be more than one good way to do this.\nContinuous Aspect, Singular Pronouns, and the Verb 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį]\n67\n(𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘) 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ , 𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓩𐓣́͘ 𐓟.\n(žįkážį) iihkó, óohǫ ðáalį nį́e\n(𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ ) 𐒰̋͘ , 𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓟.\n(iihkó) ą́ą óohǫ ðáalį brį́e\n𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ , 𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘 𐓺𐓣́ 𐓡𐓣 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘.\nsitǫ́į ówehci hpaata zíhi brúwį\n(𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘) 𐓅𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓧𐓪͘𐓺𐓟 𐓪̄ 𐓵𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓯𐓟́ ?\n(žįkážį) hpáata nílǫze ooðáhą ðatxą́še\n(𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ ) 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘 𐓻𐓟̋ 𐓧𐓘͘ 𐓪̄ 𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓰𐓸𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ .\n(iihkó) hą́ąhkaži hpaata žéelą ooáhą ątxąhé\n(𐓓𐓣͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘) 𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘!\n(žįkážį) ðáalį\nExercise 2\nThe tables summarizing the continuous aspect markers in this chapter are organized by person.\nAnother useful way to look at these aspect markers is to organize them by position and time\nframe. Use information in this chapter to fill in the aspect markers and complete the tables below.\nContinuous aspect markers for I and you (first- and second-person)\nPosition\ntime frame\naspect marker\nEnglish\nsitting\nor\nongoing: is doing\n𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ [mįkšé]\nI","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":66},{"num":3,"title":"Using forms of 𐓵𐓣͘ [ðį]","content":"Using examples 24–30 as a model, give the Osage for the following sentences.\n1.\t I am a man.\n2.\t I am Ponca.\n3.\t I am a teacher.\n4.\t I am a girl.\n5.\t You are a teacher.\n6.\t You are Osage.\n68\nChapter 6\n7.\t You are a woman.\n8.\t You are a boy.\n9.\t He is Ponca.\n10.\t She is Osage.\n11.\t He is a man.\n12.\t She is a woman.\n13.\t The woman is a teacher.\n14.\t The boy is Osage.\n15.\t The girl is Ponca.","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":67},{"num":4,"title":"Eating, drinking, and cooking","content":"Using the verbs for eat, drink, and cook, and the vocabulary for foods below, make ten sen-\ntences. Be sure to use a range of subjects such as I, you, she, or the girl, and make sure to use\nadjectives in at least five of your sentences.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓘́ 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟\náwanǫbre\ntable\n𐓡𐓪͘𐓜𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓟\nhǫbrį́ke\nbeans\n𐓤𐓣́ 𐓤𐓸𐓪\nkíkxo\nfeast (noun)\n𐓥𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓟\nhką́ące hį́įšce\npeach\n𐓥𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓻𐓶́ 𐓟\nhką́ące žúe\ntomato\n𐓨𐓘̋͘ 𐓻𐓘͘𐓸𐓟\nmą́ąžąxe\nonion\n𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣\nówehci\nstore\n𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓮𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓣́\npaazénii saakí\ncheese\n𐓭𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟𐓱𐓪𐓡𐓪","ch":"and the Verb 𐓍𐓣͘ [ðį]","p":68},{"num":1,"title":"How do you say this?","content":"Give the Osage for these short English sentences, choosing the correct aspect markers.\n1.\t I have been singing.\n2.\t You (plural) danced last night.\n3.\t We two bought vegetables yesterday.\n4.\t He is swimming now.\n5.\t We (plural) are about to eat (a meal).\n6.\t Last night you were washing the dishes (while standing).\n7.\t Yesterday we two caught a fish.\n8.\t She bought coffee.\n9.\t We (plural) cooked corn last night.\n10.\t I helped Mother.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":80},{"num":2,"title":"How do you say this?","content":"Give the English for these Osage sentences, including variations in meanings based on\ncontext.\n1.\t 𐓂́ 𐓷𐓟 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘. [ówe brúwį]\n2.\t 𐒹𐓘̋͘𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓷𐓘̋ 𐓵𐓪͘𐓬𐓟. [hą́ące ąwáaðǫpe]\n3.\t 𐓀𐓘̄͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ . [mąąšcí ðaašé]\n4.\t 𐓓𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘. [žį́įhe akxa]\n5.\t 𐓏𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ . [waaštǫ́ paašé]\n6.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓘͘𐓵𐓟́ . [wacúe ąkóohǫ ąðé]\n7.\t 𐒰𐓷𐓘́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . [awánǫbre mįkšé]\n8.\t 𐓍𐓟𐓤𐓪̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓰𐓸𐓘́ ͘𐓯𐓟. [ðekǫ́ǫce hpáata šcúwį ðatxą́še]\n9.\t 𐓓𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓘 𐓬𐓟. [žį́įha pe]\n10.\t 𐓆𐓣𐓰𐓫́ 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘𐓬𐓟. [sitǫį ðahíištape]","ch":"the Future Marker","p":80},{"num":3,"title":"How do you say this?","content":"Use the verbs 𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘͘ [óhką] help and 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́ ͘ [waaðǫ́] sing to make complete sentences using all\nthe pronoun and aspect forms we have studied so far. Look at the examples for 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 [ną́ąke]\nrun and 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́͘ [ðuwį́] buy for an example of how to do this.","ch":"the Future Marker","p":80},{"num":4,"title":"How do you say this?","content":"Choose ten of the sentences you wrote in exercise 3 and change them to future tense\nusing hta.\nPlural Subject Pronouns and the Future Marker\n81\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓡𐓘́ 𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟\nhápa wacúe\ncornbread (general)\n𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟\nhį́įce\ndishes\n𐓪́ 𐓷𐓟\nówe\nvegetables, groceries\n𐓭𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟\nhpáze\nevening\n𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘\ncéɣenii aðį́\ndrumkeeper\n𐓳𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟\nhcíle\nfamily\n𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘\nwak’óhpa\nfirst daughter\n𐓷𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓟 𐓮𐓤𐓶́ 𐓟\nwacúe skúe\ncake (common variant)","ch":"the Future Marker","p":80},{"num":1,"title":"Give the English meaning for this short story","content":"𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣𐓻𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙. 𐓏𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.\n“𐓏𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?”\n“𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓘𐓺𐓣. 𐓏𐓘̄ 𐓜𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .”\nQuestion Words, I-Stem Verbs, and Strong-Stem Verbs\n93\n“𐒹𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓪́͘ ?”\n“𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓜𐓪́͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .”","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":92},{"num":2,"title":"Using i-stem verbs","content":"𐒻̋ 𐓸𐓘 [íixa] laugh is an i-stem verb. Look at the section on i-stem verbs above and give the\nforms for I laugh, you laugh, she laughs, we two laugh, we (plural) laugh, you (plural) laugh,\nand they laugh.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":93},{"num":3,"title":"Using strong-stem verbs","content":"𐒼𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 [káaɣe] make is a strong-stem verb. Look at the section on strong-stem verbs above and\ngive the forms for I make, you make, she makes, we two make, we (plural) make, you (plural)\nmake, and they make.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":93},{"num":4,"title":"Question words","content":"Use the examples presented above as a model to form a question for each of the question\nwords listed here: 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ [táatą] what?, 𐓬𐓟̋ [pée] who?, 𐓡𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 [howáįki] where?, 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 [hówa]\nwhich?, 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓲𐓣 [haatxą́ci] when (in the past)?, 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 [haatxą́ta] when (in the present or\nfuture)?, 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ [háaną] how much or how many?, 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘 [háakǫta] why? Then, provide an\nanswer for each of your questions.","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":93},{"num":5,"title":"𐒼𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] want","content":"Review the section on 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 [kǫ́ða] and then put the following sentences into Osage.\n1.\t I want to bathe.\n2.\t Do you (singular) want to talk?\n3.\t He wants to buy bacon.\n4.\t We (plural) want to drink coffee.\n5.\t They want to laugh.\n6.\t I want a car.\n7.\t You (singular) want firewood.\n8.\t She wants a pretty blanket.\n9.\t We two want ice cream.\n10.\t You (plural) want soup.\n11.\t They want ten dollars.\n𐓣́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓜𐓪́ 𐓤𐓘\nbróka\ndollar\n𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘\nhaaskámį\nshawl\n94\nChapter 8\n𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘\nmą́zeska\nmoney\n𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓬𐓯𐓟\nną́ɣe kípše\nice cream\n𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄\nną́ɣe paazénii","ch":"and Strong-Stem Verbs","p":93},{"num":1,"title":"Give the English meaning for this short story","content":"𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟. 𐓇\n𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\n“𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟! 𐓏𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘? 𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘 𐓯𐓲𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘?”\n“𐓓𐓘̄͘ 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘.”\n𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓰𐓪𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣̋ 𐓸𐓘 𐓬𐓟.\n“𐓏𐓘𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘ 𐓩𐓣͘!”","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":107},{"num":2,"title":"Singular object pronouns","content":"Look at sentences 1–5. Now use the verb 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ [océ] look for, and make sentences using all the\nsingular object pronouns.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":107},{"num":3,"title":"Plural objects pronouns","content":"Look at sentences 6–13. Use the verb 𐓪𐓲𐓟́ [océ] look for, or 𐓵𐓶𐓷𐓣́ ͘ [ðuwí́˛] buy, and make sen-\ntences using all the plural object pronouns.","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":107},{"num":4,"title":"Subject and object pronouns","content":"Look at sentences 14–29. Using the verb 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪́ [nąk’ǫ́] hear (a-ða), make the following\nsentences:\n1.\t I hear you.\n2.\t You hear me.\n3.\t We hear you (plural).\n4.\t You hear us.\n5.\tYou hear them.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓘́ 𐓩𐓘̄͘ 𐓥𐓪𐓟\t ánąąhkoe\nfloor, porch\n𐓡𐓘̋͘\nhą́ą\nnight\n𐓡𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘\nhą́ąpa\nday\n𐓡𐓪̋ 𐓱𐓘͘\nhóohtą\nanimal noise\n108\nChapter 9\n𐓤𐓘́ 𐓸𐓘\nkáxa\ncreek\n𐓧𐓪̄͘ 𐓡𐓪̋ 𐓱𐓘͘\t lǫǫhóohtą\nthunder\n𐓨𐓘̋͘ 𐓹𐓟\nmą́ąɣe\nweather","ch":"Object Pronouns","p":107},{"num":1,"title":"Give the English meaning for this short conversation","content":"𐓀𐓘̋͘ 𐓹𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓭𐓣̋ 𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘. 𐓏𐓟̋ 𐓧𐓣 𐓘͘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟. 𐓁𐓣́ 𐓘͘𐓳𐓟. 𐒰͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓬𐓶𐓺𐓟. 𐒹𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓪𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ .\n𐒻̄ 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓘͘𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.\n“𐓈𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?”\n“𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓘𐓺𐓣. 𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘.”\n“𐓥𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘? 𐓏𐓣𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . 𐓍𐓘𐓤𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .”","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":117},{"num":2,"title":"How do you feel?","content":"Practice saying how you feel. You should be able to say that you feel fine, sick, thirsty, cold,\nhungry, happy, sad, and more.\nA:\n𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓯𐓟́ ?\nHow have you been doing?\nB:\n𐒰͘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘.\nI am sick.\n118\nChapter 10","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":117},{"num":3,"title":"Liking things","content":"Practice asking and talking about what people like. Use the sentences below but change out the\nwords in bold for new ones.\nA:\n𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ ?\nWhat do you like?\nB:\n𐒽𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘.\nI like fruit.\n𐒽𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓵𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘?\nDo you like fruit?\nA:\n𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓷𐓘𐓯𐓣́͘ 𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘.\nNo, I like bacon.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":118},{"num":4,"title":"Using pronouns with stative verbs","content":"Look at the examples starting with 2a, which illustrate the verb 𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘 feel sick. Now use all\nthe stative pronouns and make sentences with 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓺𐓪 enjoy, like.","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":118},{"num":5,"title":"It hurts.","content":"Look at the examples starting with 29. Then choose three body parts and use the verb 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓟\nhurts to say that those body parts are in pain.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓡𐓣̋\nhíi\nteeth\n𐓡𐓣̋ 𐓥𐓘͘\nhíihką\nankle\n𐓩𐓘͘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶\nnąnúhu\ntobacco\n𐓭𐓘\nhpa\nnose\n𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓶́\nhpahú\nhair\n𐓮𐓣̋\nsíi\nfoot\n𐓯𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓟\nšáake\nhand\n𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓲𐓟\ntóoce\nthroat\n𐓳𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟\nhcéze","ch":"Stative Verbs","p":118},{"num":1,"title":"Name your own family","content":"Make a list or draw a family tree of your family members, including your grandparents, par-\nents, aunts, uncles, and siblings. Write down the Osage family term for each of them.\nPrincess Lulu Goodfox\nshows the correct way to\nwear a blanket shawl. Photo\nby Butch DeLong.\n𐓂𐓥𐓣́ 𐓥𐓣𐓟\n1.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓩𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.\n2.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́  : 𐒰́ 𐓳𐓣𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓙.\n3.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘  : 𐓐𐓪́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓬𐓟.\n4.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓴𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓟 𐓣̋ 𐓥𐓣𐓨𐓚 𐓩𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟, 𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓣́ 𐓨𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓤’𐓶.\n5.\t 𐓇𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓤’𐓶.\n6.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́  : 𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓵𐓪́ ͘𐓡𐓘 𐓟̋ 𐓰𐓸𐓘͘ 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.\n7.\t 𐓏𐓘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓭𐓘 : 𐒹𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘𐓥𐓣𐓵𐓘. 𐓏𐓣𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘𐓡𐓘.\n8.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́  : 𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓰𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓬𐓘̋ 𐓸𐓲𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓘͘𐓥𐓣́ 𐓧𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.\n9.\t 𐒻̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘  : 𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓟 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓟 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘͘ 𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓷𐓘𐓤’𐓶 𐓱𐓘.\n10.\t 𐓅𐓘́ 𐓡𐓘͘𐓧𐓟 𐓟̋ 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓣͘ 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓥𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓷𐓟̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓱𐓘.\n11.\t 𐒻𐓳𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓡𐓘𐓸𐓣́͘ 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓣͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣𐓵𐓟́ , 𐓺𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓯𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓟 𐓪𐓵𐓣̋ ͘𐓤𐓟.\n12.\t 𐒼𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐒻𐓧𐓪̋͘ 𐓭𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐒼𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓘 𐓟̋ 𐓵𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓩𐓘𐓩𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓲𐓟́ 𐓹𐓟𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶.\n1.\t It’s time again for Giveaway.\n2.\t Grandma: Let’s go to the arbor.\n3.\t Mother: It’s almost time for the singers to start.\n4.\t When you dance, give to the visitors or women singers.\n5.\t Shake hands and give them money.\n6.\t Grandma: It’s almost time for Grandpa’s song.\n7.\t First daughter: Get ready. When Grandpa starts dancing we will follow him out.\n8.\t Grandma: When Grandpa’s song ends we will gather together with our bundles.\n9.\t \u0007Mother: Grandpa will say a few words and then call out the names we are\ngiving to.\n10.\t \u0007He will call the three drumkeepers first, and then our friends we want to show our","ch":"Osage Lifeways","p":125},{"num":1,"title":"Do you understand?","content":"What does this short conversation mean in English?\nA: 𐓈𐓪͘𐓬𐓘́ ! 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ . 𐒼𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓹𐓟 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘.\nB: 𐓂́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓲𐓣 𐓨𐓘͘𐓜𐓣́ ͘, 𐓄𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓜𐓶́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .\nA: 𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓥𐓘𐓻𐓣. 𐓂𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 𐓳𐓟.\nB: 𐓍𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣͘. 𐓁𐓪͘𐓭𐓟́ 𐓘͘𐓡𐓣.","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133},{"num":2,"title":"Composition","content":"Write a composition in Osage of six sentences. Include at least one command and one form\nof negation.","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133},{"num":3,"title":"Commands","content":"Give the Osage for these commands.\n1.\t Sing now!\n2.\t Don’t look at me!\n3.\t Don’t cry! (you plural)\n4.\t Let’s help Mother.\n5.\t Let him finish eating.","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133},{"num":4,"title":"Negative commands","content":"Give the negative forms of each of these verbs, using 𐓘𐓻𐓣, 𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣, and 𐓬𐓘𐓻𐓣.\n1.\t 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪͘\n2.\t 𐓰𐓪́ ͘𐓬𐓟\n3.\t 𐓩𐓘̋͘ 𐓤𐓟\n4.\t 𐓷𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓣́\n5.\t 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓴𐓟́\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓘́ 𐓳𐓣𐓱𐓘͘\náhcihtą\narbor\n𐓜𐓘́ 𐓬𐓸𐓘̄͘ 𐓤𐓟\nbrápxąąke\nmosquito\n𐓡𐓟̋ 𐓪𐓲𐓟\nhéeoce\nmonkey\n𐓣͘𐓴𐓪́ 𐓤𐓘\nįchóka\nmouse\n134\nChapter 12\n𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣\nkaasį́exci\nmorning\n𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓣́͘ 𐓟𐓸𐓲𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟\nkaasį́exci wanǫ́bre\nbreakfast (morning meal)\n𐓤𐓣̋͘ 𐓤𐓣̄͘ 𐓟𐓻𐓣͘\nkį́įkįįežį","ch":"Commands and Negation","p":133},{"num":1,"title":"Do you understand?","content":"What does this short story mean in English?\n𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́ ͘𐓜𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘, 𐓯𐓤𐓘́ 𐓲𐓘𐓻𐓣 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘. 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓺𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣 𐓻𐓣̋͘ 𐓡𐓟 𐓩𐓘͘. 𐒷̋ 𐓡𐓶́ 𐓡𐓟𐓤𐓘\n𐓯𐓪͘ 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘.\n𐒻𐓧𐓪́͘ 𐓟͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓘 𐓡𐓘̄ 𐓰𐓸𐓘́͘ 𐓰𐓘 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓰𐓘͘𐓡𐓟? 𐒻́ 𐓭𐓘𐓡𐓪͘𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":145},{"num":2,"title":"Composition","content":"Write a composition of six sentences in Osage. Include at least one possessive or other free-\nstanding pronoun and one durative or habitual aspect marker.","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":145},{"num":3,"title":"Possessive pronouns","content":"Choose six nouns from any of the vocabulary lists and use them with each of the possessive\npronouns. Remember that kinship terms already have possession built in.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓣𐓥𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘\nihkówa\nfriend\n𐓥𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘\nhkóða\nfriend\nVerbs\n𐓘́ 𐓰𐓪͘𐓬𐓟\nátǫpe (strong-stem)\nraise, take care of\n𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟\níkihtǫpe (a-ða)\nvisit one’s family\n𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶́\noožú (a-ða)\npour or put into\n𐓯𐓤𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟\nškáce (a-ða)\nplay\n𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓸𐓰𐓘́ 𐓤𐓟\nðaaxtáke (br-šc)\nbite\n𐓵𐓣𐓤’𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟\nðik’íðe (br-šc)\nscratch\nAdjectives","ch":"and Freestanding Pronouns","p":145},{"num":1,"title":"Do you understand?","content":"What does this conversation mean in English?\nA: 𐒹𐓘̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓵𐓟 𐓱𐓘́͘ 𐓷𐓘͘ 𐓤𐓯𐓣 𐓯𐓲𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?\nB: 𐒹𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓪͘𐓰𐓘? 𐓈𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ?\nA: 𐓁𐓣̄ 𐓤𐓘̋ 𐓬𐓸𐓪𐓥𐓟 𐓘𐓯𐓲𐓣́ ͘𐓵𐓘𐓤𐓶.\nB: 𐒹𐓪𐓷𐓚́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓜𐓟̋ 𐓱𐓘 𐓘͘𐓡𐓟́ ?\nA: 𐓂́ 𐓷𐓟𐓳𐓣 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓵𐓟.","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":157},{"num":2,"title":"Composition","content":"Write an Osage composition of six sentences. Include at least one motion verb.\n158\nChapter 14","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":157},{"num":3,"title":"Verb practice","content":"Give the Osage verbs for the following:\n1.\t you came back here\n2.\t I arrived there\n3.\t you (plural) have\n4.\t she is bringing something here\n5.\t I am taking something there\n6.\t we are bringing something back\n7.\t we two went there\n8.\t he is going there\n9.\t you (plural) returned back there\n10.\t he began to cry","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":158},{"num":4,"title":"Make a chart of the eight movement verbs","content":"Go back over the chapter and list the singular forms (I, you, and he, she, or it) for the eight\nmovement verbs: moving toward here, arriving here, moving there, and arriving there. Next,\nadd in the plural forms (we two, we plural, you plural, and they). Finally, write out the second-\nary meanings for the arrive there verbs.","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":158},{"num":5,"title":"Make a chart of the eight bring and take verbs","content":"Again, go over the chapter and list all the forms for the eight bring and take verbs, as you did\nwith exercise 4.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓪́ 𐓤𐓣𐓺𐓪\nókizo\nparty\n𐓪́ 𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓧𐓟́ 𐓺𐓟\nóðaake waléze\nnewspaper, magazine, or newsletter\n𐓬𐓘𐓵𐓟́\npaðé\nwinter\n𐓬𐓟̋\npée\nspring\n𐓰𐓪̄ 𐓤𐓟́\ntooké\nsummer\n𐓱𐓘̄͘ 𐓰𐓘́͘\nhtąątą́\nautumn\nVerbs\n𐓘𐓡𐓣́\nahí (h-stem)\narrive there (also begin, get)\n𐓘𐓡𐓶́\nahú (h-stem)\ncome here\n𐓘𐓤𐓯𐓣́","ch":"Motion Verbs","p":158},{"num":1,"title":"Do you understand?","content":"What does this short story mean in English?\n𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓳𐓣 𐓷𐓘𐓮𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓻𐓣 𐓴𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ 𐓟̋ 𐓳𐓣 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓮𐓶 𐓘𐓡𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\n𐓍𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓮𐓶 𐓭𐓣́ 𐓪͘ 𐓬𐓟.\n𐓂𐓵𐓶̋ 𐓲’𐓘𐓤𐓘𐓻𐓣!\n𐒷̋ 𐓡𐓣̋ ͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓻𐓘́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ 𐓳𐓣 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓮𐓶 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\n𐒻̄ 𐓥𐓪́ 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓮𐓤𐓣́ 𐓤𐓟 𐓴𐓟 𐓘𐓻𐓘́ 𐓨𐓣͘!","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":171},{"num":2,"title":"Composition","content":"Write a composition of at least six Osage sentences. Include at least two sentences with more\nthan one clause.","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":171},{"num":3,"title":"Practice","content":"1.\t Use 𐓭𐓣́ 𐓪 be good at, know how to in three sentences with different pronouns.\n2.\t Use a verb of motion to make a sentence with two clauses.\n3.\t Write a sentence using the connector 𐓳𐓟.\n4.\t Write a sentence using the connector 𐓘͘𐓻𐓣͘.\n5.\t Write two sentences, one using the connector 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 and the other using 𐓤𐓘𐓵𐓪́͘ .\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓬𐓟́ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘\nkašpéǫpa\nquarter (coin)\n𐓥𐓘̄͘ 𐓲𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘\nhkąącóolą\npie\n𐓪𐓥𐓶́ 𐓧𐓘͘\nohkúlą\nclothes\n𐓷𐓘𐓵𐓘̋ 𐓷𐓘 𐓧𐓟́ 𐓜𐓘͘\nwaðáawa lébrą\ndime\nVerbs\n𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘\nažį́ (nasal-stem)\nbelieve, think\n𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣𐓪͘\nékiǫ (nasal-stem)\ndo (in the presence of others)\n𐓟́ 𐓪͘\néǫ (nasal-stem)\ndo (not in the presence of or for others)\n𐓟́ 𐓵𐓟","ch":"Connectors and Nasal-Stem Verbs","p":171},{"num":1,"title":"Do you understand?","content":"What does this conversation mean?\nA: 𐓅𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓘𐓧𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ . 𐓏𐓘𐓮𐓶́ 𐓡𐓶𐓻𐓣 𐓘𐓤𐓸𐓙.\nB: 𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓘͘ 𐓯𐓲𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓘 𐓩𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ ? 𐓂𐓘͘𐓵𐓘́ 𐓥𐓘͘ 𐓥𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .\nA: 𐓀𐓣̋͘ 𐓪𐓵𐓘̄ 𐓤𐓟 𐓥𐓣𐓟𐓰𐓪̋͘ 𐓬𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤𐓘 𐓜𐓣̋ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.\nB: 𐒻𐓷𐓣́ 𐓵𐓘𐓭𐓟 𐓱𐓘 𐓨𐓣͘𐓤𐓯𐓟́ .","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":182},{"num":2,"title":"Composition","content":"Write a composition of six Osage sentences. Include at least one use of a verb with any\nki- pronoun.","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":182},{"num":3,"title":"Put it in Osage","content":"Give the Osage for:\n1.\t He’s looking for his (own) cat.\n2.\t We washed our faces.\n3.\t He bought it for me.\n4.\t Are you getting yourself ready?\n5.\t I’m making myself a sandwich.\nUsing the 𐓤𐓣 [ki] Pronouns\n183","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":182},{"num":4,"title":"Practice ki- verbs","content":"Using the verbs 𐓰𐓪́͘ 𐓬𐓟, 𐓵𐓶̄ 𐓻𐓘́ , and 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪́͘ , give the verb forms with all pronouns in all three\nki- groups.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘\nhį́įcežį\nplates\n𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓬𐓟́\nhǫǫpé\nshoes\n𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓲𐓟𐓻𐓣͘\nmą́ze hį́įcežį\nmetal bowl\n𐓩𐓣̋ 𐓩𐓣\nníini\ncold water\n𐓪̋ 𐓡𐓪͘ 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘𐓡𐓣\nóohǫ wékahi\ncook-paddle\n𐓭𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘 𐓻𐓟̋ 𐓧𐓘͘\nhpáata žéelą\nfried egg or omelet\n𐓭𐓘́ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓜𐓟\nhpáze wanǫ́bre\nsupper\n𐓭𐓟́ 𐓻𐓟 𐓨𐓘͘𐓥𐓘́ 𐓮𐓘 𐓩𐓘́͘ 𐓹𐓟\nhpéže mąhkása ną́ɣe\t ice tea\n𐓯𐓘̋ 𐓤𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓶𐓤𐓸𐓘\nšáake ípukxa\nhand towel","ch":"Using the 𐒼𐓣 [ki] Pronouns","p":183},{"num":1,"title":"Do you understand?","content":"What does this story mean?\n𐓁𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘 𐓩𐓪̋͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓳𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓤𐓣𐓥𐓘̋ 𐓻𐓣 𐓤𐓣́ 𐓡𐓪̄͘ 𐓩𐓘͘.\n𐒷̋ 𐓴𐓣́ 𐓧𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓪́ 𐓱𐓘𐓬𐓣 𐓣́ 𐓤𐓣𐓱𐓪͘𐓬𐓟 𐓘𐓡𐓶́ 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.\n𐓏𐓣𐓴𐓣́ 𐓤𐓪 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓧𐓟 𐓯𐓰𐓘͘.\n𐓂𐓵𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘͘ 𐓱𐓪́ 𐓡𐓪 𐓴𐓟́ 𐓤𐓘 𐓣́ 𐓱𐓘 𐓪𐓱𐓘́ 𐓺𐓘 𐓳𐓟 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓘͘𐓤𐓘́ 𐓵𐓟.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","p":198},{"num":2,"title":"Composition","content":"Write a composition of six Osage sentences. Include at least one use of the prefixes 𐓣, 𐓪, or 𐓘́ ,\nand one use of a verb containing an instrumental prefix.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","p":198},{"num":3,"title":"Prefixes","content":"Go through the vocabulary lists and find four verbs that contain instrumental prefixes. Describe\nhow the instrument forms part of the meaning. Do not use verbs that we have discussed already\nin this chapter.","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","p":198},{"num":4,"title":"Instrumental 𐓣","content":"Write four sentences, two of which use the instrumental 𐓣 with and two that use the accompa-\nniment verb 𐓻𐓪́ 𐓧𐓟.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓘̋ 𐓧𐓣̄ ͘\náalįį\nchair\n𐓡𐓘̋ 𐓜𐓟𐓥𐓘\nháabrehka\nribbon, ribbons sewn on Osage clothing\n𐓡𐓣̋͘ 𐓮𐓤𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓩𐓪́͘ 𐓬’𐓣͘\nhį́įska wanǫ́p’į\nbead necklace\n𐓣̋ 𐓤𐓘̄ 𐓱𐓘𐓨𐓘͘\níikaahtamą\nbell\n𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓣̄͘ 𐓯𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓧𐓘͘\nmą́ze įįštóolą\neyeglasses\n𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓺𐓟 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓪̄ 𐓡𐓪͘\nmą́ze wéoohǫ\nstove\n𐓨𐓣̄͘ 𐓱𐓪́͘ 𐓟𐓧𐓣\nmįįhtǫ́eli\ngum\n𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓮𐓲𐓟\nohkísce\nhalf (of anything)\n𐓬𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟\npáce","ch":"Building Words with Prefixes","p":198},{"num":1,"title":"Do you understand?","content":"What does this short story mean?\n𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓘𐓡𐓪́ 𐓯𐓲𐓟 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓰𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓪́ 𐓮𐓤𐓘𐓴𐓣 𐓘́ 𐓯𐓤𐓘 𐓲𐓣 𐓯𐓤𐓘́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓘𐓬𐓙.\n𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓟́ 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\n𐒷̋ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓭𐓘 𐓟́ 𐓱𐓘𐓡𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣̋ ͘𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.\n𐓒𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓟́ 𐓵𐓶𐓸𐓣́ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\n𐓇𐓣́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓡𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 𐓱𐓘̄ 𐓬𐓟́ 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓟?\n210\nChapter 18","ch":"More about Plurals","p":209},{"num":2,"title":"Composition","content":"Write a composition of six Osage sentences. Include at least three uses of plural noun phrases.","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210},{"num":3,"title":"Sentences","content":"Write a sentence using each of these Osage words:\n1.\t 𐓯𐓤𐓣\n2.\t 𐓷𐓣͘\n3.\t 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓟\n4.\t a form of 𐓡𐓶̋\n5.\t 𐓺𐓘̋ 𐓩𐓣\n6.\t 𐓷𐓘́ 𐓧𐓣͘\n7.\t 𐓸𐓲𐓣","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210},{"num":4,"title":"Context","content":"Give the context for what a speaker might mean in using these position markers in these\nsentences.\n1.\t 𐓂́ 𐓩𐓪͘𐓜𐓟 𐓳𐓟 𐓘́ 𐓻𐓶.\n2.\t 𐓇𐓪́͘ 𐓤𐓟 𐓰𐓪́ 𐓷𐓘 𐓬𐓘 𐓘́͘ 𐓵𐓘𐓧𐓣͘𐓨𐓘𐓻𐓣.\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓡𐓪̋\nhóo\nvoice\n𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓻𐓣͘\nhúužį\na bit, a few\n𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓬𐓟́ 𐓪͘𐓬𐓘\nkašpéǫpa\nquarter (coin)\n𐓨𐓘́͘ 𐓸𐓬𐓶\nmą́xpu\ncloud\n𐓩𐓘́ ͘𐓹𐓟𐓪̄ 𐓻𐓶\nną́ɣeoožu\nrefrigerator\n𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣𐓟\nníhkašie\nperson, people, human\n𐓩𐓣́ 𐓥𐓘𐓯𐓣\nníhkaši\nperson, people, human (variant)\n𐓪́ 𐓻𐓘͘𐓤𐓟\nóžąke\nroad","ch":"More about Plurals","p":210},{"num":1,"title":"Do you understand?","content":"What does this short story mean?\n𐓏𐓣͘𐓲𐓟́ 𐓤𐓣 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓪́ 𐓲𐓟 𐓤𐓪́͘ 𐓵𐓘 𐓘𐓬𐓘 𐓤𐓪́ 𐓟 𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓸𐓪́ 𐓧𐓘̋͘ 𐓵𐓟 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓨𐓘𐓵𐓣́͘ 𐓘𐓵𐓟̋ 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\n𐓏𐓘𐓲𐓶́ 𐓰𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓻𐓘̋͘ 𐓟𐓲𐓣́ 𐓳𐓟 𐓣́ 𐓬𐓘𐓡𐓪 𐓘𐓬𐓘.\n𐒷̋ 𐓯𐓪́͘ 𐓨𐓣͘𐓥𐓘𐓮𐓟 𐓷𐓣͘ 𐓩𐓘͘𐓤’𐓪́ 𐓳𐓟 𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟.\n𐓀𐓘͘𐓯𐓲𐓣́ ͘𐓤𐓘 𐓰𐓪̋ 𐓬𐓘 𐓷𐓘𐓻𐓣́͘ 𐓤𐓘 𐓡𐓶̋ 𐓻𐓣͘ 𐓯𐓤𐓣 𐓣̋ 𐓵𐓘 𐓬𐓟 𐓘́͘ 𐓻𐓣 𐓰𐓘̋ 𐓰𐓘͘ 𐓵𐓣͘𐓤𐓟́ 𐓲’𐓟́ 𐓵𐓘𐓻𐓣.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":220},{"num":2,"title":"Composition","content":"Write a composition in Osage of at least six sentences. Include at least one kind of causative\nsentence and one use of indefinite 𐓷𐓘.","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":220},{"num":3,"title":"Short phrases","content":"Give the Osage for these phrases:\n1.\t you lost it\n2.\t he made me cry\n3.\t I mailed it\n4.\t you had your uncle do it\n5.\t the chief had me do it","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":220},{"num":4,"title":"Finding 𐓷𐓘","content":"Go through the vocabulary lists and find six words that include the indefinite 𐓷𐓘 marker.\nRemember that not every word that begins with 𐓷𐓘 is in this group.\nMore about Word Formation\n221\n𐒻́ 𐓟\nNouns\n𐓘́ 𐓰𐓘𐓥𐓘͘\nátahką\nlights\n𐓘́ 𐓻𐓘͘\nážą\nbed\n𐓥𐓘̋͘ 𐓲𐓟 𐓪̄ 𐓧𐓘́͘\nhką́ące oolą́\nfruit pie\n𐓨𐓘́ ͘𐓺𐓟 𐓪𐓥𐓣́ 𐓟\nmą́ze ohkíe\ntelephone\n𐓪𐓨𐓣́ 𐓻𐓟\nomíže\npajamas, bedding\n𐓬𐓘̄ 𐓺𐓟́ 𐓩𐓣̄ 𐓷𐓟́ 𐓧𐓣\npaazénii wéli\nbutter, cream\nVerbs\n𐓡𐓶́ 𐓵𐓟\nhúðe (ðe-causative)\nhand over, pass\n𐓤𐓣́ 𐓵𐓟\nkíðe (a-ða)","ch":"Causatives, 𐓏𐓘 [wa], and Compounding","p":220}],"meta":{"built":"2026-03-21T23:01:25.017625","counts":{"dictionary":4292,"examples":766,"sentences":1021,"class_materials":159,"dialogues":543,"grammar":234,"exercises":77}}}