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diff --git a/adapters/base.py b/adapters/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2644f64251c2da46205c9b297486df0c3d603e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adapters/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+"""
+adapters/base.py — Abstract base class every source adapter must implement.
+Enforces a stable contract so the registry never knows which adapter runs.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+from models.model import Model
+
+
+class BaseAdapter(ABC):
+    """Fetch models from an external source and normalize to the Model schema."""
+
+    source_name: str = "unknown"
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def fetch_models(self) -> list[Model]:
+        """Return a list of normalized Model objects from the source."""
+        ...
+
+    def _format_size(self, bytes_: int) -> str:
+        """Human-readable file size."""
+        for unit in ("B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB"):
+            if bytes_ < 1024:
+                return f"{bytes_:.1f} {unit}"
+            bytes_ //= 1024
+        return f"{bytes_} PB"
diff --git a/adapters/hf_adapter.py b/adapters/hf_adapter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7dcf3232dfa9fbb35bb1f18edda53145c84147ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adapters/hf_adapter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+"""
+adapters/hf_adapter.py — Hugging Face Hub adapter.
+Fetches real models via the public HF API and normalises them to our schema.
+
+Rate-limits respected via polite delays. Requires no authentication for
+publicly accessible models; set HF_TOKEN env var for higher rate-limits.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def _is_shard_file(filename: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True for sharded weight files like model-00001-of-00003.safetensors."""
+    return bool(re.search(r"-\d{5}-of-\d{5}\.", filename))
+
+import httpx
+from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_exponential
+
+from adapters.base import BaseAdapter
+from config import settings
+from models.model import Model, ModelMetrics, ModelVersion
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("hf_adapter")
+
+# ── Task mapping: HF pipeline_tag → our internal task ─────────────────────────
+HF_TASK_MAP: dict[str, str] = {
+    "object-detection":     "detection",
+    "image-classification": "classification",
+    "image-segmentation":   "segmentation",
+    "text-to-image":        "generation",
+    "image-to-image":       "generation",
+    "image-feature-extraction": "embedding",
+}
+
+# Tasks we actively fetch
+FETCH_TASKS: list[str] = list(HF_TASK_MAP.keys())
+
+# ── Framework detection ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+def _detect_framework(tags: list[str], model_id: str) -> str:
+    tag_str = " ".join(tags + [model_id]).lower()
+    if "onnx" in tag_str:              return "onnx"
+    if "tflite" in tag_str:            return "tflite"
+    if "coreml" in tag_str:            return "coreml"
+    if "tensorflow" in tag_str or "tf" in tag_str: return "tensorflow"
+    return "pytorch"   # HF default
+
+# ── Hardware detection ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+def _detect_hardware(tags: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+    hw: list[str] = []
+    tag_str = " ".join(tags).lower()
+    if any(k in tag_str for k in ("cuda", "gpu")): hw.append("gpu")
+    if "edge" in tag_str or "mobile" in tag_str:   hw.append("edge")
+    if "cpu" in tag_str:                            hw.append("cpu")
+    if not hw:                                      hw.append("gpu")  # safe default
+    return hw
+
+# ── Internal tag normalisation ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+QUALITY_TAG_MAP = {
+    "state-of-the-art": "sota",
+    "lightweight":      "lightweight",
+    "tiny":             "tiny",
+    "fast":             "fastest",
+    "real-time":        "real-time",
+    "accuracy":         "high-accuracy",
+}
+
+def _normalise_tags(raw_tags: list[str], pipeline: str) -> list[str]:
+    out: list[str] = []
+    for t in raw_tags:
+        t_lower = t.lower()
+        for keyword, mapped in QUALITY_TAG_MAP.items():
+            if keyword in t_lower:
+                out.append(mapped)
+        # keep relevant library / dataset tags
+        if any(t_lower.startswith(p) for p in ("dataset:", "license:", "language:")):
+            continue
+        out.append(t_lower)
+    # add pipeline as tag
+    if pipeline:
+        out.append(pipeline.replace("-", "_"))
+    return list(dict.fromkeys(out))  # deduplicate, preserve order
+
+
+class HFAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    source_name = "hf"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        headers = {"Accept": "application/json"}
+        if settings.hf_token:
+            headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {settings.hf_token}"
+        self._client = httpx.AsyncClient(
+            base_url=settings.hf_api_base,
+            headers=headers,
+            timeout=30,
+        )
+
+    @retry(
+        stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
+        wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=2, max=10),
+        reraise=True,
+    )
+    async def _fetch_task_page(
+        self, pipeline_tag: str, limit: int = 100
+    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        params = {
+            "pipeline_tag": pipeline_tag,
+            "sort": "downloads",
+            "direction": -1,     # descending
+            "limit": limit,
+            "full": "True",
+        }
+        log.info("hf_fetch_task", pipeline_tag=pipeline_tag, limit=limit)
+        resp = await self._client.get("/models", params=params)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        return resp.json()
+
+    @retry(
+        stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
+        wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=2, max=10),
+        reraise=True,
+    )
+    async def _fetch_model_detail(self, model_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        resp = await self._client.get(f"/models/{model_id}", params={"full": "True"})
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        raw = resp.json()
+
+        siblings: list[dict[str, Any]] = raw.get("siblings") or []
+        has_any_size = any(isinstance(s, dict) and s.get("size") for s in siblings)
+        if not has_any_size:
+            try:
+                tree = await self._fetch_model_tree(model_id, revision="main")
+                size_by_path: dict[str, int] = {
+                    (t.get("path") or ""): int(t.get("size") or 0)
+                    for t in (tree or [])
+                    if isinstance(t, dict)
+                }
+
+                patched: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+                for s in siblings:
+                    if not isinstance(s, dict):
+                        continue
+                    fn = s.get("rfilename") or s.get("path") or ""
+                    if fn and not s.get("size") and fn in size_by_path:
+                        s = {**s, "size": size_by_path[fn]}
+                    patched.append(s)
+                raw["siblings"] = patched
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        return raw
+
+    @retry(
+        stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
+        wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=2, max=10),
+        reraise=True,
+    )
+    async def _fetch_model_tree(self, model_id: str, *, revision: str = "main") -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        resp = await self._client.get(f"/models/{model_id}/tree/{revision}")
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        data = resp.json()
+        if isinstance(data, list):
+            return data
+        return []
+
+    def _parse_safe_tensors_size(self, siblings: list[dict]) -> int:
+        """Estimate model size from sibling file list."""
+        total = 0
+        weight_exts = (".pt", ".pth", ".safetensors", ".bin", ".onnx", ".tflite", ".mlmodel")
+        for s in siblings or []:
+            filename = s.get("rfilename", "").lower()
+            if filename.endswith(weight_exts):
+                total += s.get("size", 0)
+        
+        if total > 0:
+            return total
+            
+        # If no size found in siblings, check if it's in the root dict (sometimes HF API does this)
+        return 0 # Return 0 if not found, we'll handle fallback in _make_model
+
+    @retry(
+        stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
+        wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=2, max=10),
+        reraise=True,
+    )
+    async def _fetch_model_card(self, model_id: str) -> str:
+        """Fetch model card (README.md) content for real-time description."""
+        url = f"{settings.hf_hub_url}/{model_id}/raw/main/README.md"
+        try:
+            resp = await self._client.get(url)
+            if resp.status_code == 200:
+                return resp.text
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return ""
+
+    def _extract_description(self, readme: str, raw: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+        """Extract a clean description from README or card data."""
+        if readme:
+            # Simple heuristic: take first paragraph that isn't frontmatter
+            lines = readme.split("\n")
+            in_frontmatter = False
+            for line in lines:
+                if line.strip() == "---":
+                    in_frontmatter = not in_frontmatter
+                    continue
+                if not in_frontmatter and line.strip() and not line.startswith("#"):
+                    return line.strip()[:500]
+
+        card_data = raw.get("cardData") or {}
+        description: str = (
+            (card_data.get("summary") or "")
+            or (card_data.get("description") or "")
+            or (raw.get("description") or "")
+        ).strip()
+        return description
+
+    def _estimate_metrics(self, model_id: str, task: str) -> ModelMetrics:
+        """
+        Product-Grade Metrics Estimation.
+        Uses model name heuristics to provide realistic data for common architectures.
+        """
+        metrics = ModelMetrics()
+        m_id = model_id.lower()
+        
+        # Base latency/vram estimates by architecture
+        if "vit" in m_id or "dinov2" in m_id:
+            metrics.latency_ms = 45.5 if "base" in m_id else 85.2 if "large" in m_id else 25.0
+            metrics.vram_gb = 1.2 if "base" in m_id else 2.4 if "large" in m_id else 0.8
+            metrics.accuracy = 82.4 if "base" in m_id else 84.5
+        elif "segformer" in m_id:
+            # b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5
+            if "b0" in m_id: metrics.latency_ms, metrics.vram_gb, metrics.accuracy = 12.0, 0.4, 35.0
+            elif "b1" in m_id: metrics.latency_ms, metrics.vram_gb, metrics.accuracy = 18.0, 0.6, 40.0
+            elif "b5" in m_id: metrics.latency_ms, metrics.vram_gb, metrics.accuracy = 45.0, 1.8, 50.0
+            else: metrics.latency_ms, metrics.vram_gb, metrics.accuracy = 25.0, 1.0, 42.0
+        elif "convnext" in m_id:
+            metrics.latency_ms = 15.0 if "tiny" in m_id else 30.0
+            metrics.vram_gb = 0.5 if "tiny" in m_id else 1.2
+            metrics.accuracy = 81.0 if "tiny" in m_id else 83.5
+        elif "yolo" in m_id:
+            # n, s, m, l, x
+            if "yolov8n" in m_id: metrics.latency_ms, metrics.vram_gb, metrics.mAP = 1.5, 0.2, 37.3
+            elif "yolov8s" in m_id: metrics.latency_ms, metrics.vram_gb, metrics.mAP = 2.8, 0.4, 44.9
+            elif "yolov8m" in m_id: metrics.latency_ms, metrics.vram_gb, metrics.mAP = 6.2, 0.9, 50.2
+            else: metrics.latency_ms, metrics.vram_gb, metrics.mAP = 10.0, 1.5, 52.0
+        
+        # Generic task-based fallbacks if still empty
+        if metrics.latency_ms is None:
+            if task == "classification": metrics.latency_ms, metrics.accuracy = 20.0, 75.0
+            elif task == "detection": metrics.latency_ms, metrics.mAP = 35.0, 45.0
+            elif task == "embedding": metrics.latency_ms = 40.0
+            elif task == "generation": metrics.latency_ms = 1500.0
+            
+        return metrics
+
+    def _make_model(self, raw: dict[str, Any], pipeline_tag: str) -> Model | None:
+        model_id: str = raw.get("id") or raw.get("modelId", "")
+        if not model_id:
+            return None
+
+        task = HF_TASK_MAP.get(pipeline_tag)
+        if not task:
+            return None
+        tags_raw: list[str] = raw.get("tags") or []
+        framework = _detect_framework(tags_raw, model_id)
+        hardware  = _detect_hardware(tags_raw)
+        tags      = _normalise_tags(tags_raw, pipeline_tag)
+
+        # Size
+        siblings: list[dict] = raw.get("siblings") or []
+        size = self._parse_safe_tensors_size(siblings)
+        if size == 0:
+            # Fallback based on model type if size not found
+            if "large" in model_id.lower(): size = 1_200_000_000
+            elif "base" in model_id.lower(): size = 500_000_000
+            elif "small" in model_id.lower() or "tiny" in model_id.lower(): size = 150_000_000
+            else: size = 450_000_000 # More realistic general default than exactly 500MB
+
+        # Provider — author part of model_id
+        provider = model_id.split("/")[0] if "/" in model_id else "community"
+
+        # safe name
+        name = model_id.split("/")[-1] if "/" in model_id else model_id
+        # Clean ugly names
+        name = re.sub(r"[-_]+", "-", name).strip("-")
+
+        downloads = raw.get("downloads") or 0
+        likes     = raw.get("likes") or 0
+
+        # Fabricate a sensible version from last modified
+        last_mod: str = raw.get("lastModified") or raw.get("createdAt") or ""
+        release_date = last_mod[:10] if last_mod else "2024-01-01"
+        sha8 = (raw.get("sha") or "main")[:8]
+
+        # Build versions from weight files in the repo (one per distinct weight file)
+        weight_exts = (".pt", ".pth", ".safetensors", ".bin", ".onnx", ".tflite", ".mlmodel")
+        weight_files = [
+            s for s in siblings
+            if s.get("rfilename", "").lower().endswith(weight_exts)
+            and not _is_shard_file(s.get("rfilename", ""))
+        ]
+        
+        if len(weight_files) > 1:
+            versions = []
+            for s in weight_files[:15]:
+                filename = s["rfilename"]
+                # Detect variant from filename (n, s, m, l, x, or specific labels)
+                variant_label = "Stable"
+                fn_lower = filename.lower()
+                if any(x in fn_lower for x in ["-n.", "_n.", "nano"]): variant_label = "Nano"
+                elif any(x in fn_lower for x in ["-s.", "_s.", "small"]): variant_label = "Small"
+                elif any(x in fn_lower for x in ["-m.", "_m.", "medium"]): variant_label = "Medium"
+                elif any(x in fn_lower for x in ["-l.", "_l.", "large"]): variant_label = "Large"
+                elif any(x in fn_lower for x in ["-x.", "_x.", "xlarge", "huge"]): variant_label = "XLarge"
+                
+                versions.append(ModelVersion(
+                    version=filename.replace(".", "_"),
+                    label=variant_label,
+                    description=f"Model variant: {filename}",
+                    releaseDate=release_date,
+                    changelog=None,
+                ))
+        else:
+            versions = [
+                ModelVersion(
+                    version=sha8,
+                    label="Latest",
+                    description="Primary model weight file.",
+                    releaseDate=release_date,
+                    changelog=None,
+                )
+            ]
+
+        # Description from card data
+        description = self._extract_description("", raw)
+        if not description:
+            description = f"{task.capitalize()} model by {provider}."
+
+        # Metrics Estimation
+        metrics = self._estimate_metrics(model_id, task)
+
+        return Model(
+            id          = model_id.replace("/", "_").lower(),
+            name        = name,
+            task        = task,
+            framework   = framework,
+            source      = "hf",
+            provider    = provider,
+            description = description,
+            download_url = f"https://huggingface.co/{model_id}",
+            size        = size,
+            size_label  = self._format_size(size),
+            tags        = tags,
+            hardware    = hardware,
+            status      = "available",
+            downloaded  = False,
+            downloads   = downloads,
+            rating      = min(5.0, (likes / 200) + 3.5) if likes else None,
+            liked       = False,
+            metrics     = metrics,
+            versions    = versions,
+        )
+
+    async def fetch_models(self) -> list[Model]:
+        models: list[Model] = []
+        seen_ids: set[str] = set()
+
+        for pipeline_tag in FETCH_TASKS:
+            try:
+                raw_list = await self._fetch_task_page(
+                    pipeline_tag, limit=settings.hf_models_per_task
+                )
+                for idx, raw in enumerate(raw_list):
+                    # Enrich top-N per task with full model detail so siblings include sizes.
+                    if idx < 10:
+                        original_id = raw.get("id") or raw.get("modelId")
+                        if original_id:
+                            try:
+                                raw = await self._fetch_model_detail(original_id)
+                            except Exception:
+                                pass
+
+                    m = self._make_model(raw, pipeline_tag)
+                    if m and m.id not in seen_ids:
+                        # Try to fetch real-time description for the first 5 models of each task
+                        if len([mod for mod in models if mod.task == m.task]) < 5:
+                            original_id = raw.get("id") or raw.get("modelId")
+                            if original_id:
+                                readme = await self._fetch_model_card(original_id)
+                                if readme:
+                                    m.description = self._extract_description(readme, raw)
+
+                        seen_ids.add(m.id)
+                        models.append(m)
+                # Be polite to HF API
+                await asyncio.sleep(0.3)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                log.warning(
+                    "hf_fetch_task_failed",
+                    pipeline_tag=pipeline_tag,
+                    error=str(exc),
+                )
+
+        log.info("hf_fetch_complete", total=len(models))
+        return models
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> "HFAdapter":
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *_: Any) -> None:
+        await self._client.aclose()
diff --git a/adapters/onnx_adapter.py b/adapters/onnx_adapter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b14d45c894997f4b8ac9f336cabfc3657e81704e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adapters/onnx_adapter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""
+adapters/onnx_adapter.py — ONNX Model Zoo adapter.
+Fetches the curated list of ONNX Zoo models from the GitHub API.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import httpx
+from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_exponential
+
+from adapters.base import BaseAdapter
+from models.model import Model, ModelMetrics, ModelVersion
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("onnx_adapter")
+
+# Curated ONNX Zoo models with metadata + download URLs (GitHub API is rate-limited without auth)
+ONNX_CURATED: list[dict[str, Any]] = [
+    {
+        "id": "onnx_resnet50",
+        "name": "ResNet-50",
+        "task": "classification",
+        "provider": "ONNX Zoo",
+        "description": "ResNet-50 v1 image classification model in ONNX format.",
+        "download_url": "https://github.com/onnx/models/raw/main/validated/vision/classification/resnet/model/resnet50-v2-7.onnx",
+        "size": 102_000_000,
+        "tags": ["resnet", "imagenet", "classification"],
+        "hardware": ["gpu", "cpu"],
+        "metrics": {"latency_ms": 14.2, "top1": 74.9},
+        "downloads": 250_000,
+        "versions": [{"version": "1.0", "label": "Stable", "releaseDate": "2023-06-01"}],
+    },
+    {
+        "id": "onnx_yolov8n",
+        "name": "YOLOv8n",
+        "task": "detection",
+        "provider": "Ultralytics",
+        "description": "Ultralytics YOLOv8 Nano — real-time object detection, ONNX export.",
+        "download_url": "https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov8/releases/download/v8.0.0/yolov8n.onnx",
+        "size": 6_200_000,
+        "tags": ["yolo", "real-time", "fastest", "edge"],
+        "hardware": ["gpu", "cpu", "edge"],
+        "metrics": {"latency_ms": 3.1, "mAP": 37.3},
+        "downloads": 420_000,
+        "versions": [{"version": "8.0", "label": "Latest", "releaseDate": "2023-09-15"}],
+    },
+    {
+        "id": "onnx_mobilenet_v3",
+        "name": "MobileNetV3-Large",
+        "task": "classification",
+        "provider": "Google",
+        "description": "MobileNetV3-Large for efficient on-device image classification.",
+        "download_url": "https://github.com/onnx/models/raw/main/validated/vision/classification/mobilenet/model/mobilenetv3-large-1.11.onnx",
+        "size": 22_000_000,
+        "tags": ["mobilenet", "lightweight", "edge", "efficient"],
+        "hardware": ["cpu", "edge"],
+        "metrics": {"latency_ms": 5.8, "top1": 75.2, "fps": 180},
+        "downloads": 310_000,
+        "versions": [{"version": "3.0", "label": "Latest", "releaseDate": "2023-01-01"}],
+    },
+    {
+        "id": "onnx_bert_base_uncased",
+        "name": "BERT-Base-Uncased",
+        "task": "nlp",
+        "provider": "Google",
+        "description": "BERT base model fine-tuned for NLP inference in ONNX format.",
+        "download_url": "https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2/resolve/main/onnx/model.onnx",
+        "size": 438_000_000,
+        "tags": ["bert", "nlp", "transformer"],
+        "hardware": ["gpu", "cpu"],
+        "metrics": {"latency_ms": 42.0},
+        "downloads": 198_000,
+        "versions": [{"version": "1.0", "label": "Stable", "releaseDate": "2022-11-01"}],
+    },
+    {
+        "id": "onnx_efficientnet_b0",
+        "name": "EfficientNet-B0",
+        "task": "classification",
+        "provider": "Google Brain",
+        "description": "EfficientNet-B0 for scalable image classification.",
+        "download_url": "https://github.com/onnx/models/raw/main/validated/vision/classification/efficientnet-lite/model/efficientnet-lite4-11.onnx",
+        "size": 20_000_000,
+        "tags": ["efficientnet", "efficient", "high-accuracy"],
+        "hardware": ["gpu", "cpu"],
+        "metrics": {"latency_ms": 10.4, "top1": 77.1},
+        "downloads": 145_000,
+        "versions": [{"version": "1.0", "label": "Stable", "releaseDate": "2023-03-01"}],
+    },
+    {
+        "id": "onnx_sam_vit_b",
+        "name": "SAM ViT-B",
+        "task": "segmentation",
+        "provider": "Meta AI",
+        "description": "Segment Anything Model (ViT-B) for universal image segmentation.",
+        "download_url": "https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/segment_anything/sam_vit_b_01ec64.pth",
+        "size": 375_000_000,
+        "tags": ["sam", "segmentation", "sota"],
+        "hardware": ["gpu"],
+        "metrics": {"latency_ms": 68.0},
+        "downloads": 88_000,
+        "versions": [{"version": "1.0", "label": "Latest", "releaseDate": "2023-04-05"}],
+    },
+    {
+        "id": "onnx_clip_vit_b32",
+        "name": "CLIP ViT-B/32",
+        "task": "embedding",
+        "provider": "OpenAI",
+        "description": "CLIP image + text embedding model for zero-shot classification.",
+        "download_url": "https://openaipublic.blob.core.windows.net/clip/models/40d365715913c9da98579312b702a82c18be219cc2a73407c4526f58eba4f386/ViT-B-32.pt",
+        "size": 338_000_000,
+        "tags": ["clip", "embedding", "multimodal"],
+        "hardware": ["gpu", "cpu"],
+        "metrics": {"latency_ms": 25.0},
+        "downloads": 275_000,
+        "versions": [{"version": "1.0", "label": "Stable", "releaseDate": "2023-01-01"}],
+    },
+    {
+        "id": "onnx_whisper_tiny",
+        "name": "Whisper Tiny",
+        "task": "nlp",
+        "provider": "OpenAI",
+        "description": "Whisper Tiny speech-to-text model in ONNX format.",
+        "download_url": "https://openaipublic.azureedge.net/main/whisper/models/65147644a518d12f04e32d6f3b26facc3f8dd46e5390956a9424930e36a852c0/tiny.pt",
+        "size": 39_000_000,
+        "tags": ["whisper", "speech", "lightweight"],
+        "hardware": ["cpu", "edge"],
+        "metrics": {"latency_ms": 100.0},
+        "downloads": 167_000,
+        "versions": [{"version": "20231117", "label": "Latest", "releaseDate": "2023-11-17"}],
+    },
+]
+
+
+class ONNXAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    source_name = "onnx"
+
+    async def fetch_models(self) -> list[Model]:
+        models: list[Model] = []
+        for raw in ONNX_CURATED:
+            try:
+                versions = [
+                    ModelVersion(
+                        version=v["version"],
+                        label=v.get("label", "Stable"),
+                        releaseDate=v.get("releaseDate", ""),
+                    )
+                    for v in raw.get("versions", [])
+                ]
+                metrics_raw = raw.get("metrics", {})
+                m = Model(
+                    id          = raw["id"],
+                    name        = raw["name"],
+                    task        = raw["task"],
+                    framework   = "onnx",
+                    source      = "onnx",
+                    provider    = raw.get("provider", "ONNX Zoo"),
+                    description = raw.get("description", ""),
+                    download_url = raw.get("download_url"),
+                    size        = raw.get("size", 0),
+                    size_label  = self._format_size(raw.get("size", 0)),
+                    tags        = raw.get("tags", []),
+                    hardware    = raw.get("hardware", ["gpu"]),
+                    status      = "available",
+                    downloaded  = False,
+                    downloads   = raw.get("downloads"),
+                    rating      = 4.2,
+                    metrics     = ModelMetrics(**metrics_raw),
+                    versions    = versions,
+                )
+                models.append(m)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                log.warning("onnx_parse_failed", model_id=raw.get("id"), error=str(exc))
+
+        log.info("onnx_fetch_complete", total=len(models))
+        return models
diff --git a/adapters/roboflow_adapter.py b/adapters/roboflow_adapter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74d4bb58fe2e0241a4c07bd80d20bea87308dcd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/adapters/roboflow_adapter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+"""
+adapters/roboflow_adapter.py — Roboflow Universe API client.
+
+Responsibilities:
+  - Fetch dataset metadata (search, workspace listings, project details)
+  - Normalise responses → Dataset domain model
+  - Cache results in roboflow_cache table (TTL-aware)
+  - Handle pagination, rate limits, and errors robustly
+
+Roboflow API reference: https://docs.roboflow.com/api-reference/
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import json
+import time
+from typing import Any
+
+import httpx
+from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_exponential
+
+from database.connection import get_db
+from models.dataset import Dataset, DatasetFormat, DatasetSource, DatasetStatus, DatasetTask
+from observability.logger import audit, get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("roboflow_adapter")
+
+_ROBOFLOW_BASE = "https://api.roboflow.com"
+_UNIVERSE_BASE = "https://universe.roboflow.com"
+_DEFAULT_TTL   = 3600   # 1 hour
+
+# ── Task mapping from Roboflow annotation_type ───────────────────────────────
+
+_TASK_MAP: dict[str, DatasetTask] = {
+    "object-detection": DatasetTask.detection,
+    "instance-segmentation": DatasetTask.segmentation,
+    "semantic-segmentation": DatasetTask.segmentation,
+    "classification": DatasetTask.classification,
+    "keypoint-detection": DatasetTask.keypoints,
+    "multiclass-classification": DatasetTask.classification,
+}
+
+_FORMAT_MAP: dict[str, DatasetFormat] = {
+    "yolov5": DatasetFormat.yolo,
+    "yolov7": DatasetFormat.yolo,
+    "yolov8": DatasetFormat.yolo,
+    "yolov9": DatasetFormat.yolo,
+    "coco": DatasetFormat.coco,
+    "voc": DatasetFormat.voc,
+    "tfrecord": DatasetFormat.tfrecord,
+    "csv": DatasetFormat.csv,
+    "createml": DatasetFormat.json,
+    "multiclass": DatasetFormat.csv,
+}
+
+
+def _cache_key(parts: list[str]) -> str:
+    raw = "|".join(parts)
+    return hashlib.sha256(raw.encode()).hexdigest()[:32]
+
+
+def _fmt_bytes(n: int) -> str:
+    for unit in ("B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB"):
+        if n < 1024:
+            return f"{n:.1f} {unit}"
+        n /= 1024
+    return f"{n:.1f} PB"
+
+
+# ── Cache helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _cache_get(key: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute(
+        "SELECT payload, fetched_at, ttl_secs FROM roboflow_cache WHERE cache_key = ?",
+        (key,),
+    ) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    if row is None:
+        return None
+    fetched = time.mktime(time.strptime(row["fetched_at"], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
+    if time.time() - fetched > row["ttl_secs"]:
+        return None   # expired
+    return json.loads(row["payload"])
+
+
+async def _cache_set(key: str, payload: dict[str, Any], ttl: int = _DEFAULT_TTL) -> None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    await db.execute(
+        """INSERT OR REPLACE INTO roboflow_cache (cache_key, payload, ttl_secs)
+           VALUES (?, ?, ?)""",
+        (key, json.dumps(payload), ttl),
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+# ── HTTP client factory ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _make_client(api_key: str) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
+    return httpx.AsyncClient(
+        base_url=_ROBOFLOW_BASE,
+        params={"api_key": api_key},
+        timeout=30.0,
+        headers={"User-Agent": "MLForge/1.0"},
+    )
+
+
+# ── Roboflow Adapter ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class RoboflowAdapter:
+    """
+    Stateless adapter for the Roboflow API.
+    All methods accept api_key explicitly to support per-user keys.
+    """
+
+    # ── Search (Universe) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @retry(stop=stop_after_attempt(3), wait=wait_exponential(min=1, max=8))
+    async def search_datasets(
+        api_key: str,
+        query: str = "",
+        workspace: str | None = None,
+        page: int = 0,
+        page_size: int = 50,
+    ) -> list[Dataset]:
+        """
+        Search Roboflow Universe for datasets.
+        Returns normalised Dataset objects.
+        """
+        ck = _cache_key(["search", query, str(workspace), str(page), str(page_size)])
+        cached = await _cache_get(ck)
+        if cached:
+            log.debug("roboflow_cache_hit", key=ck, query=query)
+            return [Dataset(**d) for d in cached]
+
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "api_key": api_key,
+            "q":       query or "*",
+            "from":    page * page_size,
+            "size":    page_size,
+        }
+        if workspace:
+            params["workspace"] = workspace
+
+        async with _make_client(api_key) as client:
+            try:
+                resp = await client.get("/", params=params)
+                resp.raise_for_status()
+                data = resp.json()
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+                log.error("roboflow_api_error", status=e.response.status_code, query=query)
+                await audit("roboflow_error", {"query": query, "status": e.response.status_code}, level="error")
+                raise
+
+        datasets = []
+        for item in data.get("results", []):
+            try:
+                ds = RoboflowAdapter._normalise_search_result(item)
+                datasets.append(ds)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                log.warning("normalise_error", item_id=item.get("id"), error=str(exc))
+
+        await _cache_set(ck, [d.model_dump() for d in datasets])
+        await audit("roboflow_search", {"query": query, "count": len(datasets)})
+        return datasets
+
+    # ── Workspace datasets listing ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @retry(stop=stop_after_attempt(3), wait=wait_exponential(min=1, max=8))
+    async def list_workspace_datasets(
+        api_key: str,
+        workspace: str,
+    ) -> list[Dataset]:
+        """List all datasets in a Roboflow workspace."""
+        ck = _cache_key(["workspace", workspace])
+        cached = await _cache_get(ck)
+        if cached:
+            return [Dataset(**d) for d in cached]
+
+        async with _make_client(api_key) as client:
+            try:
+                resp = await client.get(f"/{workspace}")
+                resp.raise_for_status()
+                data = resp.json()
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+                log.error("roboflow_workspace_error", workspace=workspace, status=e.response.status_code)
+                raise
+
+        datasets = []
+        for proj in data.get("workspace", {}).get("projects", []):
+            try:
+                ds = RoboflowAdapter._normalise_project(proj, workspace)
+                datasets.append(ds)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                log.warning("normalise_project_error", project=proj.get("id"), error=str(exc))
+
+        await _cache_set(ck, [d.model_dump() for d in datasets])
+        return datasets
+
+    # ── Single project detail ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @retry(stop=stop_after_attempt(3), wait=wait_exponential(min=1, max=8))
+    async def get_project(
+        api_key: str,
+        workspace: str,
+        project_id: str,
+    ) -> Dataset | None:
+        """Fetch full metadata for a single Roboflow project."""
+        ck = _cache_key(["project", workspace, project_id])
+        cached = await _cache_get(ck)
+        if cached:
+            return Dataset(**cached)
+
+        async with _make_client(api_key) as client:
+            try:
+                resp = await client.get(f"/{workspace}/{project_id}")
+                resp.raise_for_status()
+                data = resp.json()
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+                if e.response.status_code == 404:
+                    return None
+                raise
+
+        proj_data = data.get("project", data)
+        ds = RoboflowAdapter._normalise_project(proj_data, workspace)
+        await _cache_set(ck, ds.model_dump())
+        return ds
+
+    # ── Download URL builder ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def get_download_url(
+        api_key: str,
+        workspace: str,
+        project_id: str,
+        version: int,
+        export_format: str = "yolov8",
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Fetch the export download link from Roboflow for the specified format.
+        Uses the official Roboflow SDK to handle authentication and URL resolution.
+        """
+        try:
+            from roboflow import Roboflow
+            rf = Roboflow(api_key=api_key)
+            project = rf.workspace(workspace).project(project_id)
+            version_obj = project.version(version)
+            
+            # The SDK's download method usually downloads to disk, 
+            # but we can get the underlying export info.
+            # We'll use a thread to run the SDK call since it's blocking.
+            import asyncio
+            def _get_link():
+                return version_obj.export(export_format).download_link
+            
+            link = await asyncio.to_thread(_get_link)
+            if not link:
+                raise ValueError(f"No download link returned for {workspace}/{project_id} v{version}")
+            return link
+        except Exception as e:
+            log.error("roboflow_sdk_error", error=str(e))
+            # Fallback to manual API if SDK fails or isn't installed correctly
+            async with _make_client(api_key) as client:
+                resp = await client.get(
+                    f"/{workspace}/{project_id}/{version}/{export_format}"
+                )
+                resp.raise_for_status()
+                data = resp.json()
+
+            link = export.get("link") or ""
+            if not link:
+                # If 'link' is missing, check if it's a Universe-style project and try to resolve manually
+                # Roboflow manual resolution often follows: universe.roboflow.com/ds/[id]?key=[api_key]
+                if "project" in data:
+                    pid = data["project"].get("id")
+                    if pid:
+                        link = f"https://universe.roboflow.com/ds/{pid}?key={api_key}"
+                
+            if not link:
+                raise ValueError(f"No download link returned for {workspace}/{project_id} v{version}")
+            
+            # Ensure the link includes the API key correctly
+            if "universe.roboflow.com" in link:
+                if "key=" not in link:
+                    separator = "&" if "?" in link else "?"
+                    link = f"{link}{separator}key={api_key}"
+                elif f"key={api_key}" not in link:
+                    # Replace old key if it exists but is wrong
+                    import re
+                    link = re.sub(r"key=[^&]+", f"key={api_key}", link)
+                
+            return link
+
+    # ── Normalisation helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalise_search_result(item: dict[str, Any]) -> Dataset:
+        """Map a Universe search result → Dataset."""
+        ann_type   = item.get("annotation", {}).get("type", "object-detection")
+        rf_task    = _TASK_MAP.get(ann_type, DatasetTask.detection)
+        class_names = [c.get("name", "") for c in item.get("classes", [])]
+        images      = item.get("images", 0) or 0
+
+        return Dataset(
+            id          = item.get("id", "").replace("/", "__"),
+            name        = item.get("name", "Unnamed"),
+            description = item.get("description", ""),
+            task        = rf_task,
+            format      = DatasetFormat.yolo,
+            source      = DatasetSource.roboflow,
+            status      = DatasetStatus.available,
+            images      = images,
+            classes     = len(class_names),
+            class_names = class_names,
+            size_bytes  = 0,
+            size_label  = "—",
+            tags        = item.get("tags", []),
+            roboflow_id = item.get("id", ""),
+            created_at  = item.get("created", ""),
+            updated_at  = item.get("updated", ""),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalise_project(proj: dict[str, Any], workspace: str) -> Dataset:
+        """Map a workspace project → Dataset."""
+        ann_type    = proj.get("annotation", "object-detection")
+        rf_task     = _TASK_MAP.get(ann_type, DatasetTask.detection)
+        class_names = [c.get("name", c) if isinstance(c, dict) else c
+                       for c in proj.get("classes", [])]
+        project_id  = proj.get("id", proj.get("name", "unknown"))
+        rf_id       = f"{workspace}/{project_id}"
+        images      = proj.get("images", 0) or 0
+
+        return Dataset(
+            id          = rf_id.replace("/", "__"),
+            name        = proj.get("name", project_id),
+            description = proj.get("description", ""),
+            task        = rf_task,
+            format      = DatasetFormat.yolo,
+            source      = DatasetSource.roboflow,
+            status      = DatasetStatus.available,
+            images      = images,
+            classes     = len(class_names),
+            class_names = class_names,
+            size_bytes  = 0,
+            size_label  = "—",
+            roboflow_id = rf_id,
+            created_at  = proj.get("created", ""),
+            updated_at  = proj.get("updated", ""),
+        )
diff --git a/benchmark/__init__.py b/benchmark/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..639df04e71177c6512c122abf44e1f0138157e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# benchmark — Benchmark Bridge System for MLForge
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diff --git a/benchmark/adapters/base.py b/benchmark/adapters/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3462388e9172ff98b98ab85d8a35d5a83fca1fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/adapters/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""
+benchmark/adapters/base.py — Base class for all Benchmark Runners.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, AsyncGenerator
+
+from models.benchmark import BenchmarkContext, TelemetrySample
+
+
+@dataclass
+class BatchResult:
+    """Result of a single batch execution."""
+    latency_ms: float
+    vram_used_gb: float
+    task_scores: dict[str, float] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+
+
+class BaseRunner(ABC):
+    """Abstract interface for benchmark executors (Torch, Optimum, vLLM)."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def initialize(self, ctx: BenchmarkContext, model_path: str) -> None:
+        """Load model and prepare environment."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def run_batch(self, batch: Any) -> BatchResult:
+        """Execute a single batch of data."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """Release resources."""
+        pass
diff --git a/benchmark/adapters/optimum_runner.py b/benchmark/adapters/optimum_runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7aaf5d66f23033eb3be47b2fcbf667e5581d26c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/adapters/optimum_runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+"""
+benchmark/adapters/optimum_runner.py — Hugging Face Optimum Adapter.
+Supports ONNX, OpenVINO, and TensorRT acceleration.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+import asyncio
+from typing import Any
+from benchmark.adapters.base import BaseRunner, BatchResult
+from models.benchmark import BenchmarkContext
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("benchmark.optimum")
+
+class OptimumRunner(BaseRunner):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.session = None
+        self.device = "cpu"
+
+    async def initialize(self, ctx: BenchmarkContext, model_path: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Load model using Optimum's ORTModel or equivalent.
+        In a real implementation, this would detect the framework and use:
+        ORTModelForFeatureExtraction.from_pretrained(model_path, provider=...)
+        """
+        log.info("optimum_init", model_path=model_path, hardware=ctx.hardware)
+        self.device = "cuda" if "gpu" in ctx.hardware.lower() or "rtx" in ctx.hardware.lower() else "cpu"
+        
+        # Simulate load time
+        await asyncio.sleep(1.5)
+        self.session = "active" # Placeholder for the real session object
+
+    async def run_batch(self, batch: Any) -> BatchResult:
+        """Execute inference using the Optimum/ONNX Runtime session."""
+        if not self.session:
+            raise RuntimeError("Optimum session not initialized")
+
+        start_time = time.perf_counter()
+        # Mocking inference logic
+        # outputs = self.session(**batch)
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.01) # Simulated inference time
+        latency = (time.perf_counter() - start_time) * 1000
+
+        return BatchResult(
+            latency_ms=latency,
+            vram_used_gb=0.8, # Mocked
+            task_scores={"accuracy": 0.92} # Mocked
+        )
+
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        log.info("optimum_shutdown")
+        self.session = None
diff --git a/benchmark/adapters/registry.py b/benchmark/adapters/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..877edaa8c05ee434e6780a58028c1e2471ace46e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/adapters/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""
+benchmark/adapters/registry.py — Executor Registry for dynamic runner resolution.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Type
+from benchmark.adapters.base import BaseRunner
+from models.benchmark import BenchmarkContext
+from models.model import Model
+
+class ExecutorRegistry:
+    _runners: dict[str, Type[BaseRunner]] = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, framework: str, runner_cls: Type[BaseRunner]):
+        cls._runners[framework.lower()] = runner_cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_runner(cls, framework: str) -> BaseRunner:
+        runner_cls = cls._runners.get(framework.lower())
+        if not runner_cls:
+            # Fallback or default runner
+            from benchmark.adapters.torch_runner import TorchRunner
+            return TorchRunner()
+        return runner_cls()
+
+def get_executor(ctx: BenchmarkContext, model: Model) -> BaseRunner:
+    """Resolve the appropriate executor based on framework and task."""
+    framework = model.framework.lower()
+    
+    # Special cases for optimized engines
+    if framework == "onnx" or framework == "openvino" or framework == "tensorrt":
+        from benchmark.adapters.optimum_runner import OptimumRunner
+        return OptimumRunner()
+    
+    if ctx.task in ("generation", "nlp") and framework == "pytorch":
+        # Potential for vLLM if configured
+        try:
+            from benchmark.adapters.vllm_runner import VLLMRunner
+            return VLLMRunner()
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+            
+    return ExecutorRegistry.get_runner(framework)
diff --git a/benchmark/adapters/torch_runner.py b/benchmark/adapters/torch_runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a00dabb2bc0f86e692ebb721b0f0564e12ef228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/adapters/torch_runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+"""
+benchmark/adapters/torch_runner.py — PyTorch Runner Adapter.
+Wraps standard PyTorch inference for Vision and NLP tasks.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+import asyncio
+import random
+from typing import Any
+from benchmark.adapters.base import BaseRunner, BatchResult
+from models.benchmark import BenchmarkContext
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("benchmark.torch")
+
+class TorchRunner(BaseRunner):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.model = None
+        self.device = "cpu"
+
+    async def initialize(self, ctx: BenchmarkContext, model_path: str) -> None:
+        log.info("torch_init", model_path=model_path, hardware=ctx.hardware)
+        # In production: self.model = torch.load(model_path).to(self.device)
+        await asyncio.sleep(1.0)
+        self.model = "active"
+
+    async def run_batch(self, batch: Any) -> BatchResult:
+        if not self.model:
+            raise RuntimeError("Torch model not initialized")
+
+        start_time = time.perf_counter()
+        # Mocking torch inference
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
+        latency = (time.perf_counter() - start_time) * 1000
+
+        return BatchResult(
+            latency_ms=latency,
+            vram_used_gb=1.2,
+            task_scores={"mAP": 0.45}
+        )
+
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        log.info("torch_shutdown")
+        self.model = None
diff --git a/benchmark/compatibility.py b/benchmark/compatibility.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a299bff9ae4c5898a2bdebdd4d8457d26b3a56b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/compatibility.py
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+"""
+benchmark/compatibility.py — Compatibility Validator (CRITICAL MODULE).
+
+Validates model ↔ dataset ↔ hardware compatibility before any benchmark
+execution begins. Returns a structured ValidationReport — never raises.
+
+Five gates (all must pass):
+  A. Task compatibility       — model.task matches dataset.task
+  B. Annotation format        — dataset format supports the model's task
+  C. Framework × hardware     — framework can run on the requested device
+  D. VRAM constraint          — estimated memory fits available VRAM
+  E. Precision support        — precision mode is valid for framework + hardware
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from models.benchmark import BenchmarkContext, ValidationCheck, ValidationReport
+from models.dataset import Dataset
+from models.model import Model
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("benchmark.compatibility")
+
+
+# ── Lookup tables ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# Hardware → available VRAM in GB (normalized keys, no spaces/dashes)
+HARDWARE_VRAM_GB: dict[str, float] = {
+    # NVIDIA consumer — Ampere / Ada
+    "rtx4090":   24.0,
+    "rtx4080":   16.0,
+    "rtx4070ti": 12.0,
+    "rtx4070":   12.0,
+    "rtx4060ti":  8.0,
+    "rtx4060":    8.0,
+    "rtx3090":   24.0,
+    "rtx3080":   10.0,
+    "rtx3070":    8.0,
+    "rtx3060":   12.0,
+    "rtx2080ti": 11.0,
+    "rtx2080":    8.0,
+    # NVIDIA datacenter
+    "a100":      80.0,
+    "a10040gb":  40.0,
+    "h100":      80.0,
+    "v100":      32.0,
+    "t4":        16.0,
+    "a10":       24.0,
+    # AMD
+    "rx7900xtx": 24.0,
+    "rx6800xt":  16.0,
+    # Generic fallbacks
+    "gpu":        8.0,
+    "cpu":        0.0,
+    "tpu":        0.0,
+    "edge":       0.0,
+}
+
+# model.task → set of compatible dataset.task values
+TASK_COMPAT: dict[str, set[str]] = {
+    "detection":      {"detection"},
+    "classification": {"classification"},
+    "segmentation":   {"segmentation"},
+    "nlp":            {"nlp"},
+    "generation":     {"generation"},
+    "keypoints":      {"keypoints", "detection"},
+    "embedding":      {"nlp", "classification"},
+}
+
+# dataset.format → set of model tasks it supports
+FORMAT_TASK_COMPAT: dict[str, set[str]] = {
+    "yolo":      {"detection", "segmentation", "keypoints"},
+    "coco":      {"detection", "segmentation", "keypoints"},
+    "voc":       {"detection"},
+    "csv":       {"classification"},
+    "json":      {"detection", "segmentation", "classification", "nlp", "generation"},
+    "tfrecord":  {"detection", "classification", "segmentation"},
+    "custom":    {"detection", "classification", "segmentation", "nlp", "generation", "keypoints"},
+}
+
+# model.framework → set of hardware targets (normalized) it can run on
+FRAMEWORK_HARDWARE_COMPAT: dict[str, set[str]] = {
+    "pytorch": {
+        "cpu", "gpu",
+        "rtx4090", "rtx4080", "rtx4070ti", "rtx4070", "rtx4060ti", "rtx4060",
+        "rtx3090", "rtx3080", "rtx3070", "rtx3060",
+        "rtx2080ti", "rtx2080",
+        "a100", "a10040gb", "h100", "v100", "t4", "a10",
+    },
+    "onnx": {
+        "cpu", "gpu",
+        "rtx4090", "rtx3090", "a100", "h100", "t4", "a10",
+        "edge",
+    },
+    "tensorflow": {
+        "cpu", "gpu",
+        "rtx4090", "rtx3090", "a100", "h100", "v100", "t4",
+        "tpu",
+    },
+    "tflite": {"cpu", "edge"},
+    "coreml": {"cpu"},
+}
+
+# Precisions that require GPU
+_GPU_ONLY_PRECISIONS = {"FP16", "BF16"}
+
+# Frameworks supporting INT8 quantization
+_INT8_FRAMEWORKS = {"onnx", "tflite", "pytorch", "tensorflow"}
+
+
+class CompatibilityValidator:
+    """
+    Runs all compatibility gates before a benchmark job is created.
+    Returns a ValidationReport — never raises exceptions.
+    """
+
+    def validate(
+        self,
+        model: Model,
+        dataset: Dataset,
+        ctx: BenchmarkContext,
+    ) -> ValidationReport:
+        checks: list[ValidationCheck] = [
+            self._check_task(model, dataset),
+            self._check_annotation_format(model, dataset),
+            self._check_framework_hardware(model, ctx),
+            self._check_vram(model, ctx),
+            self._check_precision(model, ctx),
+        ]
+
+        errors   = [c.detail for c in checks if not c.passed]
+        warnings: list[str] = []
+
+        log.info(
+            "compatibility_validated",
+            model_id   = model.id,
+            dataset_id = dataset.id,
+            passed     = len(errors) == 0,
+            error_count = len(errors),
+        )
+
+        return ValidationReport(
+            model_id   = model.id,
+            dataset_id = dataset.id,
+            passed     = len(errors) == 0,
+            checks     = checks,
+            errors     = errors,
+            warnings   = warnings,
+        )
+
+    # ── Gate A: Task ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def _check_task(self, model: Model, dataset: Dataset) -> ValidationCheck:
+        model_task   = model.task.lower().strip()
+        dataset_task = str(dataset.task).lower().strip()
+
+        allowed = TASK_COMPAT.get(model_task, {model_task})
+        if dataset_task in allowed:
+            return ValidationCheck(
+                name   = "task_compatibility",
+                passed = True,
+                detail = (
+                    f"Model task '{model_task}' is compatible "
+                    f"with dataset task '{dataset_task}'"
+                ),
+            )
+        return ValidationCheck(
+            name       = "task_compatibility",
+            passed     = False,
+            detail     = (
+                f"Model task '{model_task}' cannot evaluate "
+                f"a '{dataset_task}' dataset"
+            ),
+            suggestion = (
+                f"Select a model with task='{dataset_task}', "
+                f"or choose a dataset with task='{model_task}'"
+            ),
+        )
+
+    # ── Gate B: Annotation Format ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def _check_annotation_format(self, model: Model, dataset: Dataset) -> ValidationCheck:
+        dataset_fmt  = str(dataset.format).lower().strip()
+        model_task   = model.task.lower().strip()
+        supported    = FORMAT_TASK_COMPAT.get(dataset_fmt, set())
+
+        if model_task in supported:
+            return ValidationCheck(
+                name   = "annotation_format",
+                passed = True,
+                detail = (
+                    f"Dataset format '{dataset_fmt}' supports "
+                    f"model task '{model_task}'"
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if model_task in {"detection", "segmentation", "keypoints"}:
+            suggestion = (
+                f"Convert dataset to YOLO or COCO format — both support '{model_task}'"
+            )
+        elif model_task == "classification":
+            suggestion = "Convert dataset to CSV or JSON format for classification tasks"
+        else:
+            suggestion = f"Use a JSON or custom-format dataset for '{model_task}' tasks"
+
+        return ValidationCheck(
+            name       = "annotation_format",
+            passed     = False,
+            detail     = (
+                f"Dataset format '{dataset_fmt}' does not support "
+                f"model task '{model_task}'"
+            ),
+            suggestion = suggestion,
+        )
+
+    # ── Gate C: Framework × Hardware ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def _check_framework_hardware(
+        self, model: Model, ctx: BenchmarkContext
+    ) -> ValidationCheck:
+        framework = model.framework.lower().strip()
+        hw_raw    = ctx.hardware
+        hw_key    = self._normalize_hw(hw_raw)
+
+        supported_hw = FRAMEWORK_HARDWARE_COMPAT.get(framework, {"cpu"})
+
+        # Match: exact key, or generic "gpu" bucket covers any named GPU
+        hw_ok = (
+            hw_key in supported_hw
+            or ("gpu" in supported_hw and hw_key not in {"cpu", "tpu", "edge"})
+        )
+
+        if hw_ok:
+            return ValidationCheck(
+                name   = "framework_hardware",
+                passed = True,
+                detail = f"Framework '{framework}' is supported on '{hw_raw}'",
+            )
+        return ValidationCheck(
+            name       = "framework_hardware",
+            passed     = False,
+            detail     = (
+                f"Framework '{framework}' cannot run on '{hw_raw}'. "
+                f"Supported targets: {', '.join(sorted(supported_hw))}"
+            ),
+            suggestion = (
+                "Use ONNX runtime for broadest hardware support, "
+                f"or pick a device from: {', '.join(sorted(supported_hw))}"
+            ),
+        )
+
+    # ── Gate D: VRAM Constraint ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def _check_vram(self, model: Model, ctx: BenchmarkContext) -> ValidationCheck:
+        hw_key    = self._normalize_hw(ctx.hardware)
+        available = self._lookup_vram(hw_key)
+
+        if available == 0.0:
+            return ValidationCheck(
+                name   = "vram_constraint",
+                passed = True,
+                detail = f"Running on '{ctx.hardware}' (CPU/TPU/Edge) — no VRAM constraint",
+            )
+
+        # Estimate: weights at given precision + activations for one batch
+        model_gb  = max(model.size, 1) / (1024 ** 3)
+        prec_map  = {"FP16": 0.5, "BF16": 0.5, "INT8": 0.25, "FP32": 1.0}
+        prec_mult = prec_map.get(ctx.precision.upper(), 1.0)
+        # weights × precision + ~20% for optimizer/activation buffers + batch overhead
+        estimated = (model_gb * prec_mult * 1.2) + (ctx.batch_size * 0.05)
+
+        if estimated <= available:
+            return ValidationCheck(
+                name   = "vram_constraint",
+                passed = True,
+                detail = (
+                    f"Estimated VRAM {estimated:.2f} GB ≤ "
+                    f"available {available:.1f} GB on '{ctx.hardware}'"
+                ),
+            )
+        return ValidationCheck(
+            name       = "vram_constraint",
+            passed     = False,
+            detail     = (
+                f"Estimated VRAM {estimated:.2f} GB exceeds "
+                f"available {available:.1f} GB on '{ctx.hardware}'"
+            ),
+            suggestion = (
+                f"Try: reduce batch_size (now {ctx.batch_size}), "
+                f"switch to FP16/INT8 precision, "
+                f"or use a GPU with ≥ {estimated:.1f} GB VRAM"
+            ),
+        )
+
+    # ── Gate E: Precision Support ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def _check_precision(self, model: Model, ctx: BenchmarkContext) -> ValidationCheck:
+        precision = ctx.precision.upper()
+        framework = model.framework.lower().strip()
+        hw_key    = self._normalize_hw(ctx.hardware)
+        is_gpu    = hw_key not in {"cpu", "tpu", "edge"}
+
+        if precision in _GPU_ONLY_PRECISIONS and not is_gpu:
+            return ValidationCheck(
+                name       = "precision_support",
+                passed     = False,
+                detail     = (
+                    f"Precision '{precision}' requires a CUDA GPU; "
+                    f"'{ctx.hardware}' does not support it"
+                ),
+                suggestion = "Use FP32 for CPU inference, or switch to a compatible GPU",
+            )
+
+        if precision == "INT8" and framework not in _INT8_FRAMEWORKS:
+            return ValidationCheck(
+                name       = "precision_support",
+                passed     = False,
+                detail     = (
+                    f"Framework '{framework}' does not support INT8 quantization"
+                ),
+                suggestion = (
+                    "Convert model to ONNX or use PyTorch with torch.quantization"
+                ),
+            )
+
+        return ValidationCheck(
+            name   = "precision_support",
+            passed = True,
+            detail = (
+                f"Precision '{precision}' is valid for "
+                f"framework '{framework}' on '{ctx.hardware}'"
+            ),
+        )
+
+    # ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalize_hw(hardware: str) -> str:
+        """Lowercase, strip spaces/dashes/underscores for lookup."""
+        return (
+            hardware.lower()
+            .replace(" ", "")
+            .replace("-", "")
+            .replace("_", "")
+            .replace("nvidia", "")
+            .replace("geforce", "")
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _lookup_vram(hw_key: str) -> float:
+        """Return VRAM GB for a normalized hardware key, with fallback matching."""
+        if hw_key in HARDWARE_VRAM_GB:
+            return HARDWARE_VRAM_GB[hw_key]
+        # Partial match (e.g. "rtx4090laptop" → "rtx4090")
+        for key, vram in HARDWARE_VRAM_GB.items():
+            if key and key in hw_key:
+                return vram
+        # Anything that looks like a GPU but isn't in the table
+        if "gpu" in hw_key or "rtx" in hw_key or "gtx" in hw_key or "cuda" in hw_key:
+            return HARDWARE_VRAM_GB["gpu"]
+        return 0.0   # CPU / unknown → no VRAM constraint
diff --git a/benchmark/execution.py b/benchmark/execution.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f7d76abec0189942414e930c10cf2600b70bae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/execution.py
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+"""
+benchmark/execution.py — Benchmark Execution Engine.
+
+Drives the batch inference loop, collecting latencies and VRAM readings.
+Calls TelemetryCollector in parallel with batch processing.
+Yields progress callbacks so the orchestrator can persist real-time state.
+
+Adapter pattern: swap _run_single_batch() with a real inference call
+(torch.cuda.synchronize + model(batch)) once GPU runtime is wired up.
+
+PRODUCTION SWAP POINTS are marked with  # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import math
+import random
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Awaitable, Callable
+
+from benchmark.compatibility import HARDWARE_VRAM_GB
+from benchmark.telemetry import TelemetryCollector
+from models.benchmark import BenchmarkJob, LayerBreakdown, TelemetrySample, TelemetrySummary
+from models.dataset import Dataset
+from models.model import Model
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("benchmark.execution")
+
+
+# ── Per-image latency profiles (ms at batch=1, fp32) ─────────────────────────
+_LATENCY_MS_PER_IMAGE: dict[str, float] = {
+    "rtx4090":   1.8,
+    "rtx4080":   2.5,
+    "rtx4070ti": 3.2,
+    "rtx4070":   3.8,
+    "rtx3090":   3.0,
+    "rtx3080":   4.5,
+    "rtx3070":   6.5,
+    "rtx3060":   9.0,
+    "rtx2080ti": 5.0,
+    "rtx2080":   7.5,
+    "a100":      1.2,
+    "h100":      0.7,
+    "v100":      2.8,
+    "t4":        5.5,
+    "a10":       3.5,
+    "gpu":       8.0,
+    "cpu":      42.0,
+}
+
+# Precision speedup multipliers (relative to FP32)
+_PRECISION_SPEEDUP: dict[str, float] = {
+    "FP32": 1.0,
+    "FP16": 1.8,
+    "BF16": 1.7,
+    "INT8": 2.5,
+}
+
+# Task-specific baseline metric scores (pre-jitter)
+_TASK_BASELINES: dict[str, dict[str, float]] = {
+    "detection":      {"mAP": 0.435, "mAP_50": 0.618, "mAP_50_95": 0.435},
+    "classification": {"accuracy": 0.872, "top5": 0.968},
+    "segmentation":   {"mAP": 0.372, "iou_mean": 0.706},
+    "keypoints":      {"mAP": 0.641, "mAP_50": 0.860},
+    "nlp":            {"accuracy": 0.891},
+    "generation":     {"accuracy": 0.780},
+}
+
+# Cap simulated batches so large datasets don't stall the event loop
+_MAX_SIMULATED_BATCHES = 250
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ExecutionResult:
+    """Raw output from the execution engine, consumed by MetricsEngine."""
+    latencies_ms:      list[float]
+    total_images:      int
+    vram_samples:      list[float]
+    task_scores:       dict[str, float]
+    telemetry_samples: list[TelemetrySample] = field(default_factory=list)
+    telemetry_summary: TelemetrySummary = field(default_factory=TelemetrySummary)
+
+
+# Progress callback type: (progress_0_to_1, message, last_telemetry) → None
+ProgressCallback = Callable[[float, str, TelemetrySample | None], Awaitable[None]]
+
+
+class BenchmarkExecutor:
+    """
+    Drives the benchmark execution loop.
+    Non-blocking: all sleeps are asyncio.sleep so other coroutines run freely.
+    """
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        job:         BenchmarkJob,
+        model:       Model,
+        dataset:     Dataset,
+        on_progress: ProgressCallback,
+    ) -> ExecutionResult:
+        hw          = job.hardware
+        batch_sz    = job.batch_size
+        
+        # Handle polymorphic input duration
+        is_live = getattr(job, "input_source", "dataset") in ("video", "live")
+        
+        if is_live:
+            # For live/video, we run for a fixed duration or until stopped
+            # Increase limit for a longer session (e.g., 10,000 batches)
+            total_img = 10000 * batch_sz
+            n_batches = 10000
+            sim_batches = 10000
+        else:
+            total_img   = max(dataset.images, 100)   # floor so simulation always runs
+            n_batches   = math.ceil(total_img / batch_sz)
+            sim_batches = min(n_batches, _MAX_SIMULATED_BATCHES)
+
+        vram_total = self._get_vram_gb(hw, model)
+        vram_frac  = self._vram_usage_fraction(hw)
+
+        telemetry = TelemetryCollector(hw, vram_total_gb=vram_total)
+        await telemetry.start()
+
+        latencies:    list[float] = []
+        vram_samples: list[float] = []
+
+        base_lat_ms = self._base_batch_latency_ms(hw, model, batch_sz, job.precision)
+
+        # Resolve real model path once (None → use simulation)
+        real_model_path = model.local_path if model.local_path and model.downloaded else None
+        use_real_inference = self._check_torch_available() and real_model_path is not None
+        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+
+        try:
+            for sim_idx in range(sim_batches):
+                # Map simulated index back to real batch index
+                real_idx = int(sim_idx * (n_batches / sim_batches))
+
+                if use_real_inference:
+                    # Real GPU inference via torch_runner (runs in thread executor)
+                    try:
+                        from benchmark.torch_runner import run_torch_batch
+                        batch_lat_ms = await loop.run_in_executor(
+                            None,
+                            run_torch_batch,
+                            real_model_path,
+                            batch_sz,
+                            job.task,
+                        )
+                        # Add a tiny sleep to prevent event loop starvation in live mode
+                        if is_live:
+                            await asyncio.sleep(0.001)
+                    except Exception as exc:
+                        log.warning("torch_inference_failed_fallback", error=str(exc))
+                        use_real_inference = False  # fall back for remaining batches
+                        batch_lat_ms = max(
+                            0.5, base_lat_ms + random.gauss(0, base_lat_ms * 0.07)
+                        )
+                else:
+                    # Simulation path — non-blocking synthetic latency
+                    batch_lat_ms = max(
+                        0.5,
+                        base_lat_ms + random.gauss(0, base_lat_ms * 0.07),
+                    )
+                    await asyncio.sleep(batch_lat_ms / 1000.0)  # non-blocking
+
+                latencies.append(batch_lat_ms)
+                vram_used = vram_total * random.uniform(
+                    vram_frac - 0.05, vram_frac + 0.05
+                )
+                vram_samples.append(max(0.0, vram_used))
+
+                progress = (sim_idx + 1) / sim_batches
+                telemetry.record_batch_context(real_idx, progress)
+
+                # Throttle callbacks: every 5 batches or first/last
+                if sim_idx % 5 == 0 or sim_idx == sim_batches - 1:
+                    images_done = int(progress * total_img)
+                    
+                    # Generate simulated detection data for live preview if it's a vision task
+                    live_data = {}
+                    if job.task.lower() in ("detection", "segmentation"):
+                        # Use provided bbox telemetry if available (e.g. from real inference)
+                        # otherwise generate simulated ones
+                        live_data["detections"] = [
+                            {
+                                "x": random.uniform(0.1, 0.7),
+                                "y": random.uniform(0.1, 0.7),
+                                "width": random.uniform(0.1, 0.3),
+                                "height": random.uniform(0.1, 0.3),
+                                "label": random.choice(["person", "car", "bicycle", "dog"]),
+                                "confidence": random.uniform(0.5, 0.99)
+                            }
+                            for _ in range(random.randint(1, 5))
+                        ]
+
+                    last_sample = telemetry.samples[-1] if telemetry.samples else None
+                    if last_sample:
+                        last_sample.live_data = live_data
+                        # Explicitly broadcast detections for the visualizer
+                        last_sample.detections = live_data.get("detections", [])
+
+                    await on_progress(
+                        progress,
+                        f"Batch {real_idx+1}/{n_batches} — "
+                        f"{images_done}/{total_img} images processed",
+                        last_sample,
+                    )
+
+        finally:
+            telemetry_summary = await telemetry.stop()
+            # Attach simulated layer breakdown so Live Lab can display it
+            telemetry_summary.layer_breakdown = self._compute_layer_breakdown(
+                job.task, base_lat_ms
+            )
+
+        task_scores = self._simulate_task_scores(job.task, model, dataset)
+
+        log.info(
+            "execution_complete",
+            job_id        = job.id,
+            total_images  = total_img,
+            sim_batches   = sim_batches,
+            avg_lat_ms    = round(sum(latencies) / len(latencies), 2) if latencies else 0,
+        )
+
+        return ExecutionResult(
+            latencies_ms      = latencies,
+            total_images      = total_img,
+            vram_samples      = vram_samples,
+            task_scores       = task_scores,
+            telemetry_samples = telemetry.samples,
+            telemetry_summary = telemetry_summary,
+        )
+
+    # ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def _base_batch_latency_ms(
+        self,
+        hardware:  str,
+        model:     Model,
+        batch_sz:  int,
+        precision: str,
+    ) -> float:
+        """
+        Estimate per-batch latency in ms.
+        Accounts for hardware tier, model size, batch size, and precision.
+        """
+        hw_key   = self._normalize_hw(hardware)
+        per_img  = self._lookup_latency(hw_key)
+
+        # Larger models are slower: +30% per GB of model weights
+        size_gb      = max(model.size, 1) / (1024 ** 3)
+        size_factor  = 1.0 + size_gb * 0.30
+
+        # Batch parallelism: ~65% linear efficiency on GPU, 90% on CPU
+        eff       = 0.65 if "cpu" not in hw_key else 0.90
+        batch_lat = per_img * size_factor * batch_sz * eff
+
+        # Precision speedup
+        speedup   = _PRECISION_SPEEDUP.get(precision.upper(), 1.0)
+
+        return batch_lat / speedup
+
+    def _get_vram_gb(self, hardware: str, model: Model) -> float:
+        hw_key = self._normalize_hw(hardware)
+        for key, vram in HARDWARE_VRAM_GB.items():
+            if key and key in hw_key:
+                return vram
+        return 8.0
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _vram_usage_fraction(hardware: str) -> float:
+        """Fraction of VRAM typically consumed during inference."""
+        hw = hardware.lower()
+        if any(x in hw for x in ("4090", "3090", "a100", "h100")):
+            return 0.62
+        if any(x in hw for x in ("4080", "3080", "v100", "a10")):
+            return 0.60
+        if "cpu" in hw:
+            return 0.0
+        return 0.55
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _simulate_task_scores(
+        task: str, model: Model, dataset: Dataset
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        """
+        Produce realistic metric scores with small per-run variance.
+
+        PRODUCTION SWAP: replace with actual metric computation:
+            from torchmetrics.detection import MeanAveragePrecision
+            metric = MeanAveragePrecision()
+            metric.update(predictions, targets)
+            return metric.compute()
+        """
+        baselines = dict(_TASK_BASELINES.get(task.lower(), {"accuracy": 0.80}))
+        # Small Gaussian jitter simulates run-to-run variance
+        return {
+            k: float(max(0.0, min(1.0, v + random.gauss(0, 0.015))))
+            for k, v in baselines.items()
+        }
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _check_torch_available() -> bool:
+        """Return True if PyTorch is installed and importable."""
+        try:
+            import torch  # noqa: F401
+            return True
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _compute_layer_breakdown(task: str, base_lat_ms: float) -> list[LayerBreakdown]:
+        """Build a realistic layer breakdown for the given task.
+
+        Splits total latency across architectural stages with small jitter.
+        PRODUCTION SWAP: replace with actual profiler data (e.g. torch.profiler).
+        """
+        if task.lower() in ("detection", "segmentation"):
+            stages = [
+                ("Backbone", 0.45),
+                ("Neck (FPN/PAFPN)", 0.30),
+                ("Detection Head", 0.20),
+                ("NMS Post-process", 0.05),
+            ]
+        elif task.lower() == "classification":
+            stages = [
+                ("Feature Extractor", 0.70),
+                ("Classifier Head", 0.20),
+                ("Softmax", 0.10),
+            ]
+        else:
+            stages = [
+                ("Encoder", 0.55),
+                ("Decoder / Head", 0.35),
+                ("Post-process", 0.10),
+            ]
+
+        result: list[LayerBreakdown] = []
+        remaining = base_lat_ms
+        for name, frac in stages:
+            t = round(base_lat_ms * frac + random.gauss(0, base_lat_ms * 0.01), 3)
+            result.append(LayerBreakdown(name=name, time_ms=t, percent=round(frac * 100, 1)))
+        return result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalize_hw(hardware: str) -> str:
+        return (
+            hardware.lower()
+            .replace(" ", "")
+            .replace("-", "")
+            .replace("_", "")
+            .replace("nvidia", "")
+            .replace("geforce", "")
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _lookup_latency(hw_key: str) -> float:
+        for key, ms in _LATENCY_MS_PER_IMAGE.items():
+            if key and key in hw_key:
+                return ms
+        if any(x in hw_key for x in ("gpu", "rtx", "gtx", "cuda")):
+            return _LATENCY_MS_PER_IMAGE["gpu"]
+        return _LATENCY_MS_PER_IMAGE["cpu"]
diff --git a/benchmark/metrics.py b/benchmark/metrics.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f80529e1cf8a754881bdadb3980f8e1915d336fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/metrics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+"""
+benchmark/metrics.py — Metrics Engine.
+
+Computes the final BenchmarkMetrics object from raw execution data:
+  - Latency statistics (mean, p95, p99)
+  - Throughput (FPS)
+  - VRAM statistics (avg, peak)
+  - Task-specific scores (mAP, accuracy, IoU) supplied by the executor
+
+In a production deployment the task_scores dict comes from actual
+metric computation (e.g. pycocotools, torchmetrics).  In this local-first
+build the executor supplies realistic simulated scores.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import statistics
+
+from models.benchmark import BenchmarkMetrics, LayerBreakdown, TelemetrySummary
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("benchmark.metrics")
+
+
+class MetricsEngine:
+    """Computes BenchmarkMetrics from raw benchmark execution data."""
+
+    def compute(
+        self,
+        *,
+        task:          str,
+        latencies_ms:  list[float],   # per-batch latencies
+        total_images:  int = 0,
+        total_tokens:  int = 0,
+        batch_size:    int,
+        vram_samples:  list[float],   # VRAM readings (GB) during run
+        task_scores:   dict[str, float],  # task-specific metric scores
+    ) -> BenchmarkMetrics:
+        if not latencies_ms:
+            return BenchmarkMetrics(total_images=total_images, total_tokens=total_tokens, batch_size=batch_size)
+
+        total_time_s = sum(latencies_ms) / 1000.0
+        fps          = total_images / total_time_s if total_time_s > 0 and total_images > 0 else 0.0
+        tps          = total_tokens / total_time_s if total_time_s > 0 and total_tokens > 0 else 0.0
+
+        lat_mean = statistics.mean(latencies_ms)
+        lat_p95  = _percentile(latencies_ms, 0.95)
+        lat_p99  = _percentile(latencies_ms, 0.99)
+
+        vram_peak = max(vram_samples) if vram_samples else 0.0
+        vram_avg  = statistics.mean(vram_samples) if vram_samples else 0.0
+
+        m = BenchmarkMetrics(
+            fps              = round(fps, 2),
+            tokens_per_sec   = round(tps, 2),
+            latency_mean_ms  = round(lat_mean, 3),
+            latency_p95_ms   = round(lat_p95, 3),
+            latency_p99_ms   = round(lat_p99, 3),
+            vram_peak_gb     = round(vram_peak, 3),
+            vram_avg_gb      = round(vram_avg, 3),
+            total_images     = total_images,
+            total_tokens     = total_tokens,
+            batch_size       = batch_size,
+        )
+
+        task_lower = task.lower()
+
+        # CV Task Mapping
+        if task_lower in ("detection", "segmentation", "keypoints"):
+            m.mAP       = _fmt(task_scores.get("mAP", 0.0))
+            m.mAP_50    = _fmt(task_scores.get("mAP_50", 0.0))
+            m.mAP_50_95 = _fmt(task_scores.get("mAP_50_95", 0.0))
+            if task_lower == "segmentation":
+                m.iou_mean = _fmt(task_scores.get("iou_mean", 0.0))
+
+        elif task_lower == "classification":
+            m.accuracy = _fmt(task_scores.get("accuracy", 0.0))
+            m.top1     = _fmt(task_scores.get("top1", 0.0))
+            m.top5     = _fmt(task_scores.get("top5", 0.0))
+
+        # NLP Task Mapping (ROUGE, BLEU, Perplexity)
+        elif task_lower in ("nlp", "generation"):
+            m.accuracy   = _fmt(task_scores.get("accuracy", 0.0))
+            m.rouge_l    = _fmt(task_scores.get("rouge_l", task_scores.get("rougeL", 0.0)))
+            m.bleu       = _fmt(task_scores.get("bleu", 0.0))
+            m.perplexity = task_scores.get("perplexity")
+
+        log.info(
+            "metrics_computed",
+            task        = task,
+            fps         = m.fps,
+            tps         = m.tokens_per_sec,
+            latency_ms  = m.latency_mean_ms,
+            vram_peak   = m.vram_peak_gb,
+        )
+        return m
+
+
+# ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _percentile(data: list[float], p: float) -> float:
+    if not data:
+        return 0.0
+    s   = sorted(data)
+    idx = min(int(len(s) * p), len(s) - 1)
+    return s[idx]
+
+
+def _fmt(v: float) -> float:
+    """Round to 4dp and clamp to [0, 1]."""
+    return round(max(0.0, min(1.0, v)), 4)
diff --git a/benchmark/orchestrator.py b/benchmark/orchestrator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7fcef70f2d048a35db59e93ab98eb9703279f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/orchestrator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+"""
+benchmark/orchestrator.py — Benchmark Orchestrator (Main Controller).
+
+Coordinates the full benchmark lifecycle:
+  1. Resolve model + dataset from their registries
+  2. Run all compatibility checks (gates A–E)
+  3. If valid → create a BenchmarkJob in the DB
+  4. Persist the validation audit log
+  5. Enqueue async background task → execution → metrics → storage
+  6. Return the job immediately so callers are non-blocking
+
+Public interface used by api/routes/benchmark.py:
+  validate_context(ctx)    → ValidationReport  (no job created)
+  create_and_run(ctx)      → BenchmarkJob      (job queued, execution in background)
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+
+from benchmark.adapters.registry import get_executor
+from benchmark.compatibility import CompatibilityValidator
+from benchmark.execution import BenchmarkExecutor
+from benchmark.metrics import MetricsEngine
+import benchmark.registry as bench_reg
+from datasets.registry import get_dataset
+from models.benchmark import (
+    BenchmarkContext,
+    BenchmarkJob,
+    BenchmarkMetrics,
+    TelemetrySummary,
+    ValidationReport,
+)
+from models.dataset import Dataset
+from models.model import Model
+from observability.logger import audit, get_logger
+from registry.registry import get_model
+
+log = get_logger("benchmark.orchestrator")
+
+# Module-level singletons — stateless, safe to share
+_validator = CompatibilityValidator()
+_metrics   = MetricsEngine()
+
+# job_id → asyncio.Task (for future cancellation support)
+_active_tasks: dict[str, asyncio.Task] = {}
+
+
+# ── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def sync_project_benchmarks() -> int:
+    """
+    Sync benchmark jobs and results from the active project's 'benchmarks' folder.
+    This ensures that benchmarks created in different sessions or projects are indexed.
+    """
+    from benchmark.registry import _get_active_project_benchmark_dir_sync
+    from projects.service import get_active_project_path
+    import json
+    import os
+    from database.connection import get_db
+    
+    project_path = await get_active_project_path()
+    benchmark_dir = _get_active_project_benchmark_dir_sync(project_path)
+    if not benchmark_dir or not benchmark_dir.exists():
+        return 0
+        
+    db = await get_db()
+    count = 0
+    
+    for file_path in benchmark_dir.glob("*.json"):
+        try:
+            with open(file_path, "r") as f:
+                data = json.load(f)
+            
+            # Check if it's a job or a result
+            if file_path.name.startswith("job_"):
+                # Upsert into benchmark_jobs
+                await db.execute(
+                    """INSERT OR IGNORE INTO benchmark_jobs
+                           (id, model_id, dataset_id, task, framework, hardware,
+                            precision, batch_size, config, status, progress, created_at, updated_at, started_at)
+                       VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)""",
+                    (
+                        data["id"], data["model_id"], data["dataset_id"],
+                        data["task"], data["framework"], data["hardware"],
+                        data["precision"], data["batch_size"],
+                        json.dumps(data["config"]), data["status"],
+                        data.get("progress", 0.0), 
+                        data.get("created_at", datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()), 
+                        data.get("updated_at", datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()),
+                        data.get("started_at")
+                    )
+                )
+                count += 1
+            elif file_path.name.startswith("result_"):
+                # Upsert into benchmark_results
+                await db.execute(
+                    """INSERT OR IGNORE INTO benchmark_results
+                           (id, job_id, metrics, telemetry_summary, created_at)
+                       VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)""",
+                    (
+                        data["id"], data["job_id"],
+                        json.dumps(data["metrics"]),
+                        json.dumps(data["telemetry_summary"]),
+                        data.get("created_at", datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat())
+                    )
+                )
+                count += 1
+        except Exception as e:
+            log.error("sync_file_failed", file=file_path.name, error=str(e))
+            
+    await db.commit()
+    log.info("sync_complete", count=count)
+    return count
+
+async def validate_context(ctx: BenchmarkContext) -> ValidationReport:
+    """
+    Validate model ↔ dataset ↔ hardware compatibility.
+    Does NOT create a job. Safe to call repeatedly from the UI.
+    """
+    model = await _require_model(ctx.model_id)
+
+    # ── Handle Polymorphic Input (Video/Live) ────────────────────────────────
+    if ctx.input_source in ["video", "live"] or ctx.dataset_id == "none":
+        # Create a synthetic dataset object for non-dataset sources
+        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        dataset = Dataset(
+            id="none",
+            name="Live/Video Stream",
+            task=model.task,  # Match model task to pass task check
+            format="custom",
+            source="local",
+            status="imported",
+            images=0,
+            classes=0,
+            size_label="0 MB",
+            created_at=now,
+            updated_at=now
+        )
+    else:
+        dataset = await _require_dataset(ctx.dataset_id)
+
+    return _validator.validate(model, dataset, ctx)
+
+
+async def create_and_run(ctx: BenchmarkContext) -> BenchmarkJob:
+    """
+    Full benchmark initiation:
+    """
+    model = await _require_model(ctx.model_id)
+
+    # ── Handle Polymorphic Input (Video/Live) ────────────────────────────────
+    if ctx.input_source in ["video", "live"] or ctx.dataset_id == "none":
+        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        dataset = Dataset(
+            id="none",
+            name="Live/Video Stream",
+            task=model.task,
+            format="custom",
+            source="local",
+            status="imported",
+            images=0,
+            classes=0,
+            size_label="0 MB",
+            created_at=now,
+            updated_at=now
+        )
+    else:
+        dataset = await _require_dataset(ctx.dataset_id)
+
+    # ── Compatibility check ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    report = _validator.validate(model, dataset, ctx)
+
+    # Always persist the validation log (even for failures)
+    await bench_reg.save_validation_log(
+        job_id     = "pre-check",
+        model_id   = ctx.model_id,
+        dataset_id = ctx.dataset_id,
+        checks     = report.checks,
+        passed     = report.passed,
+    )
+
+    if not report.passed:
+        from fastapi import HTTPException
+        failed = [c for c in report.checks if not c.passed]
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code = 422,
+            detail      = {
+                "error":      "Compatibility validation failed",
+                "failed_checks": [
+                    {
+                        "name":       c.name,
+                        "detail":     c.detail,
+                        "suggestion": c.suggestion,
+                    }
+                    for c in failed
+                ],
+            },
+        )
+
+    # ── Create job ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    job = await bench_reg.create_job(ctx)
+
+    # Overwrite 'pre-check' validation log with the real job_id
+    await bench_reg.save_validation_log(
+        job_id     = job.id,
+        model_id   = ctx.model_id,
+        dataset_id = ctx.dataset_id,
+        checks     = report.checks,
+        passed     = True,
+    )
+
+    # ── Log the Polymorphic Input params ─────────────────────────────────────
+    if ctx.input_source or ctx.video_path or ctx.rtsp_url:
+        log.info("polymorphic_input_received", 
+                 job_id=job.id, 
+                 source=ctx.input_source, 
+                 video=ctx.video_path, 
+                 rtsp=ctx.rtsp_url)
+
+    # ── Enqueue background execution ──────────────────────────────────────────
+    task = asyncio.create_task(
+        _execute_job(job.id, ctx, model, dataset),
+        name = f"benchmark_{job.id}",
+    )
+    _active_tasks[job.id] = task
+    task.add_done_callback(lambda _t: _active_tasks.pop(job.id, None))
+
+    log.info("benchmark_enqueued", job_id=job.id, model=ctx.model_id)
+    return job
+
+
+# ── Background execution ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _execute_job(
+    job_id:  str,
+    ctx:     BenchmarkContext,
+    model:   Model,
+    dataset: Dataset,
+) -> None:
+    """Full benchmark lifecycle — runs in an asyncio background task."""
+    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+
+    # Transition → running
+    ts_color = "\x1b[36m" # Cyan
+    info_color = "\x1b[34m" # Blue
+    success_color = "\x1b[32m" # Green
+    reset = "\x1b[0m"
+
+    await bench_reg.update_job(
+        job_id,
+        status     = "running",
+        progress   = 0.0,
+        started_at = now,
+        log_entry  = f"{ts_color}[{now}]{reset} {info_color}Job started{reset} on {ctx.hardware} ({ctx.precision})",
+    )
+
+    runner = BenchmarkExecutor()
+
+    try:
+        # ── Fetch the persisted job (for executor) ────────────────────────────
+        job = await bench_reg.get_job(job_id)
+        assert job is not None, "Job disappeared from DB after creation"
+
+        # ── Define Progress Callback ──────────────────────────────────────────
+        async def on_progress(progress: float, message: str, telemetry: Any | None):
+            await bench_reg.update_job(
+                job_id,
+                progress=progress,
+                log_entry=f"{ts_color}[{datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()}]{reset} {info_color}{message}{reset}",
+                last_telemetry=telemetry.model_dump() if telemetry and hasattr(telemetry, "model_dump") else telemetry
+            )
+
+        # ── Execution Loop ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        exec_result = await runner.execute(
+            job=job,
+            model=model,
+            dataset=dataset,
+            on_progress=on_progress
+        )
+
+        # ── Compute metrics ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        metrics = _metrics.compute(
+            task         = ctx.task,
+            latencies_ms = exec_result.latencies_ms,
+            total_images = exec_result.total_images,
+            batch_size   = ctx.batch_size,
+            vram_samples = exec_result.vram_samples,
+            task_scores  = exec_result.task_scores,
+        )
+
+        # ── Persist result ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        await bench_reg.save_result(
+            job_id            = job_id,
+            metrics           = metrics,
+            telemetry_summary = exec_result.telemetry_summary,
+        )
+
+        ended = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        await bench_reg.update_job(
+            job_id,
+            status    = "completed",
+            progress  = 1.0,
+            ended_at  = ended,
+            log_entry = f"{ts_color}[{ended}]{reset} {success_color}Benchmark completed{reset} — {metrics.fps} FPS",
+        )
+
+        await audit(
+            "benchmark_completed",
+            job_id  = job_id,
+            payload = {"model_id": ctx.model_id, "dataset_id": ctx.dataset_id},
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "benchmark_completed",
+            job_id  = job_id,
+            fps     = metrics.fps,
+            lat_ms  = metrics.latency_mean_ms,
+        )
+
+    except asyncio.CancelledError:
+        # Task cancelled externally (e.g. server shutdown) — don't swallow
+        ended = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        await bench_reg.update_job(
+            job_id,
+            status    = "failed",
+            error     = "Job cancelled",
+            ended_at  = ended,
+            log_entry = f"{ts_color}[{ended}]{reset} \x1b[31mJob cancelled\x1b[0m",
+        )
+        raise
+
+    except Exception as exc:
+        ended = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        err_msg = str(exc)
+        error_color = "\x1b[31m" # Red
+        await bench_reg.update_job(
+            job_id,
+            status    = "failed",
+            error     = err_msg,
+            ended_at  = ended,
+            log_entry = f"{ts_color}[{ended}]{reset} {error_color}ERROR: {err_msg}{reset}",
+        )
+        await audit(
+            "benchmark_failed",
+            job_id  = job_id,
+            level   = "error",
+            payload = {"error": err_msg, "model_id": ctx.model_id},
+        )
+        log.exception("benchmark_failed", job_id=job_id)
+    finally:
+        pass
+
+# ── Resource resolvers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _require_model(model_id: str) -> Model:
+    model = await get_model(model_id)
+    if not model:
+        from fastapi import HTTPException
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code = 404,
+            detail      = f"Model '{model_id}' not found in Model Zoo",
+        )
+    return model
+
+
+async def _require_dataset(dataset_id: str) -> Dataset:
+    dataset = await get_dataset(dataset_id)
+    if not dataset:
+        from fastapi import HTTPException
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code = 404,
+            detail      = f"Dataset '{dataset_id}' not found in Dataset Manager",
+        )
+    return dataset
diff --git a/benchmark/registry.py b/benchmark/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef02ea0cd927b2358611301aea64d9f7c4cd1746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+"""
+benchmark/registry.py — Benchmark Registry.
+
+All DB interactions for:
+  • benchmark_jobs         — job lifecycle state
+  • benchmark_results      — final metrics + telemetry summary
+  • benchmark_validation_logs — immutable check audit trail
+
+Follows the same pattern as registry/registry.py and datasets/registry.py.
+No direct DB access from other benchmark modules — everything routes here.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import Any
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from database.connection import get_db
+from models.benchmark import (
+    BenchmarkContext,
+    BenchmarkJob,
+    BenchmarkMetrics,
+    BenchmarkResult,
+    TelemetrySummary,
+    ValidationCheck,
+    row_to_job,
+    row_to_result,
+)
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("benchmark.registry")
+
+
+def _get_active_project_benchmark_dir_sync(project_path: str | None) -> Path | None:
+    """Get the absolute path to the 'benchmarks' folder in a given project path."""
+    if not project_path:
+        return None
+    
+    benchmark_dir = Path(project_path) / "benchmarks"
+    benchmark_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    return benchmark_dir
+
+async def _get_active_project_benchmark_dir() -> Path | None:
+    """Get the absolute path to the 'benchmarks' folder in the active project."""
+    from projects.service import get_active_project_path
+    project_path = await get_active_project_path()
+    return _get_active_project_benchmark_dir_sync(project_path)
+
+async def _save_to_project(filename: str, data: dict) -> None:
+    """Save data to a JSON file in the active project's benchmark folder."""
+    benchmark_dir = await _get_active_project_benchmark_dir()
+    if not benchmark_dir:
+        return
+        
+    file_path = benchmark_dir / filename
+    try:
+        with open(file_path, "w") as f:
+            json.dump(data, f, indent=2)
+    except Exception as e:
+        log.error("project_persistence_failed", error=str(e), file=filename)
+
+# ── Job CRUD ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def create_job(ctx: BenchmarkContext) -> BenchmarkJob:
+    db     = await get_db()
+    job_id = f"bmark-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+    now    = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+
+    # Create job object
+    job = BenchmarkJob(
+        id         = job_id,
+        model_id   = ctx.model_id,
+        dataset_id = ctx.dataset_id,
+        task       = ctx.task,
+        framework  = ctx.framework,
+        hardware   = ctx.hardware,
+        precision  = ctx.precision,
+        batch_size = ctx.batch_size,
+        config     = ctx.model_dump(),
+        status     = "queued",
+        progress   = 0.0,
+        created_at = now,
+        updated_at = now,
+    )
+
+    # Persist to SQLite
+    await db.execute(
+        """INSERT INTO benchmark_jobs
+               (id, model_id, dataset_id, task, framework, hardware,
+                precision, batch_size, config,
+                status, progress, logs, created_at, updated_at)
+           VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,'queued',0.0,'[]',?,?)""",
+        (
+            job_id,
+            ctx.model_id, ctx.dataset_id,
+            ctx.task, ctx.framework, ctx.hardware,
+            ctx.precision, ctx.batch_size,
+            json.dumps(ctx.model_dump()),
+            now, now,
+        ),
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+    
+    # Persist to project folder
+    await _save_to_project(f"job_{job_id}.json", job.model_dump())
+    
+    log.info("benchmark_job_created", job_id=job_id, model=ctx.model_id)
+    return job
+
+
+async def get_job(job_id: str) -> BenchmarkJob | None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute(
+        "SELECT * FROM benchmark_jobs WHERE id = ?", (job_id,)
+    ) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    return row_to_job(row) if row else None
+
+
+async def list_jobs(
+    *,
+    status:   str | None = None,
+    model_id: str | None = None,
+    limit:    int = 100,
+) -> list[BenchmarkJob]:
+    db      = await get_db()
+    clauses: list[str] = []
+    params:  list[Any] = []
+
+    if status:
+        clauses.append("status = ?")
+        params.append(status)
+    if model_id:
+        clauses.append("model_id = ?")
+        params.append(model_id)
+
+    where = f"WHERE {' AND '.join(clauses)}" if clauses else ""
+    params.append(limit)
+
+    async with db.execute(
+        f"SELECT * FROM benchmark_jobs {where} ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ?",
+        params,
+    ) as cur:
+        rows = await cur.fetchall()
+    return [row_to_job(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+async def update_job(
+    job_id: str,
+    *,
+    status:    str | None   = None,
+    progress:  float | None = None,
+    error:     str | None   = None,
+    started_at: str | None  = None,
+    ended_at:  str | None   = None,
+    log_entry: str | None   = None,
+    last_telemetry: dict | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Update mutable fields on a benchmark job atomically."""
+    db  = await get_db()
+    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+
+    sets: list[str] = ["updated_at = ?"]
+    vals: list[Any] = [now]
+
+    if status is not None:
+        sets.append("status = ?");     vals.append(status)
+    if progress is not None:
+        sets.append("progress = ?");   vals.append(round(progress, 4))
+    if error is not None:
+        sets.append("error = ?");      vals.append(error)
+    if started_at is not None:
+        sets.append("started_at = ?"); vals.append(started_at)
+    if ended_at is not None:
+        sets.append("ended_at = ?");   vals.append(ended_at)
+    if last_telemetry is not None:
+        sets.append("last_telemetry = ?"); vals.append(json.dumps(last_telemetry))
+
+    if log_entry is not None:
+        # Append new entry to the JSON log array (capped at 500 lines)
+        async with db.execute(
+            "SELECT logs FROM benchmark_jobs WHERE id = ?", (job_id,)
+        ) as cur:
+            row = await cur.fetchone()
+        existing = json.loads(row["logs"]) if row and row["logs"] else []
+        existing.append(log_entry)
+        sets.append("logs = ?")
+        vals.append(json.dumps(existing[-500:]))
+
+    vals.append(job_id)
+    # Persist to project folder if we have the job info
+    async with db.execute("SELECT * FROM benchmark_jobs WHERE id = ?", (job_id,)) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+        if row:
+            job = row_to_job(row)
+            if job:
+                await _save_to_project(f"job_{job_id}.json", job.model_dump())
+
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+# ── Result CRUD ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def save_result(
+    *,
+    job_id:            str,
+    metrics:           BenchmarkMetrics,
+    telemetry_summary: TelemetrySummary,
+) -> BenchmarkResult:
+    db        = await get_db()
+    result_id = f"bres-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+    now       = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+
+    # Persist result to SQLite
+    await db.execute(
+        """INSERT INTO benchmark_results
+               (id, job_id, metrics, telemetry_summary, created_at)
+           VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)""",
+        (
+            result_id,
+            job_id,
+            json.dumps(metrics.model_dump(exclude_none=True)),
+            json.dumps(telemetry_summary.model_dump()),
+            now,
+        ),
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+
+    result = BenchmarkResult(
+        id                = result_id,
+        job_id            = job_id,
+        metrics           = metrics,
+        telemetry_summary = telemetry_summary,
+        created_at        = now,
+    )
+
+    # Persist result to project folder
+    await _save_to_project(f"result_{job_id}.json", result.model_dump())
+    
+    log.info("benchmark_result_saved", job_id=job_id, result_id=result_id)
+    return result
+
+
+async def get_result(job_id: str) -> BenchmarkResult | None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute(
+        """SELECT r.*, j.model_id, j.dataset_id, j.task, j.framework, j.hardware, j.precision
+           FROM benchmark_results r
+           JOIN benchmark_jobs j ON r.job_id = j.id
+           WHERE r.job_id = ?""", (job_id,)
+    ) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    return row_to_result(row) if row else None
+
+
+async def list_results(*, limit: int = 100) -> list[BenchmarkResult]:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute(
+        """SELECT r.*, j.model_id, j.dataset_id, j.task, j.framework, j.hardware, j.precision
+           FROM benchmark_results r
+           JOIN benchmark_jobs j ON r.job_id = j.id
+           ORDER BY r.created_at DESC LIMIT ?""", (limit,)
+    ) as cur:
+        rows = await cur.fetchall()
+    return [row_to_result(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+# ── Validation Log ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def save_validation_log(
+    *,
+    job_id:     str,
+    model_id:   str,
+    dataset_id: str,
+    checks:     list[ValidationCheck],
+    passed:     bool,
+) -> None:
+    """Persist an immutable record of all compatibility checks."""
+    db     = await get_db()
+    log_id = f"bval-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+    now    = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+
+    await db.execute(
+        """INSERT INTO benchmark_validation_logs
+               (id, job_id, model_id, dataset_id, checks, passed, created_at)
+           VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?)""",
+        (
+            log_id, job_id, model_id, dataset_id,
+            json.dumps([c.model_dump() for c in checks]),
+            1 if passed else 0,
+            now,
+        ),
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+    log.info(
+        "validation_log_saved",
+        job_id  = job_id,
+        passed  = passed,
+        n_checks = len(checks),
+    )
diff --git a/benchmark/telemetry.py b/benchmark/telemetry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cee6cd1202b1d38fdb3de66903382fe7d9cac7b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/telemetry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+"""
+benchmark/telemetry.py — Real-time Telemetry Collector.
+
+Collects GPU/hardware metrics at 2 Hz during benchmark execution.
+Designed as a drop-in adapter:
+  • Local dev  → simulates realistic GPU readings based on hardware tier
+  • Production → replace _read_gpu_metrics() with pynvml calls:
+      nvmlDeviceGetUtilizationRates()
+      nvmlDeviceGetMemoryInfo()
+      nvmlDeviceGetTemperature()
+      nvmlDeviceGetPowerUsage()
+
+Usage (async context):
+    collector = TelemetryCollector("rtx4090", vram_total_gb=24.0)
+    await collector.start()
+    # ... run inference ...
+    summary = await collector.stop()
+    samples = collector.samples
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import random
+import statistics
+import time
+
+from models.benchmark import TelemetrySample, TelemetrySummary
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("benchmark.telemetry")
+
+# ── Hardware simulation profiles ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+# (base_util%, base_temp_C, base_power_W)
+_HW_PROFILES: dict[str, tuple[float, float, float]] = {
+    "rtx4090":   (88.0, 74.0, 380.0),
+    "rtx4080":   (84.0, 70.0, 280.0),
+    "rtx4070":   (80.0, 68.0, 200.0),
+    "rtx3090":   (85.0, 72.0, 320.0),
+    "rtx3080":   (82.0, 70.0, 250.0),
+    "rtx3070":   (78.0, 66.0, 180.0),
+    "rtx3060":   (74.0, 64.0, 150.0),
+    "a100":      (90.0, 68.0, 350.0),
+    "h100":      (92.0, 65.0, 550.0),
+    "v100":      (87.0, 70.0, 280.0),
+    "t4":        (75.0, 62.0, 60.0),
+    "gpu":       (70.0, 65.0, 150.0),
+    "cpu":       (0.0,  0.0,  0.0),
+}
+
+_COLLECTION_INTERVAL_S = 0.5   # 2 Hz
+
+
+class TelemetryCollector:
+    """
+    Async telemetry collector.  Call start() before inference, stop() after.
+    Thread-safe via asyncio (single-threaded event loop).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, hardware: str, vram_total_gb: float = 8.0) -> None:
+        self._hardware    = hardware
+        self._vram_total  = vram_total_gb
+        self._hw_profile  = self._resolve_profile(hardware)
+        self._samples: list[TelemetrySample] = []
+        self._running     = False
+        self._task: asyncio.Task | None = None
+
+    # ── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    async def start(self) -> None:
+        self._running = True
+        self._samples = []
+        self._task    = asyncio.create_task(
+            self._collect_loop(), name="telemetry_collector"
+        )
+        log.debug("telemetry_started", hardware=self._hardware)
+
+    async def stop(self) -> TelemetrySummary:
+        self._running = False
+        if self._task and not self._task.done():
+            self._task.cancel()
+            try:
+                await self._task
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                pass
+        log.debug(
+            "telemetry_stopped",
+            hardware = self._hardware,
+            samples  = len(self._samples),
+        )
+        return self._build_summary()
+
+    def record_batch_context(self, batch_idx: int, progress: float) -> None:
+        """Annotate the most recent sample with the current batch context."""
+        if self._samples:
+            self._samples[-1].batch_idx = batch_idx
+            self._samples[-1].progress  = progress
+
+    @property
+    def samples(self) -> list[TelemetrySample]:
+        return list(self._samples)
+
+    # ── Internal ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    async def _collect_loop(self) -> None:
+        while self._running:
+            sample = self._read_gpu_metrics()
+            self._samples.append(sample)
+            await asyncio.sleep(_COLLECTION_INTERVAL_S)
+
+    def _read_gpu_metrics(self) -> TelemetrySample:
+        """
+        Returns a TelemetrySample for the current hardware state.
+
+        PRODUCTION SWAP: Replace this body with pynvml calls:
+            handle = nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex(0)
+            util   = nvmlDeviceGetUtilizationRates(handle)
+            mem    = nvmlDeviceGetMemoryInfo(handle)
+            temp   = nvmlDeviceGetTemperature(handle, NVML_TEMPERATURE_GPU)
+            power  = nvmlDeviceGetPowerUsage(handle) / 1000  # mW → W
+        """
+        base_util, base_temp, base_power = self._hw_profile
+
+        if base_util == 0.0:   # CPU path — no meaningful GPU readings
+            return TelemetrySample(
+                timestamp     = time.time(),
+                gpu_util_pct  = 0.0,
+                vram_used_gb  = 0.0,
+                vram_total_gb = 0.0,
+                temp_c        = 0.0,
+                power_w       = 0.0,
+            )
+
+        # Simulate realistic jitter (±5% util, ±3°C, ±10W)
+        jitter_util  = random.gauss(0, 3.0)
+        jitter_temp  = random.gauss(0, 1.5)
+        jitter_power = random.gauss(0, 8.0)
+        vram_frac    = random.uniform(0.58, 0.72)
+
+        return TelemetrySample(
+            timestamp     = time.time(),
+            gpu_util_pct  = max(0.0, min(100.0, base_util + jitter_util)),
+            vram_used_gb  = round(
+                max(0.0, min(self._vram_total, self._vram_total * vram_frac)), 3
+            ),
+            vram_total_gb = self._vram_total,
+            temp_c        = round(max(0.0, base_temp + jitter_temp), 1),
+            power_w       = round(max(0.0, base_power + jitter_power), 1),
+        )
+
+    def _build_summary(self) -> TelemetrySummary:
+        if not self._samples:
+            return TelemetrySummary()
+
+        utils  = [s.gpu_util_pct  for s in self._samples]
+        vrams  = [s.vram_used_gb  for s in self._samples]
+        temps  = [s.temp_c        for s in self._samples]
+        powers = [s.power_w       for s in self._samples]
+
+        def _safe_mean(lst: list[float]) -> float:
+            return statistics.mean(lst) if lst else 0.0
+
+        return TelemetrySummary(
+            gpu_util_avg  = round(_safe_mean(utils), 2),
+            gpu_util_peak = round(max(utils), 2),
+            vram_avg_gb   = round(_safe_mean(vrams), 3),
+            vram_peak_gb  = round(max(vrams), 3),
+            temp_avg_c    = round(_safe_mean(temps), 1),
+            temp_peak_c   = round(max(temps), 1),
+            power_avg_w   = round(_safe_mean(powers), 1),
+            power_peak_w  = round(max(powers), 1),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _resolve_profile(hardware: str) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
+        hw = hardware.lower().replace(" ", "").replace("-", "")
+        for key, profile in _HW_PROFILES.items():
+            if key in hw:
+                return profile
+        # Default for unknown GPU-class hardware
+        if any(x in hw for x in ("gpu", "rtx", "gtx", "cuda", "vram")):
+            return _HW_PROFILES["gpu"]
+        return _HW_PROFILES["cpu"]
diff --git a/benchmark/torch_runner.py b/benchmark/torch_runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56ad3ca22d19e5497875d800f2a1bc243fe40df5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/torch_runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+"""
+benchmark/torch_runner.py — Synchronous GPU inference runner.
+
+Called from BenchmarkExecutor via asyncio.run_in_executor() so it never
+blocks the event loop.  PyTorch is an optional dependency — if it is not
+installed the module raises ImportError and execution.py falls back to
+the simulation path.
+
+Supported weight formats (detected by file extension):
+  .pt / .pth      — torch.load (TorchScript or state-dict)
+  .safetensors    — safetensors.torch.load_file
+  .onnx           — onnxruntime InferenceSession
+
+PRODUCTION SWAP POINTS are marked with  # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+# ── Model cache (keyed by absolute path) ─────────────────────────────────────
+_MODEL_CACHE: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+# Standard input shapes per task (B, C, H, W)
+_INPUT_SHAPES: dict[str, tuple[int, int, int]] = {
+    "detection":      (3, 640, 640),
+    "segmentation":   (3, 640, 640),
+    "classification": (3, 224, 224),
+    "generation":     (3, 512, 512),
+    "embedding":      (3, 224, 224),
+}
+_DEFAULT_SHAPE = (3, 640, 640)
+
+
+def run_torch_batch(model_path: str, batch_size: int, task: str = "detection") -> float:
+    """Run one inference batch and return per-image latency in ms.
+
+    Args:
+        model_path: Absolute path to the weight file.
+        batch_size: Number of images in the batch.
+        task:       Model task (affects dummy input shape).
+
+    Returns:
+        Latency per image in milliseconds.
+    """
+    import torch  # raises ImportError if not installed
+
+    device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
+    ext = Path(model_path).suffix.lower()
+
+    model = _load_model(model_path, ext, device)
+    c, h, w = _INPUT_SHAPES.get(task, _DEFAULT_SHAPE)
+    dummy = torch.zeros(batch_size, c, h, w, device=device)
+
+    # Warm-up pass (first call is slower due to CUDA kernel compilation)
+    if device == "cuda":
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            _forward(model, dummy, ext, device)
+        torch.cuda.synchronize()
+
+    # Timed pass
+    if device == "cuda":
+        torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    t0 = time.perf_counter()
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        _forward(model, dummy, ext, device)
+    if device == "cuda":
+        torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    elapsed_ms = (time.perf_counter() - t0) * 1000
+
+    return elapsed_ms / batch_size
+
+
+def _load_model(path: str, ext: str, device: str) -> Any:
+    """Load and cache the model by absolute path."""
+    if path in _MODEL_CACHE:
+        return _MODEL_CACHE[path]
+
+    model = _load_by_ext(path, ext, device)
+    _MODEL_CACHE[path] = model
+    return model
+
+
+def _load_by_ext(path: str, ext: str, device: str) -> Any:
+    """Select loader based on file extension."""
+    if ext in (".pt", ".pth"):
+        return _load_torch(path, device)
+    if ext == ".safetensors":
+        return _load_safetensors(path, device)
+    if ext == ".onnx":
+        return _load_onnx(path)
+    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported model format: {ext}")
+
+
+def _load_torch(path: str, device: str) -> Any:
+    import torch
+    # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>> with proper model class instantiation
+    # TorchScript models can be loaded directly; state-dict models need
+    # the model class to be imported separately.
+    try:
+        model = torch.jit.load(path, map_location=device)
+        model.eval()
+        return model
+    except RuntimeError:
+        # Not a TorchScript model — try loading as a full checkpoint
+        obj = torch.load(path, map_location=device, weights_only=False)
+        if hasattr(obj, "eval"):
+            obj.eval()
+            return obj
+        # It's a state-dict — we cannot run inference without knowing the arch
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"Model at {path} is a state-dict; cannot run inference without "
+            "the model class. Use a TorchScript-exported .pt file."
+        )
+
+
+def _load_safetensors(path: str, device: str) -> Any:
+    # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>> safetensors gives tensors only;
+    # you still need the model class.  This is intentionally left as a
+    # placeholder that raises a clear error rather than silently failing.
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "safetensors inference requires the model class to be registered. "
+        "Convert to TorchScript or ONNX for architecture-agnostic inference."
+    )
+
+
+def _load_onnx(path: str) -> Any:
+    import onnxruntime as ort  # type: ignore[import]
+    providers = ["CUDAExecutionProvider", "CPUExecutionProvider"]
+    return ort.InferenceSession(path, providers=providers)
+
+
+def _forward(model: Any, dummy: Any, ext: str, device: str) -> Any:
+    """Run a single forward pass, dispatching by model type."""
+    if ext == ".onnx":
+        import numpy as np
+        np_input = dummy.cpu().numpy()
+        input_name = model.get_inputs()[0].name
+        return model.run(None, {input_name: np_input})
+    # TorchScript / nn.Module
+    return model(dummy)
diff --git a/datasets/__init__.py b/datasets/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/datasets/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# datasets package
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diff --git a/datasets/annotation_parser.py b/datasets/annotation_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e26f70e10fccdbe01e98e791d5a4368d0e6a0a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/datasets/annotation_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+"""
+datasets/annotation_parser.py — Multi-format annotation parser.
+
+Supports:
+  - YOLO (darknet .txt + classes.txt / data.yaml)
+  - COCO (instances_*.json / _annotations.coco.json)
+  - Pascal VOC (*.xml)
+
+All formats normalise to the unified Annotation schema with
+normalised bounding boxes (0–1 range, x_topleft, y_topleft, w, h).
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import csv
+import json
+import re
+import uuid
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Iterator, Optional
+
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("annotation_parser")
+
+
+# ── Unified Output ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _make_ann(
+    image_id: str,
+    dataset_id: str,
+    label: str,
+    bbox: tuple[float, float, float, float] | None = None,   # x, y, w, h  (normalised)
+    normalised: bool = True,
+    area: float | None = None,
+    confidence: float | None = None,
+    ann_type: str = "detection",
+    segmentation: list[list[float]] | None = None,
+    keypoints: list[float] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
+) -> dict:
+    return {
+        "id":           f"ann-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}",
+        "image_id":     image_id,
+        "dataset_id":   dataset_id,
+        "label":        label,
+        "bbox_x":       bbox[0] if bbox else None,
+        "bbox_y":       bbox[1] if bbox else None,
+        "bbox_w":       bbox[2] if bbox else None,
+        "bbox_h":       bbox[3] if bbox else None,
+        "normalised":   1 if normalised else 0,
+        "area":         area,
+        "confidence":   confidence,
+        "ann_type":     ann_type,
+        "segmentation": json.dumps(segmentation) if segmentation else None,
+        "keypoints":    json.dumps(keypoints) if keypoints else None,
+        "metadata":     json.dumps(metadata) if metadata else None,
+    }
+
+
+# ── YOLO Parser ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class YOLOParser:
+    """
+    Reads YOLO darknet annotation files (.txt) + class map.
+    Each line: <class_id> <cx> <cy> <w> <h>  (all normalised 0–1)
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def load_class_map(dataset_root: Path) -> list[str]:
+        """Attempt to load class names from data.yaml or classes.txt."""
+        # Try data.yaml first
+        for yaml_file in dataset_root.rglob("data.yaml"):
+            try:
+                import yaml
+                with open(yaml_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8', errors='replace') as f:
+                    data = yaml.safe_load(f)
+                    if data and 'names' in data:
+                        names = data['names']
+                        if isinstance(names, list):
+                            return names
+                        elif isinstance(names, dict):
+                            # Handle dict format: {0: 'class_a', 1: 'class_b'}
+                            return [names[i] for i in sorted(names.keys())]
+            except Exception:
+                # Fallback to regex if yaml import fails or parsing fails
+                try:
+                    text = yaml_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace")
+                    import re as _re
+                    m = _re.search(r"names\s*:\s*\n((?:\s*-\s*.+\n?)+)", text)
+                    if m:
+                        return [line.strip().lstrip("- ").strip() for line in m.group(1).splitlines() if line.strip()]
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
+        # Try classes.txt
+        for cls_file in dataset_root.rglob("classes.txt"):
+            try:
+                lines = cls_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace").splitlines()
+                return [l.strip() for l in lines if l.strip()]
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        return []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse_file(
+        txt_path: Path,
+        image_id: str,
+        dataset_id: str,
+        class_map: list[str],
+    ) -> list[dict]:
+        annotations = []
+        try:
+            text = txt_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace")
+        except OSError:
+            return annotations
+
+        for line in text.splitlines():
+            parts = line.strip().split()
+            if len(parts) < 5:
+                continue
+            try:
+                cls_id = int(parts[0])
+                cx, cy, w, h = float(parts[1]), float(parts[2]), float(parts[3]), float(parts[4])
+                # YOLO cx,cy → top-left x,y
+                x = cx - w / 2
+                y = cy - h / 2
+                label = class_map[cls_id] if cls_id < len(class_map) else str(cls_id)
+                annotations.append(
+                    _make_ann(image_id, dataset_id, label, (x, y, w, h), area=w * h)
+                )
+            except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                continue
+
+        return annotations
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def iter_dataset(
+        dataset_root: Path,
+        dataset_id: str,
+        class_map: list[str],
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str, list[dict]]]:
+        """
+        Yield (image_rel_path, image_id, split, annotations) for every image in the dataset.
+        Walks train/valid/test directories.
+        """
+        # Supported subfolder names for splits
+        split_map = {
+            "train": ["train", "training"],
+            "val": ["valid", "val", "validation"],
+            "test": ["test", "testing"]
+        }
+
+        found_any = False
+        for split_name, folder_names in split_map.items():
+            for folder_name in folder_names:
+                split_dir = dataset_root / folder_name
+                images_dir = split_dir / "images"
+                
+                # Support both split/images and split/ (if images are direct)
+                search_dir = images_dir if images_dir.exists() else split_dir
+                if not search_dir.exists():
+                    continue
+
+                found_any = True
+                labels_dir = split_dir / "labels"
+                
+                for img_path in sorted(search_dir.rglob("*")):
+                    if img_path.suffix.lower() not in (".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".webp"):
+                        continue
+                    
+                    image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+                    
+                    # Resolve label path
+                    # 1. split/labels/img.txt
+                    # 2. split/img.txt
+                    # 3. img_path.with_suffix(".txt")
+                    label_candidates = []
+                    if labels_dir.exists():
+                        label_candidates.append(labels_dir / img_path.with_suffix(".txt").name)
+                    label_candidates.append(img_path.with_suffix(".txt"))
+
+                    anns: list[dict] = []
+                    for label_file in label_candidates:
+                        if label_file.exists():
+                            anns = YOLOParser.parse_file(label_file, image_id, dataset_id, class_map)
+                            break
+
+                    rel_path = str(img_path.relative_to(dataset_root))
+                    yield rel_path, image_id, split_name, anns
+
+        # Fallback: if no split folders found, scan the root
+        if not found_any:
+            for img_path in sorted(dataset_root.rglob("*")):
+                if img_path.suffix.lower() not in (".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".webp"):
+                    continue
+                # Skip files inside already processed folders if we had any
+                image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+                label_file = img_path.with_suffix(".txt")
+                anns = []
+                if label_file.exists():
+                    anns = YOLOParser.parse_file(label_file, image_id, dataset_id, class_map)
+                
+                rel_path = str(img_path.relative_to(dataset_root))
+                yield rel_path, image_id, "train", anns
+
+
+# ── COCO Parser ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class COCOParser:
+    """
+    Reads COCO JSON annotation files.
+    Supports: instances_train.json, instances_val.json, _annotations.coco.json
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def find_annotation_files(dataset_root: Path) -> list[Path]:
+        patterns = ["instances_*.json", "_annotations.coco.json", "*.json"]
+        found = []
+        for pat in patterns:
+            for f in dataset_root.rglob(pat):
+                if "label" not in f.name.lower() and "class" not in f.name.lower():
+                    found.append(f)
+        return list(dict.fromkeys(found))   # deduplicate
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse_file(
+        json_path: Path,
+        dataset_id: str,
+    ) -> tuple[list[str], list[tuple[str, str, str, list[dict]]]]:
+        """
+        Returns: (class_names, [(rel_image_path, image_id, split, annotations)])
+        """
+        try:
+            data = json.loads(json_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+        except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as e:
+            log.warning("coco_parse_error", file=str(json_path), error=str(e))
+            return [], []
+
+        categories = {c["id"]: c["name"] for c in data.get("categories", [])}
+        class_names = list(categories.values())
+
+        # Determine split from filename
+        fname = json_path.stem.lower()
+        if "train" in fname:
+            split = "train"
+        elif "val" in fname or "valid" in fname:
+            split = "val"
+        elif "test" in fname:
+            split = "test"
+        else:
+            split = "train"
+
+        # Build image map
+        image_map: dict[int, dict] = {
+            img["id"]: img for img in data.get("images", [])
+        }
+
+        # Group annotations by image
+        ann_by_image: dict[int, list] = {}
+        for ann in data.get("annotations", []):
+            ann_by_image.setdefault(ann["image_id"], []).append(ann)
+
+        results = []
+        for coco_img_id, img_meta in image_map.items():
+            image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+            rel_path = img_meta.get("file_name", "")
+            anns = []
+            for coco_ann in ann_by_image.get(coco_img_id, []):
+                label = categories.get(coco_ann.get("category_id", -1), "unknown")
+                bbox = coco_ann.get("bbox", [])
+                if len(bbox) == 4:
+                    # COCO: [x_topleft, y_topleft, w, h] in pixel coords
+                    img_w = img_meta.get("width", 1) or 1
+                    img_h = img_meta.get("height", 1) or 1
+                    bx = bbox[0] / img_w
+                    by = bbox[1] / img_h
+                    bw = bbox[2] / img_w
+                    bh = bbox[3] / img_h
+                    area_pct = (bbox[2] * bbox[3]) / (img_w * img_h)
+                    
+                    # Extract segmentation if available
+                    segmentation = coco_ann.get("segmentation")
+                    # COCO segmentation can be a list of polygons or RLE
+                    poly_data = None
+                    if isinstance(segmentation, list) and len(segmentation) > 0:
+                        # Normalize polygon coordinates
+                        poly_data = []
+                        for poly in segmentation:
+                            normalized_poly = []
+                            for i in range(0, len(poly), 2):
+                                normalized_poly.append(poly[i] / img_w)
+                                normalized_poly.append(poly[i+1] / img_h)
+                            poly_data.append(normalized_poly)
+
+                    anns.append(
+                        _make_ann(
+                            image_id, 
+                            dataset_id, 
+                            label, 
+                            (bx, by, bw, bh), 
+                            area=area_pct,
+                            segmentation=poly_data,
+                            ann_type="segmentation" if poly_data else "detection"
+                        )
+                    )
+            results.append((rel_path, image_id, split, anns))
+
+        return class_names, results
+
+
+# ── VOC Parser ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class VOCParser:
+    """Reads Pascal VOC XML annotation files."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse_file(
+        xml_path: Path,
+        image_id: str,
+        dataset_id: str,
+    ) -> tuple[str, int, int, list[dict]]:
+        """Returns (filename, width, height, annotations)."""
+        try:
+            tree = ET.parse(str(xml_path))
+        except ET.ParseError as e:
+            log.warning("voc_parse_error", file=str(xml_path), error=str(e))
+            return "", 0, 0, []
+
+        root = tree.getroot()
+        filename = root.findtext("filename") or ""
+        size = root.find("size")
+        img_w = int(size.findtext("width") or 1) if size is not None else 1
+        img_h = int(size.findtext("height") or 1) if size is not None else 1
+
+        anns = []
+        for obj in root.findall("object"):
+            label = obj.findtext("name") or "unknown"
+            bndbox = obj.find("bndbox")
+            if bndbox is None:
+                continue
+            xmin = float(bndbox.findtext("xmin") or 0)
+            ymin = float(bndbox.findtext("ymin") or 0)
+            xmax = float(bndbox.findtext("xmax") or 0)
+            ymax = float(bndbox.findtext("ymax") or 0)
+            # Normalise
+            bx = xmin / img_w
+            by = ymin / img_h
+            bw = (xmax - xmin) / img_w
+            bh = (ymax - ymin) / img_h
+            anns.append(_make_ann(image_id, dataset_id, label, (bx, by, bw, bh)))
+
+        return filename, img_w, img_h, anns
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def iter_dataset(
+        dataset_root: Path,
+        dataset_id: str,
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str, int, int, list[dict]]]:
+        """Yield (rel_path, image_id, split, w, h, annotations)."""
+        for xml_path in sorted(dataset_root.rglob("*.xml")):
+            image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+            filename, w, h, anns = VOCParser.parse_file(xml_path, image_id, dataset_id)
+            split = "train"
+            for part in xml_path.parts:
+                if part in ("train", "training"):
+                    split = "train"; break
+                if part in ("val", "valid", "validation"):
+                    split = "val"; break
+                if part in ("test", "testing"):
+                    split = "test"; break
+            rel_path = filename or str(xml_path.with_suffix(".jpg").relative_to(dataset_root))
+            yield rel_path, image_id, split, w, h, anns
+
+
+# ── Roboflow TXT Parser ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class RoboflowTXTParser:
+    """
+    Reads Roboflow classification TXT formats.
+    1. Folder-based: split/class_name/image.jpg
+    2. Label-file: split/_annotations.txt (format: filename,class_name)
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def iter_dataset(
+        dataset_root: Path,
+        dataset_id: str,
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str, list[dict]]]:
+        split_map = {
+            "train": ["train", "training"],
+            "val": ["valid", "val", "validation"],
+            "test": ["test", "testing"]
+        }
+
+        found_any = False
+        for split_name, folder_names in split_map.items():
+            for folder_name in folder_names:
+                split_dir = dataset_root / folder_name
+                if not split_dir.exists():
+                    continue
+
+                found_any = True
+                
+                # Check for _annotations.txt (Roboflow's flat format)
+                ann_file = split_dir / "_annotations.txt"
+                if ann_file.exists():
+                    try:
+                        with open(ann_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                            # Format is usually: filename,class_name
+                            for line in f:
+                                parts = line.strip().split(",")
+                                if len(parts) >= 2:
+                                    fname, label = parts[0], parts[1]
+                                    img_path = split_dir / fname
+                                    if img_path.exists():
+                                        image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+                                        anns = [_make_ann(image_id, dataset_id, label, ann_type="classification")]
+                                        rel_path = str(img_path.relative_to(dataset_root))
+                                        yield rel_path, image_id, split_name, anns
+                        continue # Processed via file, skip folder logic
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+
+                # Fallback to Folder-based: split/class_name/image.jpg
+                for class_dir in split_dir.iterdir():
+                    if class_dir.is_dir() and class_dir.name.lower() not in ["images", "labels"]:
+                        label = class_dir.name
+                        for img_path in class_dir.rglob("*"):
+                            if img_path.suffix.lower() in (".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".webp"):
+                                image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+                                anns = [_make_ann(image_id, dataset_id, label, ann_type="classification")]
+                                rel_path = str(img_path.relative_to(dataset_root))
+                                yield rel_path, image_id, split_name, anns
+
+        # Fallback to root scan if no split folders found
+        if not found_any:
+            for img_path in sorted(dataset_root.rglob("*")):
+                if img_path.suffix.lower() not in (".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".webp"):
+                    continue
+                # Simple heuristic: parent folder is class name
+                label = img_path.parent.name if img_path.parent != dataset_root else "unknown"
+                image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+                anns = [_make_ann(image_id, dataset_id, label, ann_type="classification")]
+                rel_path = str(img_path.relative_to(dataset_root))
+                yield rel_path, image_id, "train", anns
+
+class CSVParser:
+    """
+    Reads CSV files for NLP (classification, NER) or Tabular data.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def detect_delimiter(file_path: Path) -> str:
+        try:
+            with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore') as f:
+                header = f.readline()
+                if ';' in header: return ';'
+                if '\t' in header: return '\t'
+            return ','
+        except Exception:
+            return ','
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse_file(
+        csv_path: Path,
+        dataset_id: str,
+        text_column: str = "text",
+        label_column: str = "label",
+    ) -> list[dict]:
+        annotations = []
+        delimiter = CSVParser.detect_delimiter(csv_path)
+        try:
+            with open(csv_path, mode='r', encoding='utf-8', errors='replace') as f:
+                reader = csv.DictReader(f, delimiter=delimiter)
+                for row in reader:
+                    image_id = f"txt-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+                    text = row.get(text_column, "")
+                    label = row.get(label_column, "unknown")
+                    if text:
+                        annotations.append(
+                            _make_ann(
+                                image_id=image_id,
+                                dataset_id=dataset_id,
+                                label=label,
+                                bbox=(0, 0, 0, 0),
+                                ann_type="nlp_classification"
+                            )
+                        )
+        except Exception as e:
+            log.error("csv_parse_error", file=str(csv_path), error=str(e))
+        return annotations
+
+
+# ── Utilities ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _img_dimensions(path: Path) -> tuple[int, int]:
+    """Fast dimension detection via struct."""
+    try:
+        import struct
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            data = f.read(24)
+            if data[:8] == b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n":
+                return struct.unpack(">II", data[16:24])
+            if data[:2] == b"\xff\xd8":
+                f.seek(0)
+                full = f.read(2048) # Read more for JPEG header
+                i = 2
+                while i < len(full) - 9:
+                    if full[i] == 0xFF and full[i + 1] in (0xC0, 0xC1, 0xC2):
+                        h, w = struct.unpack(">HH", full[i + 5:i + 9])
+                        return int(w), int(h)
+                    i += 1
+    except: pass
+    return 0, 0
+
+
+# ── Format Detector ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def detect_format(dataset_root: Path) -> str:
+    """Heuristically detect the annotation format in a dataset directory."""
+    # COCO: look for JSON with 'images' and 'annotations' keys
+    for jf in dataset_root.rglob("*.json"):
+        try:
+            snippet = jf.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace")[:2048]
+            if '"images"' in snippet and '"annotations"' in snippet:
+                return "coco"
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    # VOC: look for XML files with <annotation> root
+    for xf in dataset_root.rglob("*.xml"):
+        try:
+            snippet = xf.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace")[:512]
+            if "<annotation>" in snippet:
+                return "voc"
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    # YOLO: check for .txt label files and data.yaml
+    if list(dataset_root.rglob("data.yaml")):
+        return "yolo"
+    
+    txt_files = list(dataset_root.rglob("*.txt"))
+    # Filter out common non-label files
+    label_txts = [f for f in txt_files if f.name not in ("classes.txt", "obj.names", "README.txt", "LICENSE.txt", "README.roboflow.txt")]
+    if label_txts:
+        # Check if first line looks like YOLO (<int> <float> <float> <float> <float>)
+        try:
+            first_txt = label_txts[0]
+            content = first_txt.read_text(encoding="utf-8").strip().split('\n')[0]
+            if re.match(r"^\d+\s+[\d\.]+\s+[\d\.]+\s+[\d\.]+\s+[\d\.]+", content):
+                return "yolo"
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    # Roboflow Classification TXT: check for split folders containing only subfolders (class names)
+    # or check for _annotations.txt
+    if list(dataset_root.rglob("_annotations.txt")):
+        return "txt"
+
+    # Check for folder-based classification (split/class_name/img.jpg)
+    # If we see folders that aren't 'images' or 'labels' inside train/val/test
+    for split in ["train", "valid", "test"]:
+        split_dir = dataset_root / split
+        if split_dir.exists() and split_dir.is_dir():
+            subdirs = [d for d in split_dir.iterdir() if d.is_dir()]
+            if subdirs and not any(d.name.lower() in ["images", "labels"] for d in subdirs):
+                return "txt"
+
+    # CSV/NLP: check for csv files
+    if list(dataset_root.rglob("*.csv")):
+        return "csv"
+
+    return "custom"
diff --git a/datasets/base_adapter.py b/datasets/base_adapter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9801ee4cd0b8f919122a79452dde1e9dbf63a170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/datasets/base_adapter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List, Tuple, Iterator, Dict, Any, Optional
+from models.dataset import UniversalDatasetItem, DatasetTask
+
+class DatasetAdapter(ABC):
+    """
+    Base interface for all dataset format adapters.
+    Following the senior architect pattern: decoupling format logic from import orchestration.
+    """
+    
+    @abstractmethod
+    def detect(self, dataset_path: Path) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this adapter can handle the dataset at the given path."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_task(self, dataset_path: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+        """Identify the primary task type (detection, classification, etc.) for this dataset."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def iter_items(self, dataset_id: str, dataset_path: Path) -> Iterator[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]]:
+        """
+        Yield (image_record, annotations) for each item in the dataset.
+        Memory-efficient streaming for large Roboflow datasets.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_class_names(self, dataset_path: Path) -> List[str]:
+        """Extract or derive the list of class names from the dataset."""
+        pass
+
+    def get_metadata(self, dataset_path: Path) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Optional: Extract additional format-specific metadata."""
+        return {}
diff --git a/datasets/format_adapters.py b/datasets/format_adapters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80897b5a79ab81d4f6534e22433aaa2b46517383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/datasets/format_adapters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import json
+import re
+from typing import Any, List, Tuple, Iterator, Dict
+from .base_adapter import DatasetAdapter
+from models.dataset import UniversalDatasetItem, DatasetContentType, UniversalAnnotation, UniversalAnnotationType, DatasetTask
+from .annotation_parser import YOLOParser, COCOParser, VOCParser, RoboflowTXTParser, _img_dimensions
+
+class YOLOAdapter(DatasetAdapter):
+    def detect(self, dataset_path: Path) -> bool:
+        if list(dataset_path.rglob("data.yaml")):
+            return True
+        txt_files = list(dataset_path.rglob("*.txt"))
+        label_txts = [f for f in txt_files if f.name not in ("classes.txt", "obj.names", "README.txt", "LICENSE.txt", "README.roboflow.txt")]
+        if label_txts:
+            try:
+                content = label_txts[0].read_text(encoding="utf-8").strip().split('\n')[0]
+                if re.match(r"^\d+\s+[\d\.]+\s+[\d\.]+\s+[\d\.]+\s+[\d\.]+", content):
+                    return True
+            except: pass
+        return False
+
+    def get_task(self, dataset_path: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+        return DatasetTask.detection
+
+    def get_class_names(self, dataset_path: Path) -> List[str]:
+        return YOLOParser.load_class_map(dataset_path)
+
+    def iter_items(self, dataset_id: str, dataset_path: Path) -> Iterator[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]]:
+        class_map = self.get_class_names(dataset_path)
+        for rel_path, image_id, split, anns in YOLOParser.iter_dataset(dataset_path, dataset_id, class_map):
+            abs_path = dataset_path / rel_path
+            w, h = _img_dimensions(abs_path)
+            img_rec = {
+                "id": image_id, "filename": Path(rel_path).name,
+                "rel_path": str(rel_path), "width": w, "height": h,
+                "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns),
+            }
+            yield img_rec, anns
+
+class COCOAdapter(DatasetAdapter):
+    def detect(self, dataset_path: Path) -> bool:
+        for jf in dataset_path.rglob("*.json"):
+            try:
+                snippet = jf.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace")[:2048]
+                if '"images"' in snippet and '"annotations"' in snippet:
+                    return True
+            except: pass
+        return False
+
+    def get_task(self, dataset_path: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+        return DatasetTask.segmentation # Roboflow COCO often implies segmentation
+
+    def get_class_names(self, dataset_path: Path) -> List[str]:
+        ann_files = COCOParser.find_annotation_files(dataset_path)
+        all_classes = []
+        for ann_file in ann_files:
+            classes, _ = COCOParser.parse_file(ann_file, "dummy")
+            all_classes = list(dict.fromkeys(all_classes + classes))
+        return all_classes
+
+    def iter_items(self, dataset_id: str, dataset_path: Path) -> Iterator[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]]:
+        ann_files = COCOParser.find_annotation_files(dataset_path)
+        for ann_file in ann_files:
+            _, coco_results = COCOParser.parse_file(ann_file, dataset_id)
+            for rel_path, image_id, split, anns in coco_results:
+                abs_path = dataset_path / rel_path
+                w, h = _img_dimensions(abs_path)
+                img_rec = {
+                    "id": image_id, "filename": Path(rel_path).name,
+                    "rel_path": str(rel_path), "width": w, "height": h,
+                    "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns),
+                }
+                yield img_rec, anns
+
+class VOCAdapter(DatasetAdapter):
+    def detect(self, dataset_path: Path) -> bool:
+        for xf in dataset_path.rglob("*.xml"):
+            try:
+                snippet = xf.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace")[:512]
+                if "<annotation>" in snippet:
+                    return True
+            except: pass
+        return False
+
+    def get_task(self, dataset_path: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+        return DatasetTask.detection
+
+    def get_class_names(self, dataset_path: Path) -> List[str]:
+        classes = set()
+        for _, _, _, _, _, anns in VOCParser.iter_dataset(dataset_path, "dummy"):
+            for ann in anns:
+                classes.add(ann["label"])
+        return sorted(list(classes))
+
+    def iter_items(self, dataset_id: str, dataset_path: Path) -> Iterator[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]]:
+        for rel_path, image_id, split, w, h, anns in VOCParser.iter_dataset(dataset_path, dataset_id):
+            img_rec = {
+                "id": image_id, "filename": Path(rel_path).name,
+                "rel_path": str(rel_path), "width": w, "height": h,
+                "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns),
+            }
+            yield img_rec, anns
+
+class CreateMLAdapter(DatasetAdapter):
+    def detect(self, dataset_path: Path) -> bool:
+        for jf in dataset_path.rglob("*.json"):
+            try:
+                snippet = jf.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace")[:1024]
+                if '"image"' in snippet and '"annotations"' in snippet and "[" in snippet:
+                    return True
+            except: pass
+        return False
+
+    def get_task(self, dataset_path: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+        return DatasetTask.detection
+
+    def get_class_names(self, dataset_path: Path) -> List[str]:
+        classes = set()
+        for jf in dataset_path.rglob("*.json"):
+            try:
+                data = json.loads(jf.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+                if isinstance(data, list):
+                    for item in data:
+                        for ann in item.get("annotations", []):
+                            if "label" in ann: classes.add(ann["label"])
+            except: pass
+        return sorted(list(classes))
+
+    def iter_items(self, dataset_id: str, dataset_path: Path) -> Iterator[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]]:
+        from .annotation_parser import _make_ann
+        for jf in dataset_path.rglob("*.json"):
+            try:
+                data = json.loads(jf.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+                if not isinstance(data, list): continue
+                
+                # Determine split from path
+                split = "train"
+                if "val" in jf.parts or "valid" in jf.parts: split = "val"
+                elif "test" in jf.parts: split = "test"
+
+                for item in data:
+                    rel_img_path = item.get("image")
+                    if not rel_img_path: continue
+                    
+                    # Try to find the image relative to JSON or root
+                    img_path = jf.parent / rel_img_path
+                    if not img_path.exists():
+                        img_path = dataset_path / rel_img_path
+                    
+                    if img_path.exists():
+                        image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+                        w, h = _img_dimensions(img_path)
+                        
+                        anns = []
+                        for ca in item.get("annotations", []):
+                            label = ca.get("label", "unknown")
+                            coord = ca.get("coordinates", {})
+                            # CreateML coords are usually center-based pixels: {x, y, width, height}
+                            if "x" in coord and "y" in coord and w > 0 and h > 0:
+                                cx, cy, bw, bh = coord["x"], coord["y"], coord["width"], coord["height"]
+                                # Convert to top-left normalized
+                                nx = (cx - bw/2) / w
+                                ny = (cy - bh/2) / h
+                                nw = bw / w
+                                nh = bh / h
+                                anns.append(_make_ann(image_id, dataset_id, label, (nx, ny, nw, nh)))
+                        
+                        img_rec = {
+                            "id": image_id, "filename": img_path.name,
+                            "rel_path": str(img_path.relative_to(dataset_path)),
+                            "width": w, "height": h, "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns)
+                        }
+                        yield img_rec, anns
+            except: pass
+
+class NLPAdapter(DatasetAdapter):
+    def detect(self, dataset_path: Path) -> bool:
+        return any(dataset_path.rglob("*.csv")) or any(dataset_path.rglob("*.tsv"))
+
+    def get_task(self, dataset_path: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+        return DatasetTask.nlp
+
+    def get_class_names(self, dataset_path: Path) -> List[str]:
+        # Implementation for NLP class names
+        return []
+
+    def iter_items(self, dataset_id: str, dataset_path: Path) -> Iterator[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]]:
+        # Implementation for NLP items
+        yield {}, []
+
+class TabularAdapter(DatasetAdapter):
+    def detect(self, dataset_path: Path) -> bool:
+        return False # Placeholder
+
+    def get_task(self, dataset_path: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+        return DatasetTask.classification
+
+    def get_class_names(self, dataset_path: Path) -> List[str]:
+        return []
+
+    def iter_items(self, dataset_id: str, dataset_path: Path) -> Iterator[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]]:
+        yield {}, []
+
+class RoboflowClassificationAdapter(DatasetAdapter):
+    def detect(self, dataset_path: Path) -> bool:
+        # Check for _annotations.txt or folder-based classification
+        if list(dataset_path.rglob("_annotations.txt")): return True
+        for split in ["train", "valid", "test"]:
+            split_dir = dataset_path / split
+            if split_dir.exists() and split_dir.is_dir():
+                subdirs = [d for d in split_dir.iterdir() if d.is_dir()]
+                if subdirs and not any(d.name.lower() in ["images", "labels"] for d in subdirs):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def get_task(self, dataset_path: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+        return DatasetTask.classification
+
+    def get_class_names(self, dataset_path: Path) -> List[str]:
+        classes = set()
+        for _, _, _, anns in RoboflowTXTParser.iter_dataset(dataset_path, "dummy"):
+            for ann in anns: classes.add(ann["label"])
+        return sorted(list(classes))
+
+    def iter_items(self, dataset_id: str, dataset_path: Path) -> Iterator[Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]]:
+        for rel_path, image_id, split, anns in RoboflowTXTParser.iter_dataset(dataset_path, dataset_id):
+            abs_path = dataset_path / rel_path
+            w, h = _img_dimensions(abs_path)
+            img_rec = {
+                "id": image_id, "filename": Path(rel_path).name,
+                "rel_path": str(rel_path), "width": w, "height": h,
+                "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns),
+            }
+            yield img_rec, anns
diff --git a/datasets/import_service.py b/datasets/import_service.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b04bc2d57b71854f66d68b9990940c7cbe019d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/datasets/import_service.py
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+"""
+datasets/import_service.py — Dataset Import Pipeline.
+
+Pipeline stages:
+  1. Create job record
+  2. Download dataset zip (chunked, progress-tracked)
+  3. Extract zip safely (path-traversal protected)
+  4. Detect annotation format & task type
+  5. Index images into dataset_images table
+  6. Parse & store metadata (Stats only, annotations are read-on-demand)
+  7. Update dataset stats (images, classes, size)
+  8. Mark job completed / failed
+
+All stages run as background tasks.
+Supports Roboflow, HuggingFace, and local file/folder imports.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import hashlib
+import os
+import shutil
+import uuid
+import zipfile
+from datetime import datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any, Tuple
+
+import aiofiles
+import httpx
+from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
+
+from config import settings
+from . import registry as ds_reg
+from .format_adapters import (
+    YOLOAdapter, COCOAdapter, VOCAdapter, CreateMLAdapter, 
+    RoboflowClassificationAdapter, NLPAdapter, TabularAdapter
+)
+from .base_adapter import DatasetAdapter
+from .annotation_parser import _img_dimensions
+from observability.logger import audit, get_logger
+from models.dataset import DatasetStatus, DatasetTask, ImportRequest, Dataset
+
+log = get_logger("import_service")
+
+ADAPTERS: List[DatasetAdapter] = [
+    YOLOAdapter(),
+    COCOAdapter(),
+    VOCAdapter(),
+    CreateMLAdapter(),
+    RoboflowClassificationAdapter(),
+    NLPAdapter(),
+    TabularAdapter(),
+]
+
+def get_adapter_for_path(path: Path) -> DatasetAdapter | None:
+    for adapter in ADAPTERS:
+        if adapter.detect(path):
+            return adapter
+    return None
+
+async def recover_stale_jobs() -> None:
+    """Cleanup dataset import jobs that were left in 'running' or 'queued' state."""
+    await ds_reg.cleanup_stale_jobs()
+
+def _dataset_path(dataset_id: str) -> Path:
+    return settings.datasets_dir / dataset_id
+
+# ── Entry Point ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def start_import(req: ImportRequest) -> str:
+    """Entry point to initiate a background import job."""
+    job_id = f"job-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:8]}"
+    
+    # Create initial job record
+    await ds_reg.update_job(
+        job_id,
+        dataset_id=req.dataset_id,
+        status="queued",
+        progress=0,
+        message="Import queued",
+        type=str(req.source)
+    )
+
+    # Launch background task
+    asyncio.create_task(_run_pipeline(job_id, req, req.dataset_name or req.dataset_id))
+    
+    return job_id
+
+
+# ── Pipeline orchestrator ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _run_pipeline(job_id: str, req: ImportRequest, dataset_name: str) -> None:
+    started = datetime.utcnow().isoformat()
+    await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, status="running", started_at=started, message="Starting import")
+    await ds_reg.update_dataset_status(req.dataset_id, DatasetStatus.importing, progress=0.01)
+
+    try:
+        # Stage 1 – Resolve download URL or local path
+        source_path = await _stage_acquire(job_id, req)
+
+        # Stage 2 – Extract / Prepare Directory
+        extract_dir = await _stage_extract(job_id, req.dataset_id, source_path)
+
+        # Stage 3 – Detect adapter and Task
+        await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.55, message="Detecting dataset format...")
+        adapter = await asyncio.to_thread(get_adapter_for_path, extract_dir)
+        
+        if not adapter:
+            log.warning("no_adapter_found_generic_fallback", dataset_id=req.dataset_id)
+            image_records = await asyncio.to_thread(_scan_images_generic, req.dataset_id, extract_dir)
+            class_names = []
+            task = DatasetTask.classification
+            fmt_name = "custom"
+        else:
+            task = adapter.get_task(extract_dir)
+            fmt_name = adapter.__class__.__name__.replace("Adapter", "").lower()
+            
+            log.info("adapter_detected", job_id=job_id, format=fmt_name, task=task)
+            await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.60, message=f"Parsing {fmt_name.upper()} {task.upper()}")
+
+            # Stage 4 – Parse Metadata & Annotations (Streaming)
+            class_names = await asyncio.to_thread(adapter.get_class_names, extract_dir)
+            image_records = []
+            all_annotations = []
+            
+            # Health metrics tracking
+            hashes = {} # hash -> filename
+            duplicates = 0
+            empty_images = 0
+            total_ann_count = 0
+            
+            for img_rec, anns in adapter.iter_items(req.dataset_id, extract_dir):
+                # Duplicate detection via MD5 hash
+                abs_path = extract_dir / img_rec["rel_path"]
+                if abs_path.exists():
+                    img_hash = _calculate_hash(abs_path)
+                    if img_hash in hashes:
+                        duplicates += 1
+                        img_rec["metadata"] = json.dumps({"is_duplicate": True, "original": hashes[img_hash]})
+                    else:
+                        hashes[img_hash] = img_rec["filename"]
+                
+                if not anns:
+                    empty_images += 1
+                
+                total_ann_count += len(anns)
+                image_records.append(img_rec)
+                all_annotations.extend(anns)
+
+        if not image_records:
+            raise ValueError(f"No valid data files found in {extract_dir}")
+
+        # Stage 5 – Indexing
+        await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.80, message=f"Indexing {len(image_records)} items")
+        await ds_reg.index_images(req.dataset_id, image_records)
+        
+        if all_annotations:
+            await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.85, message=f"Indexing {len(all_annotations)} annotations")
+            await ds_reg.bulk_insert_annotations(all_annotations)
+
+        # Stage 6 – Stats & Health Analysis
+        size_bytes = await asyncio.to_thread(_dir_size, extract_dir)
+        
+        # Calculate Health Score (0-100)
+        # Factors: duplicates, empty images (for detection), class balance (TODO)
+        score = 100.0
+        if len(image_records) > 0:
+            dup_penalty = (duplicates / len(image_records)) * 50
+            empty_penalty = (empty_images / len(image_records)) * 20 if task == DatasetTask.detection else 0
+            score = max(0.0, 100.0 - dup_penalty - empty_penalty)
+
+        stats_payload = {
+            "image_count": len(image_records),
+            "annotation_count": total_ann_count,
+            "class_count": len(class_names),
+            "empty_images": empty_images,
+            "duplicate_count": duplicates,
+            "health_score": round(score, 1),
+            "avg_objects": round(total_ann_count / len(image_records), 2) if image_records else 0
+        }
+
+        await ds_reg.update_dataset_stats(
+            req.dataset_id, 
+            len(image_records), 
+            len(class_names), 
+            class_names, 
+            size_bytes,
+            stats=stats_payload
+        )
+        await ds_reg.update_dataset_task(req.dataset_id, task)
+
+        # Cleanup temp zip if applicable
+        if source_path.is_file() and source_path.suffix.lower() == ".zip" and "_tmp" in str(source_path):
+            source_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+        # Stage 7 – Project Linking (Integration point)
+        local_path = str(extract_dir)
+        from projects.service import link_dataset_to_active_project
+        project_ds_root = await link_dataset_to_active_project(req.dataset_id, local_path)
+        final_local_path = str(project_ds_root) if project_ds_root and project_ds_root.exists() else local_path
+
+        # Completion
+        await ds_reg.update_job(
+            job_id, status="completed", progress=1.0,
+            message="Import complete", ended_at=datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
+        )
+        await ds_reg.update_dataset_status(req.dataset_id, DatasetStatus.imported, progress=1.0, local_path=final_local_path)
+        await audit("dataset_import_complete", {"job_id": job_id, "path": final_local_path}, job_id=job_id)
+        log.info("import_complete", job_id=job_id, dataset_id=req.dataset_id)
+
+    except asyncio.CancelledError:
+        await _fail_job(job_id, req.dataset_id, "Import cancelled by user or system")
+        raise
+    except Exception as exc:
+        log.error("import_failed", job_id=job_id, error=str(exc))
+        await _fail_job(job_id, req.dataset_id, str(exc))
+        await audit("dataset_import_error", {"job_id": job_id, "error": str(exc)}, job_id=job_id, level="error")
+
+
+async def _fail_job(job_id: str, dataset_id: str, error: str) -> None:
+    await ds_reg.update_job(
+        job_id, status="failed", error=error,
+        ended_at=datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
+        message="Import failed",
+    )
+    await ds_reg.update_dataset_status(dataset_id, DatasetStatus.failed, progress=0.0)
+
+
+# ── Stage 1: Acquire source ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _stage_acquire(job_id: str, req: ImportRequest) -> Path:
+    """Resolves the source (Download URL, HF Repo, or Local Path)."""
+    await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.05, message="Acquiring source...")
+
+    if req.source in ("roboflow", "roboflow_curl"):
+        return await _acquire_roboflow(job_id, req)
+    
+    if req.source == "huggingface":
+        return await _acquire_huggingface(job_id, req)
+    
+    if req.source == "local":
+        return await _acquire_local(job_id, req)
+
+    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported source provider: {req.source}")
+
+
+async def _acquire_roboflow(job_id: str, req: ImportRequest) -> Path:
+    """Specialized Roboflow downloader using SDK or direct link."""
+    # Attempt SDK first (more reliable for Universe)
+    try:
+        from roboflow import Roboflow
+        api_key = req.roboflow_key or (req.headers.get("Authorization") if req.headers else None)
+        if api_key and "Bearer " in str(api_key):
+            api_key = api_key.split("Bearer ")[-1].strip()
+        
+        if api_key and req.roboflow_workspace and req.roboflow_project:
+            rf = Roboflow(api_key=api_key)
+            project = rf.workspace(req.roboflow_workspace).project(req.roboflow_project)
+            version_obj = project.version(req.roboflow_version or 1)
+            
+            tmp_target = DATASETS_ROOT / "_tmp" / f"rf-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:8]}"
+            await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.10, message="Downloading via Roboflow SDK...")
+            
+            # Threaded SDK call
+            await asyncio.to_thread(
+                version_obj.download, 
+                _format_to_rf_slug(str(req.format)), 
+                location=str(tmp_target)
+            )
+            return tmp_target
+    except Exception as e:
+        log.warning("roboflow_sdk_fallback", error=str(e))
+
+    # Fallback to direct HTTP download
+    url = req.download_url
+    if not url and req.source == "roboflow":
+        from adapters.roboflow_adapter import RoboflowAdapter
+        url = await RoboflowAdapter.get_download_url(
+            api_key=req.roboflow_key,
+            workspace=req.roboflow_workspace,
+            project_id=req.roboflow_project,
+            version=req.roboflow_version,
+            export_format=_format_to_rf_slug(str(req.format)),
+        )
+    
+    if not url:
+        raise ValueError("Could not resolve Roboflow download URL")
+        
+    return await _download_zip(job_id, req.dataset_id, url, req.headers)
+
+
+async def _acquire_huggingface(job_id: str, req: ImportRequest) -> Path:
+    if not req.hf_dataset_id:
+        raise ValueError("hf_dataset_id is missing")
+    
+    dest_dir = _dataset_path(req.dataset_id)
+    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    
+    await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.10, message=f"Cloning {req.hf_dataset_id} from HF...")
+    
+    await asyncio.to_thread(
+        snapshot_download,
+        repo_id=req.hf_dataset_id,
+        repo_type="dataset",
+        local_dir=str(dest_dir),
+        token=settings.hf_token,
+        local_dir_use_symlinks=False
+    )
+    return dest_dir
+
+
+async def _acquire_local(job_id: str, req: ImportRequest) -> Path:
+    if not req.local_path:
+        raise ValueError("local_path is missing for local import")
+    
+    path = Path(os.path.normpath(req.local_path.strip().strip('"').strip("'")))
+    if not path.exists():
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f"Local path does not exist: {path}")
+    
+    return path
+
+
+# ── Stage 2: Extraction ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _stage_extract(job_id: str, dataset_id: str, source_path: Path) -> Path:
+    dest = _dataset_path(dataset_id)
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    if source_path.is_dir():
+        if source_path == dest:
+            return dest
+        await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.45, message="Copying local files...")
+        await asyncio.to_thread(_copy_dir_contents, source_path, dest)
+        return dest
+
+    # It's a zip
+    await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=0.45, message="Extracting archive...")
+    await ds_reg.update_dataset_status(dataset_id, DatasetStatus.extracting, progress=0.45)
+    await asyncio.to_thread(_safe_extract, source_path, dest)
+    return dest
+
+
+# ── Stage 3: Parsing (Memory-Safe) ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _heuristic_task_detection(fmt: str, root: Path) -> DatasetTask:
+    """Improved task detection based on file content."""
+    if fmt == "csv":
+        return DatasetTask.nlp
+    
+    # Check for segmentation in COCO
+    if fmt == "coco":
+        # Sample first few lines of JSON if possible or check file size
+        return DatasetTask.segmentation # Heuristic: most modern COCO use cases
+        
+    if fmt in ("yolo", "voc"):
+        return DatasetTask.detection
+        
+    return DatasetTask.classification
+
+
+def _parse_yolo(dataset_id: str, root: Path) -> Tuple[List[str], List[Tuple[Dict, List[Dict]]]]:
+    class_map = YOLOParser.load_class_map(root)
+    results = []
+    # Generator approach to keep memory low
+    for rel_path, image_id, split, anns in YOLOParser.iter_dataset(root, dataset_id, class_map):
+        abs_path = root / rel_path
+        w, h = _img_dimensions(abs_path)
+        img_rec = {
+            "id": image_id, "filename": Path(rel_path).name,
+            "rel_path": str(rel_path), "width": w, "height": h,
+            "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns),
+        }
+        results.append((img_rec, anns))
+    return class_map, results
+
+
+def _parse_coco(dataset_id: str, root: Path) -> Tuple[List[str], List[Tuple[Dict, List[Dict]]]]:
+    ann_files = COCOParser.find_annotation_files(root)
+    all_classes: list[str] = []
+    results = []
+    for ann_file in ann_files:
+        classes, coco_results = COCOParser.parse_file(ann_file, dataset_id)
+        all_classes = list(dict.fromkeys(all_classes + classes))
+        for rel_path, image_id, split, anns in coco_results:
+            abs_path = root / rel_path
+            w, h = _img_dimensions(abs_path)
+            img_rec = {
+                "id": image_id, "filename": Path(rel_path).name,
+                "rel_path": str(rel_path), "width": w, "height": h,
+                "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns),
+            }
+            results.append((img_rec, anns))
+    return all_classes, results
+
+
+def _parse_voc(dataset_id: str, root: Path) -> Tuple[List[str], List[Tuple[Dict, List[Dict]]]]:
+    class_set = set()
+    results = []
+    for rel_path, image_id, split, w, h, anns in VOCParser.iter_dataset(root, dataset_id):
+        img_rec = {
+            "id": image_id, "filename": Path(rel_path).name,
+            "rel_path": str(rel_path), "width": w, "height": h,
+            "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns),
+        }
+        results.append((img_rec, anns))
+        for ann in anns:
+            class_set.add(ann["label"])
+    return sorted(list(class_set)), results
+
+
+def _parse_csv(dataset_id: str, root: Path) -> Tuple[List[str], List[Tuple[Dict, List[Dict]]]]:
+    all_classes = set()
+    results = []
+    for csv_path in root.rglob("*.csv"):
+        anns = CSVParser.parse_file(csv_path, dataset_id)
+        # For CSV, each annotation is a row. We group by text entry id (image_id)
+        anns_by_id: Dict[str, List[Dict]] = {}
+        for ann in anns:
+            all_classes.add(ann["label"])
+            anns_by_id.setdefault(ann["image_id"], []).append(ann)
+        
+        for text_id, grouped_anns in anns_by_id.items():
+            img_rec = {
+                "id": text_id, "filename": csv_path.name,
+                "rel_path": str(csv_path.relative_to(root)),
+                "width": 0, "height": 0, "split": "train", "ann_count": len(grouped_anns),
+            }
+            results.append((img_rec, grouped_anns))
+    return sorted(list(all_classes)), results
+
+
+def _parse_txt(dataset_id: str, root: Path) -> Tuple[List[str], List[Tuple[Dict, List[Dict]]]]:
+    from datasets.annotation_parser import RoboflowTXTParser
+    results = []
+    class_set = set()
+    
+    for rel_path, image_id, split, anns in RoboflowTXTParser.iter_dataset(root, dataset_id):
+        abs_path = root / rel_path
+        w, h = _img_dimensions(abs_path)
+        img_rec = {
+            "id": image_id, "filename": Path(rel_path).name,
+            "rel_path": str(rel_path), "width": w, "height": h,
+            "split": split, "ann_count": len(anns),
+        }
+        results.append((img_rec, anns))
+        for ann in anns:
+            class_set.add(ann["label"])
+            
+    return sorted(list(class_set)), results
+
+
+def _parse_generic_folder(dataset_id: str, root: Path) -> Tuple[List[str], List[Tuple[Dict, List[Dict]]]]:
+    """
+    Enhanced generic folder parser. Supports:
+    1. root/class_name/img.jpg
+    2. root/train/class_name/img.jpg
+    3. root/images/img.jpg
+    """
+    results = []
+    class_set = set()
+    exts = {".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".webp", ".tif", ".tiff"}
+    
+    # Structural keywords to ignore as classes
+    ignore = {"images", "labels", "train", "val", "test", "validation", "training", "valid", "testing", "unknown", "annotations"}
+
+    for img_path in sorted(root.rglob("*")):
+        if img_path.suffix.lower() not in exts:
+            continue
+            
+        rel_path = img_path.relative_to(root)
+        parts = rel_path.parts
+        
+        # Heuristic for class detection
+        label = "unknown"
+        split = "train"
+        
+        # Detect split if first folder is a split keyword
+        if parts[0].lower() in ignore and len(parts) > 1:
+            if parts[0].lower() in ("train", "training"): split = "train"
+            elif parts[0].lower() in ("val", "valid", "validation"): split = "val"
+            elif parts[0].lower() in ("test", "testing"): split = "test"
+
+            # Check if next part is class name
+            if len(parts) > 2 and parts[1].lower() not in ignore:
+                label = parts[1]
+            elif len(parts) > 1 and parts[1].lower() not in ignore:
+                label = parts[1]
+        elif len(parts) > 1 and parts[0].lower() not in ignore:
+            label = parts[0]
+
+        anns = []
+        if label != "unknown":
+            class_set.add(label)
+            image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+            # Create a virtual annotation for classification
+            from datasets.annotation_parser import _make_ann
+            anns.append(_make_ann(image_id, dataset_id, label, ann_type="classification"))
+        else:
+            image_id = f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+            
+        w, h = _img_dimensions(img_path)
+        img_rec = {
+            "id": image_id,
+            "filename": img_path.name,
+            "rel_path": str(rel_path),
+            "width": w, "height": h,
+            "split": split,
+            "ann_count": len(anns),
+        }
+        results.append((img_rec, anns))
+        
+    return sorted(list(class_set)), results
+
+
+# ── Utilities ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _download_zip(job_id: str, dataset_id: str, url: str, custom_headers: dict = None) -> Path:
+    tmp_dir = DATASETS_ROOT / "_tmp"
+    tmp_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    zip_path = tmp_dir / f"{dataset_id}-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:8]}.zip"
+
+    headers = {
+        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (MLForge Workbench)",
+        "Accept": "application/zip, application/octet-stream, */*",
+    }
+    if custom_headers: headers.update(custom_headers)
+
+    async with httpx.AsyncClient(follow_redirects=True, timeout=600.0, headers=headers) as client:
+        async with client.stream("GET", url) as resp:
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            total = int(resp.headers.get("content-length", 0)) or None
+            downloaded = 0
+            async with aiofiles.open(zip_path, "wb") as f:
+                async for chunk in resp.aiter_bytes(chunk_size=settings.download_chunk_size):
+                    await f.write(chunk)
+                    downloaded += len(chunk)
+                    if total:
+                        pct = 0.10 + (downloaded / total) * 0.35 # 10% -> 45%
+                        await ds_reg.update_job(job_id, progress=round(pct, 3), message=f"Downloading: {_fmt_bytes(downloaded)} / {_fmt_bytes(total)}")
+
+    return zip_path
+
+
+def _safe_extract(zip_path: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(str(zip_path), "r") as zf:
+        for member in zf.namelist():
+            if os.path.isabs(member) or ".." in Path(member).parts: continue
+            zf.extract(member, str(dest))
+
+
+def _copy_dir_contents(src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    for item in src.iterdir():
+        s, d = src / item.name, dest / item.name
+        if s.is_dir(): shutil.copytree(s, d, dirs_exist_ok=True)
+        else: shutil.copy2(s, d)
+
+
+def _scan_images_generic(dataset_id: str, root: Path) -> list[dict]:
+    records = []
+    exts = {".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".bmp", ".webp"}
+    for img_path in sorted(root.rglob("*")):
+        if img_path.suffix.lower() in exts:
+            w, h = _img_dimensions(img_path)
+            records.append({
+                "id": f"img-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}",
+                "filename": img_path.name,
+                "rel_path": str(img_path.relative_to(root)),
+                "width": w, "height": h, "split": "train", "ann_count": 0,
+            })
+    return records
+
+
+def _dir_size(path: Path) -> int:
+    return sum(f.stat().st_size for f in path.rglob("*") if f.is_file())
+
+
+def _fmt_bytes(n: int) -> str:
+    for unit in ("B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB"):
+        if n < 1024: return f"{n:.1f} {unit}"
+        n /= 1024
+    return f"{n:.1f} PB"
+
+
+def _format_to_rf_slug(fmt: str) -> str:
+    return {"yolo": "yolov8", "coco": "coco", "voc": "voc"}.get(fmt, "yolov8")
+
+def _format_to_rf_slug(fmt: str) -> str:
+    return {"yolo": "yolov8", "coco": "coco", "voc": "voc"}.get(fmt, "yolov8")
diff --git a/datasets/registry.py b/datasets/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9aaed1cab268d9500f6fc75f5736cb394d8a72f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/datasets/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+"""
+datasets/registry.py — Dataset Registry: persistent CRUD against datasets table.
+All DB interactions for datasets and dataset_jobs live here.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Any
+
+from database.connection import get_db
+from models.dataset import Dataset, DatasetJob, DatasetStatus, row_to_dataset, row_to_job
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("dataset_registry")
+
+
+# ── Dataset CRUD ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def get_all_datasets(
+    task: str | None = None,
+    format: str | None = None,
+    source: str | None = None,
+    status: str | None = None,
+    search: str | None = None,
+    starred: bool | None = None,
+    limit: int = 500,
+    offset: int = 0,
+) -> list[Dataset]:
+    db = await get_db()
+    clauses = []
+    params: list[Any] = []
+
+    if task:
+        clauses.append("task = ?")
+        params.append(task)
+    if format:
+        clauses.append("format = ?")
+        params.append(format)
+    if source:
+        clauses.append("source = ?")
+        params.append(source)
+    if status:
+        clauses.append("status = ?")
+        params.append(status)
+    if starred is not None:
+        clauses.append("starred = ?")
+        params.append(1 if starred else 0)
+    if search:
+        clauses.append("(name LIKE ? OR description LIKE ? OR tags LIKE ?)")
+        q = f"%{search}%"
+        params.extend([q, q, q])
+
+    where = f"WHERE {' AND '.join(clauses)}" if clauses else ""
+    sql = f"SELECT * FROM datasets {where} ORDER BY updated_at DESC LIMIT ? OFFSET ?"
+    params.extend([limit, offset])
+
+    async with db.execute(sql, params) as cur:
+        rows = await cur.fetchall()
+    return [row_to_dataset(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+async def get_dataset_stats(dataset_id: str) -> dict:
+    """Get pre-computed class distributions and statistics from the indexed annotations."""
+    db = await get_db()
+    
+    # Class distribution (from dataset_annotations table)
+    async with db.execute(
+        "SELECT label, COUNT(*) as count FROM dataset_annotations WHERE dataset_id=? GROUP BY label ORDER BY count DESC",
+        (dataset_id,)
+    ) as cur:
+        dist = await cur.fetchall()
+    
+    # Split distribution (from dataset_images table)
+    async with db.execute(
+        "SELECT split, COUNT(*) as count FROM dataset_images WHERE dataset_id=? GROUP BY split",
+        (dataset_id,)
+    ) as cur:
+        splits = await cur.fetchall()
+
+    return {
+        "class_distribution": {row["label"]: row["count"] for row in dist},
+        "split_distribution": {row["split"]: row["count"] for row in splits}
+    }
+
+
+async def get_dataset(dataset_id: str) -> Dataset | None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute("SELECT * FROM datasets WHERE id = ?", (dataset_id,)) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    return row_to_dataset(row) if row else None
+
+
+async def count_datasets() -> int:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM datasets") as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    return row[0] if row else 0
+
+
+async def upsert_dataset(ds: Dataset) -> None:
+    """Insert or replace a dataset record."""
+    db = await get_db()
+
+    task = getattr(ds.task, "value", ds.task)
+    fmt = getattr(ds.format, "value", ds.format)
+    src = getattr(ds.source, "value", ds.source)
+    status = getattr(ds.status, "value", ds.status)
+    await db.execute(
+        """INSERT OR REPLACE INTO datasets
+           (id, name, description, task, format, source, status,
+            images, classes, class_names, size_bytes, size_label,
+            local_path, import_progress, tags, versions, active_version,
+            starred, roboflow_id, created_at, updated_at)
+           VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,datetime('now'))""",
+        (
+            ds.id, ds.name, ds.description, task, fmt,
+            src, status,
+            ds.images, ds.classes,
+            json.dumps(ds.class_names), ds.size_bytes, ds.size_label,
+            ds.local_path, ds.import_progress,
+            json.dumps(ds.tags),
+            json.dumps([v.model_dump() if hasattr(v, "model_dump") else v for v in ds.versions]),
+            ds.active_version,
+            1 if ds.starred else 0,
+            ds.roboflow_id,
+            ds.created_at or datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
+        ),
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+async def update_dataset_status(
+    dataset_id: str,
+    status: DatasetStatus,
+    progress: float | None = None,
+    local_path: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    if progress is not None and local_path is not None:
+        await db.execute(
+            "UPDATE datasets SET status=?, import_progress=?, local_path=? WHERE id=?",
+            (status.value, progress, local_path, dataset_id),
+        )
+    elif progress is not None:
+        await db.execute(
+            "UPDATE datasets SET status=?, import_progress=? WHERE id=?",
+            (status.value, progress, dataset_id),
+        )
+    else:
+        await db.execute(
+            "UPDATE datasets SET status=? WHERE id=?",
+            (status.value, dataset_id),
+        )
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+async def update_dataset_stats(
+    dataset_id: str, 
+    images: int, 
+    classes: int, 
+    class_names: list[str], 
+    size_bytes: int,
+    stats: dict | None = None
+) -> None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    
+    # Calculate health score if stats provided
+    health_score = 0.0
+    if stats:
+        health_score = stats.get("health_score", 0.0)
+    
+    await db.execute(
+        """UPDATE datasets
+           SET images=?, classes=?, class_names=?, size_bytes=?,
+               size_label=?, stats=?, health_score=?
+           WHERE id=?""",
+        (
+            images, classes, json.dumps(class_names),
+            size_bytes, _fmt_bytes(size_bytes),
+            json.dumps(stats) if stats else None,
+            health_score,
+            dataset_id,
+        ),
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+async def delete_dataset(dataset_id: str) -> bool:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute("SELECT 1 FROM datasets WHERE id=?", (dataset_id,)) as cur:
+        exists = await cur.fetchone()
+    if not exists:
+        return False
+    await db.execute("DELETE FROM datasets WHERE id=?", (dataset_id,))
+    await db.commit()
+    return True
+
+
+async def toggle_starred(dataset_id: str) -> bool:
+    """Toggle starred flag, return new value."""
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute("SELECT starred FROM datasets WHERE id=?", (dataset_id,)) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    if not row:
+        return False
+    new_val = 0 if row["starred"] else 1
+    await db.execute("UPDATE datasets SET starred=? WHERE id=?", (new_val, dataset_id))
+    await db.commit()
+    return bool(new_val)
+
+
+# ── Bulk dataset upsert from Roboflow ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def bulk_upsert_datasets(datasets: list[Dataset]) -> int:
+    """Insert/update many datasets in a single transaction."""
+    if not datasets:
+        return 0
+    db = await get_db()
+    now = datetime.utcnow().isoformat()
+    rows = [
+        (
+            ds.id, ds.name, ds.description, ds.task.value, ds.format.value,
+            ds.source.value, ds.status.value,
+            ds.images, ds.classes,
+            json.dumps(ds.class_names), ds.size_bytes, ds.size_label,
+            ds.local_path, ds.import_progress,
+            json.dumps(ds.tags), json.dumps([]),
+            ds.active_version, 0, ds.roboflow_id,
+            ds.created_at or now,
+        )
+        for ds in datasets
+    ]
+    await db.executemany(
+        """INSERT OR IGNORE INTO datasets
+           (id, name, description, task, format, source, status,
+            images, classes, class_names, size_bytes, size_label,
+            local_path, import_progress, tags, versions, active_version,
+            starred, roboflow_id, created_at)
+           VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)""",
+        rows,
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+    return len(datasets)
+
+
+# ── Dataset Jobs ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def create_job(
+    dataset_id: str,
+    dataset_name: str,
+    job_type: str,
+) -> DatasetJob:
+    db = await get_db()
+    job_id = f"djob-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
+    now = datetime.utcnow().isoformat()
+    await db.execute(
+        """INSERT INTO dataset_jobs
+           (id, type, status, dataset_id, dataset_name, progress, message, created_at)
+           VALUES (?, ?, 'queued', ?, ?, 0.0, '', ?)""",
+        (job_id, job_type, dataset_id, dataset_name, now),
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+    return DatasetJob(
+        id=job_id, type=job_type, status="queued",
+        dataset_id=dataset_id, dataset_name=dataset_name,
+        created_at=now,
+    )
+
+
+async def update_job(
+    job_id: str,
+    status: str | None = None,
+    progress: float | None = None,
+    message: str | None = None,
+    error: str | None = None,
+    started_at: str | None = None,
+    ended_at: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    parts = []
+    params: list[Any] = []
+    if status is not None:
+        parts.append("status=?");       params.append(status)
+    if progress is not None:
+        parts.append("progress=?");     params.append(progress)
+    if message is not None:
+        parts.append("message=?");      params.append(message)
+    if error is not None:
+        parts.append("error=?");        params.append(error)
+    if started_at is not None:
+        parts.append("started_at=?");   params.append(started_at)
+    if ended_at is not None:
+        parts.append("ended_at=?");     params.append(ended_at)
+    if not parts:
+        return
+    params.append(job_id)
+    await db.execute(f"UPDATE dataset_jobs SET {', '.join(parts)} WHERE id=?", params)
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+async def get_job(job_id: str) -> DatasetJob | None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute("SELECT * FROM dataset_jobs WHERE id=?", (job_id,)) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    return row_to_job(row) if row else None
+
+
+async def get_all_jobs(limit: int = 100) -> list[DatasetJob]:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute(
+        "SELECT * FROM dataset_jobs ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ?", (limit,)
+    ) as cur:
+        rows = await cur.fetchall()
+    return [row_to_job(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+# ── Image Index ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def index_images(
+    dataset_id: str,
+    records: list[dict],   # [{id, filename, rel_path, width, height, split, ann_count}]
+) -> int:
+    db = await get_db()
+    await db.executemany(
+        """INSERT OR IGNORE INTO dataset_images
+           (id, dataset_id, filename, rel_path, width, height, split, ann_count)
+           VALUES (:id, :dataset_id, :filename, :rel_path, :width, :height, :split, :ann_count)""",
+        [{"dataset_id": dataset_id, **r} for r in records],
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+    return len(records)
+
+
+async def get_image_page(
+    dataset_id: str,
+    page: int = 0,
+    page_size: int = 20,
+    split: str | None = None,
+    class_label: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[int, list[dict]]:
+    db = await get_db()
+    
+    clauses = ["dataset_id=?"]
+    params: list[Any] = [dataset_id]
+    
+    if split:
+        clauses.append("split=?")
+        params.append(split)
+        
+    if class_label:
+        # Join with annotations table to filter by class
+        where = f"WHERE {' AND '.join(clauses)} AND id IN (SELECT image_id FROM dataset_annotations WHERE label=?)"
+        count_params = params + [class_label]
+    else:
+        where = f"WHERE {' AND '.join(clauses)}"
+        count_params = params
+
+    async with db.execute(f"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM dataset_images {where}", count_params) as cur:
+        total = (await cur.fetchone())[0]
+        
+    params_final = count_params + [page_size, page * page_size]
+    async with db.execute(
+        f"SELECT * FROM dataset_images {where} ORDER BY filename LIMIT ? OFFSET ?", params_final
+    ) as cur:
+        rows = await cur.fetchall()
+    return total, [dict(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+async def get_annotations_for_image(image_id: str) -> list[dict]:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute(
+        "SELECT * FROM dataset_annotations WHERE image_id=?", (image_id,)
+    ) as cur:
+        rows = await cur.fetchall()
+    return [dict(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+async def bulk_insert_annotations(records: list[dict]) -> int:
+    if not records:
+        return 0
+    db = await get_db()
+    await db.executemany(
+        """INSERT OR IGNORE INTO dataset_annotations
+           (id, image_id, dataset_id, label, bbox_x, bbox_y, bbox_w, bbox_h,
+            normalised, area, confidence, ann_type)
+           VALUES (:id,:image_id,:dataset_id,:label,:bbox_x,:bbox_y,:bbox_w,:bbox_h,
+                   :normalised,:area,:confidence,:ann_type)""",
+        records,
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+    return len(records)
+
+
+    # ── Universal Dataset Items ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def get_universal_items(
+        self,
+        dataset_id: str,
+        page: int = 0,
+        page_size: int = 20,
+        split: str | None = None,
+        class_label: str | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[int, list[dict]]:
+        """Fetch polymorphic dataset items (images, text rows, etc.) and their annotations."""
+        db = await get_db()
+        
+        # 1. Get total and base item records
+        total, items = await self.get_image_page(dataset_id, page, page_size, split, class_label)
+        
+        # 2. Convert to universal format
+        # This is a bridge until we fully move to the universal schema
+        return total, items
+
+async def bulk_insert_universal_annotations(self, records: list[dict]) -> int:
+        """Insert universal annotations into the extended schema."""
+        if not records:
+            return 0
+        db = await get_db()
+        await db.executemany(
+            """INSERT OR IGNORE INTO dataset_annotations
+               (id, image_id, dataset_id, label, bbox_x, bbox_y, bbox_w, bbox_h,
+                normalised, area, confidence, ann_type, segmentation, keypoints, metadata)
+               VALUES (:id,:image_id,:dataset_id,:label,:bbox_x,:bbox_y,:bbox_w,:bbox_h,
+                       :normalised,:area,:confidence,:ann_type,:segmentation,:keypoints,:metadata)""",
+            records,
+        )
+        await db.commit()
+        return len(records)
+
+async def update_dataset_task(dataset_id: str, task: str) -> None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    await db.execute("UPDATE datasets SET task=? WHERE id=?", (task, dataset_id))
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+async def cleanup_stale_jobs() -> None:
+    """Mark running/queued jobs as failed on startup."""
+    db = await get_db()
+    await db.execute(
+        "UPDATE dataset_jobs SET status='failed', error='System restart' WHERE status IN ('running', 'queued')"
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+def _fmt_bytes(n: int) -> str:
+    for unit in ("B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB"):
+        if n < 1024:
+            return f"{n:.1f} {unit}"
+        n /= 1024
+    return f"{n:.1f} PB"
diff --git a/datasets/viewer_service.py b/datasets/viewer_service.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f29f2239bf772b1587d4a65d32c4a30b4b2515a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/datasets/viewer_service.py
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+"""
+datasets/viewer_service.py — Dataset Viewer Service.
+
+Provides paginated image + annotation serving for the Dataset Viewer UI.
+All paths are resolved relative to the dataset's local_path for security.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from datasets import registry as ds_reg
+from models.dataset import (
+    Annotation, AnnotationType, BoundingBox, Dataset,
+    ImageRecord, ViewerPage, DatasetFormat
+)
+from datasets.annotation_parser import YOLOParser, COCOParser, VOCParser, CSVParser
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("viewer_service")
+
+
+from .format_adapters import NLPAdapter, TabularAdapter
+from models.dataset import UniversalViewerPage, UniversalDatasetItem, UniversalAnnotation, DatasetContentType, DatasetTask
+
+async def get_universal_viewer_page(
+    dataset_id: str,
+    page: int = 0,
+    page_size: int = 20,
+    split: str | None = None,
+    class_label: str | None = None,
+) -> UniversalViewerPage:
+    """Polymorphic viewer endpoint that adapts based on dataset task."""
+    ds = await ds_reg.get_dataset(dataset_id)
+    if not ds:
+        raise ValueError("Dataset not found")
+        
+    ds_root = Path(ds.local_path) if ds.local_path else None
+    
+    # 1. Vision Tasks (Detection, Seg, Pose) -> Use existing image-centric logic
+    if ds.task in (DatasetTask.detection, DatasetTask.segmentation, DatasetTask.keypoints):
+        # We wrap the existing get_viewer_page and transform to UniversalDatasetItem
+        old_page = await get_viewer_page(dataset_id, page, page_size, split, class_label)
+        
+        items = []
+        for img in old_page.images:
+            items.append(UniversalDatasetItem(
+                id=img.image_id,
+                content_type=DatasetContentType.image,
+                filename=img.filename,
+                metadata={"width": img.width, "height": img.height, "split": img.split},
+                annotations=[
+                    UniversalAnnotation(
+                        label=ann.label,
+                        type=ann.type.value if hasattr(ann.type, 'value') else str(ann.type),
+                        bbox=[ann.bbox.x, ann.bbox.y, ann.bbox.width, ann.bbox.height] if ann.bbox else None,
+                        segmentation=ann.segmentation,
+                        keypoints=ann.keypoints,
+                        confidence=ann.confidence,
+                        metadata=ann.metadata
+                    ) for ann in img.annotations
+                ]
+            ))
+        
+        return UniversalViewerPage(
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            page=page,
+            page_size=page_size,
+            total=old_page.total,
+            total_pages=old_page.total_pages,
+            items=items
+        )
+
+    # 2. NLP Tasks (CSV, JSONL)
+    elif ds.task == DatasetTask.nlp and ds_root:
+        adapter = NLPAdapter()
+        total, items = await adapter.get_items(ds_root, page, page_size)
+        total_pages = max(1, (total + page_size - 1) // page_size)
+        return UniversalViewerPage(
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            page=page,
+            page_size=page_size,
+            total=total,
+            total_pages=total_pages,
+            items=items
+        )
+
+    # 3. Tabular Tasks (CSV, Parquet)
+    elif ds.task == DatasetTask.tabular and ds_root:
+        adapter = TabularAdapter()
+        total, items = await adapter.get_items(ds_root, page, page_size)
+        total_pages = max(1, (total + page_size - 1) // page_size)
+        return UniversalViewerPage(
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            page=page,
+            page_size=page_size,
+            total=total,
+            total_pages=total_pages,
+            items=items
+        )
+
+    # Fallback / Empty
+    return UniversalViewerPage(
+        dataset_id=dataset_id,
+        page=page,
+        page_size=page_size,
+        total=0,
+        total_pages=0,
+        items=[]
+    )
+
+async def get_viewer_page(
+    dataset_id: str,
+    page: int = 0,
+    page_size: int = 20,
+    split: str | None = None,
+    class_label: str | None = None,
+) -> ViewerPage:
+    """
+    Return a paginated viewer page for the dataset.
+    Images come from the index; annotations are loaded per-image.
+    """
+    if page_size > 100:
+        page_size = 100   # cap to prevent huge payloads
+
+    total, image_rows = await ds_reg.get_image_page(dataset_id, page, page_size, split, class_label)
+    ds = await ds_reg.get_dataset(dataset_id)
+    
+    # Check if we have an active project and if the dataset exists there
+    from projects.service import get_active_project_path
+    project_path = await get_active_project_path()
+    
+    # Dynamically load annotations from database first, fallback to filesystem if needed
+    image_ids = [row["id"] for row in image_rows]
+    dynamic_anns: dict[str, list[Annotation]] = {img_id: [] for img_id in image_ids}
+
+    # 1. Try loading from DB index (Authoritative for analytics)
+    try:
+        from database.connection import get_db
+        db = await get_db()
+        # Fetch all annotations for these images in one go
+        placeholders = ",".join(["?"] * len(image_ids))
+        async with db.execute(
+            f"SELECT * FROM dataset_annotations WHERE image_id IN ({placeholders})",
+            image_ids
+        ) as cur:
+            rows = await cur.fetchall()
+            for r in rows:
+                dynamic_anns[r["image_id"]].append(_row_to_annotation(dict(r)))
+    except Exception as e:
+        log.warning("db_annotation_read_failed", error=str(e), dataset_id=dataset_id)
+
+    # 2. Fallback to filesystem if no annotations found in DB and we have a path
+    # This maintains compatibility with old datasets or specific live-read needs
+    if all(not anns for anns in dynamic_anns.values()) and ds and ds.local_path:
+        ds_root = Path(ds.local_path)
+        # Use ds.local_path directly as it is now authoritative project-local path
+        # Fallback to global removed per user request
+
+        fmt = ds.format.value if hasattr(ds.format, 'value') else str(ds.format)
+        
+        try:
+            if fmt == DatasetFormat.yolo.value or fmt == "yolo":
+                class_map = YOLOParser.load_class_map(ds_root)
+                for row in image_rows:
+                    rel_path = Path(row["rel_path"])
+                    # For YOLO, the label file is usually in a parallel 'labels' folder
+                    # or in the same folder as the image.
+                    # Roboflow structure: train/images/img.jpg -> train/labels/img.txt
+                    parts = list(rel_path.parts)
+                    
+                    label_rel = None
+                    if "images" in parts:
+                        idx = parts.index("images")
+                        parts_labels = list(parts)
+                        parts_labels[idx] = "labels"
+                        label_rel = Path(*parts_labels).with_suffix(".txt")
+                    
+                    # Fallback: same folder
+                    label_same_folder = rel_path.with_suffix(".txt")
+                    
+                    for cand_rel in [label_rel, label_same_folder]:
+                        if not cand_rel: continue
+                        label_file = ds_root / cand_rel
+                        if label_file.exists():
+                            anns = YOLOParser.parse_file(label_file, row["id"], ds.id, class_map)
+                            dynamic_anns[row["id"]] = [_row_to_annotation(a) for a in anns]
+                            break
+
+            elif fmt == DatasetFormat.coco.value or fmt == "coco":
+                jsons = COCOParser.find_annotation_files(ds_root)
+                img_map = {row["filename"]: row["id"] for row in image_rows}
+                for jf in jsons:
+                    _, parsed = COCOParser.parse_file(jf, ds.id)
+                    for p_rel, _, _, anns in parsed:
+                        fname = Path(p_rel).name
+                        if fname in img_map:
+                            img_id = img_map[fname]
+                            dynamic_anns[img_id].extend([_row_to_annotation(a) for a in anns])
+
+            elif fmt == DatasetFormat.voc.value or fmt == "voc":
+                for row in image_rows:
+                    img_abs = ds_root / row["rel_path"]
+                    xml_candidates = [img_abs.with_suffix(".xml")]
+                    parts = list(Path(row["rel_path"]).parts)
+                    if "JPEGImages" in parts:
+                        idx = parts.index("JPEGImages")
+                        parts[idx] = "Annotations"
+                        xml_candidates.append(ds_root.joinpath(*parts).with_suffix(".xml"))
+                    
+                    for cand in xml_candidates:
+                        if cand.exists():
+                            _, _, _, anns = VOCParser.parse_file(cand, row["id"], ds.id)
+                            dynamic_anns[row["id"]] = [_row_to_annotation(a) for a in anns]
+                            break
+
+            elif fmt == "csv":
+                for row in image_rows:
+                    csv_path = ds_root / row["rel_path"]
+                    if csv_path.exists():
+                        # For CSV/NLP, we might need a more specific way to find the exact row,
+                        # but for now we reload the file or use a cached version.
+                        # Since get_viewer_page is paginated, we'll parse the file.
+                        anns = CSVParser.parse_file(csv_path, ds.id)
+                        # Find the annotation matching this "image_id" (which is the text entry id)
+                        matching_anns = [a for a in anns if a["image_id"] == row["id"]]
+                        dynamic_anns[row["id"]] = [_row_to_annotation(a) for a in matching_anns]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log.error("dynamic_annotation_read_failed", error=str(e), dataset_id=dataset_id)
+
+    images: list[ImageRecord] = []
+    for row in image_rows:
+        annotations = dynamic_anns.get(row["id"], [])
+        images.append(ImageRecord(
+            image_id    = row["id"],
+            filename    = row["filename"],
+            width       = row["width"],
+            height      = row["height"],
+            path        = row["rel_path"],
+            annotations = annotations,
+            split       = row["split"],
+        ))
+
+    total_pages = max(1, (total + page_size - 1) // page_size)
+
+    return ViewerPage(
+        dataset_id  = dataset_id,
+        page        = page,
+        page_size   = page_size,
+        total       = total,
+        total_pages = total_pages,
+        images      = images,
+    )
+
+
+def _row_to_annotation(row: dict) -> Annotation:
+    bbox = None
+    if row.get("bbox_x") is not None:
+        bbox = BoundingBox(
+            x         = row["bbox_x"],
+            y         = row["bbox_y"],
+            width     = row["bbox_w"],
+            height    = row["bbox_h"],
+            normalised = bool(row.get("normalised", 1)),
+        )
+    
+    segmentation = None
+    if row.get("segmentation"):
+        try:
+            import json
+            segmentation = json.loads(row["segmentation"])
+        except:
+            pass
+
+    return Annotation(
+        label        = row["label"],
+        bbox         = bbox,
+        segmentation = segmentation,
+        confidence   = row.get("confidence"),
+        area         = row.get("area"),
+        type         = AnnotationType(row.get("ann_type", "detection")),
+    )
+
+
+async def resolve_image_path(dataset_id: str, image_id: str) -> Path | None:
+    """
+    Resolve the absolute filesystem path for an image.
+    Prioritizes the active project's dataset folder, falling back to the global cache.
+    Returns None if dataset not imported or image not found.
+    """
+    ds = await ds_reg.get_dataset(dataset_id)
+    if ds is None or not ds.local_path:
+        return None
+
+    base_root = Path(ds.local_path)
+    # ds.local_path is now authoritative project-local path
+    # Fallback removed per user request
+
+    from database.connection import get_db
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute(
+        "SELECT rel_path FROM dataset_images WHERE id=? AND dataset_id=?",
+        (image_id, dataset_id),
+    ) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    if not row:
+        return None
+
+    abs_path = base_root / row["rel_path"]
+    if not abs_path.exists():
+        return None
+
+    # Security: ensure path is under base_root
+    try:
+        abs_path.resolve().relative_to(base_root.resolve())
+    except ValueError:
+        log.warning("path_traversal_attempt", dataset_id=dataset_id, image_id=image_id)
+        return None
+
+    return abs_path
diff --git a/download/__init__.py b/download/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/download/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/download/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/download/manager.py b/download/manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0605d4b6ac6e2c73fa2d7ee4333ffa62983e364d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/download/manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+"""
+download/manager.py — Async download manager.
+Handles queueing, concurrency limiting, retry, resume, and progress tracking.
+All state is persisted in the jobs table for crash recovery.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import json
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import aiofiles
+import httpx
+from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_exponential
+
+from config import settings
+from database.connection import get_db
+from models.job import Job, row_to_job
+from observability.logger import audit, get_logger
+from registry.registry import get_model, update_model_status
+
+log = get_logger("download_manager")
+
+# ── Semaphore caps concurrent downloads ───────────────────────────────────────
+_download_sem: asyncio.Semaphore | None = None
+
+
+def _get_sem() -> asyncio.Semaphore:
+    global _download_sem
+    if _download_sem is None:
+        _download_sem = asyncio.Semaphore(settings.max_concurrent_downloads)
+    return _download_sem
+
+
+# ── Job CRUD ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _create_job(
+    job_type: str,
+    model_id: str,
+    model_name: str,
+    meta: dict | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    job_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    db = await get_db()
+    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+    await db.execute(
+        """INSERT INTO jobs (id, type, status, model_id, model_name, meta, created_at, updated_at)
+           VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)""",
+        (job_id, job_type, "queued", model_id, model_name,
+         json.dumps(meta or {}), now, now),
+    )
+    await db.commit()
+    log.info("job_created", job_id=job_id, type=job_type, model_id=model_id)
+    await audit("job_created", model_id=model_id, job_id=job_id,
+                payload={"type": job_type, "model_name": model_name})
+    return job_id
+
+
+def _is_shard_file(filename: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the file is part of a sharded model (e.g. model-00001-of-00003.safetensors)."""
+    import re
+    return bool(re.search(r"-\d{5}-of-\d{5}\.", filename))
+
+
+async def _get_active_version(model_id: str) -> str:
+    """Return the active version string for a model, defaulting to 'v1'."""
+    model = await get_model(model_id)
+    if model and model.active_version:
+        return model.active_version
+    return "v1"
+
+
+@retry(
+    stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
+    wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=1, max=6),
+    reraise=True,
+)
+async def _resolve_hf_download_url(repo_id: str) -> str:
+    """Resolve a reliable download URL for a HF repo.
+
+    Prefer safetensors over pytorch_model.bin; fall back to onnx if needed.
+    """
+    async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=30, follow_redirects=True) as client:
+        resp = await client.get(f"{settings.hf_api_base}/models/{repo_id}")
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        data = resp.json()
+
+    siblings = data.get("siblings") or []
+    filenames: list[str] = []
+    for s in siblings:
+        fn = s.get("rfilename") or s.get("filename")
+        if fn:
+            filenames.append(fn)
+
+    preferred_exact = [
+        "model.safetensors",
+        "pytorch_model.bin",
+        "model.onnx",
+    ]
+    for fn in preferred_exact:
+        if fn in filenames:
+            return f"https://huggingface.co/{repo_id}/resolve/main/{fn}"
+
+    preferred_suffix = [".safetensors", ".bin", ".onnx", ".pt", ".pth"]
+    for suffix in preferred_suffix:
+        for fn in filenames:
+            if fn.endswith(suffix) and not _is_shard_file(fn):
+                return f"https://huggingface.co/{repo_id}/resolve/main/{fn}"
+
+    # Accept sharded files as a fallback (first shard of safetensors)
+    for fn in filenames:
+        if _is_shard_file(fn):
+            return f"https://huggingface.co/{repo_id}/resolve/main/{fn}"
+
+    # Last resort: try the index file for sharded models
+    if "model.safetensors.index.json" in filenames:
+        # For sharded models without a single file, use the first shard
+        for fn in filenames:
+            if fn.startswith("model-") and fn.endswith(".safetensors"):
+                return f"https://huggingface.co/{repo_id}/resolve/main/{fn}"
+
+    return f"https://huggingface.co/{repo_id}/resolve/main/pytorch_model.bin"
+
+
+async def _update_job(
+    job_id: str,
+    status: str | None = None,
+    progress: float | None = None,
+    error: str | None = None,
+    started_at: str | None = None,
+    ended_at: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+    parts: list[str] = ["updated_at = ?"]
+    vals: list[Any] = [now]
+    if status is not None:   parts.append("status = ?");    vals.append(status)
+    if progress is not None: parts.append("progress = ?");  vals.append(progress)
+    if error is not None:    parts.append("error = ?");     vals.append(error)
+    if started_at:           parts.append("started_at = ?"); vals.append(started_at)
+    if ended_at:             parts.append("ended_at = ?");   vals.append(ended_at)
+    vals.append(job_id)
+    await db.execute(f"UPDATE jobs SET {', '.join(parts)} WHERE id = ?", vals)
+    await db.commit()
+
+
+# ── Download worker ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def _execute_download(
+    job_id: str,
+    model_id: str,
+    model_name: str,
+    download_url: str,
+    dest_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+    await _update_job(job_id, status="running", started_at=now)
+
+    dest_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    tmp_path = dest_path.with_suffix(".tmp")
+
+    # Determine resume offset
+    resume_offset = tmp_path.stat().st_size if tmp_path.exists() else 0
+
+    headers: dict[str, str] = {}
+    if resume_offset:
+        headers["Range"] = f"bytes={resume_offset}-"
+        log.info("download_resume", job_id=job_id, offset=resume_offset)
+
+    try:
+        async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=120, follow_redirects=True) as client:
+            async with client.stream("GET", download_url, headers=headers) as resp:
+                resp.raise_for_status()
+                total = int(resp.headers.get("content-length", 0)) + resume_offset
+                downloaded = resume_offset
+
+                async with aiofiles.open(tmp_path, "ab" if resume_offset else "wb") as fh:
+                    async for chunk in resp.aiter_bytes(chunk_size=settings.download_chunk_size):
+                        await fh.write(chunk)
+                        downloaded += len(chunk)
+                        progress = downloaded / total if total else 0
+                        await _update_job(job_id, progress=min(progress, 0.99))
+
+        # Rename tmp → final
+        tmp_path.rename(dest_path)
+        now_end = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        await _update_job(job_id, status="completed", progress=1.0, ended_at=now_end)
+        await update_model_status(
+            model_id,
+            status="cached",
+            downloaded=True,
+            local_path=str(dest_path),
+        )
+        # Copy into the active project's workspace models/ folder
+        from projects.service import link_model_to_active_project
+        await link_model_to_active_project(model_id, str(dest_path))
+        log.info("download_complete", job_id=job_id, model_id=model_id, path=str(dest_path))
+        await audit("download_complete", model_id=model_id, job_id=job_id,
+                    payload={"path": str(dest_path)})
+
+    except Exception as exc:
+        now_end = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        await _update_job(job_id, status="failed", error=str(exc), ended_at=now_end)
+        await update_model_status(model_id, status="error")
+        log.error("download_failed", job_id=job_id, error=str(exc))
+        await audit("download_failed", model_id=model_id, job_id=job_id,
+                    payload={"error": str(exc)}, level="error")
+        raise
+
+
+# ── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+async def enqueue_download(
+    model_id: str,
+    model_name: str,
+    download_url: str | None = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Create a download job and dispatch resolution+download in the background.
+
+    This function should not perform network calls; otherwise /download can return 500
+    on transient provider errors.
+    """
+    job_id = await _create_job("download", model_id, model_name)
+
+    asyncio.create_task(
+        _rate_limited_download_resolving(job_id, model_id, model_name, download_url, version)
+    )
+    return job_id
+
+
+async def _rate_limited_download_resolving(
+    job_id: str,
+    model_id: str,
+    model_name: str,
+    download_url: str | None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    async with _get_sem():
+        try:
+            resolved_url = await _resolve_download_url(model_id, download_url, version)
+            # Version folder: use explicit version label, else active_version from DB
+            folder = version or await _get_active_version(model_id)
+            ext = Path(resolved_url.split("?")[0]).suffix or ".bin"
+            dest_path = settings.models_dir / model_id / folder / f"model{ext}"
+            await _execute_download(job_id, model_id, model_name, resolved_url, dest_path)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            now_end = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+            await _update_job(job_id, status="failed", error=str(exc), ended_at=now_end)
+            await update_model_status(model_id, status="error")
+            log.error("download_failed", job_id=job_id, error=str(exc))
+            await audit(
+                "download_failed",
+                model_id=model_id,
+                job_id=job_id,
+                payload={"error": str(exc)},
+                level="error",
+            )
+
+
+async def _resolve_download_url(
+    model_id: str,
+    download_url: str | None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Resolve the final download URL for a model.
+
+    If `version` is provided and looks like a filename (e.g. 'yolov8n_pt'),
+    it was generated by hf_adapter from a sibling rfilename. Restore the
+    original filename (replace trailing _ext with .ext) and build a direct URL.
+    """
+    repo_id: str | None = None
+
+    if download_url and "huggingface.co" in download_url:
+        repo_id = download_url.replace("https://huggingface.co/", "").rstrip("/")
+    elif not download_url:
+        model = await get_model(model_id)
+        if model and model.download_url:
+            url = model.download_url
+            if "huggingface.co" in url:
+                repo_id = url.replace("https://huggingface.co/", "").rstrip("/")
+            else:
+                return url
+        else:
+            repo_id = model_id.replace("_", "/", 1)
+    else:
+        return download_url
+
+    # If the caller specified a version that is a converted rfilename
+    # (dots replaced with underscores by hf_adapter), reconstruct the filename.
+    if version and repo_id:
+        filename = _version_to_filename(version)
+        if filename:
+            return f"https://huggingface.co/{repo_id}/resolve/main/{filename}"
+
+    return await _resolve_hf_download_url(repo_id)
+
+
+def _version_to_filename(version: str) -> str | None:
+    """Convert an hf_adapter version string back to a real filename.
+
+    hf_adapter stores version as rfilename.replace('.', '_'), e.g.:
+      'yolov8n_pt' → 'yolov8n.pt'
+      'model_safetensors' → 'model.safetensors'
+    Only converts if the result ends with a known weight extension.
+    """
+    weight_exts = (".pt", ".pth", ".safetensors", ".bin", ".onnx")
+    # Try replacing the last underscore with a dot
+    idx = version.rfind("_")
+    if idx == -1:
+        return None
+    candidate = version[:idx] + "." + version[idx + 1:]
+    if any(candidate.endswith(ext) for ext in weight_exts):
+        return candidate
+    return None
+
+
+async def _rate_limited_download(
+    job_id: str,
+    model_id: str,
+    model_name: str,
+    download_url: str,
+    dest_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    async with _get_sem():
+        try:
+            await _execute_download(job_id, model_id, model_name, download_url, dest_path)
+        except Exception:
+            pass  # Already logged & stored in DB
+
+
+async def get_job(job_id: str) -> Job | None:
+    db = await get_db()
+    async with db.execute("SELECT * FROM jobs WHERE id = ?", (job_id,)) as cur:
+        row = await cur.fetchone()
+    return row_to_job(row) if row else None
+
+
+async def list_jobs(
+    status: str | None = None,
+    limit: int = 50,
+) -> list[Job]:
+    db = await get_db()
+    if status:
+        sql = "SELECT * FROM jobs WHERE status = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ?"
+        params: tuple = (status, limit)
+    else:
+        sql = "SELECT * FROM jobs ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ?"
+        params = (limit,)
+    async with db.execute(sql, params) as cur:
+        rows = await cur.fetchall()
+    return [row_to_job(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+async def cancel_job(job_id: str) -> bool:
+    """Cancel a queued or running job (best-effort)."""
+    job = await get_job(job_id)
+    if not job or job.status not in ("queued", "running"):
+        return False
+    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+    await _update_job(job_id, status="cancelled", ended_at=now)
+    log.info("job_cancelled", job_id=job_id)
+    return True
diff --git a/inference/__init__.py b/inference/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a111050304c40dcb721f14fd1515588ba0cc0376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inference/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# inference package
diff --git a/inference/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc b/inference/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-310.pyc
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diff --git a/inference/__pycache__/engine.cpython-310.pyc b/inference/__pycache__/engine.cpython-310.pyc
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b9abe12755a60406c2f1c9de2034e05a24ef885
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diff --git a/inference/__pycache__/session.cpython-310.pyc b/inference/__pycache__/session.cpython-310.pyc
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diff --git a/inference/engine.py b/inference/engine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61ff7c379a8ea7591abec730078418878239862a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inference/engine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+"""
+inference/engine.py — MLForge Inference Engine.
+
+Dispatcher that routes each InferenceRequest to the correct adapter pipeline:
+  YOLO → YOLOInferencePipeline
+  TRANSFORMERS → TransformersPipeline
+  ONNX → ONNXPipeline
+  CUSTOM → CustomPipeline
+
+Each pipeline implements preprocess → inference_step → postprocess.
+Simulation paths are used when real model weights are not loaded;
+every  # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>  comment marks the exact swap point.
+
+Architecture follows the spec in infra_arch.md §4 (Adapter Protocol).
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import base64
+import io
+import random
+import time
+import uuid
+from typing import Any
+
+from models.inference import (
+    AdapterType,
+    Detection,
+    InferenceRequest,
+    InferenceResult,
+    PipelineStage,
+)
+from models.model import Model
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("inference.engine")
+
+# ── Model cache: model_id → loaded model object ──────────────────────────────
+_MODEL_CACHE: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+
+def _now_ms() -> float:
+    return time.perf_counter() * 1000
+
+
+# ── YOLO Pipeline ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class YOLOPipeline:
+    """
+    YOLO inference pipeline.
+    Preprocess: letterbox resize → BGR→RGB → 1/255 normalise.
+    Postprocess: NMS → [{x1,y1,x2,y2,confidence,class_id,class_name}].
+    """
+
+    async def run(
+        self, req: InferenceRequest, model: Model
+    ) -> tuple[list[PipelineStage], dict[str, Any]]:
+        cfg  = req.yolo_config
+        conf = cfg.confidence if cfg else 0.25
+        iou  = cfg.iou_threshold if cfg else 0.45
+
+        stages: list[PipelineStage] = []
+
+        # — Stage 1: Preprocess ————————————————————————————
+        t0 = _now_ms()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)        # yield control
+        if req.image_base64:
+            try:
+                raw_bytes = base64.b64decode(req.image_base64)
+                # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>
+                # img = cv2.imdecode(np.frombuffer(raw_bytes, np.uint8), cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)
+                # tensor = letterbox(img, 640) / 255.0
+                _ = len(raw_bytes)    # validate decode worked
+            except Exception as e:
+                return [PipelineStage(name="Preprocess", status="error", detail=str(e))], {}
+        pre_ms = _now_ms() - t0 + random.uniform(0.8, 2.5)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Preprocess", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(pre_ms, 2), detail="Letterbox 640×640"))
+
+        # — Stage 2: Engine Load ———————————————————————————
+        t1 = _now_ms()
+        loaded = model.id in _MODEL_CACHE
+        load_ms = 0.0 if loaded else random.uniform(80, 220)
+        await asyncio.sleep(load_ms / 1000.0)
+        if not loaded:
+            _MODEL_CACHE[model.id] = object()   # <<< REPLACE: load actual weights
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Engine Load", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(_now_ms() - t1, 2),
+                                    detail="Cache hit" if loaded else "Weights loaded"))
+
+        # — Stage 3: Inference ————————————————————————————
+        t2 = _now_ms()
+        size_gb   = max(model.size, 1) / (1024 ** 3)
+        base_lat  = 2.5 + size_gb * 1.5
+        infer_ms  = base_lat + random.gauss(0, base_lat * 0.07)
+        await asyncio.sleep(infer_ms / 1000.0)
+        # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>
+        # results = model_obj(tensor, conf=conf, iou=iou)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Inference", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(infer_ms, 2),
+                                    detail=f"conf={conf} iou={iou}"))
+
+        # — Stage 4: Post-process (NMS) ——————————————————
+        t3 = _now_ms()
+        detections = self._simulate_detections(conf, cfg.class_filter if cfg else [])
+        post_ms = random.uniform(0.3, 1.2)
+        await asyncio.sleep(post_ms / 1000.0)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="NMS Post-process", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(post_ms, 2),
+                                    detail=f"{len(detections)} detections"))
+
+        output: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "detections": [d.model_dump() for d in detections],
+            "pre_ms":   round(pre_ms, 2),
+            "infer_ms": round(infer_ms, 2),
+            "post_ms":  round(post_ms, 2),
+        }
+        return stages, output
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _simulate_detections(conf_thresh: float, class_filter: list[str]) -> list[Detection]:
+        """Simulate bounding-box detections. <<< REPLACE with real NMS output."""
+        CLASSES = ["person", "car", "truck", "bicycle", "dog", "cat",
+                   "traffic light", "stop sign", "bench", "bird"]
+        n = random.randint(0, 8)
+        dets: list[Detection] = []
+        for _ in range(n):
+            c  = random.uniform(conf_thresh, 1.0)
+            cid = random.randint(0, len(CLASSES) - 1)
+            cname = CLASSES[cid]
+            if class_filter and cname not in class_filter:
+                continue
+            x1 = random.uniform(0, 0.7)
+            y1 = random.uniform(0, 0.7)
+            dets.append(Detection(
+                x1=round(x1 * 640, 1), y1=round(y1 * 640, 1),
+                x2=round((x1 + random.uniform(0.05, 0.3)) * 640, 1),
+                y2=round((y1 + random.uniform(0.05, 0.3)) * 640, 1),
+                confidence=round(c, 4),
+                class_id=cid, class_name=cname,
+            ))
+        return dets
+
+
+# ── Transformers Pipeline ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class TransformersPipeline:
+    """
+    HuggingFace Transformers pipeline.
+    Preprocess: AutoTokenizer.encode.
+    Inference: model.generate with KV-cache.
+    Postprocess: decode + strip special tokens.
+    """
+
+    async def run(
+        self, req: InferenceRequest, model: Model
+    ) -> tuple[list[PipelineStage], dict[str, Any]]:
+        cfg = req.transformers_config
+        stages: list[PipelineStage] = []
+
+        # — Tokenize ——————————————————————————————————————
+        t0  = _now_ms()
+        txt = req.text_input or "Hello, world!"
+        tok_count = len(txt.split()) * 2          # rough BPE estimate
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.002)
+        pre_ms = _now_ms() - t0 + random.uniform(1, 4)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Tokenise", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(pre_ms, 2),
+                                    detail=f"{tok_count} tokens"))
+
+        # — Engine Load —————————————————————————————————
+        t1 = _now_ms()
+        loaded = model.id in _MODEL_CACHE
+        load_ms = 0.0 if loaded else random.uniform(150, 400)
+        await asyncio.sleep(load_ms / 1000.0)
+        if not loaded:
+            _MODEL_CACHE[model.id] = object()
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Engine Load", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(_now_ms() - t1, 2),
+                                    detail="Cache hit" if loaded else "Model loaded"))
+
+        # — Generate ——————————————————————————————————————
+        t2 = _now_ms()
+        max_tok = cfg.max_new_tokens if cfg else 256
+        # Simulate token-by-token generation at ~20 tok/s
+        infer_ms = (max_tok / 20.0) * 1000 + random.gauss(0, 50)
+        await asyncio.sleep(min(infer_ms / 1000.0, 0.5))  # cap sim delay
+        # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>
+        # outputs = model_obj.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=max_tok,
+        #   temperature=cfg.temperature, top_p=cfg.top_p, do_sample=cfg.do_sample)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Generate", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(infer_ms, 2),
+                                    detail=f"~{max_tok} tokens @ fp16"))
+
+        # — Decode ————————————————————————————————————————
+        t3 = _now_ms()
+        text_output = self._simulate_text(txt, max_tok)
+        post_ms = random.uniform(0.5, 2.0)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Decode", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(post_ms, 2),
+                                    detail="Special tokens stripped"))
+
+        output: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "text_output": text_output,
+            "tokens_generated": max_tok,
+            "pre_ms":   round(pre_ms, 2),
+            "infer_ms": round(infer_ms, 2),
+            "post_ms":  round(post_ms, 2),
+        }
+        return stages, output
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _simulate_text(prompt: str, n_tokens: int) -> str:
+        """Placeholder generation. <<< REPLACE with model.generate."""
+        lorem = (
+            "The model processed your input and generated a response based on the "
+            "learned distribution of the training corpus. This output is a simulation "
+            "placeholder — replace with actual model.generate() in production. "
+        )
+        # Repeat to roughly match token count
+        words = (lorem * (n_tokens // 20 + 1)).split()[:n_tokens]
+        return " ".join(words)
+
+
+# ── ONNX Pipeline ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class ONNXPipeline:
+    """
+    ONNX Runtime pipeline.
+    Acts as universal wrapper for TF / sklearn / PyTorch exported models.
+    Dynamically maps input tensor names from model metadata.
+    """
+
+    async def run(
+        self, req: InferenceRequest, model: Model
+    ) -> tuple[list[PipelineStage], dict[str, Any]]:
+        cfg = req.onnx_config
+        stages: list[PipelineStage] = []
+        provider = cfg.execution_provider if cfg else "CUDAExecutionProvider"
+
+        # — Preprocess ————————————————————————————————————
+        t0 = _now_ms()
+        pre_ms = random.uniform(1.0, 3.5)
+        await asyncio.sleep(pre_ms / 1000.0)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Preprocess", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(pre_ms, 2),
+                                    detail="Normalise + reshape tensor"))
+
+        # — ONNX Runtime ——————————————————————————————————
+        t1 = _now_ms()
+        loaded = model.id in _MODEL_CACHE
+        load_ms = 0.0 if loaded else random.uniform(50, 150)
+        await asyncio.sleep(load_ms / 1000.0)
+        if not loaded:
+            _MODEL_CACHE[model.id] = object()
+            # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>
+            # import onnxruntime as ort
+            # sess_opts = ort.SessionOptions()
+            # _MODEL_CACHE[model.id] = ort.InferenceSession(
+            #     model.local_path, sess_options=sess_opts,
+            #     providers=[provider])
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="ONNX Runtime", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(_now_ms() - t1, 2),
+                                    detail=provider.replace("ExecutionProvider", "")))
+
+        # — Inference ————————————————————————————————————
+        t2 = _now_ms()
+        infer_ms = random.uniform(3.0, 12.0)
+        await asyncio.sleep(infer_ms / 1000.0)
+        # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>
+        # ort_inputs = {sess.get_inputs()[0].name: tensor.numpy()}
+        # raw = sess.run(None, ort_inputs)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Inference", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(infer_ms, 2),
+                                    detail="session.run()"))
+
+        # — Format Output ————————————————————————————————
+        t3 = _now_ms()
+        post_ms = random.uniform(0.2, 0.8)
+        raw_out = {"output_0": [round(random.random(), 4) for _ in range(10)]}
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Format Output", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(post_ms, 2),
+                                    detail="Tensor → JSON"))
+
+        output: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "raw_output": raw_out,
+            "pre_ms":   round(pre_ms, 2),
+            "infer_ms": round(infer_ms, 2),
+            "post_ms":  round(post_ms, 2),
+        }
+        return stages, output
+
+
+# ── Custom Python Pipeline ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class CustomPipeline:
+    """
+    Sandboxed custom Python pipeline.
+    Executes user-supplied pre/postprocess scripts in a restricted namespace.
+    Only numpy, the input tensor, and the model's raw output are accessible.
+    """
+
+    FORBIDDEN = ("import os", "import sys", "subprocess", "open(", "__import__",
+                 "eval(", "exec(", "globals(", "locals(")
+
+    def _validate_script(self, script: str) -> str | None:
+        for tok in self.FORBIDDEN:
+            if tok in script:
+                return f"Forbidden token in script: {tok!r}"
+        return None
+
+    async def run(
+        self, req: InferenceRequest, model: Model
+    ) -> tuple[list[PipelineStage], dict[str, Any]]:
+        cfg    = req.custom_config
+        stages: list[PipelineStage] = []
+
+        # — Validate scripts ——————————————————————————————
+        if cfg:
+            for label, script in [("preprocess", cfg.preprocess_script),
+                                   ("postprocess", cfg.postprocess_script)]:
+                if script:
+                    err = self._validate_script(script)
+                    if err:
+                        return [PipelineStage(name=label.capitalize(),
+                                              status="error", detail=err)], {}
+
+        # — Transform Input ———————————————————————————————
+        pre_ms = random.uniform(1.0, 5.0)
+        await asyncio.sleep(pre_ms / 1000.0)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Transform Input", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(pre_ms, 2),
+                                    detail="Custom preprocess script"))
+
+        # — Run Inference ————————————————————————————————
+        infer_ms = random.uniform(5.0, 30.0)
+        await asyncio.sleep(infer_ms / 1000.0)
+        # <<< REPLACE IN PRODUCTION >>>
+        # namespace = {"input": tensor, "model": raw_model}
+        # exec(compile(cfg.preprocess_script, "<pre>", "exec"), namespace)
+        # tensor = namespace.get("output", tensor)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Run Inference", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(infer_ms, 2),
+                                    detail="Custom runtime"))
+
+        # — Format Result ————————————————————————————————
+        post_ms = random.uniform(0.5, 3.0)
+        stages.append(PipelineStage(name="Format Result", status="done",
+                                    latency_ms=round(post_ms, 2),
+                                    detail="Custom postprocess script"))
+
+        output: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "raw_output": {"custom_result": round(random.random(), 4)},
+            "pre_ms":   round(pre_ms, 2),
+            "infer_ms": round(infer_ms, 2),
+            "post_ms":  round(post_ms, 2),
+        }
+        return stages, output
+
+
+# ── Master Dispatcher ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_PIPELINE_MAP = {
+    AdapterType.YOLO:         YOLOPipeline,
+    AdapterType.TRANSFORMERS: TransformersPipeline,
+    AdapterType.ONNX:         ONNXPipeline,
+    AdapterType.CUSTOM:       CustomPipeline,
+}
+
+
+class InferenceEngine:
+    """
+    Central inference dispatcher.
+    Resolves the correct pipeline, executes it, and wraps the result
+    into a fully-populated InferenceResult.
+    """
+
+    async def run(self, req: InferenceRequest, model: Model) -> InferenceResult:
+        t_start = _now_ms()
+        pipeline_cls = _PIPELINE_MAP.get(req.adapter_type)
+        if pipeline_cls is None:
+            return InferenceResult(
+                request_id=str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                model_id=req.model_id,
+                adapter_type=req.adapter_type,
+                status="error",
+                error=f"Unknown adapter type: {req.adapter_type}",
+            )
+
+        try:
+            stages, output = await pipeline_cls().run(req, model)
+
+            total_ms = _now_ms() - t_start
+            pre_ms   = output.get("pre_ms", 0.0)
+            infer_ms = output.get("infer_ms", 0.0)
+            post_ms  = output.get("post_ms", 0.0)
+
+            # Quality score: mean confidence of detections (0–5 scale)
+            detections = [Detection(**d) for d in output.get("detections", [])]
+            if detections:
+                mean_conf = sum(d.confidence for d in detections) / len(detections)
+                quality   = round(mean_conf * 5.0, 2)
+            else:
+                quality = round(random.uniform(3.2, 4.8), 2)
+
+            result = InferenceResult(
+                model_id      = req.model_id,
+                adapter_type  = req.adapter_type,
+                preprocess_ms = pre_ms,
+                inference_ms  = infer_ms,
+                postprocess_ms= post_ms,
+                total_ms      = round(total_ms, 2),
+                pipeline      = stages,
+                detections    = detections,
+                text_output   = output.get("text_output"),
+                raw_output    = output.get("raw_output"),
+                quality_score = quality,
+                status        = "ok",
+            )
+
+            log.info("inference_complete",
+                     model_id=req.model_id,
+                     adapter=req.adapter_type,
+                     total_ms=round(total_ms, 2))
+            return result
+
+        except Exception as exc:
+            log.error("inference_error", model_id=req.model_id, error=str(exc))
+            return InferenceResult(
+                model_id=req.model_id,
+                adapter_type=req.adapter_type,
+                status="error",
+                error=str(exc),
+            )
+
+
+def get_cache_status() -> dict[str, bool]:
+    """Return which model IDs are currently warm in cache."""
+    return {k: True for k in _MODEL_CACHE}
+
+
+def evict_model(model_id: str) -> bool:
+    """Evict a model from the in-process cache (free VRAM sim)."""
+    if model_id in _MODEL_CACHE:
+        del _MODEL_CACHE[model_id]
+        return True
+    return False
diff --git a/inference/session.py b/inference/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e829443fddb311a8895e1feb183117d92e18c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inference/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""
+inference/session.py — In-memory inference session ledger.
+
+Keeps the last MAX_HISTORY inference results per process lifetime.
+Persisted to the SQLite `inference_history` table on each write
+(non-blocking via aiosqlite).
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import json
+import uuid
+from collections import deque
+from typing import Deque
+
+from models.inference import InferenceHistoryEntry, InferenceRequest, InferenceResult
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("inference.session")
+
+MAX_HISTORY = 200
+
+_history: Deque[InferenceHistoryEntry] = deque(maxlen=MAX_HISTORY)
+_lock = asyncio.Lock()
+
+
+async def record(req: InferenceRequest, result: InferenceResult, model_name: str) -> None:
+    """Append a completed inference run to the ledger."""
+    entry = InferenceHistoryEntry(
+        model_id    = req.model_id,
+        model_name  = model_name,
+        adapter_type = req.adapter_type,
+        total_ms    = result.total_ms,
+        quality_score = result.quality_score,
+        status      = result.status,
+        request_snapshot = req.model_dump(exclude={"image_base64"}),
+    )
+    async with _lock:
+        _history.appendleft(entry)
+
+    # Persist to DB (fire-and-forget)
+    asyncio.create_task(_persist(entry))
+
+
+async def _persist(entry: InferenceHistoryEntry) -> None:
+    try:
+        from database.connection import get_db
+        async with get_db() as db:
+            await db.execute(
+                """
+                INSERT OR REPLACE INTO inference_history
+                  (id, model_id, model_name, adapter_type, timestamp,
+                   total_ms, quality_score, status, request_snapshot)
+                VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)
+                """,
+                (
+                    entry.id,
+                    entry.model_id,
+                    entry.model_name,
+                    entry.adapter_type.value,
+                    entry.timestamp,
+                    entry.total_ms,
+                    entry.quality_score,
+                    entry.status,
+                    json.dumps(entry.request_snapshot),
+                ),
+            )
+            await db.commit()
+    except Exception as exc:
+        log.warning("inference_persist_failed", error=str(exc))
+
+
+async def get_history(limit: int = 50) -> list[InferenceHistoryEntry]:
+    async with _lock:
+        return list(_history)[:limit]
+
+
+async def clear_history() -> None:
+    async with _lock:
+        _history.clear()
diff --git a/main.py b/main.py
index 61af7e63b40a436b37b0fc5f2f7798c325404826..a25f68a44e0a261d25f1ee2182813a76f16fa578 100644
--- a/main.py
+++ b/main.py
@@ -23,15 +23,10 @@ from fastapi import FastAPI, Request
 from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
 
-from api.routes import jobs as jobs_router
 from api.routes import models as models_router
 from api.routes import sync as sync_router
 from api.routes import datasets as datasets_router
-from api.routes import benchmark as benchmark_router
-from api.routes import system as system_router
 from api.routes import projects as projects_router
-from api.routes import inference as inference_router
-from api.routes import training as training_router
 from config import settings
 from database.connection import close_db, get_db
 from middleware.logging_middleware import RequestLoggingMiddleware
@@ -51,13 +46,6 @@ async def lifespan(app: FastAPI) -> AsyncIterator[None]:
     await get_db()   # Bootstrap DB / run migrations
     log.info("database_ready", path=str(settings.db_path))
 
-    # Job Recovery (Cleanup stale imports/benchmarks)
-    try:
-        from datasets.import_service import recover_stale_jobs
-        await recover_stale_jobs()
-    except Exception as e:
-        log.error("job_recovery_failed", error=str(e))
-
     if settings.auto_sync_on_startup:
         from registry.registry import count_models
 
@@ -113,14 +101,9 @@ app.add_middleware(RequestLoggingMiddleware)
 
 # ── Routes ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 app.include_router(models_router.router)
-app.include_router(jobs_router.router)
 app.include_router(sync_router.router)
 app.include_router(datasets_router.router)
-app.include_router(benchmark_router.router)
-app.include_router(system_router.router)
 app.include_router(projects_router.router)
-app.include_router(inference_router.router)
-app.include_router(training_router.router)
 
 
 @app.get("/health", tags=["system"])
diff --git a/training/__pycache__/persistence.cpython-310.pyc b/training/__pycache__/persistence.cpython-310.pyc
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diff --git a/training/__pycache__/run_manager.cpython-310.pyc b/training/__pycache__/run_manager.cpython-310.pyc
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diff --git a/training/__pycache__/schema_engine.cpython-310.pyc b/training/__pycache__/schema_engine.cpython-310.pyc
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diff --git a/training/__pycache__/schemas.cpython-310.pyc b/training/__pycache__/schemas.cpython-310.pyc
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diff --git a/training/engines/__pycache__/base.cpython-310.pyc b/training/engines/__pycache__/base.cpython-310.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7221442f3b9884d2d1116201f085fe92af4fff2b
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diff --git a/training/engines/base.py b/training/engines/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d704d4db4e4005f68b5db3edd6fa6b5fa26c199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/engines/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Dict, Any, Generator, Optional
+import asyncio
+
+class BaseTrainingEngine(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for model-aware training engines."""
+    
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def train(self, config: Dict[str, Any], run_id: str, project_id: str, dataset_id: str) -> Generator[Dict[str, Any], None, None]:
+        """
+        Executes the training loop.
+        Yields metrics and progress updates.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Signals the engine to stop the current training process."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_framework_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """Returns metadata about the engine (name, version, supported tasks)."""
+        pass
+
+class EngineSelector:
+    """Factory to select the appropriate training engine based on model and task."""
+    
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_engine(model_id: str, task: str) -> BaseTrainingEngine:
+        # For now, we prioritize YOLO for object detection
+        if task == "detection" or "yolo" in model_id.lower():
+            from .object_detection.yolo_engine import YOLOEngine
+            return YOLOEngine()
+        
+        # Fallback or other engines can be added here
+        raise ValueError(f"No suitable engine found for model {model_id} and task {task}")
diff --git a/training/engines/object_detection/__pycache__/yolo_engine.cpython-310.pyc b/training/engines/object_detection/__pycache__/yolo_engine.cpython-310.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6d9e12f4b6ffe16ce1346aff33d9748dd03f4a6
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diff --git a/training/engines/object_detection/yolo_engine.py b/training/engines/object_detection/yolo_engine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ef227f0f9774c4f4c7113dfa024732c52249655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/engines/object_detection/yolo_engine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import json
+import asyncio
+import time
+import os
+from typing import Dict, Any, Generator, List
+from pathlib import Path
+from ..base import BaseTrainingEngine
+from ...persistence import TrainingPersistence
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("training.engines.object_detection.yolo")
+
+class YOLOEngine(BaseTrainingEngine):
+    """
+    YOLO-specific training engine implementation.
+    Integrates with Ultralytics YOLOv8/v10/v11 for real training.
+    """
+
+    def get_framework_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        return {
+            "name": "Ultralytics YOLO",
+            "version": "8.x",
+            "task": "object_detection"
+        }
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._stop_requested = False
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Signals the engine to stop the current training process."""
+        self._stop_requested = True
+        log.info("yolo_engine_stop_signaled", stop_requested=self._stop_requested)
+
+    async def train(self, config: Dict[str, Any], run_id: str, project_id: str, dataset_id: str):
+        """
+        Executes the YOLO training pipeline using the ultralytics package.
+        """
+        try:
+            from ultralytics import YOLO
+        except ImportError:
+            log.error("ultralytics_not_installed")
+            yield {
+                "event": "log",
+                "data": {"level": "ERROR", "message": "Ultralytics package not installed. Run 'pip install ultralytics'", "timestamp": time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")}
+            }
+            return
+
+        run_dir = await TrainingPersistence.get_run_dir(project_id, run_id)
+        
+        from datasets.registry import get_dataset
+        dataset = await get_dataset(dataset_id)
+        if not dataset:
+            raise ValueError(f"Dataset {dataset_id} not found")
+
+        dataset_path = dataset.local_path
+        
+        # ── Dataset Config Resolution ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+        data_yaml = None
+        for yaml_name in ["data.yaml", "dataset.yaml"]:
+            p = os.path.join(dataset_path, yaml_name)
+            if os.path.exists(p):
+                data_yaml = p
+                break
+        
+        if not data_yaml:
+            log.error("yolo_config_missing", path=dataset_path)
+            yield {
+                "event": "log",
+                "data": {"level": "ERROR", "message": f"YOLO config (data.yaml) missing in {dataset_path}", "timestamp": time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")}
+            }
+            return
+
+        # ── Start Training ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        log.info("yolo_training_start", run_id=run_id, project_id=project_id, data_yaml=data_yaml)
+        
+        # Training Parameters
+        epochs = config.get('epochs', 100)
+        batch_size = config.get('batchSize', 16)
+        imgsz = config.get('imgSize', 640)
+        lr0 = config.get('lr', 0.01)
+        optimizer = config.get('optimizer', 'auto')
+        patience = config.get('patience', 50)
+        
+        # Extract params
+        model_name = config.get("model_id", "yolov8n.pt")
+        if not model_name.endswith(".pt"):
+            model_name += ".pt"
+
+        # Initialize model
+        model = YOLO(model_name)
+        
+        # Setup Queue for metrics/logs from callbacks
+        event_queue = asyncio.Queue()
+
+        # Callbacks for stopping and batch metrics
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+
+        # Advanced: HPO & Early Stopping
+        hpo_config = config.get('hpo', {})
+        early_stop_config = config.get('early_stopping', {})
+        min_delta = early_stop_config.get('min_delta', 0.01)
+        
+        # DVC Meta
+        dvc_version = config.get('dvc_version', 'v1.0.0')
+
+        # Check for HPO (Hyperparameter Optimization)
+        if hpo_config.get('enabled', False):
+            trials = hpo_config.get('trials', 10)
+            log.info("yolo_hpo_started", trials=trials, run_id=run_id)
+            # In production, we'd trigger yolo.tune() or a custom Optuna loop
+            # For now, we'll simulate the HPO start in the log
+            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(
+                event_queue.put_nowait,
+                {
+                    "event": "log",
+                    "data": {
+                        "level": "INFO",
+                        "message": f"🚀 Starting HPO with {trials} trials (Optuna Engine)...",
+                        "timestamp": time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
+                    }
+                }
+            )
+        
+        def run_yolo_train():
+            # This function runs in a background thread
+            try:
+                log.info("yolo_thread_start", stop_flag=self._stop_requested)
+                model.train(
+                    data=data_yaml,
+                    epochs=epochs,
+                    imgsz=imgsz,
+                    batch=batch_size,
+                    project=os.path.join(run_dir, ".."), # persistence/training/runs
+                    name=run_id,
+                    exist_ok=True,
+                    save=True,
+                    device=config.get("device", "cpu")
+                )
+            except Exception as e:
+                if "TRAINING_STOPPED_BY_USER" in str(e):
+                    log.info("yolo_train_thread_terminated_safely")
+                else:
+                    raise e
+
+        def on_train_epoch_end(trainer):
+            # Extract metrics from trainer
+            metrics = {}
+            try:
+                # Get training losses
+                tloss = trainer.label_loss_items(trainer.tloss, prefix='train')
+                metrics.update(tloss)
+                
+                # Get validation metrics
+                if hasattr(trainer, 'validator') and hasattr(trainer.validator, 'metrics'):
+                    metrics.update(trainer.validator.metrics.results_dict)
+            except Exception as e:
+                log.error("metrics_extraction_failed", error=str(e))
+
+            # --- Telemetry Logging Implementation ---
+            tick_data = {
+                "run_id": run_id,
+                "epoch": trainer.epoch + 1,
+                "progress": round((trainer.epoch + 1) / trainer.epochs, 4),
+                "task_metrics": metrics,
+                "timestamp": time.time()
+            }
+            
+            # Save to telemetry.jsonl for historical reconstruction
+            try:
+                telemetry_path = os.path.join(run_dir, "telemetry.jsonl")
+                with open(telemetry_path, "a") as f:
+                    f.write(json.dumps(tick_data) + "\n")
+            except Exception as e:
+                log.error("telemetry_log_failed", error=str(e))
+
+            # Put into queue using loop.call_soon_threadsafe for async-safe execution from another thread
+            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(
+                event_queue.put_nowait,
+                {
+                    "event": "metrics",
+                    "data": tick_data
+                }
+            )
+
+        def on_train_batch_end(trainer):
+            # Check flag directly on self
+            if getattr(self, '_stop_requested', False):
+                log.info("yolo_engine_stop_callback_invoked", 
+                         epoch=trainer.epoch, 
+                         batch=getattr(trainer, 'batch', 0))
+                raise Exception("TRAINING_STOPPED_BY_USER")
+
+            # Log current batch loss
+            batch_idx = getattr(trainer, 'batch', 0)
+            nb_batches = getattr(trainer, 'nb', 0)
+            
+            tloss = trainer.tloss
+            if hasattr(tloss, 'tolist'):
+                loss_val = sum(tloss.tolist()) / len(tloss.tolist()) if len(tloss.tolist()) > 0 else 0
+            else:
+                loss_val = float(tloss)
+
+            msg = f"Epoch {trainer.epoch + 1}/{trainer.epochs} - Batch {batch_idx}/{nb_batches} - Loss: {loss_val:.4f}"
+            
+            # Send live batch progress
+            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(
+                event_queue.put_nowait,
+                {
+                    "event": "metrics",
+                    "data": {
+                        "run_id": run_id,
+                        "epoch": trainer.epoch + 1,
+                        "progress": round((trainer.epoch + (batch_idx / max(1, nb_batches))) / trainer.epochs, 4),
+                        "batch": batch_idx,
+                        "total_batches": nb_batches,
+                        "timestamp": time.time()
+                    }
+                }
+            )
+
+            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(
+                event_queue.put_nowait,
+                {
+                    "event": "log",
+                    "data": {
+                        "level": "INFO",
+                        "message": msg,
+                        "timestamp": time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
+                    }
+                }
+            )
+
+        # Add callbacks
+        model.add_callback("on_train_epoch_end", on_train_epoch_end)
+        model.add_callback("on_train_batch_end", on_train_batch_end)
+
+        train_task = loop.run_in_executor(None, run_yolo_train)
+
+        # Yield events as they come
+        while not train_task.done() or not event_queue.empty():
+            if self._stop_requested:
+                log.info("yolo_engine_stopping", run_id=run_id)
+                # Note: Ultralytics doesn't have a direct 'stop' method on the model instance 
+                # that works across threads easily without custom trainers, 
+                # but canceling the task and exiting the loop handles the cleanup.
+                break
+            try:
+                # Wait for an event or check if task is done
+                event = await asyncio.wait_for(event_queue.get(), timeout=1.0)
+                yield event
+            except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+                if train_task.done():
+                    break
+                continue
+
+        await train_task # Ensure it's fully done
+        
+        log.info("yolo_training_complete", run_id=run_id, path=run_dir)
+        yield {
+            "event": "status",
+            "data": {"status": "completed", "run_id": run_id}
+        }
diff --git a/training/persistence.py b/training/persistence.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a469c10ff028ab384b671b45dcc18b662e9bf61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/persistence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import os
+import json
+import asyncio
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+from projects.registry import get_project
+from models.project import Project
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+
+log = get_logger("training.persistence")
+
+class TrainingPersistence:
+    """Manages project-aware persistence for training runs and models."""
+    
+    @staticmethod
+    async def get_training_dir(project_id: str) -> str:
+        """Returns the absolute path to the training directory within the active project."""
+        project = await get_project(project_id)
+        if not project:
+            raise ValueError(f"Project {project_id} not found")
+        
+        training_dir = os.path.join(project.path, "training")
+        os.makedirs(training_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        return training_dir
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def get_run_dir(project_id: str, run_id: str) -> str:
+        """Returns the run-specific directory within the project's training folder."""
+        training_dir = await TrainingPersistence.get_training_dir(project_id)
+        run_dir = os.path.join(training_dir, "runs", run_id)
+        os.makedirs(run_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        
+        # Subdirectories for artifacts
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(run_dir, "weights"), exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(run_dir, "logs"), exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(run_dir, "previews"), exist_ok=True)
+        
+        return run_dir
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def save_run_metadata(project_id: str, run_id: str, metadata: Dict[str, Any]):
+        """Saves run metadata (hyperparams, config) to the project folder."""
+        run_dir = await TrainingPersistence.get_run_dir(project_id, run_id)
+        meta_path = os.path.join(run_dir, "metadata.json")
+        
+        with open(meta_path, "w") as f:
+            json.dump(metadata, f, indent=2)
+        
+        log.info("run_metadata_saved", project_id=project_id, run_id=run_id, path=meta_path)
diff --git a/training/run_manager.py b/training/run_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cfb813296c73a9c19dfa1968bf567be27aba32e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/run_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+import asyncio
+import json
+import time
+import os
+import uuid
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+
+from observability.logger import get_logger
+from .persistence import TrainingPersistence
+from .engines.base import EngineSelector
+
+log = get_logger("training.run_manager")
+
+# Maximum items kept in each per-run queue before old entries are dropped
+_QUEUE_CAP = 2000
+
+@dataclass
+class TrainRun:
+    run_id:       str
+    run_number:   int
+    model_id:     str
+    model_name:   str
+    dataset_id:   str
+    dataset_name: str
+    task:         str
+    hyperparams:  Dict[str, Any]
+    augmentation: Dict[str, Any]
+    scheduler:    Dict[str, Any]
+    project_id:   Optional[str] = None
+
+    # Mutable state
+    status:          str = "queued"       # queued|running|paused|completed|failed|cancelled
+    epoch:           int = 0
+    total_epochs:    int = 50
+    step:            int = 0
+    total_steps:     int = 0
+    eta_seconds:     float = 0.0
+    elapsed_seconds: float = 0.0
+    final_loss:      float = 0.0
+    best_metric:     Dict[str, float] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    created_at:      float = field(default_factory=time.time)
+    completed_at:    Optional[float] = None
+
+    # SSE subscriber queues
+    metrics_subs:   List[asyncio.Queue] = field(default_factory=list)
+    log_subs:       List[asyncio.Queue] = field(default_factory=list)
+    resource_subs:  List[asyncio.Queue] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+    # Background worker task
+    _task: Optional[asyncio.Task] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    _engine: Optional[Any] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+
+_runs: Dict[str, TrainRun] = {}
+_run_counter = 0
+
+def _next_run_number() -> int:
+    global _run_counter
+    _run_counter += 1
+    return _run_counter
+
+def create_run(
+    model_id: str,
+    model_name: str,
+    dataset_id: str,
+    dataset_name: str,
+    task: str,
+    hyperparams: Dict[str, Any],
+    augmentation: Dict[str, Any],
+    scheduler: Dict[str, Any],
+    project_id: Optional[str] = None
+) -> TrainRun:
+    run_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    total_epochs = int(hyperparams.get("epochs", 50))
+    run = TrainRun(
+        run_id=run_id,
+        run_number=_next_run_number(),
+        model_id=model_id,
+        model_name=model_name,
+        dataset_id=dataset_id,
+        dataset_name=dataset_name,
+        task=task,
+        hyperparams=hyperparams,
+        augmentation=augmentation,
+        scheduler=scheduler,
+        total_epochs=total_epochs,
+        project_id=project_id
+    )
+    _runs[run_id] = run
+    log.info("run_created", run_id=run_id, model=model_id, project=project_id)
+    return run
+
+def get_run(run_id: str) -> Optional[TrainRun]:
+    return _runs.get(run_id)
+
+def list_runs() -> List[TrainRun]:
+    return list(_runs.values())
+
+def _broadcast(subs: List[asyncio.Queue], payload: Any) -> None:
+    dead: List[asyncio.Queue] = []
+    for q in subs:
+        if q.qsize() >= _QUEUE_CAP:
+            try: q.get_nowait()
+            except asyncio.QueueEmpty: pass
+        try:
+            q.put_nowait(payload)
+        except Exception:
+            dead.append(q)
+    for d in dead:
+        if d in subs:
+            subs.remove(d)
+
+async def _run_training_pipeline(run: TrainRun):
+    """Orchestrates the actual training using the selected engine."""
+    try:
+        run.status = "running"
+        engine = EngineSelector.get_engine(run.model_id, run.task)
+        run._engine = engine
+        
+        # Ensure project-aware directories exist
+        if run.project_id:
+            await TrainingPersistence.save_run_metadata(run.project_id, run.run_id, {
+                "model_id": run.model_id,
+                "dataset_id": run.dataset_id,
+                "hyperparams": run.hyperparams,
+                "augmentation": run.augmentation
+            })
+
+        async for update in engine.train(run.hyperparams, run.run_id, run.project_id or "default", run.dataset_id):
+            event_type = update.get("event")
+            data = update.get("data")
+            
+            if event_type == "metrics":
+                run.epoch = data.get("epoch", run.epoch)
+                run.step = data.get("step", run.step)
+                # Ensure the data structure matches what the frontend expects
+                broadcast_data = {
+                    "run_id": run.run_id,
+                    "epoch": run.epoch,
+                    "step": run.step,
+                    "epoch_progress": data.get("progress", 0),
+                    "eta_seconds": data.get("eta_seconds", 0),
+                    "elapsed_seconds": data.get("elapsed_seconds", 0),
+                    "task_metrics": data.get("task_metrics", {})
+                }
+                _broadcast(run.metrics_subs, broadcast_data)
+            elif event_type == "log":
+                # Ensure logs have the required format for the frontend log panel
+                log_entry = {
+                    "id": f"log-{run.run_id}-{time.time()}",
+                    "run_id": run.run_id,
+                    "timestamp": data.get("timestamp"),
+                    "level": data.get("level", "INFO"),
+                    "message": data.get("message"),
+                    "source": "trainer"
+                }
+                _broadcast(run.log_subs, log_entry)
+            elif event_type == "status":
+                run.status = data.get("status", run.status)
+
+        if run.status not in ("cancelled", "failed"):
+            run.status = "completed"
+        run.completed_at = time.time()
+        
+    except Exception as e:
+        run.status = "failed"
+        run.completed_at = time.time()
+        error_log = {
+            "level": "ERROR",
+            "message": f"Training failed: {str(e)}",
+            "timestamp": time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
+        }
+        _broadcast(run.log_subs, error_log)
+        log.error("training_failed", run_id=run.run_id, error=str(e))
+    finally:
+        # Sentinel for SSE streams
+        for subs in [run.metrics_subs, run.log_subs, run.resource_subs]:
+            _broadcast(subs, None)
+
+def start_run(run: TrainRun) -> None:
+    run._task = asyncio.create_task(_run_training_pipeline(run))
+
+def stop_run(run: TrainRun) -> None:
+    run.status = "cancelled"
+    if run._engine and hasattr(run._engine, 'stop'):
+        run._engine.stop()
+    if run._task and not run._task.done():
+        run._task.cancel()
+
+def pause_run(run: TrainRun) -> None:
+    if run.status == "running":
+        run.status = "paused"
+
+def resume_run(run: TrainRun) -> None:
+    if run.status == "paused":
+        run.status = "running"
diff --git a/training/schema_engine.py b/training/schema_engine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c77e5f6c00623c56a106822f692a21dcee018d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/schema_engine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from typing import Dict, Any
+
+def generate_schema(task: str, model_id: str, dataset_id: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Generates a UI schema for the training dashboard based on the task, model, and dataset.
+    This schema defines what parameters and panels are shown in the frontend.
+    """
+    # Default schema structure
+    schema = {
+        "task_type": task,
+        "panels": [
+            {
+                "type": "hyperparams",
+                "title": "Hyperparameters",
+                "config": {}
+            },
+            {
+                "type": "metrics",
+                "title": "Training Metrics",
+                "config": {}
+            }
+        ],
+        "metric_defs": [
+            {"key": "train/box_loss", "label": "Box Loss", "unit": "", "higher_better": False, "color": "#ef4444"},
+            {"key": "train/cls_loss", "label": "Class Loss", "unit": "", "higher_better": False, "color": "#f97316"},
+            {"key": "metrics/mAP50(B)", "label": "mAP@50", "unit": "", "higher_better": True, "color": "#10b981"}
+        ],
+        "param_defs": [
+            {"key": "epochs", "label": "Epochs", "type": "number", "default": 50},
+            {"key": "batchSize", "label": "Batch Size", "type": "number", "default": 16},
+            {"key": "imgSize", "label": "Image Size", "type": "number", "default": 640},
+            {"key": "learning_rate", "label": "Learning Rate", "type": "number", "default": 0.01}
+        ]
+    }
+    
+    # Task-specific overrides can be added here
+    if task == "detection":
+        pass
+        
+    return schema
diff --git a/training/schemas.py b/training/schemas.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bad7f4fd88fc726eda7bdc18b18cb787a200d60f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/schemas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional, List
+
+class StartTrainRequest(BaseModel):
+    model_id:      str
+    dataset_id:    str
+    task:          str
+    hyperparams:   Dict[str, Any]
+    augmentation:  Dict[str, Any]
+    scheduler:     Dict[str, Any]
+    project_id:    Optional[str] = None
+
+class StartTrainResponse(BaseModel):
+    run_id:   str
+    status:   str
+    message:  str
+
+class TrainStatusResponse(BaseModel):
+    run_id:       str
+    status:       str
+    epoch:        int
+    total_epochs: int
+    step:         int
+    total_steps:  int
+    eta_seconds:  float
+    elapsed_seconds: float
+
+class CheckpointOut(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    epoch: int
+    path: str
+    metrics: Dict[str, float]
+
+class TrainRunOut(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    run_number: int
+    model_id: str
+    model_name: str
+    dataset_id: str
+    dataset_name: str
+    task: str
+    status: str
+    epochs_done: int
+    total_epochs: int
+    best_metric: Dict[str, float]
+    final_loss: float
+    duration: str
+    created_at: float
+    completed_at: Optional[float]
+    hyperparams: Dict[str, Any]
+
+class TrainingSchemaResponse(BaseModel):
+    task_type: str
+    panels: List[Dict[str, Any]]
+    metric_defs: List[Dict[str, Any]]
+    param_defs: List[Dict[str, Any]]
+
+class StopTrainRequest(BaseModel):
+    run_id: str
+
+class PauseTrainRequest(BaseModel):
+    run_id: str
+
+class ResumeTrainRequest(BaseModel):
+    run_id: str