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Week 2/readme.md

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-# 🚗 Car Fuel Efficiency Predictor (ML Zoomcamp W2)
-
-## ✍️ Description
-
-This project develops a **Linear Regression model** to predict car fuel efficiency in Miles Per Gallon (`fuel_efficiency_mpg`) using a subset of car features. The primary focus is on mastering the fundamental machine learning workflow: handling missing data, proper train/validation/test splitting, and understanding model stability and regularization.
-
-### Key Objectives:
-
-* **Data Preprocessing:** Analyze missing values and compare imputation strategies (mean vs. zero).
-* **Model Training:** Implement a Linear Regression model using `scikit-learn`.
-* **Model Evaluation & Stability:** Use RMSE to evaluate model performance and assess the impact of different random seeds on model stability.
-* **Regularization:** Test the effect of Ridge regularization (L2) to prevent overfitting.
-
----
-
-## ⚙️ Installation
-
-To run this notebook, you need a standard Python environment with the following dependencies.
-
-1.  **Clone the repository:**
-    ```bash
-    git clone [https://github.com/sks01dev/data-science-lab/](https://github.com/sks01dev/data-science-lab/)
-    cd data-science-lab
-    ```
-
-2.  **Install dependencies:**
-    ```bash
-    pip install numpy pandas scikit-learn matplotlib seaborn
-    ```
-
-3.  **Download Data:** The dataset is fetched directly within the notebook from the official source:
-    ```bash
-    wget [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/alexeygrigorev/datasets/master/car_fuel_efficiency.csv](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/alexeygrigorev/datasets/master/car_fuel_efficiency.csv)
-    ```
-
----
-
-## 🏃 Usage
-
-Execute the `week_2.ipynb` notebook cell-by-cell to follow the full machine learning workflow.
-
-1.  **Data Selection:** Only the following columns are used: `'engine_displacement'`, `'horsepower'`, `'vehicle_weight'`, `'model_year'`, and `'fuel_efficiency_mpg'`.
-2.  **Splitting:** The data is shuffled (seed 42) and split into Train (60%), Validation (20%), and Test (20%) sets.
-3.  **Model Comparison:** Linear Regression models are trained to compare performance after filling missing `'horsepower'` values with 0 vs. the training set mean.
-4.  **Final Evaluation:** The best configuration is tested on the final, unseen test set.
-
----
-
-## 🛠️ Technologies Used
-
-| Technology | Purpose | Badge/Icon |
-| :--- | :--- | :--- |
-| **Python** | Core programming and analysis language | [![Python](https://img.shields.io/badge/Python-3.x-blue?style=flat-square&logo=python&logoColor=white)](https://www.python.org/doc/) |
-| **NumPy** | Numerical operations and RMSE calculation | [![NumPy](https://img.shields.io/badge/NumPy-1.x-blue?style=flat-square&logo=numpy&logoColor=white)](https://numpy.org/doc/) |
-| **Pandas** | Data loading, manipulation, and missing value handling | [![Pandas](https://img.shields.io/badge/Pandas-2.x-150458?style=flat-square&logo=pandas&logoColor=white)](https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/) |
-| **scikit-learn** | Linear Regression, Ridge, and `train_test_split` | [![Scikit-learn](https://img.shields.io/badge/Scikit--learn-1.x-orange?style=flat-square&logo=scikit-learn&logoColor=white)](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/documentation.html) |
-| **Seaborn/Matplotlib** | Data visualization and distribution checks | [![Seaborn](https://img.shields.io/badge/Seaborn-0.12-darkgreen?style=flat-square&logo=seaborn&logoColor=white)](https://seaborn.pydata.org/) |
-
----
-
-## 📊 Dataset Used
-
-* **Car Fuel Efficiency Dataset:** A collection of vehicle attributes (displacement, horsepower, weight, model year) used to predict fuel consumption (`fuel_efficiency_mpg`). [Image of Fuel Efficiency Distribution]
-* **Source:** Alexey Grigorev's public datasets repository.
-
----
-
-## 🧠 Key Learnings
-
-1.  **Imputation Strategy:** The **mean imputation** of missing `'horsepower'` values (RMSE: 0.46) significantly outperformed filling with zero (RMSE: 0.51). Using the mean preserves the feature's distribution better than using an extreme outlier (0).
-2.  **Model Stability:** By testing the split sensitivity across 10 random seeds, the model was determined to be **stable** ($\text{std} \approx 0.006$), confirming the reliability of the chosen split ratio.
-3.  **Regularization Impact:** Ridge regularization (L2) had a negligible effect on the final RMSE scores, suggesting the Linear Regression model was not heavily overfitting the data.
-
----
-
-## ✨ Results
-
-| Question | Task | Result |
-| :--- | :--- | :--- |
-| **Q1** | Column with missing values | `horsepower` |
-| **Q2** | Median Horsepower | 149.0 |
-| **Q3** | Best Imputation (Validation RMSE) | **With mean** (0.46) |
-| **Q4** | Best Regularization $\text{r}$ (alpha) | **0** (RMSE: 0.51) |
-| **Q5** | Standard Deviation of RMSEs | **0.006** |
-| **Q6** | Final Test RMSE ($\text{r}=0.001$, seed 9) | $\approx 0.520$ (Closest to 0.515) |
-
----
-
-## 🚀 Future Work
-
-* **Feature Engineering:** Engineer new features (e.g., age of car from `model_year`) to potentially improve the model's predictive power.
-* **Categorical Features:** Incorporate the original categorical columns (`origin`, `fuel_type`, `drivetrain`) using one-hot encoding or other techniques.
-* **Advanced Regression:** Test other models like Elastic Net or Random Forest for improved accuracy.
-
----
-
-## 📚 References
-
-* *Alexey Grigorev - ML Zoomcamp Week 2 Materials*