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| <html lang="en"> | |
| <head> | |
| <meta charset="utf-8"/> | |
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/> | |
| <title>Seventy-seven Years of U.S. Tornadoes</title> | |
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| <body> | |
| <div class="wrap"> | |
| <header> | |
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" alt="CliMAS"/> | |
| <div> | |
| <div class="dept">Department of Climate, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences</div> | |
| <div class="sub">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</div> | |
| </div> | |
| </header> | |
| <div class="rule"></div> | |
| <h1>Seventy-seven years of U.S. tornadoes</h1> | |
| <div class="rule accent"></div> | |
| <p class="deck">Every tornado recorded in the contiguous United States since 1950, placed at the | |
| midpoint of its track and smoothed into a density field. Drag the timeline, scroll, or use the | |
| arrow keys to move through the years.</p> | |
| <div class="stage"> | |
| <div class="mapwrap"><canvas id="map"></canvas> | |
| <div class="loading" id="load">Loading 77 years of tornado data…</div></div> | |
| <div class="card"> | |
| <div class="yr" id="cy">2026</div> | |
| <div id="cp"><span class="partial">Through 14 August</span></div> | |
| <hr/> | |
| <div class="row"> | |
| <div class="lbl">Peak density</div> | |
| <div class="val" id="cmax">12.62 <small>per 10,000 km²</small></div> | |
| <div class="towns" id="ctowns"></div> | |
| <div class="where" id="cwhere"></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="row"> | |
| <div class="lbl">Rank, all 77 years</div> | |
| <div class="val" id="crank">#1</div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="row"> | |
| <div class="lbl">Tornadoes — rank</div> | |
| <div class="val" id="ccount">977 <small id="ccrank"></small></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="row"> | |
| <div class="lbl">Most tornadoes</div> | |
| <div class="val" id="cstate"></div> | |
| <div class="where" id="cstaten"></div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="legend"> | |
| <span>Density</span><canvas class="ramp" id="ramp" width="190" height="9"></canvas> | |
| <span id="rampmax"></span> | |
| <span style="margin-left:14px"><span class="dot"></span>individual tornado</span> | |
| <span style="margin-left:14px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:11px;height:11px; | |
| border:2.5px solid #FF2D95;vertical-align:-2px;margin-right:5px"></span>peak 80 km cell</span> | |
| <span style="margin-left:14px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:14px;height:0; | |
| border-top:2px solid #13294B;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:5px"></span>state with the most tornadoes</span> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="controls"> | |
| <button class="play" id="play" aria-label="Play">▶</button> | |
| <div class="scrub"> | |
| <canvas id="tl"></canvas> | |
| <div class="tlnote"><span>1950</span><span id="tlmid">peak density each year</span><span>2026</span></div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p class="notes"> | |
| <b>Reading this map.</b> Color shows how tightly tornadoes were packed — tornadoes per | |
| 10,000 km² per year, on an 80 km grid smoothed with a 120 km Gaussian kernel, after | |
| Brooks, Doswell & Kay (2003). Black dots are individual tornadoes. The color scale is | |
| fixed across all years, so a pale map is a genuinely quiet year. | |
| <br/><br/> | |
| <b>Reports are not a fixed yardstick.</b> How many tornadoes get recorded depends on | |
| population density, observing technology and public awareness, none of which has held | |
| steady since 1950. Early years are undercounted, particularly for weak tornadoes. | |
| <br/><br/> | |
| <b>The pink box</b> marks the single 80 km grid cell holding that year's peak density. | |
| <b>The state outlined in blue</b> recorded the most tornadoes that year. The card gives both | |
| ranks: peak density, and total tornado count. | |
| <br/><br/> | |
| <b>The stat card names the two largest towns</b> inside the 80 km cell that holds that | |
| year's peak density — or the two nearest, where the cell has no town of 15,000 or more. | |
| <br/><br/> | |
| <b>2026 is incomplete and estimated.</b> It covers 1 January – 14 August only. Preliminary | |
| reports were deduplicated (1,530 raw reports collapse to 977 distinct tornadoes) and then | |
| rescaled to a final-count basis using the 2010–2025 relationship between deduplicated | |
| preliminary reports and final counts — 0.815 nationally, 0.732 in Illinois. Counts marked | |
| <i>est.</i> are that estimate, not a tally. Every other year is a complete | |
| calendar year, so 2026's rank is a floor, not a final figure. | |
| </p> | |
| <footer> | |
| Data: NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center — 1950–2025 final severe weather database; 2026 | |
| preliminary daily storm reports. Gridded density available as a Zarr store alongside this page.<br/> | |
| Analysis: Prof. Steve Nesbitt, Department of Climate, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, | |
| University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, | |
| <a href="https://snesbitt.github.io" style="color:#13294B">snesbitt.github.io</a>. | |
| </footer> | |
| </div> | |
| <script> | |
| const map=document.getElementById('map'), ctx=map.getContext('2d'); | |
| const tl=document.getElementById('tl'), tctx=tl.getContext('2d'); | |
| const STATE={AL:'Alabama',AZ:'Arizona',AR:'Arkansas',CA:'California',CO:'Colorado', | |
| CT:'Connecticut',DE:'Delaware',FL:'Florida',GA:'Georgia',ID:'Idaho',IL:'Illinois', | |
| IN:'Indiana',IA:'Iowa',KS:'Kansas',KY:'Kentucky',LA:'Louisiana',ME:'Maine',MD:'Maryland', | |
| MA:'Massachusetts',MI:'Michigan',MN:'Minnesota',MS:'Mississippi',MO:'Missouri',MT:'Montana', | |
| NE:'Nebraska',NV:'Nevada',NH:'New Hampshire',NJ:'New Jersey',NM:'New Mexico',NY:'New York', | |
| NC:'North Carolina',ND:'North Dakota',OH:'Ohio',OK:'Oklahoma',OR:'Oregon',PA:'Pennsylvania', | |
| RI:'Rhode Island',SC:'South Carolina',SD:'South Dakota',TN:'Tennessee',TX:'Texas',UT:'Utah', | |
| VT:'Vermont',VA:'Virginia',WA:'Washington',WV:'West Virginia',WI:'Wisconsin',WY:'Wyoming',DC:'D.C.'}; | |
| let M=null, DENS=null, PTS=null, cur=76, playing=false, timer=null, DPR=Math.min(2,devicePixelRatio||1); | |
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| // files with unrecognised extensions, and text needs no Git LFS. | |
| function b64bytes(s){ | |
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| for(let i=0;i<n;i++) out[i]=bin.charCodeAt(i); | |
| return out; | |
| } | |
| Promise.all([ | |
| fetch('meta.json').then(r=>r.json()), | |
| fetch('density.b64').then(r=>r.text()), | |
| fetch('points.b64').then(r=>r.text()) | |
| ]).then(([meta,d,p])=>{ | |
| M=meta; | |
| DENS=b64bytes(d); | |
| const pb=b64bytes(p), dv=new DataView(pb.buffer,pb.byteOffset,pb.byteLength); | |
| PTS=new Uint16Array(pb.byteLength/2); | |
| for(let i=0;i<PTS.length;i++) PTS[i]=dv.getUint16(i*2,true); // little-endian, as written | |
| document.getElementById('rampmax').textContent='0 – '+M.vmax.toFixed(1)+' per 10,000 km²'; | |
| drawRamp(); sizeAll(); setYear(M.years.length-1); bind(); | |
| document.getElementById('load').classList.add('gone'); | |
| }).catch(e=>{ | |
| document.getElementById('load').textContent='Error: '+(e&&e.message?e.message:e); | |
| console.error(e); | |
| }); | |
| function lutRGB(v){const L=M.lut,i=v*3;return [L[i],L[i+1],L[i+2]];} | |
| function drawRamp(){ | |
| const c=document.getElementById('ramp'), g=c.getContext('2d'); | |
| const im=g.createImageData(190,9); | |
| for(let x=0;x<190;x++){const [r,gg,b]=lutRGB(Math.round(x/189*255)); | |
| for(let y=0;y<9;y++){const o=(y*190+x)*4;im.data[o]=r;im.data[o+1]=gg;im.data[o+2]=b;im.data[o+3]=255;}} | |
| g.putImageData(im,0,0); | |
| } | |
| function sizeAll(){ | |
| const w=document.querySelector('.mapwrap').clientWidth, h=Math.round(w*M.view_aspect); | |
| map.width=w*DPR; map.height=h*DPR; map.style.height=h+'px'; | |
| const tw=tl.parentElement.clientWidth; | |
| tl.width=tw*DPR; tl.height=64*DPR; tl.style.height='64px'; | |
| if(M) {render(); drawTL();} | |
| } | |
| function render(){ | |
| const W=map.width, H=map.height; | |
| ctx.clearRect(0,0,W,H); | |
| // density -> offscreen image at grid resolution, then smooth-scaled | |
| const nx=M.nx, ny=M.ny, off=cur*nx*ny; | |
| const oc=document.createElement('canvas'); oc.width=nx; oc.height=ny; | |
| const octx=oc.getContext('2d'), im=octx.createImageData(nx,ny); | |
| for(let j=0;j<ny;j++){ | |
| for(let i=0;i<nx;i++){ | |
| const v=DENS[off+j*nx+i]; | |
| const o=((ny-1-j)*nx+i)*4; // flip: grid row 0 is southernmost | |
| if(v<=1){im.data[o+3]=0;continue;} | |
| const [r,g,b]=lutRGB(v); | |
| im.data[o]=r;im.data[o+1]=g;im.data[o+2]=b; | |
| im.data[o+3]=Math.min(242,Math.pow(v/255,0.62)*300); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| octx.putImageData(im,0,0); | |
| ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled=true; ctx.imageSmoothingQuality='high'; | |
| const [vx0,vx1,vy0,vy1]=M.view; | |
| const sx=vx0*nx, sw=(vx1-vx0)*nx; | |
| const sy=(1-vy1)*ny, sh=(vy1-vy0)*ny; // image rows run north->south | |
| ctx.drawImage(oc,sx,sy,sw,sh,0,0,W,H); | |
| // outlines | |
| ctx.save(); ctx.beginPath(); ctx.rect(0,0,W,H); ctx.clip(); | |
| ctx.strokeStyle='rgba(60,72,88,.42)'; ctx.lineWidth=Math.max(1,DPR*.7); | |
| ctx.lineJoin='round'; | |
| for(const ln of M.lines){ | |
| ctx.beginPath(); | |
| for(let k=0;k<ln.length;k++){ | |
| const X=(ln[k][0]-vx0)/(vx1-vx0)*W, Y=(1-(ln[k][1]-vy0)/(vy1-vy0))*H; | |
| k?ctx.lineTo(X,Y):ctx.moveTo(X,Y);} | |
| ctx.stroke(); | |
| } | |
| ctx.restore(); | |
| // outline the state with the most tornadoes, in Illini blue | |
| const sp=M.state_polys[M.top_state[cur]]; | |
| if(sp){ | |
| ctx.save(); ctx.beginPath(); ctx.rect(0,0,W,H); ctx.clip(); | |
| ctx.lineJoin='round'; ctx.lineCap='round'; | |
| for(const pass of [0,1]){ | |
| const sw=Math.max(2.4,W*0.0038); | |
| ctx.strokeStyle = pass ? '#13294B' : 'rgba(255,255,255,.85)'; | |
| ctx.lineWidth = pass ? sw : sw*2.1; | |
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| ctx.beginPath(); | |
| for(let k=0;k<pg.length;k++){ | |
| const X=(pg[k][0]-vx0)/(vx1-vx0)*W, Y=(1-(pg[k][1]-vy0)/(vy1-vy0))*H; | |
| k?ctx.lineTo(X,Y):ctx.moveTo(X,Y); | |
| } | |
| ctx.closePath(); ctx.stroke(); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| ctx.restore(); | |
| } | |
| // peak-density cell | |
| { | |
| const [pj,pi]=M.max_ij[cur]; | |
| const u0=pi/nx, u1=(pi+1)/nx, v0=pj/ny, v1=(pj+1)/ny; | |
| const X0=(u0-vx0)/(vx1-vx0)*W, X1=(u1-vx0)/(vx1-vx0)*W; | |
| const Y0=(1-(v1-vy0)/(vy1-vy0))*H, Y1=(1-(v0-vy0)/(vy1-vy0))*H; | |
| ctx.save(); | |
| ctx.lineJoin='miter'; | |
| const lw=Math.max(2,W*0.0035), pad=lw; // scale with canvas, not device | |
| ctx.strokeStyle='rgba(255,255,255,.95)'; // halo so it reads on dark reds | |
| ctx.lineWidth=lw*1.9; | |
| ctx.strokeRect(X0-pad,Y0-pad,(X1-X0)+pad*2,(Y1-Y0)+pad*2); | |
| ctx.strokeStyle='#FF2D95'; | |
| ctx.lineWidth=lw; | |
| ctx.strokeRect(X0-pad,Y0-pad,(X1-X0)+pad*2,(Y1-Y0)+pad*2); | |
| ctx.restore(); | |
| } | |
| // tornado points | |
| const a=M.point_offsets[cur], b=M.point_offsets[cur+1]; | |
| ctx.fillStyle='rgba(10,12,16,.72)'; | |
| const rad=Math.max(0.85,W*0.0011); | |
| for(let k=a;k<b;k++){ | |
| const u=PTS[k*2]/65535, v=PTS[k*2+1]/65535; | |
| if(u<vx0||u>vx1||v<vy0||v>vy1) continue; | |
| const X=(u-vx0)/(vx1-vx0)*W, Y=(1-(v-vy0)/(vy1-vy0))*H; | |
| ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(X,Y,rad,0,6.2832); ctx.fill(); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| function drawTL(){ | |
| const W=tl.width,H=tl.height,n=M.years.length; | |
| tctx.clearRect(0,0,W,H); | |
| const pad=6*DPR, bw=(W-pad*2)/n, mx=Math.max(...M.annual_max); | |
| for(let i=0;i<n;i++){ | |
| const h=(M.annual_max[i]/mx)*(H-26*DPR); | |
| const x=pad+i*bw; | |
| tctx.fillStyle = i===cur ? '#FF5F05' : (M.years[i]===2026?'#9AA7B8':'#D7DDE4'); | |
| tctx.fillRect(x,H-16*DPR-h,Math.max(1,bw-1*DPR),h); | |
| } | |
| tctx.fillStyle='#13294B'; | |
| tctx.fillRect(pad+cur*bw-1*DPR,0,Math.max(2,bw+1*DPR),H-16*DPR); | |
| tctx.globalAlpha=.14; tctx.fillRect(pad+cur*bw-1*DPR,0,Math.max(2,bw+1*DPR),H-16*DPR); | |
| tctx.globalAlpha=1; | |
| tctx.fillStyle='#8A94A2'; tctx.font=(10.5*DPR)+'px "Source Sans 3",sans-serif'; | |
| for(const y of [1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010,2020]){ | |
| const i=M.years.indexOf(y), x=pad+i*bw+bw/2; | |
| tctx.fillRect(x,H-14*DPR,1*DPR,4*DPR); | |
| tctx.textAlign='center'; tctx.fillText(y,x,H-2*DPR); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| function setYear(i){ | |
| cur=Math.max(0,Math.min(M.years.length-1,i)); | |
| const y=M.years[cur]; | |
| document.getElementById('cy').textContent=y; | |
| document.getElementById('cp').style.display = (y===M.partial_year)?'block':'none'; | |
| document.getElementById('cmax').innerHTML=M.annual_max[cur].toFixed(2)+' <small>per 10,000 km²</small>'; | |
| const est=(M.years[cur]===M.partial_year)?' (est.)':''; | |
| const tw=M.max_towns[cur]||[]; | |
| document.getElementById('ctowns').textContent = tw.length? ('near '+tw.join(' and ')) : ''; | |
| document.getElementById('cwhere').textContent=M.max_lat[cur].toFixed(1)+'°N, '+Math.abs(M.max_lon[cur]).toFixed(1)+'°W'; | |
| document.getElementById('crank').textContent='#'+M.rank[cur]; | |
| document.getElementById('ccount').innerHTML=M.count[cur].toLocaleString()+est+ | |
| ' <small>#'+M.count_rank[cur]+' of 77</small>'; | |
| document.getElementById('cstate').textContent=STATE[M.top_state[cur]]||M.top_state[cur]; | |
| document.getElementById('cstaten').textContent=M.top_state_n[cur].toLocaleString()+' tornadoes'+est; | |
| render(); drawTL(); | |
| } | |
| function bind(){ | |
| const jump=e=>{ | |
| const r=tl.getBoundingClientRect(), pad=6; | |
| const f=(e.clientX-r.left-pad)/(r.width-pad*2); | |
| setYear(Math.round(f*(M.years.length-1))); | |
| }; | |
| let drag=false; | |
| tl.addEventListener('pointerdown',e=>{drag=true;tl.setPointerCapture(e.pointerId);jump(e);stop();}); | |
| tl.addEventListener('pointermove',e=>{if(drag)jump(e);}); | |
| tl.addEventListener('pointerup',()=>drag=false); | |
| addEventListener('keydown',e=>{ | |
| if(e.key==='ArrowRight'||e.key==='ArrowUp'){setYear(cur+1);stop();e.preventDefault();} | |
| if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'||e.key==='ArrowDown'){setYear(cur-1);stop();e.preventDefault();} | |
| if(e.key===' '){toggle();e.preventDefault();} | |
| }); | |
| let acc=0; | |
| wrapWheel(document.querySelector('.mapwrap')); | |
| function wrapWheel(el){ | |
| el.addEventListener('wheel',e=>{ | |
| const dir=e.deltaY>0?1:-1; | |
| const atEnd=(dir>0&&cur>=M.years.length-1)||(dir<0&&cur<=0); | |
| if(atEnd) return; // let the page scroll past the map | |
| acc+=e.deltaY; | |
| if(Math.abs(acc)>38){setYear(cur+(acc>0?1:-1));acc=0;stop();} | |
| e.preventDefault(); | |
| },{passive:false}); | |
| } | |
| document.getElementById('play').addEventListener('click',toggle); | |
| let rt=null; | |
| addEventListener('resize',()=>{clearTimeout(rt);rt=setTimeout(sizeAll,140);}); | |
| // horizontal swipe over the map changes year; vertical is left to the page | |
| const wrap=document.querySelector('.mapwrap'); | |
| let sx=0,sy=0,sc=0,swiping=false; | |
| wrap.addEventListener('pointerdown',e=>{ | |
| if(e.pointerType==='mouse')return; | |
| sx=e.clientX; sy=e.clientY; sc=cur; swiping=false; | |
| }); | |
| wrap.addEventListener('pointermove',e=>{ | |
| if(e.pointerType==='mouse'||!sx)return; | |
| const dx=e.clientX-sx, dy=e.clientY-sy; | |
| if(!swiping && Math.abs(dx)>12 && Math.abs(dx)>Math.abs(dy)*1.4){swiping=true;stop();} | |
| if(swiping){setYear(sc+Math.round(dx/26)); e.preventDefault();} | |
| },{passive:false}); | |
| wrap.addEventListener('pointerup',()=>{sx=0;swiping=false;}); | |
| wrap.addEventListener('pointercancel',()=>{sx=0;swiping=false;}); | |
| } | |
| function toggle(){playing?stop():start();} | |
| function start(){playing=true;document.getElementById('play').innerHTML='❙❙'; | |
| timer=setInterval(()=>{setYear(cur>=M.years.length-1?0:cur+1);},520);} | |
| function stop(){playing=false;document.getElementById('play').innerHTML='▶'; | |
| clearInterval(timer);} | |
| </script> | |
| </body> | |
| </html> | |