"""
Card boundary detection and perspective transformation

Detects Pokemon card boundaries in images and extracts the card
using perspective transformation.
"""

import cv2
import numpy as np
from typing import Optional, Tuple
from ..utils.logger import get_logger

logger = get_logger(__name__)

# Shared detector parameters for Pokemon card boundary checks.
# Used by both pre-DL validation layers and DL preprocessing to keep behavior aligned.
POKEMON_CARD_DETECTION_CONFIG = {
    "min_area_ratio": 0.001,
    "max_area_ratio": 0.999,
    "aspect_ratio_range": (0.65, 0.78),
    "solidity_threshold": 0.60,
    "fill_ratio_threshold": 0.40,
}


def detect_card_boundary_strict(
    image: np.ndarray,
    debug: bool = False,
    min_area_ratio: float = 0.05,
    max_area_ratio: float = 0.95,
    aspect_ratio_range: Tuple[float, float] = (0.55, 0.90),
    solidity_threshold: float = 0.90,
    fill_ratio_threshold: float = 0.75,
    max_contours: int = 10,
) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
    """
    Detect card boundary and return corner points if a plausible card is found.

    This is a stricter variant of :func:`detect_card_boundary` that returns
    ``None`` when no valid card boundary is detected (instead of returning
    fallback corners).

    Args:
        image: Input image (BGR format from cv2.imread)
        debug: If True, log intermediate steps
        min_area_ratio: Minimum candidate contour area as fraction of image area
        max_area_ratio: Maximum candidate contour area as fraction of image area
        aspect_ratio_range: Acceptable range for min(width, height)/max(width, height)
        solidity_threshold: Minimum contour solidity (area/convex_hull_area)
        fill_ratio_threshold: Minimum contour-to-quad area ratio (area/quad_area)
        max_contours: Number of largest contours to evaluate

    Returns:
        Array of 4 corner points [[x1,y1], [x2,y2], [x3,y3], [x4,y4]]
        or None if no plausible card detected
    """
    if image is None or image.size == 0:
        logger.warning("Empty or None image provided")
        return None

    height, width = image.shape[:2]
    if height <= 0 or width <= 0:
        return None

    # Downscale for faster/more stable contour detection.
    max_dim = 800
    scale = 1.0
    work_image = image
    if max(height, width) > max_dim:
        scale = max_dim / float(max(height, width))
        new_w = max(1, int(width * scale))
        new_h = max(1, int(height * scale))
        work_image = cv2.resize(image, (new_w, new_h), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)

    image_area = float(work_image.shape[0] * work_image.shape[1])
    if image_area <= 0:
        return None

    # Convert to grayscale
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(work_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    # Blur + edge detect (document-scanner style)
    blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray, (5, 5), 0)
    edges = cv2.Canny(blurred, 20, 80)

    # Close gaps in edges to form cleaner contours
    kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (5, 5))
    edges = cv2.morphologyEx(edges, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel, iterations=2)

    # Find contours (external only to avoid nested shapes)
    contours, _ = cv2.findContours(edges, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)

    if not contours:
        if debug:
            logger.debug("No contours found in image (strict)")
        return None

    # Sort contours by area (largest first)
    contours = sorted(contours, key=cv2.contourArea, reverse=True)[:max_contours]

    best_corners: Optional[np.ndarray] = None
    best_score = -1.0

    for contour in contours:
        contour_area = float(cv2.contourArea(contour))
        if contour_area <= 0:
            continue

        area_ratio = contour_area / image_area
        if area_ratio < min_area_ratio or area_ratio > max_area_ratio:
            continue

        hull = cv2.convexHull(contour)
        hull_area = float(cv2.contourArea(hull))
        solidity = (contour_area / hull_area) if hull_area > 0 else 0.0
        if solidity < solidity_threshold:
            continue

        peri = cv2.arcLength(contour, True)
        corners: Optional[np.ndarray] = None

        # Try multiple approximation epsilons to be robust to noise/perspective
        for epsilon_multiplier in (0.02, 0.015, 0.03):
            approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(contour, epsilon_multiplier * peri, True)
            if len(approx) == 4 and cv2.isContourConvex(approx):
                corners = approx.reshape(4, 2).astype(np.float32)
                break

        if corners is None:
            # Fallback: fit minimum-area rotated rectangle
            rect = cv2.minAreaRect(contour)
            corners = cv2.boxPoints(rect).astype(np.float32)

        if not validate_card_detection(
            work_image,
            corners,
            min_area_ratio=min_area_ratio,
            max_area_ratio=max_area_ratio,
            aspect_ratio_range=aspect_ratio_range,
        ):
            continue

        quad_area = float(cv2.contourArea(corners))
        if quad_area <= 0:
            continue

        fill_ratio = contour_area / quad_area
        if fill_ratio < fill_ratio_threshold:
            continue

        # Prefer larger, more rectangular candidates.
        score = fill_ratio * area_ratio
        if score > best_score:
            best_score = score
            best_corners = corners

    if debug:
        if best_corners is None:
            logger.debug("Strict detection: no plausible card found")
        else:
            logger.debug(f"Strict detection: best score={best_score:.3f}")

    if best_corners is None:
        return None

    # Scale corners back to original image coordinates
    if scale != 1.0:
        best_corners = (best_corners / scale).astype(np.float32)

    return best_corners


def detect_skin_mask(image: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
    """Return a dilated binary mask of skin-coloured pixels using YCrCb thresholding."""
    ycrcb = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2YCrCb)
    mask = cv2.inRange(ycrcb,
                       np.array([0,   133,  77]),
                       np.array([255, 173, 127]))
    kernel = np.ones((15, 15), np.uint8)
    return cv2.dilate(mask, kernel, iterations=2)


def detect_card_boundary_with_hand(image: np.ndarray, **kwargs) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
    """Strict detection first; if that fails, retry with skin pixels neutralised to grey.

    For hand-held cards the fingers/skin tones (and warm-background surfaces that share
    YCrCb values with skin) confuse Canny edge detection.  Three-tier strategy:

    Tier 1 — normal strict path (flat card on table: always succeeds here).
    Tier 2 — skin removal + same strict params.
    Tier 3 — skin removal + relaxed params (hand distorts the bounding contour AR).

    Tiers 2-3 are only entered when a non-zero skin mask is found, so flat-card
    images where no skin is present always exit at Tier 1 or return None.

    Args:
        image: Input image (BGR format).
        **kwargs: Forwarded to :func:`detect_card_boundary_strict` for Tiers 1 & 2.
                  Tier 3 overrides aspect_ratio_range, solidity_threshold, and
                  fill_ratio_threshold with hand-tolerant values.

    Returns:
        Array of 4 corner points or None if no card found after all tiers.
    """
    # Tier 1: normal strict path
    corners = detect_card_boundary_strict(image, **kwargs)
    if corners is not None:
        return corners  # Flat-card path unchanged

    skin_mask = detect_skin_mask(image)
    if skin_mask.sum() == 0:
        return None  # No skin present; detection simply failed

    masked = image.copy()
    masked[skin_mask > 0] = [128, 128, 128]  # Neutral grey removes skin/background edges

    # Tier 2: skin removal + caller's strict params
    corners = detect_card_boundary_strict(masked, **kwargs)
    if corners is not None:
        return corners

    # Tier 3: skin removal + relaxed params
    # Holding the card in hand makes the detected bounding contour wider/shorter than
    # the bare card, pushing AR below 0.65.  Relax all three geometry thresholds.
    relaxed = dict(kwargs)
    relaxed['aspect_ratio_range'] = (0.40, 0.95)
    relaxed['solidity_threshold'] = 0.40
    relaxed['fill_ratio_threshold'] = 0.20
    return detect_card_boundary_strict(masked, **relaxed)


def detect_card_boundary(
    image: np.ndarray,
    debug: bool = False,
    aspect_ratio_range: Tuple[float, float] = (0.50, 0.90),
) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
    """
    Detect card boundary and return corner points

    Uses edge detection and contour analysis to find the rectangular
    card boundary in the image.  Only accepts 4-point contours whose
    bounding-box aspect ratio (min/max side) falls within
    ``aspect_ratio_range``, so that clearly non-card-shaped contours
    (e.g. wide background rectangles) are skipped.  Falls back to
    ``_fallback_corners()`` when no valid contour is found.

    Args:
        image: Input image (BGR format from cv2.imread)
        debug: If True, log intermediate steps
        aspect_ratio_range: Acceptable (min, max) for min(w,h)/max(w,h).
            Default (0.50, 0.90) accepts Sample-1's AR≈0.589 while
            rejecting Sample-6's bad background contour AR≈0.377.

    Returns:
        Array of 4 corner points [[x1,y1], [x2,y2], [x3,y3], [x4,y4]]
        or None if no card detected
    """
    if image is None or image.size == 0:
        logger.warning("Empty or None image provided")
        return None

    # Convert to grayscale
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    # Apply bilateral filter to reduce noise while keeping edges sharp
    blurred = cv2.bilateralFilter(gray, 11, 17, 17)

    # Apply Canny edge detection
    edges = cv2.Canny(blurred, 30, 200)

    # Find contours
    contours, _ = cv2.findContours(edges, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)

    if not contours:
        logger.warning("No contours found in image")
        return _fallback_corners(image)

    # Sort contours by area (largest first)
    contours = sorted(contours, key=cv2.contourArea, reverse=True)[:10]

    card_contour = None

    # Find the contour that approximates to 4 points AND has a card-like AR
    for contour in contours:
        peri = cv2.arcLength(contour, True)
        approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(contour, 0.02 * peri, True)

        if len(approx) == 4:
            pts = approx.reshape(4, 2).astype(np.float32)
            xs, ys = pts[:, 0], pts[:, 1]
            bw = float(xs.max() - xs.min())
            bh = float(ys.max() - ys.min())
            if bw > 0 and bh > 0:
                ar = min(bw, bh) / max(bw, bh)
                if aspect_ratio_range[0] <= ar <= aspect_ratio_range[1]:
                    card_contour = approx
                    if debug:
                        logger.debug(f"Accepted contour AR={ar:.3f}")
                    break
                else:
                    if debug:
                        logger.debug(f"Skipped contour AR={ar:.3f} (outside {aspect_ratio_range})")

    if card_contour is None:
        logger.warning("No rectangular contour found, using fallback")
        return _fallback_corners(image)

    # Reshape to (4, 2) array
    corners = card_contour.reshape(4, 2).astype(np.float32)

    if debug:
        logger.debug(f"Detected card corners: {corners}")

    return corners


def _fallback_corners(image: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
    """
    Return corners for entire image when card detection fails

    Args:
        image: Input image

    Returns:
        Corners representing the full image bounds
    """
    height, width = image.shape[:2]

    # Return corners with small margin (5% on each side)
    margin = 0.05
    corners = np.array([
        [width * margin, height * margin],
        [width * (1 - margin), height * margin],
        [width * (1 - margin), height * (1 - margin)],
        [width * margin, height * (1 - margin)]
    ], dtype=np.float32)

    logger.debug("Using fallback corners (full image)")
    return corners


def crop_to_card(
    image: np.ndarray,
    corners: np.ndarray,
    target_width: int = 714,
    target_height: int = 1000
) -> np.ndarray:
    """
    Apply perspective transform to extract card

    Takes an image and 4 corner points, then applies a perspective
    transformation to create a rectangular view of the card.

    Pokemon cards have 2.5" × 3.5" dimensions (aspect ratio ~0.714).
    Default output size maintains this ratio.

    Args:
        image: Input image (BGR format)
        corners: 4 corner points of the card [[x1,y1], [x2,y2], [x3,y3], [x4,y4]]
        target_width: Output width in pixels (default: 714)
        target_height: Output height in pixels (default: 1000)

    Returns:
        Perspective-corrected card image
    """
    if corners is None or len(corners) != 4:
        logger.error(f"Invalid corners provided: {corners}")
        return image

    # Order corners: top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left
    ordered_corners = _order_points(corners)

    # Define destination points for perspective transform
    dst_points = np.array([
        [0, 0],
        [target_width - 1, 0],
        [target_width - 1, target_height - 1],
        [0, target_height - 1]
    ], dtype=np.float32)

    # Calculate perspective transform matrix
    matrix = cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(ordered_corners, dst_points)

    # Apply perspective transformation
    warped = cv2.warpPerspective(image, matrix, (target_width, target_height))

    logger.debug(f"Cropped card to {target_width}×{target_height}")

    return warped


def _order_points(pts: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
    """
    Order points in clockwise order starting from top-left

    Args:
        pts: 4 corner points in any order

    Returns:
        Ordered points: [top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left]
    """
    # Initialize ordered points
    rect = np.zeros((4, 2), dtype=np.float32)

    # Sum and diff of coordinates
    s = pts.sum(axis=1)
    diff = np.diff(pts, axis=1)

    # Top-left point will have smallest sum
    rect[0] = pts[np.argmin(s)]

    # Bottom-right point will have largest sum
    rect[2] = pts[np.argmax(s)]

    # Top-right point will have smallest difference (y - x)
    rect[1] = pts[np.argmin(diff)]

    # Bottom-left point will have largest difference
    rect[3] = pts[np.argmax(diff)]

    return rect


def get_card_region_mask(image: np.ndarray, corners: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
    """
    Create a binary mask of the card region

    Args:
        image: Input image
        corners: 4 corner points of the card

    Returns:
        Binary mask (255 inside card, 0 outside)
    """
    mask = np.zeros(image.shape[:2], dtype=np.uint8)

    # Fill polygon defined by corners
    corners_int = corners.astype(np.int32)
    cv2.fillPoly(mask, [corners_int], 255)

    return mask


def validate_card_detection(
    image: np.ndarray,
    corners: np.ndarray,
    min_area_ratio: float = 0.3,
    max_area_ratio: float = 0.95,
    aspect_ratio_range: Tuple[float, float] = (0.55, 0.90),
) -> bool:
    """
    Validate that detected corners represent a reasonable card region

    Args:
        image: Input image
        corners: Detected corner points
        min_area_ratio: Minimum card area as fraction of image (default: 0.3)
        max_area_ratio: Maximum card area as fraction of image (default: 0.95)

    Returns:
        True if detection seems valid, False otherwise
    """
    if corners is None or len(corners) != 4:
        return False

    # Calculate area of detected region
    card_area = cv2.contourArea(corners)

    # Calculate image area
    image_area = image.shape[0] * image.shape[1]

    # Check area ratio
    area_ratio = card_area / image_area

    if not (min_area_ratio <= area_ratio <= max_area_ratio):
        logger.warning(f"Card area ratio {area_ratio:.2f} outside valid range")
        return False

    # Check if corners form a roughly rectangular shape
    ordered = _order_points(corners)

    # Calculate side lengths
    side1 = np.linalg.norm(ordered[1] - ordered[0])
    side2 = np.linalg.norm(ordered[2] - ordered[1])
    side3 = np.linalg.norm(ordered[3] - ordered[2])
    side4 = np.linalg.norm(ordered[0] - ordered[3])

    # Check if opposite sides are similar length (±30%)
    horizontal_ratio = min(side1, side3) / max(side1, side3) if max(side1, side3) > 0 else 0
    vertical_ratio = min(side2, side4) / max(side2, side4) if max(side2, side4) > 0 else 0

    if horizontal_ratio < 0.7 or vertical_ratio < 0.7:
        logger.warning("Detected shape is not rectangular enough")
        return False

    # Check expected card aspect ratio (orientation-invariant)
    width_a = np.linalg.norm(ordered[2] - ordered[3])
    width_b = np.linalg.norm(ordered[1] - ordered[0])
    height_a = np.linalg.norm(ordered[1] - ordered[2])
    height_b = np.linalg.norm(ordered[0] - ordered[3])

    width = max(width_a, width_b)
    height = max(height_a, height_b)

    if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
        logger.warning("Invalid dimensions computed for detected corners")
        return False

    ratio = min(width, height) / max(width, height)
    if not (aspect_ratio_range[0] <= ratio <= aspect_ratio_range[1]):
        logger.warning(f"Detected aspect ratio {ratio:.2f} outside valid range")
        return False

    return True