title,authors,year_of_publication,publication_type,abstract,intervention,intervention_description,outcome,outcome_description,primary_theme,sub_primary_theme,sector_name,primary_dac_code,evaluation_design,evaluation_method,method_eval,record_type,pse_strategy_multi_select_separate_values_with_single_vertical_bar,intervention_category,outcome_categories_assigned,country,region,income_level,fcv_status,equity_focus,equity_dimension,implementation_agencies,program_funding_agency,population_description,unit_of_observation,keywords,other_topics,un_sustainable_development_goal,overall_how_much_confidence_do_you_have_in_the_methods_used_to_analyse_the_findings_relative_to_the_primary_question_addressed_in_the_review,url_link,interv_PSE,outc_PSE,gpi_rank,review_type,sr_reliability,sr_confidence_analysis,sr_confidence_inclusion,sr_quality_criteria,sr_inclusion_criteria,sr_comprehensive_search,sr_selection_bias,sr_independent_screening,sr_qualitative_method,sr_quantitative_method,sr_n_studies,direction_of_effect,significance_of_effect,sr_independent_rob,sr_data_extraction,sr_language_bias,sr_grey_literature,sr_databases_searched
Can a Public Scholarship Program Successfully Reduce School Drop-Outs in a Time of Economic Crisis? Evidence from Indonesia,"Cameron, Lisa",2009.0,Journal article,"This paper evaluates the role played by Indonesia's Social Safety Net Scholarships Program in reducing school drop-out rates during the Asian financial crisis. The expectation was that many families would find it difficult to keep their children in school and drop-out rates would be high. The scholarships are found to have been effective in reducing drop-outs at the level of schooling at which students were historically most at the risk of dropping out—lower secondary school. At this level drop-outs were reduced by about 3.0% points (or 38%) and costs were recovered. Given its success, the program can be viewed as a model to be followed by other countries that find themselves in a similar situation of crisis. How well the program adhered to its documented targeting design and how effective this design was in reaching the poor is also examined.",Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs),"Students in primary, lower, and upper secondary classes received financial assistance to continue their education. ""The scholarships were awarded at the start of the 1998/99 school year. All currently enrolled students were eligible. The funds were disbursed three times a year with cash being paid to students through government post offices. Students had to remain enrolled in order to receive each subsequent payment...Scholarships were first allocated to schools so that “poorer” schools received proportionally more scholarships. (pg 309-310)""",Drop-out rate from educational establishments,"Primary school drop-out, Results in Table 3, p. 315
Secondary school drop-out, Results in Table 3, p. 315",Human development and gender,Access to education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Indonesia,East Asia and Pacific,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,"The scholarships were targeted at school-age children at primary and secondary levels, focusing on those most at risk of dropping out, particularly at the lower secondary level. The study was conducted in rural areas, deliberately sampling villages that are mostly poor and rural. Scholarships were to be allocated to children from households in the two lowest BKKBN rankings first."" ""The probability of a household receiving a scholarship decreases as household per capita expenditure rises",Individual,Program Evaluation | Scholarships | Education Policy,Cash transfers,Quality Education,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027277570900003X,Payments by results,Education,49.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control,Not statistically significant,,,,,
Impact Of Microfinance On Rural Households In The Philippines,"Kondo, Toshio | Orbeta, Aniceto | Dingcong, Clearance | Infantado, Christine",2008.0,Published working paper,No abstract,Access to microcredit,"This paper reports on the impact evaluation study of the Rural Microenterprise Finance Project (RMFP) in the Philippines. RMFP aimed to support efforts of the Government of the Philippines to strengthen rural financial institutions by assisting organizations that employed the Grameen Bank Approach (GBA) in providing credit to the poor. The objective of the project was to reduce poverty, create employment opportunities, and enhance the incomes of the poorest of the rural poor (the ultra poor)—the bottom 30% of the rural population as measured by income. Rural banks, cooperative rural banks, cooperatives, thrift banks and non-government organizations (NGOs) participated in the nationwide implementation of the project, which ended in December 2002 - The treatment barangays are those where the GBA Replicators program, particularly lending, have been going on for some time. - p1 | Control: The comparison barangays, on the other hand, are expansion areas where program clients have been identified and organized into groups but no loans have yet been released to them. In both the treatment and comparison barangays an equivalent number of qualified but non-participating households were also interviewed. - p1",Individual economic well-being | Household expenditure on food | Access to credit | Savings account | Total savings | Employment status | Sector growth,"Table 7: Impact on per capita income, expenditures, savings, food (p11) | Table 8: Non-GBA loans ( p12) | Table 10: Saving accounts in program and other MFIs (p13) | Table 11: Impact on savings in program and other MFIs (p14) | Table 13: Impact on enterprises and employment",Finance,Financial sector oversight and policy/banking,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Philippines,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Households,Household,Microenterprise | Microfinance | Employment | Enhance Income,Microfinance,No Poverty | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2008.tb00432.x,Direct financing of private sector actors,"Income|Employment|Education|Food security, health, and nutrition",105.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,10% level (*) | 1% level (***),,,,,
The Impact Of Training Policies In Latin America And The Caribbean: The Case Of Programa Joven,"Aedo, Cristian | Nunez, Sergio",2004.0,Published working paper,"This paper evaluates Programa Joven, a training program conducted by Argentina's Ministerio del Trabajo. The paper adapts and applies a non-experimental evaluation methodology to answer the following questions: (1) Did Programa Joven increase the labor income of the trainees? (2) Did Programa Joven increase the probability of employment? (3) What was the rate of return to dollars spent on Programa Joven? The basic methodology used was the Matching Estimators approach. The application of this methodology requires two steps: first, the estimation of a model of program participation (propensity scores), and second, conditional upon the estimated propensity scores, the use of matching estimators to calculate the impact of the program. Three different information sources permitted the analysis of an additional question: how sensitive are program impact estimates to different propensity score specifications? The paper hypothesizes that impact estimates are in fact sensitive to different propensity score specifications. Additionally, the paper reports and compares the propensity scores estimated from each of these data sources, and then estimates the program impact on earnings and employment based upon these propensity scores. Finally, the authors carry out a cost-benefit analysis of Programa Joven based upon cost information and program impact estimates (benefits).","Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) | School supplies transfers (textbooks, uniforms, etc.) | Transportation allowance","The target population of the program was young people from poor households, with a low education level, no working experience, and who were unemployed, underemployed or inactive. To qualify for Programa Joven, an applicant must have been at least 16 years of age, completed no more than secondary school, been a member of a household considered poor, and not been a participant in the labor market.3 The program provided the following benefits: an average of 200 hours of training, transportation expenses, a subsidy for females with young children, medical checkups, books, material and work clothing.
The duration of the training program varied from 14 to 20 weeks. The training was intensive and divided into two main activities: Technical Knowledge Phase, lasting between 6 to 12 weeks, in which the beneficiaries were taught knowledge and technical skills for a particular occupation, and Internships Phase, lasting eight weeks, in which the beneficiaries complemented their technical knowledge with work in the fields in which they received training. (pg 6-7)",Individual economic well-being | Employment type,,Social development and protection,Social protection delivery systems,Social protection,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Argentina,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,"“The target population of the program was young people from poor households, with a low education level, no working experience, and who were unemployed, underemployed or inactive.” (p. 6)",Individual,Youth Training Program | Youth Unemployment | Labor Market | Labor Outcomes,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/10718/impact-training-policies-latin-america-and-caribbean-case-programa-joven,Technical and vocational training,Income|Employment,46.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Indeterminate | Favours control,"Significant, but not reported | Not statistically significant | 1% level (***) | Indeterminate",,,,,
The Use And Misuse Of Computers In Education: Evidence From A Randomized Experiment In Colombia,"Barrera-Osorio, Felipe | Linden, Leigh",2009.0,Published working paper,"This paper presents the evaluation of the program Computers for Education. The program aims to integrate computers, donated by the private sector, into the teaching of language in public schools. The authors conduct a two-year randomized evaluation of the program using a sample of 97 schools and 5,201 children. Overall, the program seems to have had little effect on students' test scores and other outcomes. These results are consistent across grade levels, subjects, and gender. The main reason for these results seems to be the failure to incorporate the computers into the educational process. Although the program increased the number of computers in the treatment schools and provided training to the teachers on how to use the computers in their classrooms, surveys of both teachers and students suggest that teachers did not incorporate the computers into their curriculum.",Computers in the classroom | Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) | Continuing education for educators,"The program creates a partnership between schools and a local university. For our study, schools were paired with the Universidad de Antioquia. The university then designs a pedagogical strategy for the school and participates in the implementation of a 20 months training component directly in the schools for teachers. The start of the training coincides with the school’s receipt of a set of refurbished computers. The initial phase of the training is provided by CPE program directly and lasts for 8 months and covers computers installation and adaptation of classroom techniques, which includes preparation of the rooms where the computers are installed and classroom management strategies. This phase also includes a first step towards the active use of computers in education through teachers’ workshops. (pg 6-7) The objective of this second phase is to train teachers and coordinators on the relationship between technology and learning. Among the objectives are: (i) support the education of the children in basic areas (language, math, natural and social sciences) by integrating the use of ITCs with pedagogic projects and activities, and (ii) encourage collaborative learning, creativity, and improve teachers’ and students’ confidence in the use of technology by integrating ITCs to their pedagogic processes (CPE, 2008). (pg 7.",Composite test scores | Overall student attendance | Student attitudes towards school | Student ability | Index of student behaviour and attitudes | Total work time | Computers use in education,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Schools and pupils,Individual,Computer Training | School Program,Not applicable,Quality Education,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/346301468022433230/The-use-and-misuse-of-computers-in-education-evidence-from-a-randomized-experiment-in-Colombia,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Education,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment | Indeterminate,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**) | 1% level (***),,,,,
Water For Life: The Impact Of The Privatization Of Water Services On Child Mortality,"Galiani, Sebastian | Gertler, Paul | Schargrodsky, Ernesto",2005.0,Journal article,"While most countries are committed to increasing access to safe water and thereby reducing child mortality, there is little consensus on how to actually improve water services. One important proposal under discussion is whether to privatize water provision. In the 1990s Ar- gentina embarked on one of the largest privatization campaigns in the world, including the privatization of local water companies cov- ering approximately 30 percent of the country's municipalities. Using the variation in ownership of water provision across time and space generated by the privatization process, we find that child mortality fell 8 percent in the areas that privatized their water services and that the effect was largest (26 percent) in the poorest areas. We check the robustness of these estimates using cause-specific mortality. While pri- vatization is associated with significant reductions in deaths from in- fectious and parasitic diseases, it is uncorrelated with deaths from causes unrelated to water conditions.",Privatisation of government owned assets,"Argentina implemented one of the most ambitious privatization programs in the world. The privatized SOEs were mainly large natural monopolies in sectors such as electricity, oil and natural gas,telecom- munications, transportation, mail service, and water systems - p90",Infant mortality | Access to water,,Private sector development,Regulation and competition policy,"Water, sanitation, and waste management",Water and sanitation,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Argentina,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,The activity was geared towards reducing child mortality of children,Individual,Water | Privatisation | Water Services | Child Mortality,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Clean Water and Sanitation,,https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/426041,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",46.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 1% level (***),,,,,
Improving Maternal And Child Health In India: Evaluating Demand And Supply Strategies,"Mohanan, Manoj | Miller, Grant | Forgia, Gerard La | Shekhar, Swapnil | Singh, Kultar",2016.0,3ie series report,"Summary: Over the past decade, the central government and various state governments in India introduced a range of programs aimed at improving maternal health indicators. A central feature of several of the new programs was to encourage pregnant women to deliver their babies in designated medical facilities rather than at home. As governments in Indian states like Gujarat and Karnataka developed programs to engage with private sector providers to enable pregnant mothers from BPL households to receive free maternity care, there was an urgent need to evaluate these government programs. There was also a critical need for robust empirical evidence to inform policy makers on how to structure contracts with private providers, offering them incentives to improve quality and health outcomes. The IMATCHINE project was developed in response to these policy challenges to evaluate the Chiranjeevi Yojana (CY) in Gujarat and the Thayi Bhagya Yojana (TBY) in Karnataka. The aim of the project was to study the differential impact of incentive contracts based on quality of care ('inputs') or on favourable health outcomes ('outputs'), provider behaviour, and maternal and infant health outcomes. The project generated a set of policy-relevant findings about the impact of the program and the experiment on incentives. The CY program had no significant effect on institutional delivery rates or maternal health outcomes. Further, it did not reduce out-of-pocket expenditures significantly between 2005 and 2010. Previous evaluations that had reported large impacts of the program leading to upward biases in estimates, had not accounted for self-selection by women into hospitals for delivery, or for secular increases in institutional delivery over time. Using data on introduction and variation in intensity of implementation of the TBY program over time, we found that the program did not have any significant effect on the overall rates of institutional deliveries, or on maternal and child health outcomes. Intensive program implementation led to small reductions in expenditures (INR200) and a 3.5 percentage-point increase in deliveries at private facilities. Comparing provider perceptions across varying program-intensity districts, there was no evidence that private providers had a clear understanding of the TBY program or how to best leverage it for their patients. In the incentive experiment, input-incentive contracts reduced rates of post-partum haemorrhage, a leading cause of maternal mortality in India, by 28 per cent, while there was no change caused by output incentives. Part of the explanation appears to be that providers responded less to performance contracts which held a greater risk of their effort not being rewarded. Jointly, the project findings pointed to factors such as low quality, and providers' motivation and incentives limiting the potential impact of public sector initiatives seeking to extend healthcare availability and utilization. It is critical to encourage providers to improve outcomes and develop more efficient monitoring mechanisms in large-scale programs. Innovative quality improvement strategies like providing real- time feedback to maternity providers about outcomes in the context of contracting need to be developed through further piloting and evaluation.",Contracting out health services | Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) | Maternal and infant nutrition care | Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) | Contracting out health services | Maternal and infant nutrition care | Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) | Contracting out health services,"The objective of the CY program is to promote institutional deliveries among women in BPL households, especially in the rural areas of Gujarat. In 2006, the government introduced the CY program in response to the acute unavailability of trained obstetricians in public sector facilities in rural areas. The policy aimed at leveraging the presence of a large and vibrant private sector in healthcare across the state by contracting with a large number of private sector providers. The latter would agree to provide free maternity facilities to BPL women in exchange for INR 1,600 reimbursement per delivery. The program was launched in early 2006 in five northern districts, and scaled out to the rest of the state by the end of 2007. By 2012, over 800 private sector hospitals became participants and the program helped pay for more than 800,000 deliveries. The objective of the evaluation was to assess the impact of the CYprogram on institutional delivery rates as well as health, costs of delivery and other socio-economic outcomes. (See pages: 3-4) | The Thayi Bhagya Yojana (TBY), in Karnataka is a multi-component programme comprising four components: (1) Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY); (2) Prasooti Araike; (3) Madilu kits, and (4) Thayi Bhagya Yojana (TBY). The Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a NRHM-funded national safe motherhood program. It aims at encouraging institutional deliveries primarily in the public sector through financial incentives provided for the first two births for all BPL mothers in the state. Prasooti Araike is a program that provides cash assistance (INR 2,000) to enable pregnant mothers to consume a more nutritious diet and increase the number of ANC visits. The program provides INR 1,000 to mothers at their second and third trimester ANC visits. The Madilu kits provided to BPL mothers who deliver in public health centres aim to increase institutional delivery rates and include 19 items, including a mosquito net, blanket, sanitary pads and bed sheets. The last component of the program, the Thayi Bhagya Yojana (TBY), which is the central focus of this evaluation, is similar to the CY in Gujarat. The state contracted with private sector providers in the six ‘C’ category districts of Gulbarga, Bidar, Raichur, Koppal, Bijapur and Bagalkot, and the district of Chamarajanagar to provide free obstetric care services to BPL mothers in these areas. One major difference relative to CY was that the TBY program paid INR 3,000 in reimbursement for each delivery, compared to INR 1,600 in CY. In addition, in March 2010, the state also announced that the TBY Plus program across all the districts in Karnataka would provide a cash incentive of INR 1,000 for women who were SC/ST and BPL, and above 19 years of age, for their first two live deliveries in private hospitals. (See page: 7) | Output-based contracts that rewarded lower rates of post-partum haemorrhage, pre-eclampsia, sepsis and neonatal mortality; (See page: 15) In order to provide rigorous empirical evidence on the question of whether supply-side incentives (pay-for-performance) structured as input-based contracts or output-contingent contracts yield better performance from providers, we conducted a randomised study among private obstetric care providers in rural Karnataka. The randomised experiment consisted of two orthogonal treatment arms and a control arm. (See page: 15) | Input-based contracts that rewarded better provision of healthcare inputs based on WHO guidelines for obstetric care; (See page: 15) In order to provide rigorous empirical evidence on the question of whether supply-side incentives (pay-for-performance) structured as input-based contracts or output-contingent contracts yield better performance from providers, we conducted a randomised study among private obstetric care providers in rural Karnataka. The randomised experiment consisted of two orthogonal treatment arms and a control arm. (See page: 15) | Control contracts that provided the same information on best practices as other arms, but with no financial incentives. The contracts were structured such that providers had the potential to earn approximately INR 150,000 (about US$ 2,700 at the time of the contract, equivalent to more than 15 per cent of a mid-level government doctor’s salary and more than double the state per capita income), to be paid at the end of the intervention period (approximately 1 year). (See page: 15)",Live birth at healthcare facility | Use of modern birth attendants | Other maternal health | Other child health | Antenatal care | Post-partum care | Out of pocket expenditure for health | Caesarean delivery | Government health expenditure | Breastfeeding | Neonatal mortality,,Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Women who are from low income settings (BPL) and rural areas (Page 7),Household,Maternal Health | Demand And Supply | Child Health | Private Sector | Pregnant Mother,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/impact-evaluations/improving-maternal-and-child-health-india-evaluating,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control | Indeterminate,Not reported | Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 10% level (*),,,,,
Graduation From Ultra Poverty In Ghana,"Banerjee, Abhijit | Karlan, Dean | Osei, Robert | Thuysbaert, Bram | Udry, Christopher",2017.0,3ie grantee final report,"Executive Summary - More than one fifth of the world's population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. While many credit and training programs have not been successful at raising income levels for these ultra-poor households, recent support for livelihoods programs has spurred interest in evaluating whether comprehensive “big push” interventions may allow for a sustainable transition to self-employment and a higher standard of living. To test this theory, in six countries researchers evaluated a multi-faceted approach aimed at “graduating” the ultra-poor from poverty. They found that the approach had long-lasting economic and self-employment impacts and that the long-run benefits, measured in terms of household expenditures, outweighed their up-front costs. Here we summarize the Ghana site, which had similar effects as the other successful sites. Policy Issue: More than one fifth of the world's population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Many of these families depend on insecure and fragile livelihoods, including casual farm and domestic labor. Their income is frequently irregular or seasonal, putting laborers and their families at risk of hunger. Self-employment is often the only viable alternative to menial labor for the ultra-poor, yet many lack the necessary cash or skills to start a business that could earn more than casual labor. In the past, many programs that have provided ultra-poor households with either credit or training to alleviate these constraints have not been successful at raising household income levels on average. However, in recent years, several international and local nongovernmental organizations have renewed their support for programs that foster a transition to more secure livelihoods. Combining complementary approaches—the transfer of a productive asset, training, consumption support, and coaching— into one comprehensive program may help spur a sustainable transition to self-employment. To better understand the effect of these programs on the lives of the ultra-poor, researchers conducted six randomized evaluations in Ethiopia, Ghana, Honduras, India, Pakistan, and Peru. Context of the Evaluation: In Ghana, researchers partnered with implementing organizations Innovations for Poverty Action and Presbyterian Agricultural Services (PAS). The study took place in in the Northern and Upper East regions of Ghana, a region that is disproportionately poorer than the coastal south. Fifty-three percent of households in the study were living on US$1.25 a day or less when the study began, compared to 29 percent in Ghana as a whole. To select the poorest members of the communities, the project team conducted a Participatory Wealth Ranking, in which villagers collectively ranked households according to their wealth during a community meeting. PAS conducted a short survey afterwards to verify the results of the ranking. Details of the Intervention: Researchers conducted a randomized evaluation to test the impact of a two-year comprehensive livelihoods program (“the Graduation approach”) on the lives of the ultra-poor in northern Ghana. The approach was first developed by the Bangladeshi NGO BRAC in 2002 and has since been replicated in several countries. The Graduation program consisted of six complementary components, each designed to address specific constraints facing ultra-poor households. In Ghana, researchers first randomly assigned villages composed of a total of 2,606 households, to one of two groups. One group served as a pure comparison group and was not offered the program. In the other group, 666 households were randomly assigned to receive the program. The other half of the households in that group did not receive the program, and served as a sub-comparison group to measure “spillover” effects on non-participating households living nearby. The program consisted of six complementary components, each designed to address specific constraints facing ultra-poor households: 1. Productive asset transfer: One-time transfer of a productive asset valued at GHS 300 (2014 PPP US$451). Forty-four percent of participants chose goats and hens, roughly a quarter picked goats and maize inputs, and small number picked shea nuts and hens (6 percent). 2. Technical skills training: Training on running a business and managing their chosen livelihood. For example, households who selected livestock were taught how to rear the livestock, including vaccinations, feed and treatment of diseases. 3. Consumption support: During the lean season (14 out of 24 months), households received weekly cash transfers of GHS 4-6 (2014 PPP US$6.02- 9.03), depending on household size. 4. Health: Households were enrolled in the National Health Insurance Scheme and received health and nutrition education. 5. Savings account: Half of the Graduation households received savings accounts through the Savings Out of Ultra Poverty (SOUP) program, also implemented by PAS. When PAS staff made their weekly visits, they collected deposits and households logged deposits. 6. Households visits: Weekly visits by PAS staff to provide to provide accountability, coaching, and encouragement. In order to test the relative effectiveness of the savings and asset transfer component, the researchers also randomly assigned a portion of households (733 households) to only receive the SOUP program, while another portion (329 households) only received the asset transfer component of the program. Half of those in the SOUP program (362 households) received a 50 percent match on their savings to test the impact of incentives to save. Researchers conducted the first endline survey immediately after the two-year program ended, as well as a second endline survey around one year later. Results and Policy Lessons: Note: Results forthcoming from the relative effectiveness of the savings component (with and without incentives) and an asset transfer-only treatment. Across all six countries, researchers found that the program caused broad and lasting economic impacts. Treatment group households consumed more, had more assets, and increased savings. The program also increased basic entrepreneurial activities, which enabled the poor to work more evenly across the year. While psychosocial well-being improved, these noneconomic impacts sometimes faded over time. In five of the six studies, long-run benefits outweighed their up-front costs. In Ghana, households that received the Graduation program saw similar effects one year after the program ended: Economic impacts: Average total monthly consumption among treatment households was 2014 PPP US$33.62, an 11 percent increase over households in the comparison group. They spent $22.41 on food every month on average, 12 percent more than the comparison group. Households saw significant increases in asset holding and borrowed 58 percent more than those in the comparison group (2014 PPP US$35.60 monthly average), They also saved 2014 PPP US$16 a month on average, which was three times more than households in the comparison group. Self-employment: Households experienced a 91 percent increase in non-farm income, earning 2014 PPP US$12.86 on average, as well as significant gains in livestock revenue, earning 2014 PPP US$40.60 a month on average, or 50 percent more than the comparison group. Psychosocial wellbeing: Households that participated in the program did not report feeling significantly less stressed or happier than households in the comparison group. Political involvement: Women in treatment households did not experience significant gains in empowerment in Ghana, and in fact experienced significantly less power in decisions about food in the household. However, treatment households did participate in more community meetings than those in the comparison group. Cost-benefit analysis: Researchers calculated total implementation and program costs to be US$1,777 per household (2014 PPP US$5,408). However, estimated benefits of consumption and asset growth amount to 2014 PPP US$7,175 per household, representing an overall 133 percent return on investment.",Livestock grants | Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) | Social health insurance | Nutrition education and behaviour change | General health education and behaviour change | Financial literacy | Livestock grants | Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) | Social health insurance | Nutrition education and behaviour change | General health education and behaviour change | Savings accounts | Livestock grants,"The households within the full GUP treatment arm received a comprehensive package of services, including: (1) A productive asset transfer (such as a goat or guinea fowls), (2) A consumption stipend of 4 to 6 Cedis (2014 PPP US$6.01-9.02) per week, according to household size. The stipend was provided during roughly the lean season (July – Sept 2011, April 1 to October 15, 2012 and April 1 to July 7, 2013), (3) A healthcare component, (4) Weekly coaching on assets/enterprises, (5) Education on finances, health, and nutrition (p. 13) | (Page: 14) 'Similar to the savings component of the GUP treatment, field agents opened savings accounts for households receiving the SOUP treatment and visited each week to collect voluntary savings. In order to withdraw money, households were required to go to the bank themselves. Half of the households in the SOUP treatment arm had their savings matched at 50%. At the onset of the program, there was a maximum match of 1.5 cedis per week (for a 3 cedi deposit) but this cap was eventually removed. While we mention SOUP in the outline of the intervention, we do not have results at this time, as analysis is still ongoing.' | (Page: 14) 'The households within the AO treatment arm received goats as a productive asset without any related coaching or support. Unlike the other treatment arms, the AO
group was not given the option of selecting their productive asset.' AO is asset only.",Index of household expenditure | Food security index | Index of household wealth or assets | Total savings | Loans outstanding | Household agricultural income index | Index of time allocation | Index of empowerment | Health information index | Livestock amount,"(Page: 35, Table: 8) (Page: 17-18, Table: 1-2 [Linked Paper]) 'Total Consumption per capita, month, Food consumption per capita, month, Nonfood consumption per capita, month, Durable good expenditure per capita, month' | (Page: 36, Table: 9) (Page: 17-18, Table: 1-2 [Linked Paper]) 'Everyone in the household gets enough food everyday, No adults skipped meals, No one in the household went a whole day without food, No children skipped meals' | (Page: 37, Table: 10) (Page: 17-18, Table: 1-2 [Linked Paper]) 'Asset Index, Productive Asset Index, Household Asset Index' | (Page: 38, Table: 11) (Page: 17-18, Table: 1-2 [Linked Paper]) 'Total amount borrowed, last 12 months, Total savings' | (Page: 39, Table: 12) (Page: 17-19, Table: 1-3 [Linked Paper]) 'Household livestock revenue, month, Household agricultural income, month, Household Non-farm Microenterprise Income, month, Household Income from Paid Labor' | (Page: 40, Table: 13) 'Total minutes spent on productive activities in last day, Minutes spent on agriculture in last day, Minutes spent tending livestock in last day, Minutes spent on own business in last day, Minutes spent on paid labor in last day' | (Page: 40, Table: 14) 'Attended village meeting in last year, Woman has major say on food decisions, Woman has major say on education decisions, Woman has major say on health decisions (personal and family), Woman has major say in how to manage household finances' | (Page: 41, Table: 15) 'Member has not missed any days due to illness, last month, Activities of Daily Living Score, Selfreported happiness (1-10) Stress Index, Member has not experienced a period of worry in last year' | (Page: 39, Table: 12) (Page: 17-19, Table: 1-3 [Linked Paper]) 'Household livestock revenue, month, Household agricultural income, month, Household Non-farm Microenterprise Income, month, Household Income from Paid Labor, month' | (Page: 41, Table: 15) 'Member has not missed any days due to illness, last month, Activities of Daily Living Score, Self reported happiness (1-10) Stress Index, Member has not experienced a period of worry in last year' | (Page: 20, Table: 3 [Linked Paper]) goat value (USD), fowl value (USD), pig value (USD), sheep value (USD), cow value (USD), total livestock value (USD) | (Page: 35, Table: 8) (Page: 17-18, Table: 1-2 [Linked Paper]) 'Total Consumption per capita, month,
Food consumption per capita, month, Nonfood consumption
per capita, month, Durable good expenditure per capita, month' | (Page: 36, Table: 9) (Page: 17-18, Table: 1-2 [Linked Paper]) 'Everyone in the household gets enough food everyday, No adults skipped meals, No one in the household went a whole day without food, No children
skipped meals' | (Page: 37, Table: 10) (Page: 17, Table: 1 [Linked Paper]) 'Asset Index, Productive Asset Index,
Household Asset Index' | (Page: 39, Table: 12) (Page: 17-19, Table: 1-3 [Linked Paper]) 'Household livestock revenue, month, Household agricultural income, month, Household Non-farm Microenterprise Income, month, Household Income from Paid
Labor, month' | (Page: 40, Table: 13) 'Total minutes spent on productive
activities in last day, Minutes spent on agriculture in last day, Minutes spent tending livestock in last day, Minutes spent on own business in last day, Minutes spent on paid labor in last day' | (Page: 40, Table: 14) 'Attended village meeting in last year, Woman has major say on food decisions, Woman has major say on education decisions, Woman has major say on
health decisions (personal and family), Woman has major say in how to manage household finances' | (Page: 41, Table: 15) 'Member has not missed any days due
to illness, last month, Activities of Daily Living Score, Selfreported happiness (1-10) Stress Index, Member has not experienced a period of worry in last year' | (Page: 37, Table: 10) (Page: 17-18, Table: 1-2 [Linked Paper]) 'Asset Index, Productive Asset Index,
Household Asset Index' | (Page: 20, Table: 3 [Linked Paper]) goat value (USD), fowl value (USD), pig value (USD), sheep value (USD), cow value
(USD), total livestock value (USD)",Human development and gender,Skills development,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Non-profit organization,,Municipal | Household,Economic Impact | Non-Farm Income | Financial Literacy | Health Impact | Cost-Benefit Analysis | 6 Country Evaluation,Business training | Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis | Cash transfers,No Poverty | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Good Health and Well-being,,http://www.3ieimpact.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/3ie%20Grantee%20Final%20Report%20OW2.206.pdf,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Income|Education|Food security, health, and nutrition",61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,5% level (**),,,,,
Provision of Public Services and Welfare of The Poor : Learning From an Incomplete Electricity Privatization Process in Rural Peru,"Alcázar, Lorena | Nakasone, Eduardo | Torero, Máximo",2007.0,Published working paper,"The incomplete privatization of the electric sector in Peru provides a unique scenario for evaluating the impact of public versus private provision. The results in this paper suggest that management of electricity firms by the private sector leads to a significant improvement in the quality of the provision of electricity. These improvements in quality and supply of electricity provision yield some efficiency gains in terms of the time allocation of the working labor force that can be directly linked to the use of electricity. Rural households under private provision of electricity had more opportunities to work in non-farm activities, and as a result, the share of time in non-farm activities increased, indicating both a substitution effect and a potential price effect through higher non-farm wages. The substitution effect implies a reduction of hours spent on farm activities in favor of non-farm activities, and the price effect implies that households will receive higher salaries and therefore will need to work fewer hours in total. As a result, the increase in time spent on non-farm activities was accompanied by a reduction of hours spent on farm activities and an increase in hours spent on leisure.",Private sector involvement in the energy and extractives sector,"The treatment in this study, is an area where the electric company (distribution) was privatized. Private companies are classified in two groups: i) Electro Norte, Electro Norte Medio, Electro Nor Oeste, and Electro Centro (together Distriluz), which were privatized and remained in private hands for three years before being returned to the state in 2001. The Distriluz companies have concession areas in Peru’s northern coast and the central Andean region, covering 180,200 km and serving 1.2 million clients by the end of 2004 (31 percent of total clients in the country); ii) Companies that were privatized and are still private, i.e., Edelnor, Luz del Sur, Ede Cañete, and Electro Sur Medio. These companies cover 40,584 square kilometers in concession areas and serve 46 percent of total clients (see pages 16, and 26).",Household expenditure on energy | Household energy source | Cost/price of energy | Quality of energy source | Light/lumen hours per day | Housework time use | Non-farm work time | Index of time allocation | Index of household expenditure | Income from non-farm employment | Leisure time use,,Public sector management,State-owned enterprise reform and privatization,Energy and extractives,Energy,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Not applicable,Household,Privatisation | Private Provision | Electricity | Poor | Welfare | Public Service,Not applicable,Affordable and Clean Energy,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1815902,Direct financing of private sector actors,Employment|Income|Social factors|Infrastructure,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 1% level (***),,,,,
Microcredit In Theory And Practice: Using Randomized Credit Scoring For Impact Evaluation,"Karlan, Dean | Zinman, Jonathan",2011.0,Journal article,"Microcredit institutions spend billions of dollars fighting poverty by making small loans primarily to female entrepreneurs. Proponents argue that microcredit mitigates market failures, spurs micro-enterprise growth, and boosts borrowers' well-being. We tested these hypotheses with the use of an innovative, replicable experimental design that randomly assigned individual liability microloans (of $225 on average) to 1601 individuals in the Philippines through credit scoring. After 11 to 22 months, we found evidence consistent with unmet demand at the current price
(a roughly 60% annualized interest rate): Net borrowing increased in the treatment group relative to controls. However, the number of business activities and employees in the treatment group decreased relative to controls, and subjective well-being declined slightly. We also found little evidence that treatment effects were more pronounced for women. However, we did find that microloans increase ability to cope with risk, strengthen community ties, and increase
access to informal credit. Thus, microcredit here may work, but through channels different from those often hypothesized by its proponents.",Access to microcredit,"We have conducted a randomized evaluation of second-generation microcredit by working with First Macro Bank (FMB) to implement a novel, replicable experimental design that uses credit scoring to randomly assign individual liability loans as a source of exogenous variation in credit access (10–12). FMB is a for-profit lender that makes small, 3-month loans at 60% annualized interest rates to micro-entrepreneurs in the outskirts of Manila and receives technical assistance from a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) contractor (13). We worked with the lender to build a quantitative model that distinguishes reditworthy or uncreditworthy applicants from marginal ones.Page 1278",Health insurance | Employee benefits | Index of household wealth or assets | Social trust | Collective interest/trust,,Finance,Credit infrastructure,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Philippines,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive methodology,Sex,For-profit firm,Not specified,Entrepreneurs who were randomly assigned microloans shrank their businesses. We did not find any evidence that treatment effects are more pronounced for female borrowers,Individual,Microcredit | Small Loan | Microfinance | Business Activities And Employees | Credit Score | Impact Evaluation,Microfinance,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://science.sciencemag.org/content/332/6035/1278,Direct financing of private sector actors,Income|Financial inclusion|Social factors,105.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 1% level (***),,,,,
The Effect Of Innovation Policy On SMEs' Employment And Wages In Argentina,"Castillo, Victoria | Maffioli, Alessandro | Rojo, Sofía | Stucchi, Rodolfo",2014.0,Journal article,"This article evaluates the effect of the Argentinean Support Program for Organizational Change on employment and wages. The program aimed at increasing small and medium-sized enterprises' competitiveness by co-financing technical assistance to support process and product innovation activities. Although employment is not usually the main objective of these types of programs, they are always implemented assuming that they create—or at least do not destroy—employment opportunities. We use a unique data set with information for the population of firms in Argentina from 1996 to 2008 to test this important assumption. Using a combination of fixed effects and matching, we find that both process and product innovation support increased employment and wages, with a higher impact on employment. In addition, we find that product innovation support had a larger effect on wages than process innovation support.",Seed grants,"Process innovation: This article aims to fill the knowledge gap by evaluating the impact of the Support Program for the Organizational Change (PRE for its Spanish name: Programa de Apoyo a la Reestructuracio ́n Empresar- ial) on employment and wages. This program aimed at strengthening Argentinian SMEs by co-financing up to 50 % of technical assistance plans to be implemented by private certified suppliers. For the purpose of our study, a key feature of this program is that because it was open to any type of technical assistance, most of the beneficiary firms eventually requested (and received) support for either product or process inno- vation activities. Because of this, the impact of different types of innovation support on employment and wages can be analyzed through the evaluation of this program (page 388). | Product innovation: This article aims to fill the knowledge gap by evaluating the impact of the Support Program for the Organizational Change (PRE for its Spanish name: Programa de Apoyo a la Reestructuracio ́n Empresar- ial) on employment and wages. This program aimed at strengthening Argentinian SMEs by co-financing up to 50 % of technical assistance plans to be implemented by private certified suppliers. For the purpose of our study, a key feature of this program is that because it was open to any type of technical assistance, most of the beneficiary firms eventually requested (and received) support for either product or process inno- vation activities. Because of this, the impact of different types of innovation support on employment and wages can be analyzed through the evaluation of this program (page 388).",Workers per firm | Wage levels | Export activity | Resilience,,Private sector development,Innovation and technology policy,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,Argentina,Latin America and Caribbean,High income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Cohort,Innovation | Technical Change | Competitiveness | Employment | Efficiency | Wages,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-013-9485-9,Direct financing of private sector actors|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|Income,46.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***) | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**),,,,,
Health Education For Microcredit Clients In Peru: A Randomized Controlled Trial,"Hamad, Rita | Fernald, Lia CH | Karlan, Dean S.",2011.0,Journal article,"Background: Poverty, lack of female empowerment, and lack of education are major risk factors for childhood illness worldwide. Microcredit programs, by offering small loans to poor individuals, attempt to address the first two of these risk factors, poverty and gender disparity. They provide clients, usually women, with a means to invest in their businesses and support their families. This study investigates the health effects of also addressing the remaining risk factor, lack of knowledge about important health issues, through randomization of members of a microcredit organization to receive a health education module based on the World Health Organization's Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) community intervention. Methods: Baseline data were collected in February 2007 from clients of a microcredit organization in Pucallpa, Peru (n = 1,855) and their children (n = 598). Loan groups, consisting of 15 to 20 clients, were then randomly assigned to receive a health education intervention involving eight monthly 30-minute sessions given by the organization's loan officers at monthly loan group meetings. In February 2008, follow-up data were collected, and included assessments of sociodemographic information, knowledge of child health issues, and child health status (including child height, weight, and blood hemoglobin levels). To explore the effects of treatment (i.e., participation in the health education sessions) on the key outcome variables, multivariate regressions were implemented using ordinary least squares. Results: Individuals in the IMCI treatment arm demonstrated more knowledge about a variety of issues related to child health, but there were no changes in anthropometric measures or reported child health status. Conclusions: Microcredit clients randomized to an IMCI educational intervention showed greater knowledge about child health, but no differences in child health outcomes compared to controls. These results imply that the intervention did not have sufficient intensity to change behavior, or that microcredit organizations may not be an appropriate setting for the administration of child health educational interventions of this type.",Individual health communications,"""The intervention involved 30 minutes of health education, facilitated by loan officers at the end of monthly group meetings over the course of eight months. As each loan cycle is six months, the educational sessions spanned more than one loan cycle, during which clients remained with their loan group to receive an additional loan. PRISMA’s US-based affiliate, Freedom From Hunger, developed these sessions based on the community component of the IMCI strategy developed by the World Health Organization [2]. During each monthly meeting, loan officers presented basic information on child health to clients and provided an opportunity for the men and women to discuss their own experiences and identify appropriate solutions. Examples of topics covered included diarrhea, cough, and fever, as well as information about interactions with healthcare providers in order to empower caregivers during clinic visits"" (p. 4).",Health knowledge | Parent can identify serious child illness | Anaemia | Weight | Height | Stunting in children | Diarrhoeal disease | Other child health,,Human development and gender,Child health,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,"""Participants gave their written consent to take part in the study. Those with children under the age of five years gave consent on behalf of their children, and children were also asked for their verbal assent before being included in the study."" (page 4)",Cohort,Health Education | Microcredit | Child Health,Microfinance,Good Health and Well-being,,http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/51,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Food security, health, and nutrition",96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | 10% level (*) | Not statistically significant | 5% level (**),,,,,
Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught? Quasi-Experimental Evidence From Central America,"Klinger, Bailey | Schündeln, Matthias",2011.0,Journal article,"Business training is a widely used development tool, yet little is known about its impact. We study the effects of such a business training program held in Central America. To deal with endogenous selection into the training program, we use a regression discontinuity design, exploiting the fact that a fixed number of applicants are taken into the training program based on a pre-training score. Business training significantly increases the probability that an applicant to the workshop starts a business or expands an existing business. Results also suggest gender heterogeneity as well as the presence of financial constraints.",Entrepreneurship training,"The accepted applicants are admitted into phase 2, which consists of an entrepreneurial training program (the “training stage 1”). In the case of El Salvador, this training is provided first by the UNCTAD’s Empretec program over seven working days, which focuses on developing both technical business skills and “core entrepreneurial behaviors” (for details see the appendix), followed by a TechnoServe workshop on business plan preparation. In the other countries TechnoServe provides the entire training program in three to four workshops, covering such topics as entrepreneurial orientation and attitudes, strategic planning, financial projections, marketing, and how to write a business plan. This stage also provides country-specific information on starting a business, such as the relevant government departments and programs, different legal forms, and potential sources of capital. The participants then must prepare a formal business plan, which is submitted in writing and evaluated by a panel of judges. The top scoring business plans at the conclusion of phase 2 (“training stage 1”) proceed to phase 3 (“training stage 2”), in which the participants further refine their business plans and receive more one-on-one assistance with mentors and consultants. These refined plans are then presented to a jury of the above mentioned “judges”, which gives each plan a detailed score. The top scoring business plans receive a monetary reward of approximately US$9,000 (between US$6,000 and US$15,000) 2 that is to be invested in a business. TechnoServe controls the disbursement to suppliers or pays directly for capital expenses to insure the funds are invested in the proposed business. In the case of El Salvador, the training consists of the 7-day UNCTAD Empretec course, followed by two four-hour sessions by TechnoServe on how to compose a business plan using the methodology described above. The participants then have approximately 8 weeks before the business plans are due. In the case of Nicaragua and Guatemala, there is no Empretec training, and instead the classes based on the business plan methodology described above are done in more detail. They are divided up into approximately three full-day sessions, one per weekend. The participants have approximately one month to then compose and turn in their business plans. For all competitions, the plans advancing to phase 3 are revised over a period of 1–2 weeks - p1594",Index of firm behaviour,,Private sector development,Entrepreneurship,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,El Salvador,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,,Individual,Entrepreneurship | Business Plan Competitions | Small And Medium Sized Enterprise | Business Launch | Business Expansion,Business training,Quality Education | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X1100091X,Technical and vocational training,Domestic business growth and market development,104.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*),,,,,
Can SME Policies Improve Firm Performance? Evidence From An Impact Evaluation In Argentina,"Castillo, Victoria | Maffioli, Alessandro | Monsalvo, Ana P. | Rojo, Sofia | Stucchi, Rodolfo",2010.0,Published working paper,"This paper evaluates the impact of the Argentine SME support program PRE on employment, real wages, and exports. The program aimed at increasing the competitiveness of SMEs by co-financing up to fifty percent of expenditures in professional services and technical assistance. We use a unique panel dataset constructed with administrative records. We combine Propensity Score Matching and Difference in Differences methods to control for selection biases in the estimations. We find a positive and quantitatively important impact of the program on employment and a positive although smaller impact on real wages and the probability of exporting. We also find that the effect of the program on wages and the probability of exporting take place one year after beneficiaries receive the program. The effect of the program on employment takes place one, two, and even, three years after beneficiaries receive the program.",Grants and subsidisation of R&D | Labour market services and intermediation,"The program had three components. The first one promoted the use of existing public and private support programs by providing information about the programs and their eligibility conditions. The second component was oriented to develop a market for customized professional services for SMEs. Finally, the third component offered direct support to SMEs by cofinancing up to fifty percent of the investment in professional services and technical assistance.",Workers per firm | Wage levels | Export activity,,Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Argentina,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Cohort,Public Policy Evaluation | Propensity Score Matching | Emplyment | Wages | Exports,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1848984,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Income|Employment|International trade,46.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***) | 5% level (**),,,,,
The Impact Of Private Provision Of Public Education: Empirical Evidence From Bogota's Concession Schools,"Barrera-Osorio, Felipe",2006.0,Published working paper,"In 1999, the city of Bogotá, Colombia launched the Concession School program designed to broaden the coverage and quality of basic education. It consists of a contract between a group of private schools and the public educational system such that private agents provide education for low-income students. This paper tests three main hypotheses concerning the impact of concessions on the quality of education: first, dropout rates are lower in concession schools than in similar public schools; second, other public schools nearby the concession schools have lower dropout rates in comparison with other public schools outside the area of influence; third, test scores from concession schools are higher than scores in similar public schools. The paper presents evidence in favor of the three hypotheses, using propensity score and matching estimators.",PPP in education | Public oversight of private schools,"""The program, called Concession Schools, is a partnership between the public and private education sectors, with private schools providing public education in 25 schools for a period of 15 years. The state provides the infrastructure, selects the students and pays a pre-agreed sum per full-time student per year...The concession schools must provide education to the population assigned to them by the state, but they are allowed relative flexibility to contract administrative and teaching staff and can freely
implement their pedagogic model. The concession schools must also meet performance standards (on quality and quantity) set by the Secretary of Education"" (p. 2).",Drop-out rate from educational establishments | Math test scores | Standardized test scores,,Human development and gender,Access to education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Cohort,Concession Schools | Public Education | Private Provisioning | Bogota,Not applicable,Quality Education,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/366271468018843703/pdf/wps4121.pdf,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,"Not statistically significant | Significant, but not reported",,,,,
The Impact Of Retail-Sector Delivery Of Artemether- Lumefantrine On Malaria Treatment Of Children Under Five In Kenya: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial,"Kangwana, Beth P. | Kedenge, Sarah V. | Noor, Abdisalan M. | Alegana, Victor A. | Nyandigisi, Andrew J. | Pandit, Jayesh | Fegan, Greg W. | Todd, James E. | Brooker, Simon | Snow, Robert W. | Goodman, Catherine A.",2011.0,Journal article,"Background: It has been proposed that artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) be subsidised in the private sector in order to improve affordability and access. This study in western Kenya aimed to evaluate the impact of providing subsidized artemether-lumefantrine (AL) through retail providers on the coverage of prompt, effective antimalarial treatment for febrile children aged 3-59 months. Methods and Findings: We used a cluster-randomized, controlled design with nine control and nine intervention sublocations, equally distributed across three districts in western Kenya. Cross-sectional household surveys were conducted before and after the delivery of the intervention. The intervention comprised provision of subsidized packs of paediatric ACT to retail outlets, training of retail outlet staff, and community awareness activities. The primary outcome was defined as the proportion of children aged 3-59 months reporting fever in the past 2 weeks who started treatment with AL on the same day or following day of fever onset. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed based on cluster-level summaries, comparing control to intervention arms, while adjusting for other covariates. Data were collected on 2,749 children in the target age group at baseline and 2,662 at follow-up. 29% of children experienced fever within 2 weeks before the interview. At follow-up, the percentage of children receiving AL on the day of fever or the following day had risen by 14.6% points in the control arm (from 5.3% [standard deviation (SD): 3.2%] to 19.9% [SD: 10.0%]) and 40.2% points in the intervention arm (from 4.7% [SD: 3.4%] to 44.9% [SD: 11.7%]). The percentage of children receiving AL was significantly greater in the intervention arm at follow-up, with a difference between the arms of 25.0% points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.1%, 35.9%; unadjusted p = 0.0002, adjusted p = 0.0001). No significant differences were observed between arms in the proportion of caregivers who sought treatment for their child's fever by source, or in the child's adherence to AL. Conclusions: Subsidizing ACT in the retail sector can significantly increase ACT coverage for reported fevers in rural areas. Further research is needed on the impact and cost-effectiveness of such subsidy programmes at a national scale.",Malaria prophylaxis | General health counselling | Mass health communications,"""The main community awareness activities began in March 2009, and then intermittently in August and September 2009. Activities were to continue to the end of the pilot in May 2010...These activities were designed to make the community aware of malaria, the availability of Tibamal, and the importance of adherence to the medication. Tibamal was also advertised through posters and paintings on shops that sold the treatment. Tibamal branded headscarves, tshirts, and pens were also freely distributed to the intervention community"" (p. 3).",Malaria treatment for children,,Human development and gender,Malaria control,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International aid agency,The primary outcome was defined as the proportion of children aged 3–59 months,Individual,Malaria | Retail Sector Delivery | Children,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000437,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Employment Generation In Rural Africa: Mid-Term Results From An Experimental Evaluation Of The Youth Opportunities Program In Northern Uganda,"Blattman, Christopher | Fiala, Nathan | Martinez, Sebastian",2012.0,Published working paper,"Can cash transfers promote employment and reduce poverty in rural Africa? Will lower youth unemployment and poverty reduce the risk of social instability? We experimentally evaluate one of Uganda's largest development programs, which provided thousands of young people nearly unconditional, unsupervised cash transfers to pay for vocational training, tools, and business start‐up costs. Mid‐term results after two years suggest four main findings. First, despite a lack of central monitoring and accountability, most youth invest the transfer in vocational skills and tools. Second, the economic impacts of the transfer are large: hours of nonhousehold employment double and cash earnings increase by nearly 50% relative to the control group. We estimate the transfer yields a real annual return on capital of 35% on average. Third, the evidence suggests that poor access to credit is a major reason youth cannot start these vocations in the absence of aid. Much of the heterogeneity in impacts is unexplained, however, and is unrelated to conventional economic measures of ability, suggesting we have much to learn about the determinants of entrepreneurship. Finally, these economic gains result in modest improvements in social stability. Measures of social cohesion and community support improve mildly, by roughly 5 to 10%, especially among males, most likely because the youth becomes a net giver rather than a net taker in his kin and community network. Most strikingly, we see a 50% fall in interpersonal aggression and disputes among males, but a 50% increase among females. Neither change seems related to economic performance nor does social cohesion ‐ a puzzle to be explored in the next phase of the study. These results suggest that increasing access to credit and capital could stimulate employment growth in rural Africa. In particular, unconditional and unsupervised cash transfers may be a more effective and cost‐efficient form of large‐scale aid than commonly believed. A second stage of data collection in 2012 will collect longitudinal economic impacts, additional data on political violence and behavior, and explore alternative theoretical mechanisms.",Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) | Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),"With Youth Opportunities Program (YOP) the government had two main aims: raise youth incomes and employment; and improve community reconciliation and reduce conflict. The program required young adults from the same town or village to organize into groups and submit a proposal for a cash transfer to pay for: (i) fees at a local technical or vocational training institute of their choosing, and (ii) tools and materials for practicing the craft. The program was targeted to poor and underemployed “youth”—roughly ages 16 to 35 in local terms. Since technical and vocational schools typically require some education and aptitude, YOP targeted poor youth who had the minimum capacity to benefit from vocational training, and so are not the very poorest. (p.6) In 2008, the government determined that it had funding for 265 of 535 eligible groups. The average group had 22 members, and 80% of groups ranged from 13 to 31 members in size, according to pre‐intervention group rosters (Table 1). Group cash transfers averaged nearly UGX 12.8 million ($7,108), and varied not only by group size but by group request (i.e. transfers were not uniform). The average transfer size was UGX 673,026 ($374) per member—more than 20 times the average monthly income of the youth at the time of the baseline survey. (p.7) Northern Uganda Social Action Fund (NUSAF) received many times more applications than could be funded, and so the government decided to allocate final disbursements randomly among eligible groups. (p.8) We define treatment compliance fairly narrowly: all individuals in the group are coded as treated if the group received a funds transfer (according to administrative records) and if those funds were not diverted or stolen by district officials (according to a post‐treatment survey of group members). (p.9)",Participation in training | Total work time | Social participation and interaction | Participation and inclusion | Mental health | Self-perception | Investment in productive assets | Overall household income | Wealth and assets | Employment hours | Employment type | Social connectedness,,Private sector development,Youth employment,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,The program was targeted to poor and underemployed “youth”—roughly ages 16 to 35 in local terms.,Individual | Household,Cash Grant | Randomized Control Trial | Credit Constraints | Psychological And Social Impacts,Cash transfers,No Poverty,,https://www.diw.de/documents/vortragsdokumente/220/diw_01.c.402032.de/v_2012_fiala_employmant_eea_dp1201.pdf,Technical and vocational training,Income|Employment,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**),,,,,
Partial Credit Guarantees And Firm Performance: Evidence from the Colombian National Guarantee Fund,"Arráiz, Irani | Meléndez, Marcela | Stucchi, Rodolfo",2012.0,Published working paper,"This paper studies the effect of government-backed partial credit guarantees on firms' performance. These guarantees are automatically granted to firms without enough collateral in order to lift their credit constraints. We put together a panel, covering the period 1997-2007, that combines data from DANE's Annual Manufacturing Survey; DIAN's export and import information; and firm-level records from the National Guarantee Fund (NGF), the government agency in charge of implementing this policy. Using propensity score matching and difference-in-differences, we found that firms that gain access to credit backed by the NGF are able to grow in terms of both output and employment. However, we did not find any effect on productivity, wages, or investment. These results suggest that firms use the new funds as working capital to grow their businesses rather than for investment in new durable goods that increase their capital stock.",Government tax policy for financial relief,"The intervention is a government-backed bailout programme for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that provides credit to firms in various sectors.
(page 1) ""This paper studies the effect of government-backed partial credit guarantees on firms’ performance. These guarantees are automatically granted to firms without enough collateral in order to lift their credit constraints.""
(page 4) ""Guarantees offered by the fund correspond to credit aimed at Colombian MSMEs and are intended for working capital,  investment, research and development,  and business creation. All sectors of the economy are eligible except for the agricultural sector, which is served by another institution.""",Employment share | Labour productivity | Wage levels | Export activity | Capital | Total factor productivity,"Employment: ""Employment (in logs)"" (page 11-12, table 4) | Output: ""Output (in logs)"" (page 11-12, table 4) | ""Wage (in logs)"" (page 11-12, table 4) | ""Exports as proportion of output"" (page 11-12, table 4) | ""Capital stock per worker (in logs)"" (page 11-12, table 4) | ""Labor productivity (in logs)"" (page 11-12, table 4) | Total factor productivity:  ""TFP (in logs)"" (page 11-12, table 4)",Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm,Partial Credit Guarantee | Access To Credit | Firm Growth | Job Creation | Productivity,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://publications.iadb.org/en/partial-credit-guarantees-and-firm-performance-evidence-colombian-national-guarantee-fund,Direct financing of private sector actors,Employment|Income|Productivity gains|International trade,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
The Impact Of Consulting Services On Small And Medium Enterprises - Evidence From A Randomized Trial In Mexico,"Bruhn, Miriam | Karlan, Dean | Schoar, Antoinette",2013.0,Published working paper,"Using a randomized evaluation with 432 Mexican small and medium enterprises, this paper shows that access to management consulting led to better firm performance: one-year results show positive effects on return-on-assets and total factor productivity. Owners also had large increases in ""entrepreneurial spirit"" (an entrepreneurs' managerial confidence index). Using Mexican social security data, the analysis finds a large increase in the number of employees and total wage bill several years after the program. The paper documents large heterogeneity in the specific managerial practices that improved as a result of the consulting, but there is no singular mechanism as a panacea for all firms.",Firm restructuring,"[access to management consulting] The randomized control trial was conducted with the Puebla Institute for Competitive Productivity (known as IPPC, after its Spanish acronym), a training institute set up by the Ministry of Labor of the Mexican State of Puebla. IPPC implemented a business development program to provide participating enterprises with subsidized consulting services from one of a number of local consulting firms. The program, which started in March 2008 and ended in February 2009, aimed to include 100 micro, 40 small, and 10 medium-sized enterprises2 and actually included 108 micro enterprises, 34 small enterprises and 8 medium-sized enterprises. The primary goal was to help enterprises reach the next size category by the end of the program and thus contribute to job creation and economic growth of the region. See ""2.Consulting Program"", p.6",Workers per firm | Sales | Overall expenditures | Profits and revenues | Valuation | Return on assets | Wage levels,"Full-time employees. Table 2, page 647 | Average sales. Table 2, page 647 | ROA: Feb. 2009 sales minus costs
divided by assets. Table 2, page 647 | Profits.Table 2, page 647 | Business assets. Table 2, page 647 | Daily wage. Table 4, page 657",Private sector development,Entrepreneurship,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Mexico,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm,Enterprise Growth | Managerial Capital | Entrepreneurship | Mexico | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT),Business training,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/516471468278741470/The-impact-of-consulting-services-on-small-and-medium-enterprises-evidence-from-a-randomized-trial-in-Mexico,Advisory support,Income|Investment levels|Employment|Domestic business growth and market development,135.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*),,,,,
Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation: The Impacts of Projoven,"Nopo, Hugo | Robles, Miguel | Saavedra, Jaime",2007.0,Published working paper,"This paper discusses program evaluation for ProJoven, the Peruvian youth labor training program. Complementing detailed fieldwork, the econometric work implements a two-stage matching procedure on propensity scores, gender and labor income. This allows identification of differentiated program impacts on males and females and attacks the problem of Ashenfelter's Dips. The evaluation shows substantial differences in ProJoven's impact for males and females. Eighteen months after participation in the program, employment rates for females improve by about 15 percent (while employment for males reduces by 11percent), gender occupational segregation reduces by 30 percent, and females' labor income improves by 93 percent (while males' earnings increase by 11 percent). Nonetheless, gender equality promotion represents only 1.5 percent of ProJoven's budget. These results suggest that labor-training programs that promote equal gender participation have disproportionately positive effects on outcomes for women trainees in a labor market with substantial gender differences.",Job placement schemes | Internship programmes,"The program provides three-month training and stipends to young workers from low-income families and encourages female participation. ""The program finances the theoretical and practical training of selected beneficiaries. ProJoven contracts training entities, called ECAPs, to organize and offer training courses for which beneficiaries can enroll. ProJoven provides a structure by which ECAPs are motivated to design three-month training programs that match local firms’ needs with the capabilities of participating trainees. ECAPs also must guarantee internship opportunities for participants who successfully complete their coursework. The program targets young adults who are either unemployed or underemployed, have low educational levels, and come from low-income families. Individuals who meet these specifications are selected through an accreditation process to participate in the program. Once selected, beneficiaries choose the training courses in which they want to enroll. ProJoven finances the training and provides a monthly stipend for trainees that covers transportation, meals and medical insurance. Additionally, to encourage their participation, women with children under the age of five receive a double stipend. Expenditures for mothers’ subsidies represent 6.6 percent of total stipends, or less than 1.5 percent of ProJoven’s total budget. When the coursework is over and tests are passed, beneficiaries intern at a firm under a youth temporary training contract. Internships last for at least three months, with firms paying interns a stipend at least equal to the minimum wage."" (p4,5)",Employment status | Employment hours | Wage levels | Gendered employment,"Employment status during the previous 3 months (p. 8). Result in p. 14, Table 5 and p. 15, Table 6 | Hours worked (p. 13), Result in p. 16, Table 7 and 8. | Average hourly wages during the previous three months (p. 8). Result in p. 17, Table 9 and p. 18, Table 10. 
Average monthly earnings (main and secondary occupation)- results in p. 18, Table 11 and p. 19, Table 12. | Occupational segregation by Gender (Duncan Index).""The Duncan Index is a measure of occupational segregation. It attains values on the interval [0, 1], where an index of 0 reflects no segregation (males and females are equally distributed across occupations) and 1 reflects complete segregation (some occupations are only for males and others only for females). The Duncan Index can be interpreted as the percentage of the female working force that would have to switch from female-dominated to male-dominated jobs to achieve an equal distribution of males and females across occupations. (p. 20). Results in p. 20, Table 14.",Human development and gender,Skills development,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,"The program targets young adults who are either unemployed or underemployed, have low educational levels and come from low-income families. (page 35)",Individual,Youth | Labor Training Program | Gender Occupational Segregation,Cash transfers,Gender Equality | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/10746/occupational-training-reduce-gender-segregation-impacts-projoven,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not reported,,,,,
Impact Evaluation Of Small And Medium Enterprise Programs In Latin America And The Caribbean,"Acevedo, Gladys Lopez | Tan, Hong W.",2011.0,Published report,"This report was co-funded by research grant from the World Bank's research committee for a regional study evaluating Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Support Programs in Latin America and support from the poverty reduction and economic management division of the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank. The objective of the study was to rigorously evaluate SME programs in four Latin American countries Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Peru to gain insights into whether SME programs work, which programs perform better than others, and why. This report should be of interest to country governments, policymakers with responsibilities for SMEs, local researchers and the private sector in the region, as well as World Bank staff and bilateral donors. However, the findings and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the World Bank, its Board of Directors or the countries it represents.",SME investment funds | Grants and subsidisation of R&D | Business networks | Technical assistance for research | Entrepreneurship training,"Impacts of SME programs in four Latin American countries (Chile, Mexico, Colombia, Peru)  (P. 26). The Chile SME support programs were on seven specific programs providing technical assistance, cluster or network formation, innovation and technology transfer and finance plus two open-end “other program” categories.  (P. 49); the Columbia focused on impact of the Colombian Fund for the Modernization and Technological Development of the Micro, Small and Medium Firms (Fondo Colombiano de Modernizacion y Desarrollo Tecnologico de las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas—FOMIPYME).  Initiated in 2001, FOMIPYME promotes modernization and technological change through a network of public and private sector operators that in turn deliver support services to SMEs along several project lines, including new business startups, entrepre- neurship training, innovation and technology up- grading, marketing strategies, building networks, commercialization of products, export promotion, productivity improvements, and mini-clusters. (P. 73); In Mexico, the paper analyzes the SME programs that yielded the larger sample sizes. The programs are, ) 1) PAC-CIMO, included both in the EN- ESTYC 2001 and in the ENESTYC 2005 surveys. 2) 2) PROSEC, only recorded in the ENESTYC 2005. 3) 3) PNAA, only recorded in the ENESTYC 2005. 4) 4) Fiscal Support and Technological Innovation, only recorded in the ENESTYC 2005. 5) 5) State government support, only recorded in the ENESTYC 2005, 6) Any program, referring to any program in the program module of the ENESTYC 2001 and of the ENESTYC 2005, as follows:  ENESTYC 2001 and 2005: COMPITE, CRECE, FIDECAP and FAMPYME.  ENESTYC 2001: MEX-EX (Mexico Exporta), Technical Assistance and Image Campaign Program (Programa de Asistencia Tecnica y Campaña de Imagen—PATCI), PMT, PCI, and PAIDEC.  ENESTYC 2005: Fondo PYME, PROMODE, Mixed or Sectoral Funds, Productive Chains, Financing, Credi-  (P. 109); In this chapter we evaluate three important public programs oriented to SMEs in Peru: the Public Sector Purchase Program by the Small and Micro Enterprise Promotion Commission (Comision de Promocion de la Pequeña y Micro Empresa—PROMPYME), the voucher-based training program for small and micro enterprises BONOPYME, and the shoe manufac- turing technological innovation program (Centro de Innovacion Tecnologica—CITE-Calzado). (P. 126)","Investment in property, plant, and equipment | Investment in R&D | Product quality | Empowerment | Index of business regulation | Employee training | Sales | Labour supply | Wage levels | Labour productivity | Export activity | Speed of production | Employment status | Labour cost | Employment hours | Valuation | Profits and revenues",,Economic policy,Tax policy,Financial sector,"Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development|Supply chain monitoring,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms | Work-Labor/Social,Chile,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,,Country,Small And Medium Enterprise | SME Support Program | Total Factor Productivity | Impact Evaluation Methodology | Climate Constrain | Public Sector,Microfinance,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/587801468183890334/Impact-evaluation-of-small-and-medium-enterprise-programs-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean,Prizes and challenges|Direct financing of private sector actors,"Mobilization|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Work-labor",62.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 1% level (***) | 5% level (**) | 10% level (*),,,,,
Measuring The Effect Of A Community-Level Program On Women's Empowerment Outcomes: Evidence From India,"Kandpal, Eeshani | Baylis, Kathy | Arends-Kuenning, Mary",2013.0,Published working paper,"This paper uses primary data from rural north India to show that participation in a community-level female empowerment program significantly increases access to employment, physical mobility, and political participation. The program provides support groups, literacy camps, adult education classes, and vocational training for rural women in several states of India; the data are from Uttarakhand. The paper uses instrumental variables and truncation-corrected matching on primary data to disentangle the program's mechanisms, separately considering its effect on women who work, and those who do not work but whose reservation wage is increased by participation. The analysis also finds significant spillover effects on non-participants relative to women in untreated districts. It finds consistent estimates for average treatment and intent to treat effects.",Adult literacy | Civic engagement initiatives,"Mahila Samakhya aims to empower women by educating them. The program provides literacy camps, adult education classes, and vocational training. The program also creates support groups on issues of social importance, such as domestic violence and alcoholism. These support groups strengthen networks, which plays an important role in determining empowerment. (p. 2)",Index of employment | Controlling behaviour by partners/perpetrators of IPV | Participation and inclusion | Marriage norms | Employment status,,Human development and gender,Gender,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms | Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International aid agency,"This paper uses primary data from rural north India to show that participation in a community-level female empowerment program significantly increases access to employment, physical mobility, and political participation. The program provides support groups, literacy camps, adult education classes, and vocational training for rural women in several states of India; the data are from Uttarakhand. (page 2)",Individual,Female Empowerment | Spillover Effects | Employment,Not applicable,Gender Equality | Quality Education,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/621511468267360999/Measuring-the-effect-of-a-community-level-program-on-womens-empowerment-outcomes-evidence-from-India,Technical and vocational training|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Multi-stakeholder platforms,"Employment|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Coordination and policy dialogues|Social factors|Work-labor|Education",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | 5% level (**) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Does Unemployed Training Increase Individual Employability? Evidence From Latvian Microdata,"Dmitrijeva, Jekaterina",2008.0,Published working paper,"In this paper we evaluate the efficiency of unemployed training programmes in Latvia, using propensity score matching. Primary data files provided by the State Employment Agency of Latvia are used to construct the individual database of unemployed and programme participants. Available data allow evaluating the following programs: (i) unemployed occupational training (vocational training, re-qualification and rising of qualifications); (ii) state language training for non - Latvians; (iii) modular training programme (training in foreign language, computer literacy, project management and business operation, driving). We investigate the impact of participation in each of those programs on the unemployed transition to employment, examine heterogeneity in programme effect across different socio-demographic (gender, age, education) and regional groups and try to establish an empirical link between targeting of the programme and its efficiency. We also test the sensitivity of our results to the so called ”hidden” bias. The results reveal that the participation in occupational training always increases individual employability, while the effects of modular training in state language are often insignificant and the effects of modular training in other skills are weak and only appear in a long run. The effect of occupational training does not vary significantly with respect to the gender or ethnicity, but it is heterogenous with respect to the age (stronger among young unemployed) education (increasing in its level), working experience of the unemployed or their region of residence. The effect of modular training is higher among men, unemployed without work experience and rural area inhabitants, while modular training in other skills has the strongest impact on women, young unemployed, unemployed without work experience and Latvians.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),"In this paper we evaluate the efficiency of unemployed training programmes in Latvia, using propensity score matching. Primary data files provided by the State Employment Agency of Latvia are used to construct the individual database of unemployed and programme participants. Available data allow evaluating the following programs: (i) unemployed occupational training (vocational training, re-qualification and rising of qualifications); (ii) state language training for non - Latvians; (iii) modular training programme (training in foreign language, computer literacy, project management and business operation, driving). p. 1",Unemployment,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Latvia,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Not specified,Individual,Policy Evaluation | Unemployed Training | Occupational Training | State Language Training | Young Unemployed,Business training,Quality Education | No Poverty | Reduced Inequality,,http://doku.iab.de/veranstaltungen/2008/lmp2008_papers_dmitrijeva.pdf,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Domestic business growth and market development,22.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Indeterminate,,,,,
Evaluating A Program Of Public Funding Of Private Innovation Activities: An Econometric Study Of FONTAR In Argentina,"Chudnovsky, Daniel | López, Andrés | Rossi, Martín | Ubfal, Diego",2010.0,Published working paper,No abstract,Research fellowships,"The ANR program is mainly aimed at funding projects oriented to research and development, pilot scale technologies, applied knowledge generation, innovative products and process development, management improvements or human capital training (when these are related to product and/or process innovations) and to the creation of technology based start ups. [page 17-18]",Return on investment | Sales | Employee performance,,Human development and gender,Science and technology,Education,Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,Argentina,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm,Public Funding | Private Innovation | Science And Technolog | Fund | Promotion | Subsidy,Cash transfers,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://publications.iadb.org/en/impact-evaluation-program-public-funding-private-innovation-activities-econometric-study-fontar,Advisory support,Productivity gains|Domestic business growth and market development,46.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,5% level (**) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Health Financing For The Poor Produces Promising Short-Term Effects On Utilization And Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure: Evidence From Vietnam,"Axelson, Henrik | Bales, Sarah | Minh, Pham Duc | Ekman, Björn | Gerdtham, Ulf-G.",2009.0,Journal article,"Background: Vietnam introduced the Health Care Fund for the Poor in 2002 to increase access to health care and reduce the financial burden of health expenditure faced by the poor and ethnic minorities. It is often argued that effects of financing reforms take a long time to materialize. This study evaluates the short-term impact of the program to determine if pro-poor financing programs can achieve immediate effects on health care utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure. Method: Considering that the program is a non-random policy initiative rolled out nationally, we apply propensity score matching with both single differences and double differences to data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys 2002 (pre-program data) and 2004 (first postprogram data). Results: We find a small, positive impact on overall health care utilization. We find evidence of two substitution effects: from private to public providers and from primary to secondary and tertiary level care. Finally, we find a strong negative impact on out-of-pocket health expenditure. Conclusion: The results indicate that the Health Care Fund for the Poor is meeting its objectives of increasing utilization and reducing out-of-pocket expenditure for the program's target population, despite numerous administrative problems resulting in delayed and only partial implementation in most provinces. The main lessons for low and middle-income countries from Vietnam's early experiences with the Health Care Fund for the Poor are that it managed to achieve positive outcomes in a short time-period, the need to ensure adequate and sustained funding for targeted programs, including marginal administrative costs, develop effective targeting mechanisms and systems for informing beneficiaries and providers about the program, respond to the increased demand for health care generated by the program, address indirect costs of health care utilization, and establish and maintain routine and systematic monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.",Social health insurance,"""In 2002, in a major policy reform known as ""Decision 139"", the Government attempted to address the shortcomings of the previous policies by establishing the Health Care Fund for the Poor (HCFP). In 2005, revised health insurance regulations allowed for private sector provision of health insurance benefits, including to HCFP beneficiaries. However, to date very few private providers have been contracted to provide health insurance benefits. The package is generous, covering the costs of consultations, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation during the time of treatment at the health facility; lab tests, diagnostic imaging, and other diagnostic techniques; medicines on the list drawn up by the MOH; blood and transfusions; medical procedures and surgery; use of materials, medical equipment, and treatment bed; and assistance at delivery. The package also includes some preventive interventions such as antenatal care...Benefits are valid directly upon issuance of the health insurance card. The Health Care Fund for the Poor covers costs up to 20,000,000 Vietnamese Dong (for each treatment episode), which was equivalent to USD 1,240 on January 1, 2004. The program also pays for transportation costs related to referral to higherlevel facilities and some provinces have piloted payment of food costs for beneficiaries and caretakers"" (p. 2-3).",Attendance at health facilities | Household expenditure on health,,Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Vietnam,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Individual,Health Finance Reform | Catastrophic Health Expenditures | Out-Of-Pocket Health Expenditures,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | No Poverty,,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19473518,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",38.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control | Indeterminate,Not statistically significant | 5% level (**),,,,,
How Can Micro And Small Enterprises In Sub-Saharan Africa Become More Productive? The Impacts Of Experimental Basic Managerial Training,"Mano, Yukichi | Iddrisu, Alhassan | Yoshino, Yutaka | Sonobe, Tetsushi",2011.0,Published working paper,"The vast majority of micro and small enterprises in developing countries are located in industrial clusters, and the majority of such clusters have yet to see their growth take o . e performance of micro and small enterprise clusters is especially low in Sub-Saharan Africa. While existing studies often attribute the poor performance to factors outside firms, problems within firms are seldom scrutinized. Entrepreneurs in these clusters are unfamiliar with standard business practices. Based on a randomized experiment in Ghana, this study demonstrates that basic- level management training improves business practices and performance, although the extent of improvement varies considerably among entrepreneurs.",Entrepreneurship training | Entrepreneurship training | Financial management training,"p11 - The training program was implemented for three weeks from the middle of November, 2007.   The program consisted of three modules of classroom training: Module 1 on entrepreneurship, business planning, and marketing; Module 2 on production management and quality management; and Module 3 on record keeping and costing.  
Each module lasted for five weekdays, 2.5 hours per day",Customer retention | Investment in inventory | Sales | Profits and revenues,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Government agency,We conducted a survey of metalwork entrepreneurs in early 2005.,Individual,Africa | Ghana | Industrial Development | Survival Clusters | Management Training,Business training,"Quality Education | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X1100235X,Technical and vocational training,Income,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Indeterminate,Indeterminate,,,,,
More Than Water: Drinking Water Supply And Sanitation Interventions In Rural Mozambique,"Ruben, Ruerd | Kirk, Colin",2011.0,Published working paper,No abstract,School water systems | Water supply management | Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) | Community-based natural resource management for conflict resolution | Behavioural sanitation promotion,The impact assessment addresses questions 8-25. Interventions under the One Million initiative can broadly be divided into five areas: (1) providing safe water points; (2) increasing the number of latrines; (3) promoting improved hygiene awareness and practices; (4) providing safe water and latrines as well as hygiene education in schools; (5) capacity building. p.29,Index of water source switching,,Urban and rural development,Rural water and sanitation,"Water, sanitation, and waste management",Water and sanitation,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Mozambique,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,,Municipal | Household,Water Supply | Sanitation | Hygiene Promotion,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Clean Water and Sanitation,,https://www.oecd.org/countries/mozambique/49295401.pdf,Infrastructure development and financing,Infrastructure,121.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,10% level (*),,,,,
Short-Run Learning Dynamics Under A Test-Based Accountability System: Evidence From Pakistan,"Barrera-Osorio, Felipe | Raju, Dhushyanth",2010.0,Published working paper,"Low student learning is a common finding in much of the developing world. This paper uses a relatively unique dataset of five semiannual rounds of standardized test data to characterize and explain the short-term changes in student learning. The data are collected as part of the quality assurance system for a public-private partnership program that offers public subsidies conditional on minimum learning levels to low-cost private schools
in Pakistan. Apart from a large positive distributional shift in learning between the first two test rounds,
the learning distributions over test rounds show little progress. Schools are ejected from the program if they fail to achieve a minimum pass rate in the test in two consecutive attempts, making the test high stakes. Sharp regression discontinuity estimates show that the threat of program exit on schools that barely failed the test for the first time induces large learning gains. e large change in learning between the first two test rounds is likely attributable to this accountability pressure given that a large share of new program entrants failed in the first test round. Schools also qualify for substantial annual teacher bonuses if they achieve a minimum score in a composite measure of student test participation and mean test score. Sharp regression discontinuity estimates do not show that the prospect of future teacher bonus rewards induces learning gains for schools that barely did not qualify for the bonus.",Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) | Pay for performance,"In this study, we use five semiannual rounds of standardized test data to characterize and explain the evolution of student learning over a period which spans three academic years (2007/08-2009/10). The tests were conducted in low-cost private schools supported by public cash subsidies under an innovative test-based accountability program in the province of Punjab, Pakistan administered by the Punjab Education Foundation (PEF), called the Foundation Assisted Schools (FAS) program...Initiated in 2005, the FAS program provides conditional cash subsidies to low-cost private schools with the objective of offering private schooling opportunities for children from low-income households and raising the level of learning in low-cost private schools. The cash subsidies are provided monthly and on a per-student basis, with essentially no conditions on how the subsidy is to be used by the program school. The subsidy amount is purposely set low to ensure that only low-cost private schools self-select to participate in the program; the original amount was also purposely set at half the estimated per-student cost in the public school system. In return for receiving the subsidy benefit, the program school has to, among other things, waive tuition and fees for all students and ensure that the school achieves a minimum student pass rate in the Quality Assurance Test (QAT) (p.2-3)...The FAS program also awards annual individual cash bonuses to a fixed number of teachers in qualifying program schools. With each annual round of bonuses, PEF has revised the qualifying criteria, largely motivated by the need to limit the number of bonus recipients. (p.33)",Standardized test scores,"Mean Quality Assurance Test (QAT) score in core subjects Learning growth curve regression estimation results, phase-3 FAS program schools - covariate quality assurance test (QAT) 8 round (p.53-56, table 7)",Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"y. The sample consists of 1,776 primary (classes 1–5), middle (classes 1–8), and secondary schools (classes 1–10, 6–10)",Cohort,Education | Private Schools | Subsidies | Learning | Test Accountability | Teacher Incentives,Not applicable,Quality Education,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/341201468325462067/Short-run-learning-dynamics-under-a-test-based-accountability-system-evidence-from-Pakistan,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***),,,,,
Student Support And Academic Performance: Experiences At Private Universities In Mexico,"Canton, Erik | Blom, Andreas",2010.0,Journal article,"Financial aid to students in tertiary education can contribute to human capital accumulation through two channels: increased enrollment and improved student performance. We pay particular attention to the latter channel, and study its quantitative importance in the context of a student support program from the Sociedad de Fomento a la Educación Superior (Society for the Promotion of Higher Education) (SOFES) implemented at private universities in Mexico. Administrative data provided by SOFES are analyzed using a regression-discontinuity design. The advantage of the regression discontinuity method is that it represents a natural experiment with randomly assigned treatment so that selection issues are minimized. The empirical results suggest that this financial aid package (loans and scholarships) contributes to better academic performance.",Education lending,"According to Mexican officials, about 80% of the applicants at public universities is denied access, although about one-half of this group would be qualified. Students who are not accepted at a public university could try to enroll at a private university. Both the quality of the programs offered and the tuition fees charged show large variation within the private higher education sector. High-quality private universities charge substantial tuition fees, and students receive no or very little financial support from the government. Not surprisingly, these private universities have traditionally attracted students from affluent families. As a way to expand the potential market, a group of about 40 private universities introduced a financial support program for needy and academically talented students. The student finance program is both need based and merit-based, but is also selective in the sense that students who bring collateral are preferred. The financial aid package consists of loans and scholarships, although only guidelines are provided to universities about scholarship levels to be offered to needy students. The agency responsible for this student aid program is SOFES. This program is supported by a loan from the World Bank. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the SOFES financial support program on the academic performance of students. PAGE 50",Index of tertiary education,,Human development and gender,Education financing,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Mexico,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International aid agency,"When we carried out this research, there were almost 20,000 students with a credit from SOFES. This is a relatively small number, compared with a total higher education enrollment of almost two million students."" This indicates the focus on higher education students, predominantly young adults.",Individual,Higher Education | Financial Aid | Academic Performance,Not applicable,Quality Education | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09645290801931766,Direct financing of private sector actors,Education,135.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 1% level (***),,,,,
The Impact Of Public And Private Job Training In Colombia,"Medina, Carlos | Núñez, Jairo",2005.0,Published working paper,"The authors present various matching estimators of the impact on earnings for individuals who attended public and private job training programs in Colombia. The authors estimate propensity scores by controlling for the wide variety of personal and socioeconomic background variables of those individuals. The effect of training, measured by the mean impact of the treatment on the treated, shows that: (i) for youths, no institution has a significant impact in the short or long run except private institutions for males; the scope of the data, however, limits the reliability of the result; (ii) for adult males, neither SENA nor the other public institutions have a significant impact in the short or long run; (iii) for SENA- trained adult females there are positive but not significant impacts in the short run and greater and close to significant effects in the long run. All other public institutions have a higher impact that is significant in the long-run; (iv) for adults trained at private institutions there are large and significant effects in both the short and long run, but for adult males in the short run the effects are smaller and only barely significant. In addition, neither short nor long courses provided by SENA seem to have a significant impact on earnings. In general, females benefit more from both short and long courses than males. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis shows that under the assumption of direct unitary costs equal to SENA, private institutions are more profitable than public institutions, which are in turn more profitable than SENA.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),The authors present various matching estimators of the impact on earnings for individuals who attended public and private job training programs in Colombia. The authors estimate propensity scores by controlling for the wide variety of personal and socioeconomic background variables of those individuals. p. 3,Total earnings due to higher education,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Not specified,"In  both cases the samples are divided into four demographic groups: adult male, male youth, adult  female, and female youth, to assess the earnings impact of each institution’s courses - Youths are aged 14 to 22 and adults are aged 23 to 55",Individual,Occupational Training | Vocational Education | Career Education,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/10719/impact-public-and-private-job-training-colombia,Technical and vocational training,Income,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment,Indeterminate,,,,,
The Impact Of Public Credit Programs On Brazilian Firms,"Denegri, Joao A. | Maffioli, Alessandro | Rodriguez, Cesar M. | Vázquez, Gonzalo",2011.0,Published working paper,"This paper analyzes the effectiveness of public credit lines in promoting the performances of Brazilian firms. We focus on the impact of the credit lines managed by BNDES and FINEP in fostering growth measured in terms of employment, labor productivity and export. For this purpose, we use a unique panel data set developed by the Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), which includes information on both firm-level performances and access to public credit lines. This particular data setting allows us to use quasi-experimental techniques to control for selection bias when estimating the impact of the public credit lines. The core of our estimation strategy is based on a difference-in-differences technique, which we complement with matching methods for robustness check. Our results consistently show that access to public credit lines has a significant and robust positive impact on employment growth and exports, while we do not find evidence of a significant effect on our measure of productivity. Interestingly enough, our findings show that impact on exports is driven by the increase in export volumes among exporting firms, while no significant effect on the probability of becoming an exporter is detected.",Credit lines,"The main objective of public credit programs is to support increased competitiveness and job creation in (MSMEs) by channeling medium- and long-term financing for investments. The Bank resources are added to those of development agencies or banks, commingled without distinction, and disbursed through programs under their indirect operations system. IFIs must comply with all Central Bank regulations and are responsible for evaluating the risk associated with sub-borrowers and the decision to grant financing. Program funds will be used to finance fixed investments or permanent working capital associated with the execution of investment projects by qualifying MSMEs. p8",Workers per firm | Export activity | Labour productivity,,Finance,Credit infrastructure,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,For-profit firm,Not specified,,Firm,Public Credit | Impact Evaluation | Smes | BNDES | FINEP,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://publications.iadb.org/en/impact-public-credit-programs-brazilian-firms,Direct financing of private sector actors,Employment|International trade,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Training Quality And Earnings: The Effects Of Competition On The Provision Of Public-Sponsored Training Programs,"Chong, Alberto | Galdo, José",2006.0,Published working paper,"This paper evaluates the effectiveness of market-based approaches in the provision of public-sponsored training programs. In particular, we study the link between training quality and labor earnings using a Peruvian program that targets disadvantaged youths. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions that operate for profit compete for limited public funding. Using difference-in-differences kernel matching and standard regression-based approaches, we find that beneficiaries attending high- quality training courses have higher average and marginal treatment impacts. These earnings differentials are larger for females rather than males, and are larger in the medium term rather than in the short run. External validity was assessed by using five different cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),The Youth Training Program PROJOVEN was implemented in 1995 with the goal of increasing the employability and productivity of disadvantaged young individuals aged 16 to 25 through job-specific training in blue-collar occupations [page11].,Total earnings due to higher education | Index of household income,"Average Treatment Impacts on Monthly Earnings Difference-in-Differences (table 4, p38) | Average Treatment Impacts on Monthly Earnings for Formal Training Difference-in-Differences (p41, table 7)",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,he Youth Training Program PROJOVEN was implemented in 1995 with the goal of increasing the employability and productivity of disadvantaged young individuals aged 16 to 25 through job-specific training in blue-collar occupationsPage 5,Individual,Training | Quality | Earnings | Bidding | Matching Methods,Business training,Quality Education,,https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/10723/training-quality-and-earnings-effects-competition-provision-public-sponsored,Technical and vocational training,Income|Employment,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,"Significant, but not reported",,,,,
Why Is Voluntary Financial Education So Unpopular? Experimental Evidence From Mexico,"Bruhn, Miriam | Ibarra, Gabriel Lara | Mckenzie, David",2013.0,Published working paper,"Take-up of voluntary financial education programs
is typically extremely low. This paper reports on randomized experiments around a large financial literacy course offered in Mexico City to understand the reasons for low take-up, and to measure the impact of financial education. It documents that the general public displays little interest in such courses and that participation is low even among individuals who express interest in financial education. The paper experimentally investigates barriers to take-up, and finds no impact of relaxing reputational or logistical constraints and no evidence that time inconsistency is the reason for limited participation. Even relatively sizeable monetary incentives get less than 40 percent of interested individuals invited to training to attend. Using a randomized encouragement design, the authors measure the impact of the course on financial knowledge and behavior. Attending training results in a 9 percentage point increase in financial knowledge and a 9 percentage point increase in saving outcomes, but no impact on borrowing behavior. Administrative data indicate that the savings impact is relatively short-lived. The results suggest people are making optimal choices not to attend financial education courses, and point to the limits of using general purpose courses to improve financial behavior for the general population.",Financial literacy,"The goal of the program is to convey basic knowledge and tools that individuals may need to manage their personal finances responsibly. It is targeted at adults and is offered
free of charge. [page 9]. Offered 1,000 pesos (US$72) for completing the training: participants were given a
Walmart gift card of 1,000 pesos if they attended [page 16]. | Offered 500 pesos (US$36) gift card for completing the training, [page 16] | Offered 500 pesos (US$36) gift card that they would receive one month after completing the training, [page 17] | Offered a free taxi ride to and from the course location [page 17]. | Provided a video CD containing positive testimonials from people who had attended the course. [page 17].",Participation in training | Financial literacy | Other savings | Retirement accounts | Access to credit | Loans outstanding,,Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Mexico,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,. It is targeted at adults and is offered  free of charge.  p.9,Individual,Financial Literacy | Financial Capability | Encouragement Design | Low Take-Up,Microfinance,No Poverty,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/726701468045022845/Why-is-voluntary-financial-education-so-unpopular-Experimental-evidence-from-Mexico,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Financial inclusion,135.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant | 10% level (*),,,,,
The Impact Of A Reproductive Health Franchise On Client Satisfaction In Rural Nepal,"Agha, Sohail | Karim, Ali Mehryar | Balal, Asma | Sosler, Steve",2007.0,Journal article,"This study evaluates the impact of a nurse and paramedic reproductive health franchise in rural Nepal on client satisfaction and utilization of services. A quasi-experimental study design, with baseline and follow-up measurements on nonequivalent control groups, was used to assess the effects of the intervention. The study collected data from exit interviews with male and female clients at clinics and from household interviews with married women. Our assessment covers the project's performance for about a year of actual implementation. Client satisfaction with the quality of services increased across a range of indicators at intervention clinics but not at control clinics. Overall satisfaction with services also increased only at intervention clinics but not at control clinics. Consistent with these changes, loyalty increased among clients of franchised clinics. The analysis showed a positive relationship between client satisfaction and loyalty. Although the project's implementation was examined over a relatively short period of time, there appears to have been a net positive effect of the intervention on obtaining family planning products from medical stores/pharmacies. The study shows that franchising reproductive health services increases a provider's interest in delivering better quality services in rural areas of a developing country.",Health programme coordination,A pilot fractional franchise network of 64 nurses and paramedics in the Rupandehi district was launched to improve the quality of reproductive health services. Pg 321,Providers and service quality | Family planning | Antenatal care,,Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Nepal,South Asia,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"The target population was clients of rural nurse and paramedic clinics, including married women aged 15–45 for household surveys and clinic clients (both men and women) for exit interviews. “Married women of 15–45 years were eligible for the household interview.” (page 323) “All clients who visited nurse and paramedic clinics were eligible for the interview.” (page 323)",Individual,Reproductive Health | Franchising | Quality Of Care | Client Perception | Rural,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czm025,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",76.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Health Impact And Cost-Effectiveness Of A Private Sector Bed Net Distribution: Experimental Evidence From Zambia,"Sedlmayr, Richard | Fink, Günther | Miller, John M. | Earle, Duncan | Steketee, Richard W.",2013.0,Journal article,"Background Relatively few programmes have attempted to actively engage the private sector in national malaria control efforts. This paper evaluates the health impact of a large-scale distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) conducted in partnership with a Zambian agribusiness, and its cost-effectiveness from the perspective of the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Methods The study was designed as a cluster-randomized controlled trial. A list of 81,597 cotton farmers was obtained from Dunavant, a contract farming company in Zambia's cotton sector, in December 2010. 39,963 (49%) were randomly selected to obtain one ITN each. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 438 farmers in the treatment and 458 farmers in the control group in June and July 2011. Treatment and control households were compared with respect to bed net ownership, bed net usage, self-reported fever, and self-reported confirmed malaria. Cost data was collected throughout the programme. Results The distribution effectively reached target beneficiaries, with approximately 95% of households in the treatment group reporting that they had received an ITN through the programme. The average increase in the fraction of household members sleeping under an ITN the night prior to the interview was 14.6 percentage points (p-value <0.001). Treatment was associated with a 42 percent reduction in the odds of self-reported fever (p-value <0.001) and with a 49 percent reduction in the odds of self-reported malaria (p-value 0.002). This was accomplished at a cost of approximately five US$ per ITN to Zambia's NMCP. Conclusions The results illustrate that existing private sector networks can efficiently control malaria in remote rural regions. The intra-household allocation of ITNs distributed through this channel was comparable to that of ITNs received from other sources, and the health impact remained substantial.",Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs),"In an effort to improve the well-being and productivity of its contract farmers, Dunavant Cotton, an international cotton agribusiness, volunteered to distribute close to 40,000 long-lasting ITNs to randomly selected farmers during the farming season 2010/2011. (p.2)","ITN usage | Malaria causes, symptoms and treatment | Malaria prevalence",,Human development and gender,Malaria control,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Zambia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,For-profit firm,Charitable or private foundation,Baseline characteristics and balance test Table 1 provides descriptive statistics at the household level by study arm,Household,Insecticide-Treated Nets (Itns) | Public-Private Partnership | Zambia | Cost Effectiveness,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Good Health and Well-being,,https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-12-102,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",64.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Not reported | 1% level (***),,,,,
Can Skill Diversification Improve In Rural Areas? Evidence From The Rural Skills Development Project In Bhutan,"Chun, Natalie | Watanabe, Makiko",2011.0,Published working paper,"Income growth in rural areas is a considerable challenge to further poverty reduction and economic development. Using a survey of rural Bhutanese households, we investigate the impacts of a vocational skills training program that was intended to diversify incomes outside of agriculture. We nd that the program had limited positive impacts along various economic and psychosocial dimensions, but that it diversi ed household incomes into these skill areas. Notably, the program did raise incomes for trainees in non-competitive labor markets where trainees accounted for only a small percentage of the overall population. The results and anecdotal evidence suggests that: (i) a greater emphasis on creating a mechanism to connect the training program to income generating opportunities via job placement services, entrepreneurship, or mentoring services is needed—especially in competitive labor markets where there are too many trainees in relation to the population; (ii) re ning the curriculum and extending the training time to allow trainees to develop their skills may be important; (iii) encouraging greater equality in the skill development process may require providing more female-friendly training that has exibility in training time and venues and focuses on other skill areas.",Job placement schemes,"""RSDP (rural skills development project) provided training in four basic construction skills of carpentry, masonry, plumbing, and electrical wiring to poor villagers to increase their net income. Training was provided in 3 stages. The first two stages took place over three months. Stage 1 was comprised of theory lessons where participants reviewed basic concepts related to the skills. Stage 2 involved practical demonstration where participants were introduced to building and took part in construction of a toilet structure. Stage 3 provided on-the-job (OJT) training where participants were involved in school hostel construction over a period of approximately four to six months"" (p6)",Index of household income | Index of household expenditure | Infrastructure repairs & construction | Loan characteristics | Self-perception | Index of employment,Table 5: Estimated Impact of Training on Different Outcomes (p12),Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Other multisector,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Bhutan,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"""RSDP was designed to mitigate the degree of poverty among rural Bhutanese by diversifying income opportunities outside of agriculture during the off season and providing cost savings on expenditures required for minor repairs"" (page 6)",Individual,Vocational Training | Skill Training | Diversify Incomes,Not applicable,No Poverty | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1878207,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Income|Employment|Financial inclusion|Economic growth,21.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**),,,,,
The Impact Of Vocational Training For The Unemployed: Experimental Evidence From Turkey,"Hirshleifer, Sarojini | Mckenzie, David | Almeida, Rita | Ridao-Cano, Cristobal",2014.0,Published working paper,"A randomized experiment is used to evaluate a large-scale, active labor market policy: Turkey's vocational training programs for the unemployed. A detailed follow-up survey of a large sample with low attrition enables precise estimation of treatment impacts and their heterogeneity. e average impact of training on employment is positive, but close to zero and statistically insignificant, which is much lower than either program officials or applicants expected. Over the first year after training, the paper finds that training had statistically significant effects on the quality of employment and that the positive impacts are stronger when training is offered by private providers. However, longer-term administrative data show that after three years these effects have also dissipated.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),"The Turkish National Employment Agency (ISKUR) provides services for individuals who register as unemployed through 109 offices in 81 provinces. Training programs are the primary active labor market program provided by ISKUR. 6 The Turkish Government dramatically increased access to ISKUR-supported training programs from 32,000 individuals trained in 2008 to 214,000 in 2010 and 250,000 in 2011. This expansion began as a means to mitigate the impact of labor market reforms and continued as a response to a spike in unemployment that coincided with the 2009 global recession.7 The majority of training courses offered are general vocational training courses covering a wide range of vocations (p. 5).",Employment status | Employment hours | Overall household income,,Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Turkey,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex | Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Sex | Age,Government agency,Not specified,,Individual,Vocational Training | Private Provision | Active Labor Market Programs,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Quality Education,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/391121468317956515/The-impact-of-vocational-training-for-the-unemployed-experimental-evidence-from-Turkey,Technical and vocational training,Income|Employment,146.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*),,,,,
Government Health Insurance For People Below Poverty Line In India: Quasi-Experimental Evaluation Of Insurance And Health Outcomes,"Sood, Neeraj | Bendavid, Eran | Mukherji, Arnab | Wagner, Zachary | Nagpal, Somil | Mullen, Patrick",2014.0,Journal article,"Objectives To evaluate the effects of a government insurance program covering tertiary care for people below the poverty line in Karnataka, India, on out-of-pocket expenditures, hospital use, and mortality. Design Geographic regression discontinuity study. Setting 572 villages in Karnataka, India. Participants 31 476 households (22 796 below poverty line and 8680 above poverty line) in 300 villages where the scheme was implemented and 28 633 households (21 767 below poverty line and 6866 above poverty line) in 272 neighboring matched villages ineligible for the scheme. Intervention A government insurance program (Vajpayee Arogyashree scheme) that provided free tertiary care to households below the poverty line in about half of villages in Karnataka from February 2010 to August 2012. Main outcome measure Out-of-pocket expenditures, hospital use, and mortality. Results Among households below the poverty line, the mortality rate from conditions potentially responsive to services covered by the scheme (mostly cardiac conditions and cancer) was 0.32% in households eligible for the scheme compared with 0.90% among ineligible households just south of the eligibility border (difference of 0.58 percentage points, 95% confidence interval 0.40 to 0.75; P<0.001). We found no difference in mortality rates for households above the poverty line (households above the poverty line were not eligible for the scheme), with a mortality rate from conditions covered by the scheme of 0.56% in eligible villages compared with 0.55% in ineligible villages (difference of 0.01 percentage points, −0.03 to 0.03; P=0.95). Eligible households had significantly reduced out-of-pocket health expenditures for admissions to hospitals with tertiary care facilities likely to be covered by the scheme (64% reduction, 35% to 97%; P<0.001). There was no significant increase in use of covered services, although the point estimate of a 44.2% increase approached significance (−5.1% to 90.5%; P=0.059). Both reductions in out-of-pocket expenditures and potential increases in use might have contributed to the observed reductions in mortality. Conclusions Insuring poor households for efficacious but costly and underused health services significantly improves population health in India.",Social health insurance,A government insurance program (Vajpayee Arogyashree scheme) that provided free tertiary care to households below the poverty line in about half of villages in Karnataka from February 2010 to August 2012 (page1). Most beneficiaries of the scheme were poor and lived in rural areas with little or no access to tertiary care. Residents in eligible areas who possessed a “below poverty line” card issued by the state government were automatically enrolled. This enabled beneficiaries to receive free tertiary care at both private and public hospitals empanelled by the scheme as capable of providing tertiary care. Beneficiaries paid no premiums or co-payments at the point of service. (page 2),Household expenditure on health | Index of healthcare utilisation | Attendance at health facilities,,Social development and protection,Social insurance and pensions,Social protection,Health,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Most beneficiaries of the scheme were poor and lived in rural areas with little or no access to tertiary care. Residents in eligible areas who possessed a “below poverty line” card issued by the state government were automatically enrolled. (page 2),Household,Government Insurance Program | Poverty | Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures | Tertiary Care | Hospital Use | Mortality,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5114,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***) | 10% level (*) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Evaluation Of Entra 21 Using Quantitative And Qualitative Data,"Alzua, Maria Laura | Nahirñak, Paula | Toledo, Belissario Alvarez De",2007.0,Published working paper,"This paper evaluates entra 21 a training program for disadvantaged youth in Latin America and the Caribbean carried out by private NGOs. Most impact evaluation of such programs rely on quantitative techniques, often ignoring qualitative results. We combine both techniques and nd that traditional quantitative results cannot account for the degree of institutional learning of the participating NGOs. By using both quantitative and qualitative methods, a much better understanding of how these program work is gained. The main policy recommendation is that both components of evaluation should be present at the program design stage.",ICT capacity building | Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),"Argentina - US$29 million program, entra 21, to fund youth employment projects in ICT. The main objective of the program was to support local projects that train young people and assist them in securing jobs that require ICT skills in Latin American countries, create partnerships among nonproÖt organizations, governments, and businesses to meet the ICT training and employment needs of the region and to identify, document, and disseminate best practices in training, job placement, and collaboration among participating organizations (p. 5) | Brazil Cepro - US$29 million program, entra 21, to fund youth employment projects in ICT. The main objective of the program was to support local projects that train young people and assist them in securing jobs that require ICT skills in Latin American countries, create partnerships among nonproÖt organizations, governments, and businesses to meet the ICT training and employment needs of the region and to identify, document, and disseminate best practices in training, job placement, and collaboration among participating organizations (p. 5) | Brazil IH - US$29 million program, entra 21, to fund youth employment projects in ICT. The main objective of the program was to support local projects that train young people and assist them in securing jobs that require ICT skills in Latin American countries, create partnerships among nonproÖt organizations, governments, and businesses to meet the ICT training and employment needs of the region and to identify, document, and disseminate best practices in training, job placement, and collaboration among participating organizations (p. 5)",Overall household income | Employment status | Employment type,The enclosed table presents results for the countries that were analyzed (p3),Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,Argentina,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"Disadvantaged youth aged 16 to 24 living in poor households across Latin America and the Caribbean. “entra 21 offered training to young people living in a poor household, between the ages of sixteen and twenty four, who face difficulties when in terms of insertion and permanence in the labor market.” (page 5)",Household,Program Evaluation | Youth Program | Youth At Risk | Training Program | Unemployment | Low Income Group | Private Sector,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty,,https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3A73983,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,46.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant,,,,,
The Impact Of An Adolescent Girls Employment Program,"Adoho, Franck | Chakravarty, Shubha | Jr., Dala T. Korkoyah, | Lundberg, Mattias | Tasneem, Afia",2014.0,Published working paper,"This paper presents findings from the impact evaluation of the Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG) project in Liberia. e EPAG project was launched by the Liberian Ministry of Gender and Development in 2009 with the goal of increasing the employment and income of 2,500 young Liberian women by providing livelihood and life skills training and facilitating their transition to productive work. e analysis in this paper is based on data collected during two rounds of quantitative surveys in 2010 and 2011, the second of which was conducted six months after the classroom-based phase of the training program ended. Strong impacts are found on the employment and earnings outcomes of program participants, relative to a control group of non-participants. e EPAG program increased employment by 47 percent and earnings by 80 percent. In addition, the impact evaluation documents positive effects on a variety of empowerment measures, including access to money, self-confidence, and anxiety about circumstances and the future. e evaluation finds no net impact on fertility or sexual behavior. At the household level, there is evidence of improved food security and shifting attitudes toward gender norms. These results reinforce the highly positive feedback received from focus group discussions with program participants. Finally, preliminary cost-benefit analysis indicates that the budgetary cost of the EPAG business development training for young women is equivalent to the value of three years of the increase in income among program beneficiaries. These preliminary results provide strong evidence for further investment and research into young women's livelihood programs in Liberia.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) | Financial management training | Entrepreneurship training,"Under the global AGI, young women and adolescent girls are given a package of skills training and complementary services in order to facilitate their successful transition to employment. In the case of EPAG, the intervention consisted of a six month phase of classroom-based training, followed by a six 4 month placement and support phase in which the trainees were supported in their transition to self or wage employment. Upon recruitment, the participants are assigned to a ""Job Skills (JS)"" track or a ""Business Development Services (BDS)"" track (p. 5)",Employment status | Employment hours | Overall household income | Savings account | Total savings | Debt | Index of loan use | Bank accounts | Self-perception | Quality of life/Life satisfaction | Psychological empowerment | Index of business knowledge and skills | Empowerment | Adolescent pregnancy and births | Adolescent sexual behaviour | Modern contraceptive use | Food supply adequacy | Marriage norms | Social attitudes | Overall student enrolment | Vocational skills | Re-payment rate,"Table 3. Impact of EPAG on Participation in Income Generating Activities p. 34 | Similarly, while EPAG did increase the number of hours
worked, on average, it did not increase the number of hours worked among those who had
employment. p.14 | Panel 2 of Table 4 shows that the program was also highly successful in increasing the incomes of EPAG
participants. p. 15 | To facilitate successful coping and provide a safe
place to save, the EPAG program assisted each participant to set up a savings account at a local bank if
she did not already have one. Table 5 presents midline survey results that indicate that the treatment
group were nearly 50 percentage points more likely to have savings than the control group. p.16 | Any loans to be repaid p.39",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Liberia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Sub-group analysis (other than sex) | Measures effects on an inequality outcome,Socioeconomic status | Education | Age,Government agency,International financial institution,"""The program combined six  months of classroom-based technical and life skills training, with a focus on skills with high market  demand, followed by six months of follow-up support to enter wage employment or start a business.  Roughly 1200 young women aged 16-27 participated in the first round of EPAG."" (page 3)",Individual,Adolescents | Gender | Vocational Training | Youth Employment,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis | Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Quality Education | Gender Equality,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/610391468299085610/The-impact-of-an-adolescent-girls-employment-program-the-EPAG-project-in-Liberia,Technical and vocational training,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Employment|Income|Work-labor|Financial inclusion",70.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control | Indeterminate,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 10% level (*),,,,,
Gender Differences In The Effects Of Vocational Training: Constraints On Women And Drop-Out Behavior,"Cho, Yoonyoung | Kalomba, Davie | Mobarak, Ahmed M. | Orozco, Victor",2013.0,Published working paper,"We provide experimental evidence on the effects of vocational and entrepreneurial training for Malawian youth, in an environment where access to schooling and formal sector employment is extremely low. We track a large fraction of program drop-outs - a common phenomenon in the training evaluation literature - and this allows us to examine the determinants and consequences of drop-out and how it mediates the effects of such programs. We find that women make decisions in a more constrained environment, and their participation affected by family obligations. Participation is more expensive for them, resulting in worse training experience. The training results in skills development, continued investment in human capital, and improved well-being, with more positive effects for men, but no improvements in labor market outcomes in the short run.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),"in 2009 the Government of Malawi decided to pilot a new apprenticeship program aimed at vulnerable youth. The program was implemented by the Technical Education and Vocational Education and Training Authority (TEVETA) across all 28 districts of Malawi. The program was targeted to vulnerable youth, mainly defined as orphans or school dropouts. The geographic scope of the program made data collection more expensive, but it allowed us to evaluate the program based on a nationally representative sample of vulnerable youth.",Vocational skills | Management practices and skills | Employment hours | Overall student enrolment | Total savings | Overall household income | New job creation | Overall household expenditure | Migration | Food supply adequacy | Quality of life/Life satisfaction | Economic empowerment | Income from non-farm employment | Modern contraceptive use | Marital status - health | Adolescent pregnancy and births,"Table 6: Effects of training on skills development (p 35) | Table 7: Effects on Time Use - Before, During and After Training (p36)",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Malawi,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex | Other,Government agency,International financial institution,"It targeted young people aged 15-24, because the youth often lack the formal education or skills required to access salaried employment. Pg 2",Individual,Vocational Training | Entrepreneurial Training | Youth Employment,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Gender Equality,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2266835,Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Income|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Food security, health, and nutrition|Economic growth",71.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 10% level (*),,,,,
Can Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth? Evidence From A Randomized Trial In Rio De Janeiro,"Calero, Carla | Soares, Yuri | Corseuil, Carlos | Gonzales, Veronica | Kluve, Jochen",2014.0,Published working paper,"This paper provides findings of a small-scale, innovative labor training program that uses arts and theatre as a pedagogical tool. The corresponding life skills training component is combined with a technical component teaching vocational skills. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of a training program constructed around expressive arts. Using a randomized assignment of favela youth into program and control groups, we look at the short-run treatment effects on a comprehensive set of outcomes including employment and earnings as well as measures of personality traits and risk behavior. We find positive short-run employment and earnings impacts five months after the program finalized; no impacts are found for shorter periods. These short-run impacts are economically very large, compared to those typically found in the literature: a 33.3 per cent increase in the probability of being employed, and a 23.6 per cent increase in earnings. We find no evidence of significant program impacts on other outcomes, including personality-related traits, providing evidence that these traits may not be malleable for young adults in the short-run. We argue that the estimated labor market impacts are due to a combination of both skills formation and signaling of higher quality workers to employers.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) | Other life skills | Job placement schemes,"In 2009, the Inter-American Bank’s Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) partnered with theInstituto Stimulu Brasil to finance the “Sociocultural and Productive Integration of At-risk Youth” project in Rio de Janeiro (henceforth referred to as Galpão Aplauso, or just Galpão). The project aims at improving the socio-economic situation and employability of youth by teaching basic skills, life skills and vocational skills, and providing placement services. The program thus consists of a combination of vocational, academic and life skills training, delivered through a pedagogic method that utilizes arts and dance. (page 14) Program duration is approximately 6 months, 5 hours a day, 5 days a week, delivered in three shifts—morning, afternoon, and evening. The treatment includes 300 hours of vocational training (mainly construction-related, soldering, wood shop), 180 hours of training on academic and basic skills, including remedial courses in both Mathematics and Portuguese, and 120 hours in life skills. The vocational component is tailor-made to the beneficiaries. (page 15)",Overall student attendance | Index of employment | Index of household income | Permanent work | Employment hours | Employee compensation | Index of household expenditure | Other savings | Index of household technology use | Household expenditure on clothing | Adolescent lifestyle | Willingness to help | Social participation and interaction | Religious activities time use | Leisure time use | Alcohol and tobacco consumption | Incidence of violence | Crime rates | Discriminating behaviours | Composite test scores,,Private sector development,Job quality,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,"a sample of youth who participated in the program, which is specifically aimed at disadvantaged, favela youth",Household,Labor Market Training | Youths | Randomized Controlled Trial | Life Skills,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/rwirep/486.html,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**),,,,,
The Impact Of Structured Teaching Methods On The Quality Of Education In Brazil,"Leme, Maria C. Da Silva | Louzano, Paula | Ponczek, Vladimir | Souza, André P.",2012.0,Published working paper,"This paper estimates the impact of the use of structured methods on the quality of education for students in primary public school in Brazil. Structured methods encompass a range of pedagogical and managerial instruments applied in the educational system. In recent years, several municipalities in the state of São Paulo have contracted out private educational providers to implement these structured methods in their schooling systems. Their pedagogical proposal involves structuring of curriculum content, development of teacher and student textbooks, and the training and supervision of teachers and instructors. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, we find that the fourth- and eighth- grade students in the municipalities with structured methods performed better in Portuguese and mathematics than did students in municipalities not exposed to these methods. We find no differences in passing rates. However, we are unable to rule out of possibility that unobservable characteristics are driving this results.","School supplies transfers (textbooks, uniforms, etc.) | Continuing education for educators","Private institutions are contracted to develop and provide textbooks for the students, pedagogical materials for the teachers that systematize classes, homework materials and answer keys, etc. The private firms also coach the teachers on the use of these materials. In the state of São Paulo during the lastten years, around one third of the municipalities have hired private institutions that have provided what has become known as structured teaching methods for the public system (p.850).",Comparative academic performance | Math test scores | Language test scores,,Human development and gender,"Standards, curriculum and textbooks",Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Education,Government agency,Not specified,This paper estimates the impact of the use of structured methods on the quality of education for students in primary public school in Brazi,Individual,Quality Of Education | Structured Methods | Curriculum Content | Teacher And Student Textbooks,Not applicable,Quality Education,,http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/dspace/handle/10438/23283,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,5% level (**) | 10% level (*) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
"The Demand For, And Impact Of, Youth Internships Evidence From A Randomized Experiment In Yemen","Mckenzie, David | Assaf, Nabila | Cusolito, Ana Paula",2015.0,Published working paper,"This paper evaluates a youth internship program in the Republic of Yemen that provided firms with a 50 percent subsidy to hire recent graduates of universities and vocational schools. The first round of the program took place in 2014 and required both firms and youth to apply for the program. e paper examines the demand for such a program, and finds that in the context of an economy facing substantial political and economic uncertainty, it appears there is an oversupply of graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, and a relative undersupply of graduates in marketing and business. Conditional on the types of graduates firms were looking to hire as interns, applicants were then randomly chosen for the program. Receiving an internship resulted in an almost doubling of work experience in 2014, and a 73 percent increase in income during this period compared with the control group. A short-term follow-up survey conducted just as civil conflict was breaking out shows that internship recipients had better employment outcomes than the control group in the first five months after the program ended.",Job placement schemes,"The Enterprise Revitalization and Employment Pilot (EREP) was designed as a two-year pilot project to help firms and recent graduates seeking jobs. The internship program provided firms with a 50% subsidy towards the cost of employing an intern for six months, and a matchmaking service to link firms seeking intern positions to graduates looking for employment opportunities. Pg 4",Index of employment,Table 4 Impacts on employment outcomes in 2014 (p10),Private sector development,Youth employment,Education,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,"Yemen, Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Non-profit organization,Not specified,"The internship component of this project aimed to place 400 Yemeni youth into internship jobs with firms in Yemen, 200 in the first year and 200 in the second year, with each year the number equally divided between the two main cities of Sanaa and Aden. pg 3",Individual,Internship | Active-Labor Market Program | Randomized Experiment | Fragile State | Youth Employment,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/550931468188372833/The-demand-for-and-impact-of-youth-internships-evidence-from-a-randomized-experiment-in-Yemen,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,159.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***),,,,,
The Additionality Impact Of A Matching Grant Program For Small Firms Experimental Evidence From Yemen,"Mckenzie, David | Assaf, Nabila | Cusolito, Ana P.",2015.0,Published working paper,"Matching grants are one of the most common types of private sector development programs used in developing countries. But government subsidies to private firms can be controversial. A key question is that of additionality: do these programs get firms to undertake innovative activities that they would not otherwise do, or merely subsidize activities that would take place anyway? Randomized controlled trials can provide the counterfactual needed to answer this question, but e orts to experiment with matching grant programs have often failed. This paper uses a randomized controlled trial of a matching grant program for firms in the Republic of Yemen to demonstrate the feasibility of conducting experiments with well-designed programs, and to measure the additionality impact. In the first year, the matching grant is found to have led to more product innovation, firms upgrading their accounting systems, marketing more, making more capital investments, and being more likely to report their sales grew.",Seed capital grants,"The matching grant component of this program aimed to provide grants for business development services (BDS) to 400 enterprises, 200 in each of two years.4  Firms could apply for a grant of up to $10,000, as a 50 percent subsidy towards the cost of procurement of business development services, training, and goods (as a minority component) to improve business practices, technology, or products, or to reach new markets, as defined in a Business Development Plan submitted by the firm. [page 6]",Product quality | Marketing/selling time use | Inspections and compliance | Employee training | Organisational culture | Management practices and skills | Employment status | Investment in productive assets | Loan characteristics | Export activity | Sales,,Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance (","Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,"Yemen, Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International financial institution,,Firm,Matching Grants | Innovative Activities | Firms Upgrading | Employment | Small Firms,Cash transfers,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/136101467994646144/The-additionality-impact-of-a-matching-grant-program-for-small-firms-experimental-evidence-from-Yemen,Direct financing of private sector actors,International trade|Investment levels|Income|Domestic business growth and market development|Employment|Productivity gains,159.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,5% level (**) | Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 1% level (***),,,,,
The Impact Of Private Sector Internship And Training On Urban Youth In Kenya,"Honorati, Maddalena",2015.0,Published working paper,"This study uses a randomized experiment to evaluate the impacts of the training and internship program piloted in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu counties by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance and the Government of Kenya with support from the World Bank's Kenya Youth Empowerment Project. The program provided three months of classroom-based technical training coupled with three months of internships in private firms to vulnerable youths between ages 15 and 29 years, with vulnerable being defined as those out of school and/or with no permanent job. The analysis in this paper is based on survey data collected before the program started (July 2012) and 15 months after the program ended (July 2014). e results of the impact evaluation show that the program has been successful in placing youths in paid jobs and has contributed to an increase of 15 percent in current employment among male participants. e evaluation also found that the program has had positive effects on wage earnings, especially those of females and among older males, with wages increasing by about K Sh 5,000 for males and by K Sh 7,500 for females. With a total unit cost of K Sh 97,000 per beneficiary, an estimated K Sh 6,768 monthly wage for males and K Sh 9,623 monthly wage for females, the program's benefits exceeded the costs for males and females. e program also encouraged youths to participate in either (certified) skills training or an internship program, and helped to increase the probability of participants' opening a bank account and accumulating savings (for females).",Entrepreneurship training | Other life skills | Internship programmes,"Training and internship program which included i) two-week life skills training component of the program and ii) full six-month program offering a combination of different types of classroom-based training including life skills training, general business training, and sector-specific skills training and 12 weeks of internships in private firms. Pg 4",Total work time | Employment type | Employment hours | Index of household income,,Private sector development,Youth employment,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Other | Sex,Government agency,International financial institution,vulnerable youths between ages 15 and 29 years,Individual,Vocational Training | Internship | Active Labor Market Programs | Private Provision,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/468501468185042536/The-impact-of-private-sector-internship-and-training-on-urban-youth-in-Kenya,Technical and vocational training|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|Income,127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,10% level (*) | 5% level (**) | Not statistically significant | 1% level (***),,,,,
Impact Evaluation Of Projoven Youth Labor Training Program In Peru,"Rosas-Shady, David",2016.0,Published report,No abstract,Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) | Internship programmes,PROjoven provides funding for basic or semi-skilled training in particular occupations. The vocational training has two main components or phases. The first is a learning phase where training courses are directly provided by ECAPs. The second is an internship phase at private firms where trainees acquire on-the-job experience (p.11).,Index of economic returns due to higher education | Overall paid employment due to higher education | Formal employment due to higher education | Total earnings due to higher education | Weekly hours worked after higher education,,Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,International aid agency,"""The overall objective of the program was to help economically disadvantaged youths, of 16-24 years old, to enter into the formal labor market by providing them with training and an opportunity to acquire work experience, which is based on the needs of the private sector."" (page 2)",Individual,Economically Disadvantaged Youths | Training | Work Experience | Employment | Jobs Quality,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://publications.iadb.org/en/impact-evaluation-projoven-youth-labor-training-program-peru,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income|Work-labor,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,"Significant, but not reported",,,,,
"Life Skills, Employability And Training For Disadvantaged Youth: Evidence From A Randomized Evaluation Design","Ibarrarán, Pablo | Ripani, Laura | Taboada, Bibiana | Villa, Juan Miguel | García, Brígida",2012.0,Published working paper,"This paper presents an impact evaluation of a revamped version of the Dominican Republic's youth training program Juventud y Empleo. The paper analyzes the impact of the program on traditional labor market outcomes and on outcomes related to youth behavior and life style, expectations about the future and socio-emotional skills. In terms of labor market outcomes, the program has a positive impact on job formality for men of about 17 percent and there is also a seven percent increase in monthly earnings among those employed. However, there are no overall impacts on employment rates. Regarding non-labor market outcomes, the program reduces teenage pregnancy by five percentage points in the treatment group (about 45 percent), which is consistent with an overall increase in youth expectations about the future. The program also has a positive impact on non-cognitive skills as measured by three different scales. Scores improve between 0.08 and 0.16 standard deviations with the program. Although recent progress noted in the literature suggests that socio-emotional skills increase employability and quality of employment, the practical significance of the impacts is unclear, as there is only weak evidence that the life skills measures used are associated to better labor market performance. This is an area of growing interest and relevance that requires further research.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),"Dominican Republic’s Youth and Employment Program, Juventud y Empleo (JE). The JE program is a Dominican active labor market program (ALMP) that aims to improve the labor market entry of youth between 16 and 29 years of age who did not complete high school. The program offers a wide range of job training courses such as administrative assist- ant, baker, hair stylist, clerk, auto mechanic, bartender, and so on. (p.3)",Employment status | Formal employment due to higher education | Total earnings due to higher education | Labour force participation | Unemployment duration after higher education | Adolescent pregnancy and births | Other adolescent health outcomes | Education level | Index of economic returns due to higher education | Student career aspirations | Literacy | Index of student behaviour and attitudes,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Dominican Republic,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex) | Sub-group analysis by sex,Age | Sex | Socioeconomic status,Government agency,International financial institution,,Individual,Impact Evaluation | Dominican Republic | Youth Training Programs | Labor Market Outcomes | Employment | Life Skills,Not applicable,No Poverty | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://izajold.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-9020-3-10,Technical and vocational training|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Service management and delivery PPP,"Employment|Income|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Work-labor|Social factors|Education|Food security, health, and nutrition",79.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**) | 1% level (***),,,,,
Contracting Out Public Schools And Academic Performance: Evidence From Colombia,"Bonilla-Angel, Juan D.",2011.0,Published working paper,"Contracting out public schools to private institutions is an instrument forreforming public education as it may facilitate academic innovation and improve student academic performance through higher school accountability and autonomy. The degree of autonomy that different providers have may vary substantially depending on the contractual and institutional arrangements they are subject to. In principle, contractual differences should generate different sets of incentives for providers that may ultimately affect student academic performance. One can expect, for example, that programs with limited achievement accountability rules might invest sub-optimally in resources aiming at improving the academic performance of their students. In this dissertation, I evaluate short- and longer-run achievement effects of the Colegios en Concesión (CEC) program, a large-scale initiative implemented in 2000 in Bogota, Colombia, which contracted out the administration of some traditional public schools (TPS) to reputed, not-for-profit private schools and universities. This program allows participating schools to operate outside public schools' collective bargaining provisions in return for being accountable, among other things, for the academic performance of their students in the ICFES test, a high-stakes college entry national standardized test. The major empirical challenge in studies of alternative school models is selection bias. Students who attend CEC schools may differ in a number of ways from public school students. To overcome potential selection bias of CEC attendance, I exploit variation in distance from a student's residence to the closest CEC institution as an instrument for CEC attendance. While distance may in theory be correlated with unobservable characteristics of students, I demonstrate using a variety of empirical strategies that this instrument is conditionally exogenous of unobserved determinants of academic achievement. I first evaluate the effects of attending a CEC school on ICFES test scores. Instrumental variables results indicate that CEC students exhibit important and significant gains in test scores on the ICFES test. That is, the two-stage least squares estimates obtained indicate that CEC students score 0.6 and 0.2 standard deviations higher in math and verbal tests, respectively, relative to TPS students. I provide evidence that the positive test score results of CEC attendance are not driven by unintended strategic responses by CEC schools such as excluding lowperforming students from the pool of test-takers or via test specialization in the curriculum, or by significant differences in education inputs such as teachers' education, student-teacher ratios, or expenditures per student. I also provide suggestive auxiliary evidence that the estimated results are a consequence of an institutional arrangement that makes CEC schools accountable for the academic performance of their students. I also evaluate whether attending a CEC school translates into longer-run gains in potentially more meaningful outcomes such as increasing the probability of investing in post-secondary schooling, attending a more selective tertiary institution, or being admitted in high-return academic programs. The results on college attendance indicate that CEC students exhibit a significantly higher probability of attending a higher education institution and to attend a vocational program relative to TPS students. Moreover, CEC students have a slightly higher probability of attending a selective public institution and are not more likely to drop out from college relative to TPS students. The overall results provide compelling evidence that the contractual arrangement that defines the operation of CEC schools are successful at improving the academic performance of their students relative to TPS.",Reform implementation strategies | Decentralised resource allocation in education systems,"The Colegios en Concesión (CEC) program, a large-scale initiative implemented in 2000 in Bogota, Colombia, which contracted out the administration of some traditional public schools (TPS) to reputed, not-for-profit private schools universities. This program allows participating schools to operate outside public schools’ collective bargaining provisions in return for being accountable, among other things, for the academic performance of their students in the ICFES test, a high-stakes college entry national standardized test (p.1).",Math test scores | Verbal test scores | Standardized test scores | Index of school enrolment and attendance | Drop-out rate from educational establishments,,Human development and gender,Private sector delivery of education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Government agency,,Individual,Private Sector Delivery In Education | CEC Program | School Management,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/11989,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Indeterminate,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant | 5% level (**),,,,,
Impact Evaluation Of The Job Youth Training Program Projoven,"Díaz, Juan José | Rosas, David",2016.0,Published working paper,"This paper brings new evidence on the impact of The Peruvian Job Youth Training Program (Projoven). Compared with prior evaluations of the program, this one has several advantages. This is the first experimental impact evaluation of Projoven, and also the first to measure impacts over a longer period: almost three years after training. Additionally, the evaluation supplements data from a follow-up survey with administrative data from the country's Electronic Payroll (Planilla Electrónica), allowing for a more accurate measure of formal employment. It also measures whether socioemotional skills of beneficiaries improved with program participation. The evaluation finds a high long term positive impact of Projoven on formal employment. It also finds certain heterogeneity of program impacts across subpopulations. Impacts on formal employment vary depending on the beneficiaries' gender and age, with different patterns of statistical significance depending on the data source used to measure employment formality. Finally, it does not find significant impacts on socio-emotional skills.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) | Internship programmes,"The Peruvian Job Youth Training Program (Projoven): Projoven was created by the Ministry of Labor and Job Promotion (MTPE) in 1996, and was operational until 2010.4 Its main objective was to facilitate access into the formal labor market for young people with limited resources, providing them with short-term training and labor market experience related to the needs of the productive sector—in other words, training oriented towards demand. Its design was based on a Chilean training program (ChileJoven) that was replicated in several Latin American countries (Ibarrarán and Rosas, 2009). The cost of the program per beneficiary (including operating costs and a stipend) was relatively low, around US$420. Projoven offered in-classroom technical training for three months, later to be complemented with an internship for three additional months. The program did not directly provided in-classroom training, but hired private or public training agencies (PPTAs) that were responsible for the design and the provision of training for the program’s beneficiaries. PPTAs courses were designed in coordination with firms in which beneficiaries would later do their internships. Firms committed to open internship vacancies for beneficiaries after they have completed the 3-month in-classroom training. In order to participate in the program the PPTAs had to submit letters of commitment they had signed with the different firms that would offer internships. (See page 5)",Employment status | Employment type | Employment hours | Health insurance | Index of employment | Pension | Index of household income | Income from non-farm employment | Self-perception | Resilience | Social and emotional attitudes and skills,,Private sector development,Youth employment,Social protection,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Table 3: Equivalence between the treatment and control groups,Individual | Household,Long-Term | Impact Evaluation | Randomized Controlled Trial | Peru | Youth Training | Labor Market Outcomes,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://publications.iadb.org/en/impact-evaluation-job-youth-training-program-projoven,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income|Social factors|Work-labor,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 10% level (*),,,,,
Sustained Impacts Of Kaizen Training,"Higuchi, Yuki | Nam, Vu Hoang | Sonobe, Tetsushi",2015.0,Journal article,"We conducted a randomized controlled trial of short-term management training for smallmanufacturers in two study sites in Vietnam and collected follow-up data repeatedly fortwo years to assess longer-term impacts than the existing studies of management training.Our training programs introduced participants to Kaizen, a common-sense approach to pro-duction management. In both sites, many participants started to recognize the importanceof learning about management and improved their management skills. The impacts onmanagement skills were statistically significant two years after the programs. Our resultssuggest that the training program increased participants' value added in one of the twostudy sites, likely because they learned how to eliminate wastes in production.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),"TT: The first treatment group was invitedto bothclassroom and on-site training programs and labeled as Group TT, while the second and third were invited only to either the classroom or the on-site program and labeled Group TC and Group CT, respectively. Group CC, the control group, was invited to neither of the programs. The model enterprises mentioned above, however, were not selected randomly. This is because, to serve as a model, an enterprise had to be willing to accept other training participants’ visits and hence had to have enough space. Because they were treated differently from any other sample enterprise, we exclude them from our statistical analyses below, which leaves 312 enterprises in the sample (153 in the steel cluster and 159 in the knitwear cluster. See Appendix A for the data). p.192 | TC: The first treatment group was invitedto bothclassroom and on-site training programs and labeled as Group TT, while the second and third were invited only to either the classroom or the on-site program and labeled Group TC and Group CT, respectively. Group CC, the control group, was invited to neither of the programs. The model enterprises mentioned above, however, were not selected randomly. This is because, to serve as a model, an enterprise had to be willing to accept other training participants’ visits and hence had to have enough space. Because they were treated differently from any other sample enterprise, we exclude them from our statistical analyses below, which leaves 312 enterprises in the sample (153 in the steel cluster and 159 in the knitwear cluster. See Appendix A for the data). p.192 | CT: The first treatment group was invitedto bothclassroom and on-site training programs and labeled as Group TT, while the second and third were invited only to either the classroom or the on-site program and labeled Group TC and Group CT, respectively. Group CC, the control group, was invited to neither of the programs. The model enterprises mentioned above, however, were not selected randomly. This is because, to serve as a model, an enterprise had to be willing to accept other training participants’ visits and hence had to have enough space. Because they were treated differently from any other sample enterprise, we exclude them from our statistical analyses below, which leaves 312 enterprises in the sample (153 in the steel cluster and 159 in the knitwear cluster. See Appendix A for the data). p.192",Index of business knowledge and skills | Participation in training | Profits and revenues,,Private sector development,Entrepreneurship,Education,Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Vietnam,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International aid agency,Not specified,,Firm | Individual,Management Training | Impact Evaluation | Randomized Controlled Trial | Willingness To Pay | Small And Medium Enterprises | Vietnam,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268115002760,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",38.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 1% level (***) | 5% level (**),,,,,
Credit For Low-Income Students And Access To And Academic Performance In Higher Education In Colombia: A Regression Discontinuity Approach,"Melguizo, Tatiana | Sanchez, Fabio | Velasco, Tatiana",2016.0,Journal article,"This study evaluates the impact of a national-level subsidized loan program, ACCES (Access with Quality to Higher Education), on a number of higher education outcomes (i.e., increase in enrollment rates, decrease in dropout rates, and increase in academic performance) of low-income students. The program intends to tackle Colombia's wide disparities in access to postsecondary education by socioeconomic status and by region. We use national-level data along with a regression discontinuity design (RDD) to estimate the impact of the program. We provide intent to treat and the local average treatment effect estimates of the program on enrollment and dropout rates, and on academic performance. Our RDD design takes advantage of the fact that the beneficiaries of the program are selected based on a government mandated procedure to rank individuals at the “department” (similar to geographic regions in the U.S.) level based on a cutoff score in their high school exit exams. The results confirm that the program has been effective in terms of increasing the potential number of low-income students at the margin who would have enrolled in college, decreasing the number of students who dropped out, and increasing their academic outcomes. Nonetheless, the effects of the credit program on enrollment exhibit the largest magnitude and with clearly positive heterogeneous impact on the poorest applicants. The results are less compelling for dropout, yet in the expected direction.",Subsidised loans,"This study evaluates the impact of a national-level subsidized loan program, ACCES (Access with Quality to Higher Education), on a number of higher education outcomes (i.e., increase in enrollment rates, decrease in dropout rates, and increase in academic performance) of low-income students. The program intends to tackle Colombia’s wide disparities in access to postsecondary education by socioeconomic status and by region. We use national-level data along with a regression discontinuity design (RDD) to estimate the impact of the program. p. 61",Tertiary school enrolment | Drop-out rate from educational establishments | Index of educational progression,,Human development and gender,Education financing,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,low income high school graduates pg 65,Individual,Higher Education | College Credit | Low-Income Students | Academic Performance | ACCES | Regression Discontinuity,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15002971,Direct financing of private sector actors,Education,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***),,,,,
Impact Of A Social Franchising Program On Uptake Of Oral Rehydration Solution Plus Zinc For Childhood Diarrhea In Myanmar: A Community-Level Randomized Controlled Trial,"Aung, Tin | Montagu, Dominic | Khin, Hnin Su Su | Win, Zaw | San, Ang Kyaw | Mcfarland, Willi",2014.0,Journal article,"Background: Diarrhea's impact on childhood morbidity can be reduced by administering oral rehydration solution (ORS) with zinc; challenges to wider use are changing health-seeking behavior and ensuring access. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial to increase ORS plus zinc uptake in rural Myanmar. Village tracts, matched in 52 pairs, were randomized to standard ORS access vs. a social franchising program training community educators and supplying ORS plus zinc. Results: Intervention and control communities were comparable on demographics, prevalence of diarrhea and previous use of ORS. One year after randomization, ORS plus zinc use was 13.7% in the most recent case of diarrhea in intervention households compared with 1.8% in control households (p<0.001) (N = 3605). A significant increase in ORS plus zinc use was noted in the intervention (p = 0.044) but not in the control (p = 0.315) group. Conclusions: Social franchising increased optimal treatment of childhood diarrhea in rural Myanmar. Scale-up stands to reduce morbidity among children in similar settings.",Oral rehydration therapy | Nutrient supplementation,"Social franchising program training community educators and supplying Oral rehydration solution (ORS) with zinc.
 ""The intervention comprised the creation of a social franchising network of local community health workers by Population Services International (PSI), an international non-profit organization (nongovernmental organization), to provide the village tracts with access to ORS plus zinc, to provide health information, to make referrals to district facilities and to prescribe and sell ORS plus zinc (prepackaged as Orasel KIT). Community health workers were nominated by local health officers and village leaders or self-nominated and met minimal qualifications of middle school education, residence in the intervention village tract and previous health experience such as an auxiliary midwife or a Red Cross aide. Nominations included men and women aged 20–40 years, with 30–50 screened per township. The program sought to have one trained health worker per intervention village tract. Training of health workers was part of a 5-day curriculum, based on national and WHO standards, on the prevention and treatment or referral of diarrhea, malaria, pneumonia and tuberculosis, and provision of contraception. The trial was designed and powered to detect a difference in the treatment of diarrhea in children"" (p.3)",Nutrition supplementation & diet behaviour,"Use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) with zinc (p7, table 2)",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Myanmar,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Government agency,The trial was designed and powered to detect a difference in the treatment of diarrhea in children <5 years old,Individual,ORS | Diarreha | Drugs Supply | Drugs Training,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://academic.oup.com/tropej/article/60/3/189/1622190,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",153.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***),,,,,
Increasing Personal Initiative In Small Business Managers Or Owners Leads To Entrepreneurial Success: A Theory-Based Controlled Randomized Field Intervention For Evidence-Based Management,"Glaub, Matthias E. | Frese, Michael | Fischer, Sebastian | Hoppe, Maria",2014.0,Journal article,"We seek to contribute to evidence-based teaching for management by providing an example of translating a theory into an evidence-based intervention by developing action principles; moreover, our work here shows how such an intervention affects the success of firms by way of changing managers' actions. The concept of action principle is central to this intervention, and we describe this concept with the help of action regulation theory. We conducted a randomized controlled field intervention with a theory-based 3-day program to increase personal initiative (using a pretest-posttest design and a randomized waiting control group). The sample consists of 100 small business owners in Africa (Kampala, Uganda). The intervention increased personal initiative behavior and entrepreneurial success over a 12-month period after the intervention. An increase in personal initiative behavior was responsible for the increase of entrepreneurial success (full mediation). Thus, the training led to an entrepreneurial mind-set and to an active approach toward entrepreneurial tasks.",Entrepreneurship training,"In the intervention group the business owners participate to an enterpreneurship training focused on Personal Initiative (PI) theory. Personal initiative  is characterized by a self-starting, proactive, and persistent approach to work; PI helps to accomplish entrepreneurial tasks successfully. After participants are trained in all aspects of the personal initiative theory, they spend the last half day developing a project for their business holistically using all action principles for PI. (see pages 358, and 359).",Management practices and skills | Sales | Workers per firm | Profits and revenues,,Private sector development,Entrepreneurship,Education,Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Individual,Small Business Managers | Entrepreneurial Success | Evidence-Based Management,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2013.0234,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|Income,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***) | 5% level (**),,,,,
Does The Quality Of Training Programs Matter? Evidence From Bidding Processes Data,"Chong, Alberto | Galdo, Jose",2006.0,Published working paper,"We estimate the effect of training quality on earnings using a Peruvian program, which targets disadvantaged youths. The identification of causal effects is possible because of two attractive features in the data. First, selection of training courses is based on public bidding processes that assign standardized scores to multiple proxies for quality. Second, the evaluation framework allows for the identification and comparison of individuals in treatment and comparison groups six, 12, and 18 months after the program. Using difference-indifferences kernel matching methods, we find that individuals attending high-quality training courses have higher average and marginal treatment impacts. External validity was assessed by using five different calls over a nine-year period.",Counselling for job seekers,"The Youth Training Program, PROJOVEN, was implemented in 1995 with the goal of increasing the employability and productivity of disadvantaged young individuals aged 16 to 25 via basic training courses. The treatment consists of a mix of formal and practical training divided into two phases. The first stage consists of 300 hours of formal classes at the training center locations -roughly five hours per day for three months. In the second phase, training institutions must place trainees into a paid, on-the-job training experience in productive firms for an additional period of three months (page 4).",Individual economic well-being,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"This paper takes advantage of a non-experimental program, the Peruvian Youth Training PROJOVEN Program, which has provided training to around 35,000 disadvantaged young individuals aged 16 to 25 since 1996. Pg 2",Individual,Training | Quality | Earnings | Bidding | Matching Methods,Not applicable,Reduced Inequality,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=920642##,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Income,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Not reported,,,,,
Experimental Evidence On The Long-Term Impacts Of A Youth Training Program,"Ibarrarán, Pablo | Kluve, Jochen | Ripani, Laura | Shady, David Rosas",2015.0,Published working paper,"This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training - including long-term labor market trajectories of young people - and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) | Internship programmes,"[Youth Training Program] Juventud y Empleo targets youths between 16 to 29 years of age that are living in poor neighborhoods and that are not attending school. Other targeting criteria are that they should have, at most, incomplete high school education; and they should be unemployed, under-employed or occupationally inactive at the moment of the registration in the program; and hold a Dominican identity card. The program offers skills training courses that last 225 hours: 150 hours devoted to teach a wide range of low-skill qualifications, such as administrative assistant, hair stylist, or mechanic; and 75 hours devoted to improve the soft skills of participants (mainly, work habits and self-esteem). Courses are followed by a three-month period internship in a private firm. Both the registration of beneficiaries and the identification of firms are the responsibility of private training institutions (Centros Operativos del Sistema, COS) that have been previously approved by the national training institution (INFOTEP for its acronym in Spanish). Participants receive a monetary stipend of around US$3 per day from the government during both phases of the program. They also receive an insurance against workplace accidents. See p.9",Index of employment | Index of household income | Labour force participation,Table 5. Overall long-term impacts of the “Juventud y Empleo” training program on labor market outcomes ( p22),Social development and protection,Social protection delivery systems,Social protection,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Dominican Republic,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International financial institution,,Individual,Long-Term | Youth Training | Labor Market Outcomes | Impact Evaluation | Randomised Controlled Trial | Skills Training Program,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2655085,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Income|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Work-labor|Social factors|Education",79.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment,Not statistically significant,,,,,
Subsidizing Vocational Training For Disadvantaged Youth In Colombia: Evidence From A Randomized Trial,"Attanasio, Orazio | Kugler, Adriana | Meghir, Costas",2011.0,Journal Article,"This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized training program for disadvantaged youth introduced in Colombia in 2005. This ran-domized trial offers a unique opportunity to examine the impact of training in a middle income country. We use originally collected data on individuals randomly offered and not offered training. The pro-gram raises earnings and employment for women. Women offered training earn 19.6 percent more and have a 0.068 higher probability of paid employment than those not offered training, mainly in for-malsector jobs. Cost-benefit analysis of these results suggests that the program generates much larger net gains than those found in developed countries. (JEL 128, J13, J24, 015)",Counselling for job seekers | Job placement schemes | Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs),"The program, Jóvenes en Acción, trained  young people between the ages of 18 and 25, who were unemployed and who were placed in the two lowest deciles of the income distribution. The training consisted of three months of classroom training and three months of on-the-job training. Classroom training was provided by private training institutions, which had to participate in a bidding process to be able to participate in the program (pages 191 and 192). On-the-job training was provided by legally registered companies, which provided unpaid internships to the participants (page 192). The program provided a cash transfer of about US$2.20 per day to male and female trainees without young children throughout the 6 months in the program to cover for transportation and lunch, which was provided conditional on participation in the program. The amount was increased to about US$3.00 per day for women with children under 7 years of age to help cover childcare expenses (page 192).",Employment status | Individual economic well-being | Labour supply | Turnover | Index of employment | Wage levels,,Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Not specified,International aid agency,Table 1: Basic Descriptive Statistics of Pre- and Post-Treatment Variables,Individual,Vocational Training | Disadvantaged Youth | Employment | Earnings | Joven En Acción | Colombia,Cash transfers,Reduced Inequality | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.3.3.188,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,"Significant, but not reported | Not statistically significant",,,,,
The Allocation And Impact Of Social Funds: Spending On School Infrastructure In Peru,"Paxson, Christina | Schady, Norbert R.",2002.0,Journal article,"Between 1992 and 1998 the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) spent about US$570 million funding microprojects throughout the country. Many of these projects involved constructing and renovating school facilities. This article uses data from FONCODES, the 1993 population census in Peru, and a 1996 household survey conducted by the Peruvian Statistical Institute to analyze the targeting and impact of FONCODES investments in education. A number of descriptive and econometric techniques are employed, including nonparametric regressions, differences in differences, and instrumental variables estimators. Results show that FONCODES investments in school infrastructure have reached poor districts and poor households within those districts. The investments also appear to have had positive effects on school attendance rates for young children.",New schools and facilities,"foncodes was created in 1991 with the stated objectives of generating employment, helping to alleviate poverty, and improving access to social services (World Bank 1998). Between 1992 and 1998 foncodes funded almost 32,000 community-based projects for an aggregate outlay of about 760 million soles.1 These community-based projects included initiatives in health, education, agriculture, community centers, rural electrification, and water and sanitation. Most of those in education entailed constructing and renovating classrooms (table 1). Before 1995, however, foncodes also had education projects focusing on constructing and renovating sports facilities and providing textbooks and other educational materials to students. In addition, foncodes executed a series of centrally designed special projects. Those in education included a school breakfast program and the distribution of uniforms for schoolchildren. Between 1992 and 1996 foncodes spent about 160 million soles on all special projects, including those in education p298; The evaluation of the targeting and impact of foncodes expenditures on school infrastructure uses several sources of data. These include district-level information on the geographic distribution of foncodes allocations and expenditures, kept by foncodes, and on district characteristics from a 1993 Population and Housing Census. The analysis also uses household-level information from a household survey conducted by the Peruvian Statistical Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, or inei) in 1996 and from two Living Standards Measurement Study (lsms) surveys, conducted in 1994 and 1997 - p301",Overall student attendance,,Social development and protection,Social safety nets,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Household,Social Funds | School Infrastructure | Renovating | Micro Projects,Not applicable,Quality Education | No Poverty,,https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1093/wber/16.2.297,Blended finance,Education,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Not statistically significant,,,,,
Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies Into Labor-Market Intermediation: A Multi-Treatment Experimental Design,"Dammert, Ana C. | Galdo, Jose | Galdo, Virgilio",2015.0,Journal article,"This study investigates the causal impacts of integrating mobile phone technologies into traditional public labor-market intermediation services on employment outcomes. By providing faster, cheaper and up-to-date information on job vacancies via SMS, mobile phone technologies might affect the rate at which offers arrive as well as the probability of receiving a job offer. We implement a social experiment with multiple treatments that allows us to investigate both the role of information channels (digital versus non-digital) and information sets (restricted [public] versus unrestricted [public/private]). The results show positive and significant short-term effects on employment for public labor-market intermediation. While the impacts from traditional labor-market intermediation are not large enough to be statistically significant, the unrestricted digital treatment group shows statistically significant short-term employment effects. As for potential matching efficiency gains, the results suggest no statistically significant effects associated with either information channels or information sets.",Counselling for job seekers,"Arm 1: The traditional treatment consisted of three months of subsidized job search assistance in which individuals’ labor profiles were matched with available job vacancies. The jobseeker is mainly contacted in-person (or, by phone) following the standard protocols from CIL-PROEMPLEO, a labor market intermediaries (LMI) institution that offers intermediation services (see pages 6 and 7). | Arm 2: the digital treatment group with restricted SMS was exposed to technological innovation aimed at reducing job search costs, through public labor-market intermediation. Jobseekers assigned to this group were informed about jobmarket opportunities that match their labor profile through digital services; i.e., delivery of SMS messages to their mobile phones. The jobseeker is is electronically contacted via text messages and the frequency of information (number of SMS messages) is limited (see pages 6, and 7). | Arm 3: the digital treatment group with unrestricted SMS was exposed to technological innovation aimed at reducing job search costs, through public labor-market intermediation. Jobseekers assigned to this group were informed about jobmarket opportunities that match their labor profile through digital services; i.e., delivery of SMS messages to their mobile phones. The jobseeker is is electronically contacted via text messages and the frequency of information (number of SMS messages) is unrestricted (see pages 6, and 7).",Employment status,,Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex | Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Sex | Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Not specified,Not specified,Individual | Cohort,SMS Intervention | Employment | Job Vacancies | Job Search,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40175-015-0033-7,Matchmaking,Digitization|Digital inclusion|Employment|Income,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**),,,,,
Long-Term Productivity Effects Of Public Support To Innovation In Colombia,"Crespi, Gustavo | Garone, Lucas F. | Maffioli, Alessandro | Melendez, Marcela",2015.0,Journal article,"In this study, we evaluate the effect of innovation promotion programs administrated by the Colombian Innovation Agency (COLCIENCIAS). The evaluation focuses on programs that provide financial incentives for research and development (R&amp;D)—matching grants and contingent loans—and encourage the formation of linkages among firms, universities, and other public research organizations. We use longitudinal firm-level data and adopt a fixed effects identification strategy to control for potential selection biases. The findings show that COLCIENCIAS financial incentives have increased labor productivity as a result of gains in total factor productivity (TFP) due to product diversification and, to a lesser extent, of capital intensification.",Credit schemes for R&D | Networks for innovation,"The Colombian Innovation Agency (COLCIENCIAS) component, the Cofunding Program (Cofinanciacion), provides grants up to 70 percent of the project costs mostly to small and medium enterprise (SME) and new firms. Firms apply for these grants with proposals that must identify the technology service supplier (either a university or a Centers of Technological Development (CTDs)). If approved, COLCIENCIAS, the beneficiary firm, and the supplier sign a contract, and the funds are directly transferred to the supplier. The second program is a credit line (called “Reembolso Obligado”) that provides partial soft credit for innovation projects submitted by individual firms. In this case, COLCIENCIAS funding covers up to 80 percent of the project costs, and the funds are transferred directly to the beneficiary firms through an intermediary financial institution (Page 51). Firms receive financial support (with rates declining with firm’s size) not only to deal with the appropriability and financial problems that hamper innovation investment, but also to be encouraged to increase collaboration with other actors of the innovation system, such as universities and CDTs, and therefore mitigate the uncertainty and coordination failures that also restrain innovation activities (Page 52).","Profits and revenues | Investment in property, plant, and equipment | Index of employment | Employee performance",,Private sector development,Job quality,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Unspecified,Firm,Colciencias | Fixed Effects | Innovation | Policy Evaluation | Productivity,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.998080,Blended finance,Productivity gains,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,5% level (**) | 1% level (***),,,,,
Impact Evaluation of the Philippine Special Program for Employment of Students,"Beam, Emily | Linden, Leigh | Quimbo, Stella | Richmond, Heather",2018.0,3ie series report,No abstract,Job placement schemes,"The Philippines Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) has attempted to increase graduation rates and facilitate employment through the Special Program for Employment of Students (SPES). 

""SPES is one of DOLE’s longest-running programmes. DOLE implemented SPES in 1993
by enacting Republic Act (RA) 7323 in 1992 to help poor but deserving students pursue
their education by encouraging employment during summer (March to May) and/or
Christmas vacations through incentives granted to employers. In 2009, RA 7323 was
amended by RA 9547 to expand employers’ participation and strengthen the programme
with a fixed 20 per cent annual increase of budget. In 2016, another amendment was
passed under RA 10917, described below. However, these changes did not go into
effect until 2017, after implementation of this impact evaluation. The objectives of SPES are to augment income to cover the costs of education and to increase school retention and graduation rate of the target beneficiaries. The programme targets poor but deserving youth aged 15–25 years, who are either in-school youth enrolled in in secondary, tertiary or tech-vocational educational institutions or out-of school youth intending to enrol, and links them to formal work opportunities with public or private employers, lasting 20–52 working days."" (p5)",Overall student enrolment | Composite test scores | Index of educational progression | Observed transferable skills | Index of empowerment | Index of employment | Overall household income,"Impact of SPES on current academic outcomes: Enrolled in school, Will enrol in 2017/18 (p33-34, table 14-15) | Impact of SPES on current academic outcomes: ""Grade weighted"" (p33-34, table 14-15) | Impact of SPES on current academic outcomes: ""Graduated college, Graduated high school average, Plan to graduate college in 2017, Plan to graduate high school, 2017"" (p33-34, table 14-15)

Impact of SPES on labour market perceptions and aspirations (p40, table 19): Expect to
finish college or higher, Expect to enrol in SPES in 2017 | Impact of SPES on work task experience (p38, table 17): Microsoft Word, Encoding, Microsoft
Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, Photocopying, Scanning, Sorting, Answering phones, Bookkeeping, Online searches, Using email | Impact of SPES on work readiness (p39, table 18): Self-esteem index, Work tasks index, Life skills index, Workplace skills index | Impact of SPES on labour market perceptions and aspirations (p40, table 19): Likely find job within 6 months of grad., Lowest wage willing to accept, Expected wage after graduation

Impact of SPES on current employment (p40, table 20): Working, Looking for work

Impact of SPES on past employment (p41-42, table 21-22): During the summer of 2016 - Any work, Formal work, Informal/unpaid work. From July to December 2016 - Any work, Formal work, Informal/unpaid work | Impact of SPES on current employment (p40, table 20): Earnings",Private sector development,Youth employment,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Philippines,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"The programme targets poor but deserving youth aged 15–25 years, who are either in-school youth enrolled in in secondary, tertiary or tech-vocational educational institutions or out-of school youth intending to enrol, and links them to formal work opportunities with public or private employers, lasting 20–52 working days.",Individual,Special Program For Employment Of Students (SPES) | Employment | Employability,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/impact-evaluations/impact-evaluation-philippine-special-program,Technical and vocational training,Education|Employment|Income,105.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 10% level (*),,,,,
Can Matching Grants Promote Exports? Evidence From Tunisia's FAMEX II Programme,"Gourdon, Julien | Marchat, Jean Michel | Sharma, Siddharth | Vishwanath, Tara",2011.0,Book or book chapter,No abstract,Seed capital grants | Business networks | Trade facilitation services | Business marketing practices,"Matching grants (MGs) are a short-term and temporary mechanism that partially finance activities to promote improvements in the private sector. Over the years, MGs have become a common tool in private sector development (PSD) projects. Since 1994, the World Bank has financed a total of 37 projects with MG components, of which 22 were still active in 2008 (World Bank 2009). Despite being commonly used, matching grants face criticisms. These focus on ‘additionality’ (funding activities that firms would have financed anyway) and ‘selectivity’ (failure to establish a distinction between private benefits and broader economic benefits) issues (Biggs 1999), or the sustainability of the support (Phillips 2001). Since 2000, two export development projects have been implemented in Tunisia. In addition to activities in the area of trade facilitation and the establishment of a pre-shipment export guarantee facility, both projects implemented a matching grant scheme. The FAMEX II programme was jointly financed by the Tunisian government and by the World Bank within the framework of the Second Export Development Project (2005–11).4 FAMEX II had three components:• building the capacity of export associations and chambers of commerce to provide export assistance to their members (mainly SMEs);• strengthening the export consulting sector;• assisting individual enterprises through matching grants. This study is focused on the firm-level intervention component of the programme, FAMEX II. FAMEX II began in 2005 and provided firms with export-marketing assistance on a cost-sharing basis. The stated objective of the export-marketing assistance was to help firms start exporting if they had little or no export experience, and either diversify their markets or develop new products if they did have export experience. The instrument was a non-reimbursable matching grant covering 50% of expenditures, up to a maximum of US$100,000 per firm, awarded to selected firms for eligible activities undertaken within the framework of an export-development plan. The cost-sharing design was intended to help ensure sound project design and implementation and reduce the likelihood of misallocation of funds. It was expected that the commitment of firms to their projects would be significantly increased because of the cost-sharing nature of FAMEX II.In order to receive a FAMEX II matching grant, interested firms had to prepare an export-development plan specifying a set of activities focused on developing new export products, new export markets and/or first-time exporting. Applicants had to demonstrate that they had given serious consideration to the feasibility of the proposed activities. The export plan was assessed by a review committee composed of senior experts from the management team, and the review process included detailed interviews with the applicants. Upon receiving approval for a grant, firms were required to sign aletter of agreement binding them to present defined deliverables for evaluation by the management team. FAMEX II management also helped successful applicants refine their export plan, and facilitated technical assistance and training during the implementation of the export plan (p.86)",Export firm behaviour | Sales | Workers per firm,,Economic policy,Trade facilitation,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Tunisia,Middle East and North Africa,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm,Export Market Access Fund | Export Promotion | Matching Grants,Cash transfers,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285633301_Can_matching_grants_promote_exports_Evidence_from_Tunisia's_FAMEX_II_program,Prizes and challenges,International trade|Domestic business growth and market development|Employment,81.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,5% level (**) | Not statistically significant | 10% level (*),,,,,
Incentives To Change: Effects Of Performance-Based Financing On Health Workers In Zambia,"Shen, Gordon C. | Nguyen, Ha Thi Hong | Das, Ashis | Sachingongu, Nkenda | Chansa, Collins | Qamruddin, Jumana | Friedman, Jed",2017.0,Journal article,"Background: Performance-based financing (PBF) has been implemented in a number of countries with the aim of transforming health systems and improving maternal and child health. This paper examines the effect of PBF on health workers' job satisfaction, motivation, and attrition in Zambia. It uses a randomized intervention/control design to evaluate before-after changes for three groups: intervention (PBF) group, control 1 (C1; enhanced financing) group, and control 2 (C2; pure control) group. Methods: Mixed methods are employed. The quantitative portion comprises of a baseline and an endline survey. The survey and sampling scheme were designed to allow for a rigorous impact evaluation of PBF or C1 on several key performance indicators. The qualitative portion seeks to explain the pathways underlying the observed differences through interviews conducted at the beginning and at the three-year mark of the PBF program. Results: Econometric analysis shows that PBF led to increased job satisfaction and decreased attrition on a subset of measures, with little effect on motivation. The C1 group also experienced some positive effects on job satisfaction. The null results of the quantitative assessment of motivation cohere with those of the qualitative assessment, which revealed that workers remain motivated by their dedication to the profession and to provide health care to the community rather than by financial incentives. The qualitative evidence also provides two explanations for higher overall job satisfaction in the C1 than in the PBF group: better working conditions and more effective supervision from the District Medical Office. The PBF group had higher satisfaction with compensation than both control groups because they have higher compensation and financial autonomy, which was intended to be part of the PBF intervention. While PBF could not address all the reasons for attrition, it did lower turnover because those health centers were staffed with qualified personnel and the personnel had role clarity. Conclusions: In Zambia, the implementation of PBF schemes brought about a significant increase in job satisfaction and a decrease in attrition, but had no significant effect on motivation. Enhanced health financing also increased stated job satisfaction.",Performance-based financial incentives | External funding for healthcare,"1. Performance-based financing (PBF) to enhance the performance of existing health workers for maternal and child health (MCH) services. 2. Health centres in the C1  group received additional financing intended to equal to the average RBF incentive payments in intervention districts, as well as EmOC equipment. Pg 2.",Index of healthcare professional outcomes,,Public sector management,Administrative and civil service reform,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Jobs and Income,Zambia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Table 2 Mean statistics of workers’ characteristics at baseline and endline in three groups,Individual,Performance-Based Financing (PBF) | Performance Incentives | Pay-For-Performance | Organizational Behavior | Human Resources For Health | Health System Strengthening | Health Care Workers,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12960-017-0179-2,Payments by results,Employment,64.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 10% level (*),,,,,
Government-Subsidized R&D And Firm Innovation: Evidence From China,"Guo, Di | Guo, Yan | Jiang, Kun",2016.0,Journal article,"This study investigates the effects of government R&amp;D programs on firm innovation outputs, which are measured by the number of patents, sales from new products, and exports. Particularly, we examine the effects of Innovation Fund for Small and Medium Technology-based Firms (Innofund), which is one of the largest government R&amp;D programs that support R&amp;D activities of small and medium-sized enter- prises in China. Using a panel dataset on Chinese manufacturing firms from 1998 to 2007, we find that Innofund-backed firms generate significantly higher technological and commercialized innovation out- puts compared with their non-Innofund-backed counterparts and the same firms before winning the grant. Moreover, the changes in the governance of Innofund in 2005 from a centralized to a decentralized one because of policy amendments have significant effects on the effectiveness of the program. Specifi- cally, the magnified effects of Innofund on technological innovation outputs become significantly stronger after the governance of Innofund becomes more decentralized. Identification problems are addressed by utilizing both propensity score matching and two-stage estimation approaches.",Grants and subsidisation of R&D,"Innofund program is a special government R&D program established upon the approval ofthe State Council in May 1999. Innofund aims to “facilitate and encourage the innovation activities of small and medium technology-based enterprises (SMTEs) and commercializationof research by way of financing, trying to bring along and attract outside financing for corporate R&D investment of SMTEs.” At the sametime, as a non-profit-making government policy, “it is orientedtowards social welfare induced by positive effect of innovation.” The principal criteria for applying to Innofund are as follows: Theproject should comply with national industrial technology policies,exhibit relatively high potential for economic and social benefits,and competitive in the market. The applicant should be a business corporation with generally not more than 500 employees,not less than 30% of which should have received higher education. The annual R&D investment of the firm should be at least more than 3% of the total sales, and the number of R&D employees should be more than 10% of the total number of employees. Firms with leading products in the market with an economy of scale production must also exhibit good economic performance. Thefollowing projects are prioritized: projects with advanced technology or independent intellectual property rights and high value added; projects established by researchers or overseas returnees to commercialize their scientific achievements; innovation projectsjointly initiated by firms, universities, and research institutions; and projects that utilize new and advanced technologies to revive the stock assets of traditional industries and drive job creation. Innofund provides three forms of financing, namely, appropriation, interest-free bank loans, and equity investment. Appropriation is provided as start-up capital for small firms founded by a researcher with scientific achievements. Partial subsidies are also provided to SMEs for the development of new products and pilot production. The total amount of subsidies for an individual project is generally between 1 and 2 million RMB. Firms are required to provide dollar-to-dollar matching investments in thefunded projects. Interest-free loans are provided mainly to SMEs that require external financing from commercial banks to expand the production of innovative projects. Generally, equity investment is reserved for projects that use advanced technology, have high innovation capacity, and have market potential in emerging industries. On average, Innofund support should not exceed 20% of the registered capital of the investee firm.From 1999 to 2011, Innofund provided more than 19.17 billion RMB to 30,537 projects, 27,498 (86%) of which were supported through appropriation, 2880 through interest-free loans, and 1159 through other forms, including bank loan insurance, equity investment, and other forms of subsidies. The size of direct investments by Innofund appears to be modest compared with the total expenditure for government R&D in China. However, according to official reports, Innofund has induced 1:11 external financing from localgovernments, banks, and venture capitalists. Innofund has also incubated several innovative projects of world-class high-tech firms, such as Zhongxingwei and Huawei. Since 1999, the program has created approximately 450,000 new jobs and generated 209.2 billion RMB in sales, 22.5 billion RMB in tax income, and 3.4 billion RMB in exports. (pp.1130-1131)",Sales | Export activity | Land certification,,Private sector development,Innovation and technology policy,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm,Government R&D Program | Governance | Innovation,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733316300257,Advisory support,International trade,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
The Impact of Public-Private Partnerships on Private School Performance: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Uganda,"Barrera-Osorio, Felipe | Galbert, Pierre De | Habyarimana, James | Sabarwal, Shwetlena",2016.0,Published working paper,"This paper estimates the short-term, partial-equilibrium impacts of a public-private partnership program for low-cost private secondary schools in Uganda. The public-private partnership program is part of a broader strategy to absorb large increases in secondary enrollment following the introduction of universal secondary education. Under the program, the government offers a per-student subsidy to participating private schools. Program implementation allowed for a randomized phase-in study design to estimate the causal impacts of the program on private school performance. The study finds that the public-private partnership program helped absorb large numbers of eligible students in secondary schools. Student performance in participating private schools was significantly better than in nonparticipating private schools. The study finds that improved student performance is potentially linked to increased input availability, as well as positive selection of government aided students in private schools. Suggestive evidence indicates that this selection most likely occurs on the part of households rather than schools.",PPP in education | Textbook provision,"The Public Private Partnership program was initiated in 2007 under the overall umbrella of the USE policy. Eligibility for this program was defined to include all registered and certified private schools charging 75,000 UGX per term or lower.6 Under the partnership, private schools apply to the Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES) and must meet a set of certification and quality benchmarks. These include: (i) being registered with the MoES, (ii) have adequate infrastructure, (iii) show demonstrated support from locally elected officials and education officials, (iv) institute a board of governors with government and parental membership and (v) have sufficient certified teaching staff. Schools that are enrolled in the partnership enter into a contractual arrangement with the MoES documented by a memorandum of understanding. This contract stipulates that private schools will receive 47,000 UGX per term per student eligible under the USE policy to cover non-boarding fees, and that the school will not charge any other non-boarding fee to the student. Partnering schools become eligible to receive support from the government for USE, including the provision of textbooks and other teaching materials. (See page 4)",Secondary school enrolment | Math test scores | Language test scores | Standardized test scores | Index of teacher wellbeing and performance | Number of teachers | Teacher absenteeism | Index of education facilities | School facilities,,Human development and gender,"Education governance, school-based management",Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex | Age | Education | Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Government agency,,Individual,Public-Private Partnership | Universal Access | Education | Randomized Controlled Trial | Uganda,Not applicable,Quality Education,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/470851480966927631/Impact-of-public-private-partnerships-on-private-school-performance-evidence-from-a-randomized-controlled-trial-in-Uganda,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,10% level (*) | 5% level (**) | 1% level (***) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Looking Into The Performance-Based Financing Black Box: Evidence From An Impact Evaluation In The Health Sector In Cameroon,"Walque, Damien De | Robyn, Paul Jacob | Saidou, Hamadou | Sorgho, Gaston | Steenland, Maria",2017.0,Published working paper,"Performance-based financing is a complex health system intervention aimed at improving coverage and quality of care. This paper presents the results of an impact evaluation in Cameroon that seeks to isolate the role of specific components of the performance-based financing approach on outcomes of interest, such as explicit financial incentives linked to results, additional resources available at the point of service delivery (not linked to performance), and enhanced supervision, coaching, and monitoring. Four evaluation groups were established to measure the effects of each component that was studied. In general, the results indicate that performance-based financing in Cameroon is an efficient mechanism to channel payments and funding to the provider level, leading to significant increases in utilization in the performance-based financing arm for several services (child and maternal vaccinations and use of modern family planning), but not for others, such as antenatal care visits and facility-based deliveries. However, for many of those outcomes, the differences between the performance-based financing group and the additional financing group are not significant. In terms of quality, performance- based financing was found to have a significant impact on the availability of essential inputs and equipment, qualified health workers, reduction in formal and informal user fees, and increased satisfaction among patients and providers. However, there was a clear effect of additional financing, irrespective of whether it was linked to incentives, in combination with reinforced supervision through performance-based financing. This result suggests that enhanced supervision and monitoring on their own are not sufficient to improve maternal and child health outcomes.",Pay for performance | Monitoring the performance of the delivery of healthcare | Managerial supervision of health workers | Recruitment and retention | External funding for healthcare | Monitoring the performance of the delivery of healthcare | Managerial supervision of health workers | Recruitment and retention | Monitoring the performance of the delivery of healthcare | Managerial supervision of health workers,"Treatment 1 - Full Performace-Based Financing (PBF) Package: For the purposes of our study, the ‘full’ PBF package of interventions included the following elements: 1. Linking payment and results, including performance bonuses for health workers. 2. Independent monitoring of results. 3. Systematic supervision of health facilities defined as regular supervision by an external supervisor from the district hospital team using a structured checklist and providing immediate feedback to facility staff on problems identified and potential solutions to improve service delivery. Systematic supervision included monitoring whether the facility is complying with national user fee guidelines. 4. Limited managerial autonomy to facilities defined as autonomy over use of resources combined the ability to hire additional staff using health facility income and managerial discretion. Both T1 and C1 facility managers had the autonomy to hire staff with their PBF revenues or budgetary supplement received, and also to fire these staff if necessary. T1 and C1 facility managers also had the autonomy over how to use these revenues. (p.8) All PBF health facilities signed a Performance Contract issued by the Performance Purchasing Agency (PPA) which described conditions required to obtain PBF subsidies. These requirements included efforts to improve management, minimum quality levels, governance and financial inclusion, and clauses for termination of the contract. Additionally, PBF facilities prepared quarterly business plans and used frameworks for the health administration linked to performance payments. All facilities were trained to use the indice tool; however, use of the indice tool varied among Cameroon PBF facilities. PBF contracts were signed for a period of three months. Health facilities with performance contracts were responsible for completing registers and a monthly activity report/declaration form. This report and registers were used to document reported health service provision and were used as the primary basis for service verification.  A copy of this report was sent to the PPA each month. After the verification of the quantity of services provided and declared in the monthly report was completed by reviewing health facility records, the bill of the health facility was established and paid monthly. The declarations form verified and validated was used to justify the payment subsidies provided to the health facility. (p.5) The validated quantitative data, and the quality assessment were used to calculate performance payments for PBF health facilities. The quality bonus provided an increase of up to 30% of the total payment based on health service quantity. This percentage depended on the health facility quality score. Quality assessments were conducted quarterly, and focused on facility management, hygiene and sanitation, as well as specific attributes of service delivery. The services delivery items included, among many other categories, listing user charges, privacy, the condition of the waiting area and consultation room, and the correct management of cases. Additionally, an equity bonus was included in the calculation of performance payments. The equity bonus was paid to health facilities that faced serious structural problems making service provision more challenging. The facility management committee had the authority to decide on the allocation of PBF revenue. These decisions must have been clearly documented in facility business plans. (p.6) | Control 1 - Facilities assigned to group C1 received a fixed per capita budgetary supplement that matches the per capita budgetary allocation for T1 facilities. However, this supplement was not linked to performance. C1 facilities received the same supervision and monitoring and managerial autonomy over the budgetary supplement received. Both T1 and C1 facility managers had the autonomy to hire staff with their PBF revenues or budgetary supplement received, and also to fire these staff if necessary. T1 and C1 facility managers also had the autonomy over how to use these revenues. (p.8) | Control 2 - C2 facilities received no additional resources but the same supervision and monitoring as T1 and C1 facilities. Districtlevel supervisors responsible for supervising T1, C1 and C2 facilities used the same tools and received the same supplementary payments for visits to facilities in these three groups. However, quality scores were linked to facility payments only in the case of T1 facilities. (p.8)",Service coverage of healthcare facility | Use of modern birth attendants | Antenatal care | Neonatal tetanus protection | Other maternal health | Modern contraceptive use | Full routine vaccination | Other child health | ITN usage | Stunting in children | Wasting in children | Out of pocket expenditure for health | Patient care indicators | Employee satisfaction | Communication at the workplace | Stock of medicines | Health equipment availability | Index of health supplies & equipment | Index of health service quality & standards | Employee attitudes | Adequate staffing of healthcare facilities | Medicine availability,,Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Cameroon,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Household | Cohort,Performance-Based Financing | Health | Africa,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-8162,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition|Employment",137.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 1% level (***) | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**),,,,,
Long-Run Effects Of Youth Training Programs: Experimental Evidence From Argentina,"Alzúa, María Laura | Cruces, Guillermo | Lopez, Carolina",2016.0,Journal article,"We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also -- exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general -- in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation.",Job placement schemes,"entra21 is a regional initiative of job training programs for low-income youth in Latin America. The program is financed by the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF, based in Washington, DC) and administered at the regional level by the International Youth Foundation (IYF). IYF partners with local organizations, mostly in the private sector (nongovernmental organizations, professional, and business associations), which are the program’s implementers. The program specifically targets vulnerable, unemployed youths who have some secondary schooling. The program’s main objective is to improve the employment opportunities of at-risk youth by building their technical skills and life-skills through courses and work experience in the private sector. Courses were offered in the following fields: cooking and catering, sales and administration, and factory workers (“operarios”) (pg. 1842-3)",Formal employment due to higher education | Total earnings due to higher education,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Argentina,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,International financial institution,at risk youth,Individual,Youth Training | Vocational Training | Skills | Randomized Controlled Trial | Argentina,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ecin.12348,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,46.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,5% level (**) | 1% level (***),,,,,
An Impact Evaluation Of A Fund To Finance Innovation In SMEs,"Monge-González, Ricardo | Rodríguez-Alvarez, Juan Antonio | Leiva, Juan Carlos",2016.0,Journal article,"The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of one productive development program (PROPYME) in a developing nation like Costa Rica. This program seeks to increase the capacity of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) to innovate. Impacts have been estimated assuming that beneficiary firms are trying to maximize their profits and that PROPYME aims to increase these firms productivity. The impacts were measured in terms of three result variables real average wages employment demand and the probability of exporting. A combination of fixed effects and propensity score matching techniques was used in estimations to correct for any selection bias. The authors worked with panel data companies treated and untreated for the period 2001-2011. PROPYME's beneficiaries performed better than other firms in terms of labor demand and their probability of exporting. In addition, the dose and the duration of the effects of the treatment (timing effects) are important. The authors study the impact in ways that go beyond the average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) usually estimated in the existing literature. Specifically, the research focusses on the identification of the timing or dynamic effects (i.e. how long should we wait to see results?) and treatment intensity (dosage effects).",SME investment funds | R&D portfolio management,"PROPYME program: In Costa Rica, the idea of supporting investment in the R&D of SMEs originated almost two decades ago, with the Law on the Promotion of Scientific and Technological Evaluation of a fund to finance innovation in SMEs by Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica At 11:34 21 February 2018 (PT) Development (Law 7169) in 1990, created by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Costa Rica (MICIT).  Its goal was to promote R&D in SMEs (companies with fewer than 100 employees) and enhance management capacities and competitiveness. The fund can be used to finance the following types of projects: technology development; innovation and patent creation; technology transfer; human capital development; technological services development; and a combination or complementary pool of projects.(pp.23-24)",Wage levels | Labour demand | Export firm behaviour,"Real average wages (Table 4-5, p.32 and 34) | Labor demand (Table 6, p.35) | Probability of exporting (Table 8-9, p.38-39)",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development",Financial sector,Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Costa Rica,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,A panel of PROPYME treated and untreated companies between the years 2001 and 2011 was built for this purpose,Cohort,Impact Evaluation | Innovation | Financing | Probability Of Exporting | Labour Demand | R&D | Smes | Costa Rica,Not applicable,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://repositoriotec.tec.ac.cr/bitstream/handle/2238/9680/impact_evaluation_fund_finance_innovation_SMEs.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Productivity gains|International trade|Income,54.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***),,,,,
Delivering Education To The Underserved Through A Public-Private Partnership Program In Pakistan,"Barrera-Osorio, Felipe | Blakeslee, David S. | Hoover, Matthew | Linden, Leigh L. | Raju, Dhushyanth | Ryan, Stephen P.",2022.0,Journal article,"We evaluate a program that recruited local entrepreneurs to open and operate new schools in 200 underserved villages in Sindh, Pakistan. School operators received a per student subsidy to provide tuition-free primary education, and half the villages received a higher subsidy for females. The program increased enrollment by 32 percentage points and test scores by 0.63 standard deviations, with no difference across the two subsidy schemes. Estimating a structural model of the demand and supply for school inputs, we find that program schools selected inputs similar to those of a social planner who internalizes all the education benefits to society.",Performance-based financing for private education institutions | Continuing education for educators | Textbook provision | Classroom equipment | Social promotion for girls education,"Gender-uniform subsidy: Funded by the provincial government, the Promoting Private Schooling in Rural Sindh (PPRS) program was designed and administered by the Sindh Education Foundation (SEF), a semi-autonomous organization established in 1992 by the provincial government to undertake education initiatives targeting less-developed areas and marginalized populations in Sindh province. The main, stated objectives of the PPRS program were to increase access to schooling in marginalized areas, to reduce the gender disparity in school enrollment, and to increase student learning, in a cost-effective manner. (p.4) Based on a budgetary assessment, SEF supported coeducational, private primary schools in 200 villages in the selected districts. The main benefits that program-school operators received included a per-student cash subsidy; free school leadership and teacher training; and free textbooks, other teaching and learning materials, stationery, and bookbags. Two types of monthly per-student subsidies were provided: a gender-uniform subsidy, where the school received 350 rupees (approximately $5 in annualized 2008 US dollars) for each student; and a gender differentiated subsidy, where the school received 350 rupees for each male student and 450 rupees ($6.4) for each female student. A total of 100 schools received the gender-uniform subsidy, and another 100 schools, the gender-differentiated subsidy. All schools received the other benefits. (p.5) | Gender differentiated subsidy: Funded by the provincial government, the Promoting Private Schooling in Rural Sindh (PPRS) program was designed and administered by the Sindh Education Foundation (SEF), a semi-autonomous organization established in 1992 by the provincial government to undertake education initiatives targeting less-developed areas and marginalized populations in Sindh province. The main, stated objectives of the PPRS program were to increase access to schooling in marginalized areas, to reduce the gender disparity in school enrollment, and to increase student learning, in a cost-effective manner. (p.4) Based on a budgetary assessment, SEF supported coeducational, private primary schools in 200 villages in the selected districts. The main benefits that program-school operators received included a per-student cash subsidy; free school leadership and teacher training; and free textbooks, other teaching and learning materials, stationery, and bookbags. Two types of monthly per-student subsidies were provided: a gender-uniform subsidy, where the school received 350 rupees (approximately $5 in annualized 2008 US dollars) for each student; and a gender differentiated subsidy, where the school received 350 rupees for each male student and 450 rupees ($6.4) for each female student. A total of 100 schools received the gender-uniform subsidy, and another 100 schools, the gender-differentiated subsidy. All schools received the other benefits. (p.5)",Overall student enrolment | Composite test scores | Standardized test scores,,Human development and gender,Private sector delivery of education,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex,Charitable or private foundation,Government agency,"(p399) ""School operators received a per student subsidy to provide tuition-free primary education""",Household,Primary Education | Gender Disparity In Education | Public-Private Partnership; Private Schools | Public Subsidies | Market Competition | Randomized Controlled Trial | Sindh | Pakistan,Cash transfers | Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Quality Education | Gender Equality,,https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article/104/3/399/97702/Delivering-Education-to-the-Underserved-through-a,Payments by results,Education,144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Interfirm Relationships And Business Performance,"Cai, Jing | Szeidl, Adam",2016.0,Published working paper,"We organized business associations for the owner-managers of randomly selected young Chinese firms to study the effect of business networks on firm performance. We randomized 2,800 firms into small groups whose managers held monthly meetings for one year, and into a “no-meetings” control group. We find that: (1) The meetings increased firm revenue by 8.1 percent, and also significantly increased profit, factors, inputs, the number of partners, borrowing, and a management score; (2) These effects persisted one year after the conclusion of the meetings; and (3) Firms randomized to have better peers exhibited higher growth. We exploit additional interventions to document concrete channels. (4) Managers shared exogenous business-relevant information, particularly when they were not competitors, showing that the meetings facilitated learning from peers. (5) Managers created more business partnerships in the regular than in other one-time meetings, showing that the meetings improved supplier-client matching. (6) Firms whose managers discussed management, partners, or finance improved more in the associated domain, suggesting that the content of conversations shaped the nature of gains.",Financing opportunities | Organisational culture development | Professional incentives provided to employees,"We randomized 2,800 firms into small groups whose managers held monthly meetings for one year, and into a “no-meetings” control group (p.Abstract); Our experimental site was Nanchang, the capital city of Jiangxi province, located in southeastern China. In 2014 the city had a population of around 5 million people, and a GDP of 58 billion dollars, which ranked it as the 19th among the 32 capital cities in China. Nanchang was growing fast before the start of our study, with over 30,000 microenterprises and SMEs established during 2010-2013. We conducted our intervention in collaboration with the Commission of Industry and Information Technology (CIIT) in Nanchang, one of the main government departments in charge of private sector development. In the summer of 2013, through CIIT we invited all microenterprises and SMEs established in the preceding 3 years in Nanchang to participate in business associations. Around 5,400 firms expressed interest. We randomly selected 2,800 firms from this pool as our study sample. Almost all of these firms were owner managed, and from here on we refer to the CEO of a firm simply as the manager. Out of the study sample we randomly selected 1,480 firms—the treatment group—and randomized them into meetings groups with 10 firms each. The managers in each meeting group were expected to meet once a month, every month, for one year. We organized the first meetings, in collaboration with CIIT, in August 2013. For this first meeting only, we offered the managers in each group print material containing business-relevant information. We gave the same material to control firms as well. CIIT chose one of the managers in each meeting group to be the group leader. This person was responsible for planning and scheduling all subsequent monthly meetings. For each meeting, the group leader took notes on the location, date, topics discussed, and the main takeaways, and submitted the log to us. According to informal reports and the meeting logs, in most groups members took turns in hosting the meetings. In a typical meeting, group members toured the firm of the host manager, and then spent hours discussing business relevant issues. Typical meetings lasted for about half a day. Common discussion topics included borrowing, management, suppliers and clients, hiring, recent government policies, and marketing. To provide incentives to participate, we offered managers who answered our surveys and attended at least 10 out of the 12 monthly meetings a certificate from CIIT. The certificate offered improved access to government services, including government funding and admission to entrepreneur training programs at local universities. In addition the certificate may have been viewed as a potential signal of firm quality. We also offered managers of firms in the control group the same certificate if they answered our surveys. We gave the certificate to the firms after the conclusion of the one-year program. Additional interventions. To improve identification and explore mechanisms we also introduced three additional interventions. First, to help measure peer effects, we created variation in the composition of groups by size and sector. Almost all of our firms were from two sectors, manufacturing and services. In each region, we created two firm size categories, “small” and “large” by the median employment of our sample firms in that region. We then created four kinds of groups: small firms in the same sector; large firms in the same sector; mixed size firms in the same sector; and mixed size and mixed sector. We randomized treated firms into these groups in each region. Second, to measure information diffusion, we gave information about two financial products to randomly chosen managers. The first product was a funding opportunity for the firm, the second a savings opportunity for the manager. The firm funding opportunity allowed managers to apply for a government grant of up to RMB 200,0000 (about USD 32,000). Because it could help the business of a competitor’s firm, managers may have viewed this product to be rival and may have been unwilling to discuss it with competitors. The private savings opportunity offered an annual return of almost 7%, which was higher than the typical return of available high-yield saving products in the market (about 4%). Because it could not directly help a competitor’s business, managers may have viewed this product to be less rival and may have been more willing to discuss it with competitors. We distributed information about each product via phone calls and text messages to 0%, 50% or 80% of the managers in each meeting group. We randomly assigned about one third of the meeting groups to each of these three treatment intensities.9 We also distributed the information to 40% of control firms to ensure that the same share of treatment and control firms have the information. We randomized and distributed the information independently for the two products. Finally, to learn about the role of meeting frequency, we organized one time cross-group meetings. We randomized 439 managers in the meetings treatment into 43 “cross-groups” of around 10 managers each, such that no two managers from the same meetings group were in the same cross-group. Each cross-group met once, in February 2014. And in the 2014 midline survey we asked managers to play hypothetical trust games (with large payoffs) with a randomly selected regular group member as well as with a randomly selected cross-group member (p.7-9)","Sales | Profits and revenues | Workers per firm | Valuation | Investment in inventory | Investment in property, plant, and equipment | Labour productivity | Employee performance",,Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm,Business Associations | Firm Performance | Knowledge Sharing | Cooperation,Not applicable,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,http://www.nber.org/papers/w22951,Matchmaking,Productivity gains|Domestic business growth and market development,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,5% level (**) | 10% level (*) | 1% level (***) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Living Up To Expectations: How Job Training Made Women Better Off And Men Worse Off,"Acevedo, Paloma | Cruces, Guillermo | Gertler, Paul J. | Martinez, Sebastian W.",2017.0,Published working paper,"We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program's negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative - for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.",Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) | Transferable skills training | Internship programmes | Transferable skills training | Internship programmes,Vocational training combined with soft skills training and an internship (Page 4) | Soft skills only training with an internship (Page 4),Resilience | Self-perception | Community empowerment | Index of social services and behaviours | Participation in social services | Observed transferable skills | Social participation and interaction | Employment status | Quality of life/Life satisfaction | Employment hours | Index of employment | Labour participation | Job seeking | Wealth and assets | Social empowerment,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Social protection,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Dominican Republic,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex) | Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,For-profit firm,Government agency,"The target population is at-risk youth aged 16 to 29 in the Dominican Republic who are unemployed or underemployed and have not completed secondary education. “Eligible program applicants were individuals between the ages of 16 and 29, found to be at-risk... unemployed or underemployed and not having completed secondary school.” (page 5). “These criteria were meant to target PJyE to the poorest sectors of the population.” (page 5).",Individual,Job Training | Labor Market,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,http://www.nber.org/papers/w23264,Technical and vocational training|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|Work-labor|Social factors,79.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Vocational Training For Disadvantaged Youth In Colombia: A Long-Term Follow-Up,"Attanasio, Orazio | Guarin, Arlen | Medina, Carlos | Meghir, Costas",2017.0,Journal article,"We evaluate the long-term impacts of a randomized Colombian training and job placement program. Following the large short-term effects, we now find that the program effects persist, increasing formal participation and earnings contributions to social security and working in larger firms. By using a large administrative source we are also able to establish that the program improved both male and female labor market outcomes by a similar amount—a result that was not apparent with the smaller evaluation sample. The results point to a cost-effective approach to reducing informality and improving labor market outcomes in the long run.",Job placement schemes | Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs),"Jóvenes en Acción consisted of training courses provided by private institutions (Entidades de Capacitación (ECAP)). Each course was expected to train about 30 unemployed youths, chosen by the ECAPs among eligible applicants. For evaluation purposes, in 2005, the ECAPs were encouraged to select more than 30 applicants; the courses were offered to 30 applicants randomly selected from this group. The course had to have three main components: classroom training; on- the-job training; and the youth’s project of life (Fondo de Inversión para la Paz (FIP) 2001 and Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) 2016). The program also included a small stipend of about US$2.20 per day for trainees without children under seven years of age, and about US$3.00 per day for women with children under seven. (pg 133-134)",Overall household income | Employment type,"Formal income (p138, table 2-3) | Working in the formal sector, Working in a large formal sector firm (p138, table 2-3)",Private sector development,Youth employment,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Measures effects on an inequality outcome,Socioeconomic status,For-profit firm,Government agency,It was targeted to unemployed youths 18 to 25,Individual,Youth Employment | Colombia | Vocational | Job Training | Random Assignment | Latin America,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20150554,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***),,,,,
Impact Of Performance-Based Financing On Health-Care Quality And Utilization In Urban Areas Of Cameroon.,"Zang, Omer | Djienouassi, Sebastien | Sorgho, Gaston | Taptue, Jean Claude",2015.0,Published report,"This article looks at a pilot project designed to estimate the impact of performance-based financing (PBF) on the quality and utilization of health care in a predominantly urban setting - the Littoral region of Cameroon. It uses three quasi-experimental impact evaluation methods involving matching and difference-in-difference. Results show that the PBF pilot had a positive and significant impact on most essential aspects of quality of care. Meanwhile, there was no impact on any of the indicators of health service utilization with the exception (limited) of modern contraceptive methods. These findings suggest that the setting and indicators chosen are important in achieving maximum impact. However, it should also be noted that improvements in utilization might be limited as a result of high baseline figures. Finally, the findings show that the quality of care seems to be the most promising aspect in terms of improvements related to PBF in urban settings.",Pay for performance | Monitoring the performance of the delivery of healthcare,"This intervention provides financial (PBF) incentives to health care practitioner based on their performance. It includes  enhanced supervision as well as financial and hiring autonomy on PBF subsidies (see pages 10, and 11).",Providers and service quality | Health worker density | Index of healthcare utilisation | Vaccination timeliness | Other maternal health | Modern contraceptive use | Live birth at healthcare facility | Antenatal care | Neonatal tetanus protection | Medicine availability,"Table 3. Impact on quality, human resource and service utilization (p14)",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Cameroon,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International aid agency,,Household | Cohort,Urban Setting | Health Care | Quality Of Care | Performance-Based Financing | Contraception,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/afr-198395,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",137.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***) | 5% level (**) | Not statistically significant | 10% level (*),,,,,
Performance-Based Financing To Increase Utilization Of Maternal Health Services: Evidence From Burkina Faso.,"Steenlanda, Maria | Robynb, Paul Jacob | Compaorec, Philippe | Kaborec, Moussa | Tapsobac, Boukary | Zongoc, Aloys | Haidarad, Ousmane Diadie | Fink, Günther",2017.0,Journal article,"Performance-based financing (PBF) programs are increasingly implemented in low and middle-income countries to improve health service quality and utilization. In April 2011, a PBF pilot program was launched in Boulsa, Leo and Titao districts in Burkina Faso with the objective of increasing the provision and quality of maternal health services. We evaluate the impact of this program using facility-level administrative data from the national health management information system (HMIS). Primary outcomes were the number of antenatal care visits, the proportion of antenatal care visits that occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy, the number of institutional deliveries and the number of postnatal care visits. To assess program impact we use a difference-in-differences approach, comparing changes in health service provision post-introduction with changes in matched comparison areas. All models were estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models with standard errors clustered at the facility level. On average, PBF facilities had 2.3 more antenatal care visits (95% CI [0.446-4.225]), 2.1 more deliveries (95% CI [0.034-4.069]) and 9.5 more postnatal care visits (95% CI [6.099, 12.903]) each month after the introduction of PBF. Compared to the service provision levels prior to the interventions, this implies a relative increase of 27.7 percent for ANC, of 9.2 percent for deliveries, and of 118.7 percent for postnatal care. Given the positive results observed during the pre-pilot period and the limited resources available in the health sector, the PBF program in Burkina Faso may be a low-cost, high impact intervention to improve maternal and child health.",Pay for performance,"The pilot program changed the previous financing system by defining a package of key health services to be targeted at contracted primary- (CSPS [Centres de Santé et de Promotion Sociale], CM [Centre Medical]) and secondary-level (CMA (Centre médical avec antenne chirurgicale]) health facilities, and issuing payments based on quantity and quality for these services. Health facilities included in the pilot signed contracts with the central level of the Ministry of Health to provide these packages of services. A checklist which included items such as how well patient documentation was completed, the availability of health supplies equipment, and essential medicines, and adherence to national standards defining quality of care was used to create a quality score. The total payment was determined by multiplying the quality score by the number of each service provided, the payment amount associated with the service, and a measure of health facility characteristics. See p.180.",Antenatal care | Births in hospitals | Patient care indicators,"Table 3 Post intervention and interaction term coefficients from difference-in-differences models, Burkina Faso January 2009 – December 2012. (p182)",Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Burkina Faso,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International aid agency,,Individual,Performance-Based Financing | Results-Based Financing | Health Services | Provider Incentives | Burkina Faso | Difference In Differences,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29349214,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",152.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,5% level (**),,,,,
Turkey: Evaluating The Impact Of Iskur's Vocational Training Programs,"Ridao-Cano, Cristobal | Almeida, Rita | Hirshleifer, Sarojini | Mckenzie, David | Yener, A. Levent | Aslan, Mehmet | Giresun, Feridun | Yanıcı, Abdülkadir | Yücel, Serkan | Kaya, Feridun | Özen, Emre | Coşkun, Derya Duyar",2013.0,Published report,No abstract,Technical and vocational education and training (TVET),"Iskur's Vocational Training Programs provide training for the unemployed for those above 15 years old. Courses are diverse, and they are advertised and delivered by trainees. Page 4",Employment status | Employment hours | Individual economic well-being | Employment type | Mental health | Quality of life/Life satisfaction | Index of household income | Index of household wealth or assets,,Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Turkey,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Not specified,"""To be eligible to participate in the course, individuals must be at least 15 years old, have at least primary education, and meet other skill prerequisites which depend on the course they wish to participate in (for example, software courses may require some pre-existing IT knowledge or skills). "" (page 4)",Individual,Access And Equity | Basic Education | Teaching | Learning | Social Protections And Labor | Labor Market | Education | Vocational Training | Iskur | Education For All,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/954771468318313306/Final-report,Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Work-labor|Food security, health, and nutrition|Income",146.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 5% level (**),,,,,
"Effect Of Chiranjeevi Yojana On Institutional Deliveries And Neonatal And Maternal Outcomes In Gujarat, India: A Difference-In-Differences Analysis","Mohanan, Manoj | Bauhoff, Sebastian | Forgia, Gerard La | Babiarz, Kimberly Singer | Singh, Kultar | Miller, Grant",2014.0,Journal article,"Objective To evaluate the effect of the Chiranjeevi Yojana programme, a public-private partnership to improve maternal and neonatal health in Gujarat, India. Methods A household survey (n = 5597 households) was conducted in Gujarat to collect retrospective data on births within the preceding 5 years. In an observational study using a difference-in-differences design, the relationship between the Chiranjeevi Yojana programme and the probability of delivery in health-care institutions, the probability of obstetric complications and mean household expenditure for deliveries was subsequently examined. In multivariate regressions, individual and household characteristics as well as district and year fixed effects were controlled for. Data from the most recent District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) wave conducted in Gujarat (n = 6484 households) were used in parallel analyses. Findings Between 2005 and 2010, the Chiranjeevi Yojana programme was not associated with a statistically significant change in the probability of institutional delivery (2.42 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, CI: −5.90 to 10.74) or of birth-related complications (6.16 percentage points; 95% CI: −2.63 to 14.95). Estimates using DLHS-3 data were similar. Analyses of household expenditures indicated that mean household expenditure for private-sector deliveries had either not fallen or had fallen very little under the Chiranjeevi Yojana programme. Conclusion The Chiranjeevi Yojana programme appears to have had no significant impact on institutional delivery rates or maternal health outcomes. The absence of estimated reductions in household spending for private-sector deliveries deserves further study.",Decision-making about health insurance coverage | Social health insurance,"The Chiranjeevi Yojana programme covers the costs of deliveries – at designated private-sector hospitals – for women from “below-poverty-line” (BPL) households. BPL status – which is either determined by multidimensional means testing or designated by the relevant village authority – confers a variety of other benefits, including public subsidies for food grains, sugar, oil and fuel. The programme pays the designated private-sector hospitals 1600 Indian rupees – approximately 37 United States dollars (US$) – per delivery. In exchange, the programme expects the hospitals both to offer vaginal deliveries or caesarean sections to poor women free of charge and to reimburse at least some of the women’s travel costs. The hospitals can offer additional hospital services to beneficiaries for a separate fee. By 2010, the programme covered more than 800 private-sector hospitals and had helped finance more than 400 000 deliveries. (See Introduction)",Births in hospitals | Use of modern birth attendants | Index of maternal health | Antenatal care | Post-partum care | Out of pocket expenditure for health,,Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Population policies/programmes and reproductive health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Medical product development,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Household,Chiranjeevi Yojana | Institutional Delivery | Maternal And Neonatal Health | India | Difference-In-Differences | Health-Care Institutions | Private-Sector Delivery,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Gender Equality,,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3949592/pdf/BLT.13.124644.pdf,Infrastructure development and financing,"Food security, health, and nutrition",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control | Not reported,Not statistically significant | Not reported,,,,,
Firm Performance And State Innovation Funding: Evidence From China's Innofund Program,"Wang, Yanbo | Li, Jizhen | Furman, Jeffrey L.",2017.0,Journal article,"Can firms leverage public entrepreneurship investments to improve innovation and financial performance? Analysis of this question is frustrated by the difficulty of distinguishing treatment from selection effects. We take advantage of internal administrative data on applications to China's Innofund program in order (a) to identify which application features are associated with higher chances of obtaining grants and (b) to evaluate the causal impact of receiving a grant on firm performance using a regression discontinuity (RD) design. With regards to grant receipt, we find that firms possessing observable merits and political connections are more likely to receive Innofund grants. We also find evidence of bureaucratic intervention, as applicants' evaluation scores are non- randomly missing and that some firms whose scores did not meet funding standards nonetheless received grants. With regards to post-grant performance, we find that firms receiving high project evaluation scores and Innofund grants perform better than those that do not receive grants and have lower scores. These do not appear to be causal effects, however. Applying Fuzzy RD methods, we find no evidence that receiving an Innofund grant boosts survival, patenting, or venture funding. Our analysis demonstrates the value of administrative data for causal analysis and for uncovering evidence regarding the possibility that bureaucratic intervention affects firm and program outcomes.",Credit schemes for R&D,"Initiated by China’s State Council in 1999 as part of the Torch Program, the Innovation Fund for Technology-Based Small and Medium-Size Firms (the Innofund) is China’s premier program targeting early-stage technological ventures. The Innofund is administrated by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), though it is funded by the Ministry of Finance (MOF). The 863 and 973 Programs, which target large established (state-owned) enterprises and state research institutions, are older and larger than the Innofund. The Innofund, however, constitutes the largest source of state-supported R & D innovation financing for young, entrepreneurial ventures in China. As a government program that aims to overcome market failures through public financing of early-stage innovation ideas that are promising but too risky for private investors. Page 1146",Profits and revenues | Membership in lending group | Credit worthiness,Table 7 - Means for observations in the regression discontinuity region (p1155),Private sector development,Entrepreneurship,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm,Innovation Policy | R & D Subsidies | Entrepreneurial Finance | Regression Discontinuity | Political Connections | Bureaucratic Intervention | China,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733317300768?via%3Dihub,Direct financing of private sector actors,Domestic business growth and market development|Investment levels,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,Not statistically significant,,,,,
Impact Of The Chilean Supplier Development Program On The Performance Of SME And Their Large Firm Customers,"Arráiz, Irani | Henríquez, Francisca | Stucchi, Rodolfo",2011.0,Published working paper,"This paper evaluates the impact of the Chilean Supplier Development Program, aimed at improving and stabilizing the commercial linkages between small and medium-sized sup- pliers and their large firm customers, during the period 2003-2008. Applying propensity score matching and difference-in-differences, we find that both groups of firms benefited from the coordination efforts. The program increased sales, employment, and the sustain- ability of small and medium-sized suppliers. It also increased the sales of large firms and raised their ability of becoming exporters. We also find that the timing of the effect is different for suppliers and large firms. While the effect on suppliers appeared one year after the firms enrolled in the program, the effect on large firms took two years to appear.",Infrastructure subsidies,"Supplier Development Program (Programa de Desarrollo de Proveedores, PDP). This program has the ultimate goal of promoting mutually beneficial, long-term commercial relations between large buying  firms -potential exporters- and their small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) suppliers with the idea of increasing competitiveness. Page 1. The government program subsidizes projects aimed at strengthening the management of SME (medium-sized enterprise)  that are suppliers of large firms; which in turn are the ones that sponsor the projects. | Supplier Development Program (Programa de Desarrollo de Proveedores, PDP). This program has the ultimate goal of promoting mutually beneficial, long-term commercial relations between large buying  firms -potential exporters- and their small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) suppliers with the idea of increasing competitiveness. Page 1. The program also subsidizes additional activities complementary to the activities these large firms (the sponsor firms) normally run: specialized services, professional advice, training, technical assistance, and technology transfer. SME appropriate the benefits of the development projects achieving a stable market for their products and services, while the sponsor firm ensures a continuous supply of quality products and services. Page 5",Export firm behaviour | Sales | Workers per firm | Wage levels,,Private sector development,Global value chains,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development|Supply chain monitoring,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Chile,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm,Supplier Development Program | SME Policy | Impact Evaluation | Chile | PDP,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1847123,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Advisory support,Employment|Income|International trade,62.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,10% level (*) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Training for Success: Targeting and Incentives in Apprenticeship Training in Ghana,"Mbiti, Isaac | McCasland, Jamie | Hardy, Morgan | Cole, Kym | Enriquez, Mark | Salcher. Isabelle",2019.0,3ie grantee final report,"Youth underemployment has the potential to create significant social unrest and perpetuate poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa, youth account for 60 percent of the unemployed and 72 percent of 15-24 year olds live on less than $2 a day. A lack of necessary skills is often cited as the reason for this high unemployment, as well as the low productivity of firms. In Ghana, these skill deficits are in part driven by an education system where a large number of students fail to progress beyond certain junctures such as the end of junior high school. Apprenticeships are a potential method to expand labour market opportunities for youth by providing them with relevant experience and market-ready skills through on-the-job training.The National Apprenticeship Program (NAP) in Ghana aims to harness the knowledge and experience of the private sector to deliver market relevant skills to youth in a scalable and cost-effective manner. The government-run apprenticeship programme reaches all regions of the country, sponsoring youth who are no longer able to continue on the mainstream academic path to receive year long apprenticeships in a service or local manufacturing trade, such as electronics or tailoring.A randomized evaluation will rigorously test the effectiveness of the National Apprenticeship Program and its recruiting system. These findings will provide valuable insights that can assist the Government of Ghana and other African Governments in optimizing the design or expanding the scope of large-scale apprenticeship programmes.",Apprenticeship programmes,"We use a randomized-control trial to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of the National Apprenticeship Programme (NAP) in Ghana. NAP offered training in tailoring, hairdressing and cosmetology, masonry, carpentry and welding. In our sample districts, 3,927 youth applied to the program and were placed into one of three categories by the committees: (1) priority applicants, whose place in the program was guaranteed (329), (2) control applicants, who were randomly assigned to the control group (1,568), and (3) treatment applicants, who were randomly assigned to the treatment group until all spaces in the program were occupied (2,031). The randomization was stratified by choice of training and district, and was conducted electronically but announced locally in conjunction with district officials. Treatment apprentices were then placed with one of 1,187 small firm owners who requested access to apprentices through the program. p.10",Participation in training | Labour supply | Income from non-farm employment | Income from agriculture | Index of household wealth or assets | Index of household expenditure | Marriage norms | Fertility and childbearing | Vocational skills | Migration,Table 3: First stage (p18) | Table 8: Extensive Margin of Labor Supply (p25) | Table 17: Earnings from Wage Employment (p 31) | Table 19: Labor Earnings in Agriculture (p32) | Table 20: Durable household assets (p33) | Table 21: Consumption expenditure (p33) | Table 22: Marriage (p34) | Table 23: Fertility (p35) | Table 25: Craftskills (p36) | Table 27: Migration (p38),Private sector development,Job quality,Social protection,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex) | Sub-group analysis by sex,Place of residence | Sex,Government agency,Not specified,"Our sample is predominately female (75 percent), was aged 23 at baseline and had completed 7.5 years of schooling. The program aimed to place 5000 junior secondary school leavers",Individual,Unemployment | Youth | Self-Employment | Labor Market | National Apprenticeship Program | On-the-job  Apprenticeship Training,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.3ieimpact.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/GFR-TW1.1063-Ghana-apprenticeship.pdf,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Income|Employment|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,1% level (***) | 5% level (**) | 10% level (*) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
Business Support Services For Small And Medium Enterprises In Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.,"Piza, Caio | Cravo, Tulio | Taylor, Linnet | Gonzalez, Lauro | Musse, Isabel | Furtado, Isabela | Sierra, Ana Cristina | Abdelnour, Samer",2016.0,Published report,"Interventions designed to support small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are popular among policy makers, given the role SMEs play in job creation around the world. Business support interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are often based on the assumption that market failures and institutional constraints impede the growth of SME growth. Significant resources from governments and international organizations are directed to SMEs to maximize their socioeconomic impact. Business-support interventions in LMICs most often relate to formalization and business environments, exports, value chains and clusters, training and technical assistance, and access to credit and innovation. Very little is known about the impact of such interventions despite the abundance of resources directed to SME business-support services. This paper systematically reviews and summarizes 40 rigorous evaluations of SME-support services in LMICs and presents evidence to help inform policy debates. The study found indicative evidence that overall business-support interventions help improve firm performances and create jobs. However, little is still known about which interventions work best for SMEs and why. More rigorous impact evaluations are needed to fill the large knowledge gap in the field.",Government tax policy | SME grants | Export subsidies,"[""Support to small and medium enterprises (SME)""] -- Intervention including tax simplification, access to external market, support for innovation policies providing subsidies or tax incentives, matching grants which consists of providing a government subsidy to cover some costs to firms, local production systems, training and technical assistance,  SME financing and credit guarantee -- ""Tax simplification. These initiatives are a form of indirect business support to SMEs and are aimed at improving firm performance through formalization. Economic theory suggests that formal firms grow by accessing credit markets and by taking advantage of economies of scale. A tax simplification program could affect outcomes such as employment and profits through two intermediate outcomes: 1) formalization rates and 2) access to credit. The causal chain could be simplified as follows: the necessary conditions for a tax simplification program shifts informal entrepreneurs from an equilibrium characterized by low productivity and profits to another where they face fewer constraints to growth (as a result of formalization)."" p8 [""Matching grants""] -- Matching grants which consists of providing a government subsidy to cover some costs to firms -- ""Matching Grants/Credit. According to McKenzie (2011), this type of intervention is the most widespread type of SME intervention in African countries. These programs consist of a government subsidy with the government reimbursing the costs firms incur on training, marketing, and/or attending trade fairs. This program is justified on the grounds that these investments have positive externalities and that, on their own, firms are likely to invest less than the optimal level (McKenzie, 2011). Subsidized credit lines through SME financing programs are popular and are intended to tackle adverse selection and moral hazards in credit markets, problems that result in financial constraints and limits to SME activities. The availability of credit is thought to allow firms to invest and hire new employees and acquire productive assets. These investments are likely to lead to productivity growth."" p6 [""Export promotion programmes""] -- Access to external market through correcting market failures which can help SMEs overcome obstacles to exporting -- ""Public intervention supporting access to external markets. Such interventions seek to tackle information asymmetries that prevent firms from accessing external markets and involve providing training and counselling. The identification and adaptation to external markets generates exports that may lead to increased production, which, in turn, are thought to impact firm profits and employment creation."" p7",Profits and revenues | New job creation | Labour productivity | Export activity | Investment in R&D | Investment in productive assets,"Self explanatory, p13",Private sector development,Innovation and technology policy,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",,,SR,srr,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms,"Korea, Rep. | Vietnam | Bulgaria | Georgia | Russian Federation | Ukraine | Turkey | Tunisia | Egypt, Arab Rep. | Morocco | Ethiopia | Ghana | Mexico | Chile | Argentina | Peru | Colombia | Brazil | Bangladesh | Sri Lanka",,High income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,,Small And Medium Enterprises | Firm Performance,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",High,https://www.3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/business-support-small-and-medium-enterprises-low-and,Prizes and challenges|Technical and vocational training|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|International trade|Mobilization|Domestic business growth and market development|Productivity gains,,Effectiveness,High,High,High,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,yes,Not applicable,Meta-regression,40.0,,,,Yes,yes,yes,yes
"Comparing Sanitation Delivery Modalities in Urban Informal Settlement Schools: A Randomized Trial in Nairobi, Kenya","Bohnert, Kate | Chard, Anna | Mwaki, Alex | Kirby, Amy | Muga, Richard | Nagel, Corey | Thomas, Evan | Freeman, Matthew",2016.0,Journal article,"The provision of safely managed sanitation in informal settlements is a challenge, especially in schools that require durable, clean, sex-segregated facilities for a large number of children. In informal settlements in Nairobi, school sanitation facilities demand considerable capital costs, yet are prone to breakage and often unhygienic. The private sector may be able to provide quality facilities and services to schools at lower costs as an alternative to the sanitation that is traditionally provided by the government. We conducted a randomized trial comparing private sector service delivery (PSSD) of urine-diverting dry latrines with routine waste collection and maintenance and government standard delivery (GSD) of cistern-flush toilets or ventilated improved pit latrines. The primary outcomes were facility maintenance, use, exposure to fecal contamination, and cost. Schools were followed for one school year. There were few differences in maintenance and pathogen exposure between PSSD and GSD toilets. Use of the PSSD toilets was 128% higher than GSD toilets, as measured with electronic motion detectors. The initial cost of private sector service delivery was USD 2053 (KES 210,000) per school, which was lower than the average cost of rehabilitating the government standard flush-type toilets (USD 9306 (KES 922,638)) and constructing new facilities (USD 114,889 (KES 1,169,668)). The private sector delivery of dry sanitation provided a feasible alternative to the delivery of sewage sanitation in Nairobi informal settlements and might elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.",School latrine and toilet provision | Behavioural sanitation promotion | Handwashing stations | School latrine and toilet provision | Handwashing stations,"A school-based hygiene programme delivered with the help of the government of Kenya through a randomised controlled trial.

""Schools allocated to the PSSD (Private Sector Service Delivery) arm received five Fresh Life Toilets (FLTs) per school and a hygiene curriculum to promote behavior change provided by Sanergy, a private sector enterprise based in Mukuru, Nairobi. Sanergy adapted their business model (a private franchise of prefabricated toilets operated by micro-entrepreneurs throughout Nairobi’s informal settlements) in order to provide FLTs, handwashing facilities, maintenance support, and a comprehensive hygiene promotion curriculum for schools in the informal settlements. The FLTs are urine-diverting dry toilets, which have cartridges that collect the waste. A waste collection team removes and replaces the cartridges to dispose of the waste on a daily basis. In collaboration with WASH United, a non-profit behavior change communication organization, Sanergy organized a two-day training of teachers, where Sanergy provided them with the knowledge, resources, and instructional tactics they needed to educate their pupils about WASH and to encourage adoption of healthy behaviors. Soap was not provided as part of the intervention"" (page 3) | The GSD arm received sanitation packages typical of GoK provision of school sanitation—five stances of cistern-flush toilets connected to the municipal septic system designed by an architect at Nairobi City County (NCC). Implementation of this arm by local contractors was facilitated by Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), an international non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on serving individuals in the poorest communities in the world. These designs were derived from approved GoK blueprints and conformed to GoK policies. Some schools had toilet facilities that were in disrepair and consequently were not in use; rehabilitation of existing facilities was completed in four schools in the GSD arm. One school received five stances of ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines rather than cistern-flush toilets due to lack of space to build a septic tank. A table comparing PSSD and GSD components can be found in Table 1.",Index of latrine or toilet maintenance practices | Index of latrine or toilet use | Index of faecal waste disposal | Index of handwashing practices,"toilet maintenance (page 3): A scale score was constructed by assigning values to five binary (yes/no) toilet conditions observed during the structured facility observation: availability of cleaning materials, absence of flies, no odor, no visible feces, and absence of urine/stagnant water. Affirmative responses were assigned one point, and values were summed to create a scale of toilet maintenance ranging from 0 (very dirty) to 5 (very clean). In addition, head teachers reported the weekly frequency of toilet cleaning to quantify toilet maintenance (page 5) | toilet use (page 3): We calculated toilet use using three measures: observed signs of use from the structured facility observation, direct observation of toilet use, and detected use from toilet sensors. For observed signs of use, the enumerator noted whether or not a toilet appeared to be in use. For direct observation, the enumerators were seated near the toilet area and recorded the number of pupils entering/exiting each toilet compartment or toilet block from 08:00 a.m. to 04:30 p.m (page 5) | exposure to fecal contamination (page 3) | prevalence of handwashing after toilet use (page 3)",Urban and rural development,Urban water and sanitation,"Water, sanitation, and waste management",Water and sanitation,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,urban informal settlement schools,Cohort,Informal Settlements | Private Sector Provision | Sanitation | Sanitation Service Delivery | School,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Clean Water and Sanitation | Quality Education,,https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/12/1189,Service management and delivery PPP,Infrastructure,127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Health Impacts of a Public-Private Partnership Rural Roads Maintenance Programme: Health Impacts of a Public-Private Partnership,"Chong, Alberto | Valdivia, Martin",2018.0,Journal article,"We provide evidence of health impacts of a public-private rural roads maintenance programme in Peru, which is characterized by a contracting mechanism that employs small local firms. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that improved roads connectivity leads to positive health externalities.",Rural road maintenance,"""We evaluate health impacts of a public–private partnership designed to maintain rural
roads in Peru. The programme is characterized by a contracting mechanism that prioritizes
the hiring of small local firms using detailed protocols and where responsibilities and
payments are linked to road maintenance qualit""",Commute time to clinic/hospital | Healthcare utilisation,see table 1. (p.1250) | see table 1. (p. 1250),Urban and rural development,Urban infrastructure and service delivery,Transportation,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Supply chain monitoring,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Community/village | Household,Latin America | South America | America | Developing Countries | APEC countries | Andean Group | Human Health and Hygiene (General) | VV000 | Rural Sociology | UU800 | Public Services and Infrastructure | UU300,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3393,Infrastructure development and financing,"Food security, health, and nutrition",96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
How Much Can We Remedy Very Low Learning Levels in Rural Parts of Low-income Countries? Impact and Generalizability of a Multi-pronged Para-teacher Intervention from a Cluster-Randomized Trial in the Gambia,"Eble, Alex | Frost, Chris | Camara, Alpha | Bouy, Baboucarr | Bah, Momodou | Sivaraman, Maitri | Hsieh, Pei-Tseng Jenny | Jayanty, Chitra | Brady, Tony | Gawron, Piotr | Vansteelandt, Stijn | Boone, Peter | Elbourne, Diana",2021.0,Journal article,"Despite large schooling and learning gains in many developing countries, children in highly deprived areas are often unlikely to achieve even basic literacy and numeracy. We study how much of this problem can be resolved using a multi-pronged intervention combining three interventions known to be separately effective. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in The Gambia evaluating a literacy and numeracy intervention designed for primary-aged children in remote parts of poor countries. The intervention combines para teachers delivering after-school supplementary classes, scripted lesson plans, and frequent monitoring focusing on improving teacher practice (coaching). A similar intervention previously demonstrated large learning gains in rural India. After three academic years, Gambian children allocated to the intervention scored 46 percentage points (3.2 SD) better on a combined literacy and numeracy test than control children. Our results demonstrate that, in this type of area, aggressive interventions can yield far greater learning gains than previously shown.",School-based tutoring,"The intervention combines para teachers delivering after-school supplementary classes, a scripted curriculum, and frequent monitoring. The intervention ""combines three well-known levers for improving learning: i) the use of para teachers, instead of civil servants or volunteers, to deliver after school lessons; ii) an improved, scripted curriculum targeted at students’ current learning levels; and iii) extensive monitoring of these teachers, the aim of which was to provide regular feedback on teaching methods and practice... Delivery of the intervention constituted recruiting, training, and deploying para teachers to deliver scripted, supplementary lessons in mathematics and reading for 12 hours per week in addition to their normal schooling."" (pages 1-3)",Composite test scores | Primary school attendance | Household expenditure on education | Education time use | Time spent with children for education,"Composite test score ""calculated as the arithmetic mean of a child’s scores (scaled 0-100) on consecutively administered reading (EGRA) and mathematics (EGMA) tests."" (Page 14) | The child’s enrollment and attendance in school | The household’s education-related expenditure on the child | The proportion of the child’s waking time spent on education | The amount of time the child’s caregiver spends helping the child with homework",Human development and gender,Teachers,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,"Gambia, The",Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Sub-group analysis by sex | Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Sex | Ethnicity,Not specified,Not specified,"Primary school-aged children in remote rural villages, ages 6–8 at enrollment. “We began with a census of 6 to 8 year-olds in these villages whose caregivers planned to enroll them in primary school the following year” (page 3).",Individual,Para-Teachers | Literacy And Numeracy Rates | primary education | supplementary classes | teacher coaching | The Gambia,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304387820301140,Technical and vocational training,Education,55.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Responding to Policy Makers’ Evaluation Needs: Combining Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Approaches to Estimate the Impact of Performance Based Financing in Burkina Faso,"De Allegri, Manuela | Lohmann, Julia | Souares, Aurelia | Hillebrecht, Michael | Hamadou, Saidou | Hien, Hervé | Haidara, Ousmane | Robyn, Paul Jacob",2019.0,Journal article,"Abstract Background The last two decades have seen a growing recognition of the need to expand the impact evaluation toolbox from an exclusive focus on randomized controlled trials to including quasi-experimental approaches. This appears to be particularly relevant when evaluation complex health interventions embedded in real-life settings often characterized by multiple research interests, limited researcher control, concurrently implemented policies and interventions, and other internal validity-threatening circumstances. To date, however, most studies described in the literature have employed either an exclusive experimental or an exclusive quasi-experimental approach. Methods This paper presents the case of a study design exploiting the respective advantages of both approaches by combining experimental and quasi-experimental elements to evaluate the impact of a Performance-Based Financing (PBF) intervention in Burkina Faso. Specifically, the study employed a quasi-experimental design (pretest-posttest with comparison) with a nested experimental component (randomized controlled trial). A difference-in-differences approach was used as the main analytical strategy. Discussion We aim to illustrate a way to reconcile scientific and pragmatic concerns to generate policy-relevant evidence on the intervention’s impact, which is methodologically rigorous in its identification strategy but also considerate of the context within which the intervention took place. In particular, we highlight how we formulated our research questions, ultimately leading our design choices, on the basis of the knowledge needs expressed by the policy and implementing stakeholders. We discuss methodological weaknesses of the design arising from contextual constraints and the accommodation of various interests, and how we worked ex-post to address them to the best extent possible to ensure maximal accuracy and credibility of our findings. We hope that our case may be inspirational for other researchers wishing to undertake research in settings where field circumstances do not appear to be ideal for an impact evaluation. Trial registration Registered with RIDIE (RIDIE-STUDY-ID- 54412a964bce8 ) on 10/17/2014.",Performance-based financial incentives | Performance-based financial incentives | External funding for healthcare | Performance-based financial incentives | External funding for healthcare | Healthcare funding reform | Performance-based financial incentives | Community-based health insurance | External funding for healthcare,"PBF1: Standard PBF. PBF contracts between the MoH and the health facilities defined the services purchased by PBF (quantity), quality targets, and payment modalities. External reviewers assessed facility reports on quantity indicators on a monthly basis. Based on these
verified results, contracted facilities received case-based
payments for the services delivered, in addition to all
preexisting financing. PBF unit prices were calculated a
priori by the implementation team, on the basis of the
relative cost and frequency of the services provided.
Service quality was assessed with comprehensive quality
checklists, verified on a quarterly basis by the District
Health Management Teams. Facilities received an additional bonus calculated on the basis of quantity outcomes and service quality if they achieve a quality score
of initially at least 50%, later 60%. PBF payments were
intended to supplement other facility revenue in the
complex pre-existing mixed payment system [40], to
De Allegri et al. BMC Health Services Research (2019) 19:733 Page 3 of 15
fund expenditure, increase savings, and allow bonus payments to staff. Facilities were initially completely autonomous in their spending decisions. In 2017, ceilings as to
how much could be disbursed to staff were introduced
in response to undesirable practices in some facilities.
Facilities were further provided with criteria for the
distribution of bonuses among staff, including cadre,
position, seniority, work time, and performance. PBF1
did not include any specific provision to facilitate access
to care for the ultra-poor. | PBF2: Standard PBF + systematic targeting and health
service subsidization for the ultra-poor. PBF2 operated
according to the same contractual model as PBF1, but
combined it with specific provisions to facilitate access
to care for extremely vulnerable individuals residing in the
health facility catchment area. These provisions included:
a. A systematic targeting of the ultra-poor (‘indigents’)
was implemented using a community targeting approach [41], facilitated by SERSAP (Société d’Etudes
et de Recherche en Santé Publique). The aim was to
identify up to 20% of individuals residing in the
health facility catchment area and provide them
with proof of indigent status to allow them to
access all services included in the PBF benefit
package free of charge.
b. Unit prices for services delivered to the targeted
ultra-poor were adjusted to compensate for the loss
of revenues that health facilities incurred by not
charging user fees to this specific sub-population of
users. The additional payments were exclusive to
services for which direct user charges existed (e.g.
curative consultations, delivery services, family
planning), but excluded services which were already
provided free of charge (e.g. HIV and tuberculosis
testing and treatment, vaccinations). | PBF3: Standard PBF + systematic targeting and
subsidization for the ultra-poor + provider incentive to
offer services to the ultra-poor. PBF3 operated the same
PBF contracts as PBF1 and PBF2 and included the same
targeting procedures and provisions to care for the
ultra-poor as PBF2. The core difference relates to the
unit prices applied in PBF3, in that services provided to
the ultra-poor were reimbursed at a higher rate than in
PBF2 (initially at around 150% of the PBF2 prices,
reduced to an average value of 115% in 2016, with
variation across services). The idea was to compensate
for loss of income from user fees, while at the same time
offering providers an additional financial incentive to
attract and provide services to the ultra-poor. As in
PBF2, these higher reimbursement rates only pertained
to services normally offered against payment of direct
user charges at point of use. | PBF4: Traditional PBF + Community-based health insurance (CBHI), including targeting and subsidization for the ultra-poor. In this case, PBF1, applying the same
contractual model as described above, was introduced in
parallel to CBHI. The insurance scheme was rolled out
with support from the NGO ASMADE, which developed
a scheme based on the model that the government had
envisioned for a future universal health insurance model
(Régime d’Assurance Maladie Universelle) [36]. ASMADE
was selected as implementing agency given its prior
experience with insurance implementation. Insurance was
offered to the entire population at a yearly premium of
3900 FCFA (~ 7 USD) per person. Targeting took place
following procedures similar to the ones used in PBF2 and
PBF3 areas and the insurance premium for the ultra-poor
was fully subsidized by the program. The insurance benefit package included a wide range of primary and secondary healthcare services. Payments to providers were made
by both the insurance (in place of user charges) and by
the PBF program, as case-based rewards as in PBF1.",Index of utilisation of health services | Index of health service quality & standards | Follow up attendance | HIV testing | Neonatal tetanus protection | Births in hospitals | Modern contraceptive use | Full routine vaccination,"Health service utilization and quality of service delivery indicators
compared to status quo service provision (page 6) | at least four ANC visits | Proportion of recently pregnant women having been offered HIV testing during pregnancy | Proportion of recently pregnant women having received at least 2 doses of tetanus vaccine during pregnancy | Proportion of recently pregnant women who have delivered in a formal health facility | Proportion of non-pregnant women aged 15–49 who use modern family planning methods | Proportion of children aged 12–23 months who are fully immunized (primary data)",Human development and gender,Health finance,Financial sector,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Burkina Faso,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Socioeconomic status,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm/organisation | District,Randomized Controlled Trials | Randomized controlled trial | Performance-based financing | Difference-in-differences | BURKINA Faso | Quasi-experiment,Performance-/results-based financing,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-019-4558-3,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",152.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effects of Regulatory Changes in Microcredit on the Financial and Social Performance of Brazilian Credit Unions,"Santos, Ana Lucia Carvalho | Barros, Lucas A. B. C. | Takeda, Tony | Gonzalez, Lauro",2019.0,Journal article,"ABSTRACT This study investigates whether the performance of credit unions that offer microcredit in Brazil was affected by the advent of Crescer - the National Microcredit Program. This research fills a gap in the literature because few papers investigate credit unions that work with microcredit and also the effects of governmental interventions related to microcredit operations. Studies of this type may help evaluate the impact of governmental interventions on the performance of the institutions that are directly or indirectly affected. Our results add to the debate about microcredit and about the inclusion of credit unions in this market. In particular, our evidence may influence the design of public policies and the strategies of microfinance institutions, which typically combine economic and social objectives. Based on the literature, we calculate fifteen indicators for each credit union, related to their financial and social performance. The inferences are based on the implementation of the difference in differences estimator using the advent of Crescer, in 2011, as the exogenous event of interest and including in the control group the credit unions that did not provide microcredit loans throughout the sample period. This research presents evidence that the volume of clients and microcredit operations performed by Brazilian credit unions was positively affected by regulatory changes that took place in 2011, consistently with the objectives of the governmental intervention. The evidence also suggests that the governmental intervention did not harm the financial sustainability of the credit unions. The main changes are: a substantial reduction of interest rates and transaction costs, the implementation of subsidies to participants in the program, and a push for public banks to enhance their supply of productive and oriented microcredit. , RESUMO Este estudo investiga se e como o desempenho financeiro e social das cooperativas que ofertam microcrédito no Brasil foi afetado pelo advento do Crescer - Programa Nacional de Microcrédito. A pesquisa preenche lacuna na literatura da área, uma vez que há poucos estudos sobre cooperativas que trabalham com microcrédito e também sobre os efeitos de intervenções governamentais na área de microcrédito. Pesquisas como esta podem auxiliar na avaliação do impacto de intervenções governamentais sobre o desempenho das instituições direta ou indiretamente afetadas. Os resultados do estudo acrescentam novos elementos ao debate sobre o mercado do microcrédito e sobre a inserção das cooperativas de crédito nesse mercado. Em particular, as evidências aqui discutidas oferecem subsídio para o desenho de políticas públicas e para a definição de estratégias de instituições de microfinanças, as quais tipicamente combinam objetivos econômicos e sociais. Com base na literatura, foram calculados 15 indicadores para cada cooperativa, relacionados ao seu desempenho financeiro e social. As inferências baseiam-se na implementação do estimador de diferença em diferenças utilizando o advento do Crescer, em 2011, como o evento exógeno de interesse, e incluindo, no grupo de controle, as cooperativas de crédito que não forneceram empréstimos de microcrédito ao longo do período amostral. A pesquisa apresenta evidências de que o volume de clientes e de operações de microcrédito realizadas pelas cooperativas de crédito brasileiras foi positivamente afetado por mudanças regulatórias ocorridas em 2011, de forma compatível com os objetivos da intervenção governamental. As evidências também sugerem que a intervenção governamental enfocada não comprometeu a sustentabilidade financeira das cooperativas. As mudanças enfocadas são: redução substancial das taxas de juros e custos de transação, implementação de subsídios aos participantes do programa e impulso para bancos públicos para aumentar sua oferta de microcrédito produtivo e orientado.",Financial regulation | Access to microcredit,"According to the regulations set out by Resolution n. 4,000 of the CB (CB, 2011), microcredit operations can be carried out with urban and rural entrepreneurs, 
individuals or companies and independent of the funding. What defines the operation as OPM is the methodology adopted in granting the credit. The same CB resolution 
also established that the borrower of microcredit can have more than one financing operation in the banking 
system as long as, in total, they do not exceed 20 thousand reais. The Crescer program was limited to 15 thousand 
reais per operation. Crescer aligns with other programs, such as Brazil 
without Misery, as part of a set of Federal Government policies that aim to create jobs and income, especially in the group of recipients of the Bolsa Familia Program, seeking to help with the emancipation of the families supported. The main change of Crescer in relation to the NOPMP was a reduction in the interest rate, from up to 60% p.a. to 8% p.a., and of the OCR, which fell from 3% to 1% on the value of the credit. In addition, the government committed to subsidizing the participants by allocating 
up to 500 million reais a year for equalization of interest, with resources paid monthly by the National Treasury. 
The payment of the subsidy was based on the number, value, and timeframe of the operations contracted by the 
microcredit institutions (MCIs) in general that opted to adhere to the program. For this, the government issued Ordinance n. 271 (July 30th, 2012) authorizing the Union to grant the aforementioned economic subsidy, with the hope of encouraging the adhesion of private banks and credit unions to Crescer. 
In effect, the regulatory changes in microcredit analyzed by this study, especially the reduction of interest 
rates and the creation of subsidies, could directly and indirectly affect the institutions granting this modality of 
credit. Specifically, this research investigates the effects of these changes on the (financial and social) performance 
of the credit unions linked to microcredit (page 342).",Default | Loans outstanding | Profits and revenues | Interest rates | Interest margins | Return on assets | Return on equity | Other banking efficiency outcomes | Credit take-up,"Quality of assets | Defaults (DEF) 
Table 3, page 347 | Quality of assets | Rate of default (RT_DEF)
Table 3, page 347 | Profitability
Profitability of the credit portfolio (PROF_PORT)
Table 3, page 347 | Income from interest on assets (INCOME_IN) 
Table 3, page 347 | Income from financial intermediation 
(INCOME_FIN)
Table 3, page 347 | Return on assets (ROA)
Table 3, page 347 | Return on net equity (ROE) 
Table 3, page 347 | Operating margin (OP_MARG) | Operating cost (OP_COST)
Table 3, page 347 | Total clients (CLIEN) | Total operations (OPER) 
table 4, page 348",Finance,Credit infrastructure,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Public Policy | BRAZIL | MICROFINANCE | performance indicators | bank accounting | BOND market | contabilidade bancária | cooperativas de crédito | CREDIT unions | FINANCIAL performance | indicadores de desempenho | INTEREST rates | microfinanças | políticas públicas,Microfinance,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-70772019000300338&tlng=en,Direct financing of private sector actors,Income|Investment levels|Financial inclusion,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Long-Term Effects of Public Health Insurance on the Health of Children in Mexico: A Retrospective Study,"Celhay, Pablo | Martinez, Sebastian | Muñoz, Matias | Perez, Michelle | Perez-Cuevas, Ricardo",2019.0,Journal article,"Background: On Dec 1, 2006, Mexico's public health-care insurance scheme, Seguro Popular, implemented the Medical Insurance Century XXI (SMSXXI) programme, to provide insurance to children younger than 5 years without social security. SMSXXI aims to increase access to health services, decrease out-of-pocket health expenses (OOPHE), and reduce health inequities. SMSXXI covers uninsured, primarily low-income, populations who might be most at risk of the financial and health consequences of costly medical interventions. Methods: We assessed the effects of SMSXXI on health outcomes and financial protection for Mexico's children using multiple nationally representative surveys and administrative data sources spanning 2001-16. The identification of effects relied on detailed hospital-level affiliation data mapping the geographical expansion of SMSXXI's coverage across the country over time. The units of analysis included hospitals, households, and children. Primary outcomes were neonatal and infant mortality, self-reported morbidity (health status, influenza, and diarrhoea), and child's height. Secondary outcomes were OOPHE, hospital discharges, and quality of service provision. Effects controlled for fixed and time-variant confounders using double-difference and triple-difference estimation strategies. Where feasible, we also estimated effects using exogenous variation in programme eligibility rules that limited enrolment in SMSXXI to children born after Dec 1, 2006. Findings: SMSXXI was not associated with early (&lt;1 week) neonatal mortality, but was associated with a reduction in late (&lt;28 days) neonatal mortality by 0.139 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% CI 0.032-0.246), or 7% (2-12) relative to the comparison base of 1.98 deaths per 1000 livebirths in 2006. SMSXI was associated with a reduction in infant mortality from conditions covered by the programme by 0.147 deaths per 1000 livebirths (0.023-0.271), or 5% (1-10) relative to the comparison base of 2.73 deaths per 1000 livebirths. The effects were largest in high baseline mortality areas. Long-term health effects, 8 years after the onset of SMSXXI, were reflected in a 0.434 cm (0.404-0.459) height increase for birth cohorts exposed to the programme and an average effect on height of 0.879 cm (0.821-0.932) for low-income populations. About 3-6 years after SMSXXI started, children reported having better health status and lower incidence of influenza and diarrhoea. The programme led to a 14% reduction (7-28) in OOPHE, primarily from hospital-related expenses. No effects were detected on hospital discharges, suggesting that SMSXXI might not have increased use. Interpretation: SMSXXI promoted access to covered interventions and encouraged better primary care. The programme also promoted increased supply and quality of care by improving human and physical resources sensitive to unmet needs. Increased resource availability and improved supply of health care, rather than increased use, contributed to reduce infant mortality and improved long-term health as proxied by self-reported morbidity and child height. Consistent with the programme's focus on uninsured and low-income populations, the effects on mortality, long-term health status, and OOPHE were concentrated in vulnerable groups.",Social health insurance,A government funded programme for health insurance to help children under 5 without social security.,Under-five mortality in children | Index of child health | Stunting in children | Out of pocket expenditure for health | Hospital discharge,"'Ycjt A represents mortality due to conditions covered by catalogue c in jurisdiction j per 1000 newborns in year t, for life periods A (first week, first month, and first year of life).' (Page: e1451) | 'yi is an indicator for reported health status or incidence of disease for child i.' (Page: e1451) | 'Yice is the height-for-age Z score of student i born in the month-year cohort of birth c living in state e.' (Page: e1451) | 'Ymht is a dummy variable indicating whether health expenditures exceed 10% of a household’s total income or the ratio between the household’s health expenditures and its total income.' (Page: e1452) | 'Ycet A is the number of hospital discharges due to conditions covered by catalogue c in state e per 1000 newborns in year t , for life periods A (first week, first month, and first year of life).' (Page: e1452)",Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Coordination/Reforms | Work-Labor/Social,Mexico,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Age | Other,Government agency,Government agency,"This study provides evidence of the effects of SMSXXI, a programme that offered financial resources to cover the health care of children younger than 5 years old who do not have social security",Household | Individual | Firm/organisation,Child health | Mexico | Social Health Insurance | Fixed-Effects Models,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214109X19303262,Direct financing of private sector actors,"Food security, health, and nutrition|Costs",135.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Supply of High-Quality Entrepreneurs in Developing Countries: Evidence From Nigeria,"Olofinyehun, Adedayo O | Adelowo, Caleb M | Egbetokun, Abiodun A",2018.0,Journal article,"This article analyses entrepreneurial interest and practice as well as the impact of an education policy among a representative sample of highly educated young Nigerians. We use pooled cross-sectional data from 2007 and 2011 on about 27,000 undergraduates in over 50 schools. Our descriptive analyses reveal a high prevalence of interest in entrepreneurship but low prevalence of entrepreneurial practice. In a set of difference-in-differences estimation, the results show that compulsory entrepreneurship education stimulates entrepreneurial interest but does not reinforce it. Quite strikingly, we find that the rate of entrepreneurial practice diminished among students who were exposed to entrepreneurship education compared to the control sample. This suggests that entrepreneurship education improves selection into actual entrepreneurship practice by filtering out individuals with initial interest but with lower perceived success potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Science &amp; Public Policy (SPP) is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)",Business incubators and accelerators | Entrepreneurship training,"A national policy that mandated universities to implement business centres. Nigerian government sanctioned in 2006 a public policy intervention mandating all universities in Nigeria to introduce compulsory entrepreneurship courses across all disciplines and to establish entrepreneurship development centres (EDCs). Thus, once an individual is registered in a university where the policy is already in effect, he is bound to complete the compulsory entrepreneurship course before the end of his/her regular course programme. Page 271",Starting a business,"Probability that an undergraduate will
show interest in entrepreneurship. Table 9, page 276",Private sector development,Youth employment,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"""For this article, we pool data from two independent cross-sectional surveys on entrepreneurial attitude of science, social science, and engineering undergraduates in Nigerian tertiary institutions. "" (page 271)",Household,Nigeria | policy | EDUCATION policy | difference-in-differences | ENTREPRENEURSHIP education | high-quality entrepreneurs | National Universities Commission,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Quality Education,,https://academic.oup.com/spp/article/45/2/269/4582333,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
State versus private provision: How does China’s market‐oriented reform affect healthcare delivery?,"Fang, Guanfu | Cao, Hui",2020.0,Journal article,"The role of the government in health care provision remains a contested issue worldwide. Public hospitals dominate China's health care industry. However, in the early 2000s, the eastern China city of Suqian privatized all its hospitals and relaxed entry barriers for private hospitals. We assess the impact of the pro-market reform on hospital performance using a differences-in-differences approach. We find that the pro-market reform decreased medical price and expenditure, improved self-reported health outcomes, and reduced search time and cost for patients. We show that after the reform, Suqian residents had greater trust in doctors than did residents from other cities.",,,,,Human development and gender,Health system strengthening,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,State/Provincial,"Health | Economic Development: Human Resources | Health: Government Policy | Human Development | Income Distribution | Regulation | Migration (O15) | Public Health (I18) | Education and Training: Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty (P36) | Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics | Analysis of Health Care Markets (I11) | National Government Expenditures and Health (H51)",Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecot.12239,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Does Green Banking Performance Pay Off? Evidence From a Unique Regulatory Setting in Bangladesh,"Bose, Sudipta | Khan, Habib Zaman | Monem, Reza M.",2021.0,Journal article,"Research Question/Issue A firm's choice to ""go green"" largely remains unregulated worldwide. This study uses an institutional setting in Bangladesh experiencing a green banking regulatory reform to examine whether banks' green performance translates into improved financial performance and whether this is moderated by banks' political connections. Research Findings/Insights Results based on a sample of 172 firm-year observations from 2008 to 2014 suggest that green banking performance is positively associated with a bank's financial performance. Further analysis suggests that cost efficiency mainly drives this relationship. However, banks' political connections negatively affect this relationship by counterbalancing green banking's non-financial benefits. Our findings are robust to sensitivity tests that examine endogeneity concerns using difference-in-differences (DiD) and propensity score matching (PSM) analyses and Heckman's two-stage analysis. Theoretical/Academic Implications Most prior studies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) were conducted in voluntary settings: however, our study utilizes a unique regulatory setting in Bangladesh. With this exogenous shock to the banking industry, the regulatory setting helped to alleviate endogeneity concerns arising from voluntary motives behind CSR performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine any link between green banking performance in a regulatory setting and banks' financial performance. Practitioner/Policy Implications This study's findings suggest that sustainable business practices promoted through regulatory intervention can improve financial performance. A regulatory green banking initiative can be a win-win for all competing stakeholders. Our findings have significant policy implications for governments and regulatory agencies worldwide in the fight against global warming and climate change.",Financial regulation,"In broad terms, green banking (GB) refers to banks carrying out and assisting in environment friendly practices in their internal and external operations. Green banking is defined as a method of finance that encourages environmentally responsible investment, extending priority to enterprises and industries that attempt to ‘grow’ green. One way the banking system can go green is by going online. Online bill payment, remote deposits, fund transfers, and statements are other ways in which online banking can help preserve the environment, reducing the use of paper, energy, and natural resources in banking activities. Similarly, by supporting clients’ projects that use energy-saving devices, green loans can promote eco-friendly house building. Bangladesh Bank (BB), the country’s central bank and the banking sector regulator, has been at the forefront of introducing green finance. Several measures that have accelerated GB in Bangladesh’s banking sector include policy guidelines, concessional refinancing schemes, donor-supported sector-specific transformational projects and credit quotas for financial institution. In 2011, Bangladesh Bank issued GB Policy Guidelines instructing commercial banks to adopt and implement an inclusive policy for GB activities in three phases. (Page 9-11)",Valuation | Financing source,Financial performance:  The sum of book value of total assets plus the market value of equity minus the book value of equity divided by total assets Table 4 (Page 43) & Panel C (Page 46) | Institutional ownership: The percentage of shareholding by institutional investors. Table 8 (Page 48),Economic policy,Green growth,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Corporate social responsibility,Financing with private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,Bangladesh,South Asia,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Green banking performance | Regulatory setting | Banking industry. | Financial performance. | Political connections. | Emerging economy,Not applicable,Climate Action | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/corg.12349,Blended finance,Domestic business growth and market development,123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Evaluation Of Results-Based Financing In The Republic Of The Congo: A Comparison Group Pre–Post Study,"Wu, Zeng | Donald, Sloane Shepard | Jean, de Dieu Rusatira | Aaron, P. Blaakman | Bernice, Mesmer Nsitou",2018.0,Journal article,"Results-based financing (RBF) has been advocated and increasingly scaled up in low- and middleincome countries to increase utilization and quality of key primary care services, thereby reducing maternal and child mortality rates. This pilot RBF study in the Republic of the Congo from 2012 to 2014 used a quasi-experimental research design. The authors conducted pre- and post-household surveys and gathered health facility services data from both intervention and comparison groups. Using a difference-in-differences approach, the study evaluated the impact of RBF on maternal and child health services. The household survey found statistically significant improvements in quality of services regarding the availability of medicines, perceived quality of care, hygiene of health facilities and being respected at the reception desk. The health facility survey showed no adverse effects and significantly favourable impacts on: curative visits, patient referral, children receiving vitamin A, HIV testing of pregnant women and assisted deliveries. These improvements, in relative terms, ranged from 42% (assisted deliveries) to 155% (children receiving vitamin A). However, the household survey found no statistically significant impacts on the five indicators measuring the use of maternal health services, including the percentage of pregnant women using prenatal care, 3þ prenatal care, postnatal care, assisted delivery, and family planning. Surprisingly, RBF was found to be associated with a reduction of coverage of the third diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus immunization among children in the household survey. From the health facility survey, no association was found between RBF and full immunization among children. Overall, the study shows a favourable impact of an RBF programme on most, but not all, targeted maternal and child health services. Several aspects of programme implementation, such as timely disbursement of incentives, monitoring health facility performance, and transparency of using funds could be further strengthened to maximize RBF’s impact.",Pay for performance,"The impact of Results-based financing (RBF) on  maternal and child health in he Republic of the Congo. Under the RBF scheme, Cordaid, the purchasing agency selected by the Ministry of Health and Population, obtained monthly reports of the specified services, verified quantities against facility registers and visited sampled households, assessed quality and transferred payments quarterly into each facility’s bank account. Table 1 lists the incentivized services and the amount of payment per unit for each service. These incentive payments were made in addition to the routine budget allocated by the Ministry of Health and Population. Cordaid also paid financial incentives to technical teams in each district that were responsible for supervising and helping health centres identify service provision issues and suggesting solutions. The RBF programme later expanded to include more health centres, with a total of 97 health centres in the three departments. Due to lengthy administrative and contractual procedures, the programme was interrupted from June 2012 through September 2012 and restarted in October 2012. Cordaid continued monitoring these services and paying incentives through February 2014, when this phase of the RBF scheme ended.  (P. 2)",Live birth at healthcare facility | Other maternal health | Modern contraceptive use | HIV testing | Patient care indicators | Index of healthcare professional outcomes | ITN usage | BCG vaccination | DPT or pentavalent vaccination | Full routine vaccination | Vitamin A supplementation for children | ART utilisation in pregnancy | Use of modern birth attendants | Nutrient supplementation during pregnancy,Table 6 - Impact of RBF on services (from household surveys),Human development and gender,Child health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,"Congo, Rep.",Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,International financial institution,,Individual | Cohort,Results-Based Financing | Pay For Performance | Impact Evaluation | Household Survey | the Republic of the Congo,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/33/3/392/4812664,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",103.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,"Significant, but not reported | 5% level (**)",,,,,
The Effect Of A Performance-Based Financing Program On Hiv And Maternal/Child Health Services In Mozambique—An Impact Evaluation,"Yogesh, Rajkotia | Omer, Zang | Pierre, Nguimkeu | Jessica, Gergen | Iva, Djurovic | Paula, Vaz | Franscisco, Mbofana | Kebba, Jobarteh",2017.0,Journal article,"Performance-based financing (PBF) is a mechanism by which health providers are paid on the basis of outputs or results delivered. A PBF program was implemented on the provision of HIV, prevention of mother-to child HIV transmission (PMTCT), and maternal/child health (MCH) services in two provinces of Mozambique. A retrospective case–control study design was used in which PBF provinces were matched with control provinces to evaluate the impact of PBF on 18 indicators. Due to regional heterogeneity, we evaluated the intervention sites (North and South) separately. Beginning January 2011, 11 quarters (33 months or 2.75 years) of data from 134 facilities after matching (84 in the North and 50 in the South) were used. Our econometric framework employed a multi-period, multi-group difference-in-differences model on data that was matched using propensity scoring. The regression design employed a generalized linear mixed model with both fixed and random effects, fitted using the seemingly unrelated regression technique. PBF resulted in positive impacts on MCH, PMTCT and paediatric HIV program outcomes. The majority of the 18 indicators responded to PBF (77% in the North and 66% in the South), with at least half of the indicators demonstrating a statistically significant increase in average output of more than 50% relative to baseline. Excluding pregnant women, the majority of adult HIV treatment indicators did not respond to PBF. On average, it took 18months (six quarters) of implementation for PBF to take effect, and impact was generally sustained thereafter. Indicators were not sensitive to price, but were inversely correlated to the level of effort associated with marginal output. No negative impacts on incentivized indicators nor spill-over effects on nonincentivized indicators were observed. The PBF program in Mozambique has produced large, sustained increases in the provision of PMTCT, paediatric HIV and MCH services. Our results demonstrate that PBF is an effective strategy for driving down the HIV epidemic and advancing MCH care service delivery as compared with input financing alone.",Pay for performance,"Starting in January 2011, health facilities in the provinces of Nampula (North) and Gaza (South) were enrolled into the PBF program in a phased manner over 18 months, with priority given to high-volume facilities. In order to enrol into the program, facilities needed to be certified by the Government of Mozambique (GRM) to provide both antiretroviral therapy (ART) and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services - p1387",Mother to child transmission of HIV | Index of maternal health | HIV care coverage,"PBF resulted in positive impacts on MCH, PMTCT and paediatric HIV program outcomes. The PBF program in Mozambique has produced large, sustained increases in the provision of PMTCT, paediatric HIV and MCH services.",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Mozambique,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Equity sensitive research process,HIV/AIDS,Not specified,Charitable or private foundation,,Cohort,Performance-Based Financing | Impact Evaluation | Maternal And Child Health | Mozambique,Performance-/results-based financing | Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Good Health and Well-being,,https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/32/10/1386/4562527,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",121.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,1% level (***),,,,,
The Effect Of Performance-Based Financing On Child Vaccinations In Northern Nigeria,"Ryoko, Sato | Abdullahi, Belel",2020.0,Journal article,"Vaccination is known to be one of the most cost-effective ways to avert child deaths. However, in Nigeria, the vaccination completion rate among children is extremely low and the child mortality rate is one of the highest in the world. National immunization coverage survey shows that the low vaccination rate in Nigeria is partly attributed to service delivery issues. This paper evaluates the effect of Performance-Based Financing (PBF), an incentive scheme where health facilities are funded based on their performance, on the quantity of vaccinations carried out in Adamawa state. Under the Nigeria State Health Investment Project (NSHIP), half of the Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Adamawa State were randomly assigned to receive PBF intervention between 2015 and 2018. The Difference-inDifferences (DiD) technique as well as ANCOVA analysis are used to evaluate the effect of PBF on vaccination service delivery indicators. We find that the PBF intervention significantly increased the quantity of full vaccination cases as compared to the comparison group, although the effect size was small. On the other hand, if health facilities receive intensified PEI (Polio Eradication Initiative) concurrently, the effectiveness of PBF in increasing the number of full vaccination cases do not differ significantly from health facilities that are not under PBF. Rather than providing conditional financial incentives such as PBF to health facilities, simply providing unconditional financial and technical assistance to strengthen routine immunization programs might be sufficient to increase the quantity of vaccination service provision. The positive effect of PBF on vaccination provision was not sustainable, either. Future work should explore how we can strengthen the health system in a cost-effective and sustainable way.",External funding for healthcare,"Arm 1 Performance-Based Financing: Health facilities (HFs) under performance-based financing received a quarterly payment based on the quantity of various pre-determined services delivered, such as outpatient consultation, complete vaccination cases among children, tetanus-toxoid vaccination of pregnant women, postnatal care consultation, antenatal care consultation, family planning service, and institutional delivery. These funds were used for operational costs and bonuses for health workers of 50% each. Operational costs include the costs for maintenance and repair, as well as drugs and consumables. Health facilities under PBF can use funds for performance bonus for health workers. (page 2210) | Arm 2 Decentralized Facility Financing: Health facilities (HFs) under decentralized facility financing received a fixed amount of payment regardless of the quantity of services delivered. The payments under decentralized facility financing were calculated to be equal to the average funds only for operational costs earned by the PBF Health facilities, as decentralized facility financing Health facilities were not allowed to use funds to pay health staff bonuses. Thus, by design, the amount decentralized facility financing Health facilities received as funds was half the amount earned by performance-based financing Health facilities. (page 2210)",BCG vaccination | Polio vaccination | DPT or pentavalent vaccination | Measles vaccination | Full routine vaccination,,Human development and gender,Child health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International financial institution,Not specified,,Individual | Cohort,Performance-Based Financing | Child vacciantions | Nigeria,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X20300487,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Indeterminate,5% level (**) | Not statistically significant | 1% level (***),,,,,
Impact Of Performance-Based Financing In A Low-Resource Setting: A Decade Of Experience In Cambodia,"Ellen, van de Poel | Gabriela, Flores | Por, Ir | Owen, O’Donnell",2016.0,Journal article,"This paper exploits the geographic expansion of performance-based financing (PBF) in Cambodia over a decade to estimate its effect on the utilization of maternal and child health services. PBF is estimated to raise the proportion of births occurring in incentivized public health facilities by 7.5 percentage points (25%). A substantial part of this effect arises from switching the location of institutional births from private to public facilities; there is no significant impact on deliveries supervised by a skilled birth attendant, nor is there any significant effect on neonatal mortality, antenatal care and vaccination rates. The impact on births in public facilities is much greater if PBF is accompanied by maternity vouchers that cover user fees, but there is no significant effect among the poorest women. Heterogeneous effects across schemes differing in design suggest that maintaining management authority within a health district while giving explicit service targets to facilities is more effective in raising utilization than contracting management to a non-governmental organization while denying it full autonomy and leaving financial penalties vague.",Pay for performance,"PBF involves paying providers, at least partially, on the basis of what they deliver, rather than allocating budgets in relation to historic costs or inputs, page 688",Full routine vaccination | Antenatal care | Labour and delivery support,"Table III. Estimated effects of any form of PBF, 1999–2010 (p 698)",Human development and gender,Child health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,Cambodia,East Asia and Pacific,Low income,Yes,Sub-group analysis by sex,Socioeconomic status,Not specified,Government agency,,Individual | Cohort,Health Financing | Performance-Based Financing | Maternity Care | Vaccination | Cambodia,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26224021/,Payments by results|Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",87.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,Not statistically significant | 5% level (**),,,,,
Shortening Supply Chains : Experimental Evidence From Fruit And Vegetable Vendors In Bogota,"Iacovone, Leonardo | Mckenzie, David",2019.0,Published working paper,"Small trading activities are a prevalent form of self-employment in developing countries, but their integration into supply value chains is not efficient, especially when it comes to perishable produce. This study tests a novel approach to improve their efficiency by reducing the time and cost of sourcing produce by aggregating purchases through the use of an app and centralized distribution system. Fruit and vegetable vendors in Bogotá currently travel most days to a central market to purchase produce, incurring substantial time and monetary costs. A social enterprise attempted to shorten the supply chain between farmers and vendors by aggregating orders from many small stores, sourcing directly from farmers, and delivering them to the stores. The introduction of this new service was randomized at the market block level. Initial interest was high and offering the service reduced travel time for users by almost two hours a week, reduced travel costs, and increased work-life balance for store owners. Firms offered the service saved an average of 6 to 8 percent on purchase costs, and although some of this passed through into lower prices for consumers, there was incomplete pass-through, so that markups rose. However, stores reduced their sales of products that were not originally offered by this new service, and their total sales and profits appear to have fallen in the short run, with service usage falling over time. The results highlight the potential for new technologies to solve firm coordination problems, offer a window into the nature of competition among small retailers, and point to the challenges in achieving economies of scale when disrupting centralized markets for multi-product firms.",Supply chain integration,"A social enterprise attempted to shorten the supply chain between farmers and vendors by aggregating orders together from many small stores, sourcing directly from farmers, and delivering them to the stores (p.1)",Commute time to work | Mental health | Sales | Profits and revenues,Table 3: Impact on Corabastos Travel Time among Interested Firms | Table 3 | Table 4: Impact on the Extensive Margin of Whether or Not They Sell a Product | Table 5: Impact on Sales and Profits,Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Supply chain monitoring|Promotion of responsible business practices,Matchmaking and consulting,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms | Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International financial institution,,Firm,Retail supply chains | microenterprise competition | Social Entrepreneurship | Randomized Experiment | Bogota | profits | food systems and nutrition,Not applicable,No Poverty | Zero Hunger,,https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/728681565630010702/shortening-supply-chains-experimental-evidence-from-fruit-and-vegetable-vendors-in-bogota,Matchmaking,"Domestic business growth and market development|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Costs|Work-labor|Income",140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment | Favours control,10% level (*) | Not statistically significant | 5% level (**) | 1% level (***),,,,,
An Experiment In Incentive-Based Welfare: The Impact Of Progresa On Health In Mexico,"Gertler, Paul J. | Boyce, Simone",2003.0,Published report,"We investigate the impact of a unique anti-poverty program in Mexico on health outcomes. The program, PROGRESA, combines a traditional cash transfer program with financial incentives for families to invest in human capital of children (health, education and nutrition). In order to receive the cash transfer, families must obtain preventive health care, participate in growth monitoring and nutrition supplements programs, and attend education programs about health and hygiene. Incentive-based welfare programs like PROGRESA are being implemented throughout Latin America including Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Honduras and Nicaragua. Our analysis takes advantage of a controlled randomized study design with household panel data. We find that the program significantly increased utilization of public health clinics for preventive care. The program also lowered the number of inpatient hospitalizations and visits to private providers, which is consistent with the hypothesis that PROGESA lowered the incidence of severe illness. We found a significant improvement in the health of both children and adults. Specifically, children had about a 23 percent reduction in the incidence of illness, a 1 to 4 percent increase in height, and an 18 percent reduction in anemia. Adults experienced a significant reduction in the number of days of difficulty with daily activities due to illness and in the number of days in bed due to illness. Adults also reported a significant increase in the number of kilometers able to walk without getting tired.",Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs),"We investigate the impact of a unique anti-poverty program in Mexico on health outcomes. The program, PROGRESA, combines a traditional cash transfer program with financial incentives for families to invest in human capital of children (health, education and nutrition). In order to receive the cash transfer, families must obtain preventive health care, participate in growth monitoring and nutrition supplements programs, and attend education programs about health and hygiene - p1",Patient care indicators,"Difference-in-Difference Estimates of Impact of PROGRESA on Total Daily Consultations Per Clinic: Total daily consultations per clinic (p24, table 4)",Human development and gender,Food security,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Mexico,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,""" The sample in table 2a consists of children age 0-5 at baseline and the sample in table 2b consists of adults age 18 and over"" (page 9). ""In the last three rounds of the survey, adolescents and adults were asked a series of questions regarding their health status. All individuals 18 and above where asked how many kilometers that were able to walk without getting tired, and The following questions were asked of individuals 6 and older"" (page 14). PROGRESA also included poor, rural households (page 6).",Individual,food systems and nutrition,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | No Poverty,,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4889021_An_experiment_in_incentive-based_welfare_The_impact_of_PROGRESA_on_health_in_Mexico,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",135.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,10% level (*),,,,,
The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation,"Banerjee, Abhijit | Duflo, Esther | Glennerster, Rachel | Kinnan, Cynthia",2015.0,Journal article,"This paper reports results from the randomized evaluation of a group-lending microcredit program in Hyderabad, India. A lender worked in 52 randomly selected neighborhoods, leading to an 8.4 percentage point increase in takeup of microcredit. Small business investment and profits of preexisting businesses increased, but consumption did not significantly increase. Durable goods expenditure increased, while ""temptation goods"" expenditure declined. We found no significant changes in health, education, or women's empowerment. Two years later, after control areas had gained access to microcredit but households in treatment area had borrowed for longer and in larger amounts, very few significant differences persist. (JEL G21, G31, O16, O12, L25, I38)",Gender-based lending | Access to microcredit,"p8 ""The basic Spandana product is the canonical group loan product, first introduced by the
Grameen Bank. A group is comprised of six to ten women, and 25-45 groups form a “center.”
Women are jointly responsible for the loans of their group""",Social empowerment,Women primary Decision Maker | Women Primary decision maker (non-food) | Women primary Decision maker on loans,Finance,Financial inclusion,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Low income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework | Sub-group analysis by sex | Measures effects on an inequality outcome | Equity sensitive methodology,Place of residence | Socioeconomic status | Sex,For-profit firm,For-profit firm,"The target population was poor urban households in slum neighborhoods in Hyderabad, India, excluding the very poorest and transient migrant workers. “Spandana initially selected 120 areas...based on having no preexisting microfinance presence, and having residents who were desirable potential borrowers: poor, but not ‘the poorest of the poor.’” (Page 6)",Area | Community,Women | Women Empowerment | Microfinance,Microfinance,Gender Equality | No Poverty | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/app.20130533,Direct financing of private sector actors,"Social factors|Food security, health, and nutrition|Domestic business growth and market development",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Empowering Women Under Social Constraints: Evidence from A Field Intervention in Rural Egypt,"Elsayed, Ahmed | Namoro, Soiliou Daw | Roushdy, Rania",2017.0,Published report,"Women in the MENA region are economically and socially disempowered. High youth unemployment rates together with discriminatory social norms drive them to limit their investment in human capital. We evaluate a large-scale intervention attempting to relax human capital constraints for women by offering vocational, business and life skills training in 30 villages in rural Egypt. Relative to women in the control villages, the intervention increased the likelihood of treated women engaging in income-generating activities, driven by an increase in self-employment. Treated women also became more likely to have future business aspirations. However, their intra-household decision-making and gender equality attitudes were not affected by the intervention. We show that these results mask heterogeneous effects in terms of background characteristics and initial levels of social empowerment. We find no evidence of positive spillover effects for the program within treated villages and, more importantly, no evidence of different pre-trends in employment between the treated and control groups prior to the intervention.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Other life skills | Entrepreneurship training | Savings accounts,"The Neqdar program- enhancing young women’s transition to work in the rural communities of upper Egypt: The training program comprised three main training components: (I) business skills training, (II) vocational training, and (III) life skills, legal rights, and civic education. The business skills curriculum was delivered in 12 weeks, meeting three times a week for a 2-h session (i.e., a total of 72 h). During the business training, beneficiaries started either directly searching for employment opportunities (while attending the training program classes) or preparing a market study with guidance from promoters. Based on the market study, beneficiaries who were interested in starting their own business submitted their business plans and market assessments for their proposed projects, and accordingly their vocational training needs. Vocational training started right after the business skills training. With the help of local training institutes and businesses, beneficiaries received a variety of training options, including accessory making, sewing, hair dressing, livestock raising, dairy-product making, perfume making, cleaning-supplies making, mobile repair and computer hard/software training, first aid/paramedic and dessert/food catering services. Simultaneously, beneficiaries who were seeking employment were helped to apply for employment opportunities in various factories, shops, schools, and pharmacies, etc. Along with the vocational training and business start-up or employment phase, beneficiaries received life skills trainings (eight 2-h sessions), health-awareness classes (four 2-h sessions), legal rights and civic engagement (two 2-h sessions) (Page 5-6)",Employment status | Index of business knowledge and skills | Livelihoods and employment behaviours | Index of school enrolment and attendance | Index of empowerment | Labour force participation,Income-generating activity; Formal wage work; Self-employment Table 3 (Page 20);  Table 4 (Page 22); Table 5 (Page 34); Table 9 (Page 30); Table 10 (Page 31); Table 11 (Page 32) | Business knowledge index Table 3 (Page 20); Wishes to set up/continue a project  Table 4 (Page 22); Table 5 (Page 34); Table 9 (Page 30); Table 10 (Page 31); Table 11 (Page 32) | Wishes to get employed; Wishes to set up/continue a project  Table 4 (Page 22); Table 5 (Page 34); Table 9 (Page 30); Table 10 (Page 31); Table 11 (Page 32) | Currently enrolled in school; Spends time daily on homework and study Table 13 (Page 34) | (2) Decisionmaking index (DMI): women are asked whether they usually have the nal say in making dierent decisions within the family (p. 10) | Labor force participation Table 3 (Page 20);  Table 4 (Page 22); Table 5 (Page 34); Table 9 (Page 30); Table 10 (Page 31); Table 11 (Page 32),Human development and gender,Gender,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,"Egypt, Arab Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex | Equity sensitive methodology | Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Age | Education | Place of residence | Socioeconomic status | Sex,Non-profit organization,International aid agency,NEQDAR targeted women in 30 villages,Individual,Empowerment of women | Field intervention | Egypt,Business training,Gender Equality | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/11240/empowering-women-under-social-constraints-evidence-from-a-field-intervention-in-rural-egypt,Technical and vocational training|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Education|Employment|Social factors|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",107.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
On the Impact of Microcredit: Evidence from a Randomized Intervention in Rural Ethiopia,"Tarozzi, Alessandro | Desai, Jaikishan | Johnson, Kristin",2013.0,Published working paper,"We use data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in 2003-2006 in rural Amhara and Oromiya (Ethiopia) to study the impacts of the introduction of microfinance in treated com-munities. We document that borrowing increased substantially in locations where the pro-grams started their operations, but we find mixed evidence of improvements in a number of socio-economic outcomes, including income from agriculture, animal husbandry, non-farm self-employment, schooling and indicators of women's empowerment.",Access to microcredit,"PAs were randomly assigned to one of four group: micro-lending only, FPP [family planning program] only, both, or none (control). (p. 2) | [Access to microcredit + provision of conraception] PAs were randomly assigned to one of four group: micro-lending only, FPP [family planning program] only, both, or none (control). (p. 2)",Starting a business | Profits and revenues | Investment in productive assets | Overall expenditures | Overall agricultural expenditure | Cropland holdings | Index of commodities value | Beef/cattle value sold | Employee compensation | Banking transactions | Total work time | Employment hours | Access to institutional credit | Access to informal credit | Access to credit | Gendered access to credit | Amount borrowed | Overall student attendance | Child labour | Empowerment | Economic empowerment | Wealth and assets | Parents and family - health | Food insecurity prevalence,"Has non-farm business [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Has female-led non-farm business [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Started business last 3 years [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Revenues last 12 months [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Investment last 12 months [Table 5]. (...) In column 5 of panel A, `investment' refers to expenditures in `equipment, machinery, assets' for non-farm businesses. (p. 30) | All expenses last 12 months [Table 5]. (...) The gures in column 6 (`all expenses') add to such expenditure the amounts spent for hired labor, raw material, transport, storage and `other items'. (p. 30) | Net revenues last 12 months [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Cash revenues from crop [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Expenses for crop cultivation last 12 months [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Net revenues from crops last 12 months [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Land cultivated last 12 months (hectares)[Table 5]. (p. 30) | Value of livestock owned [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Value of large animals owned [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Livestock sales last 12 months [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Wages last 12 months [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Transfers last 12 months [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. All adults - all activities [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. All adults - self-employment [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. All adults - outside employment [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. Women - self-employment [Table 5]. (p. 30) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. Women - outside employment [Table 5]. (p. 30) | ACSI&OCSSC [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. 28) | NGOs [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. 28) | Banks and cooperatives [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. 28) | Informal sources [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. 28) | All sources [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. 28) | All sources - Women[Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. 28) | ACSI&OCSSC - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. 28) | NGOs - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. 28) | Banks and cooperatives - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. 28) | Informal sources - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. 28) | All sources - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. 28) | All sources - women - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table 3 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. 28) | % of children 6 – 15 in school [Table 6]. (p. 31) | Average hours/week worked by children 10-15 – self-employment [Table 6]. (p. 31) | Average hours/week worked by children 10-15 – outside activities [Table 6]. (p. 31) | % of 10-15 children for whom housework is primary activity [Table 6]. (p. 31) | % of 16-20 in school [Table 6]. (p. 31) | Empowerment: % decisions with woman’s involvement - all [Table 6]. (p. 31) | Empowerment: % decisions with woman’s involvement – economic [Table 6]. (p. 31) | Value of selected assets [Table 6]. (p. 31) In column 3 of panel B we also  found no significant impact on the resale value of a non-exhaustive list of assets, which included radios, electric stoves, kerosene/pressure lamps, beds, tables, chairs, bicycles, motorcycles/scooters, cars and trucks. (p. 18) | Someone seriously ill last 3 years [Table 6]. (p. 31) | # Months of food insecurity [Table 6]. (p. 31) | Has female-led non-farm business [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Started business last 3 years [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Revenues last 12 months [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Investment last 12 months [Table A.5]. (...) In column 5 of panel A, `investment' refers to expenditures in `equipment, machinery, assets' for non-farm businesses. (p. A.4) | All expenses last 12 months [Table A.5]. (...) The figures in column 6 (`all expenses') add to such expenditure the amounts spent for hired labor, raw material, transport, storage and `other items'. (p. A.4) | Net revenues last 12 months [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Cash revenues from crop [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Expenses for crop cultivation last 12 months [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Net revenues from crops last 12 months [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Land cultivated last 12 months (hectares)[Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Value of livestock owned [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Value of large animals owned [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Livestock sales last 12 months [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Wages last 12 months [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Transfers last 12 months [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. All adults - all activities [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. All adults - self-employment [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. Women - self-employment [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | Hours work / week, Household members 16-75. Women - outside employment [Table A.5]. (p. A.4) | ACSI&OCSSC [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. A.3) | NGOs [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. A.3) | Banks and cooperatives [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. A.3) | Informal sources [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. A.3) | All sources [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. A.3) | All sources – Women [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing]. (p. A.3) | ACSI&OCSSC - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. A.3) | NGOs - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. A.3) | Banks and cooperatives - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. A.3) | Informal sources - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. A.3) | All sources - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. A.3) | All sources - women - Loan amounts (in 2006 Birr) [Table A.4 - Impacts on Borrowing] (p. A.3) | % of children 6 – 15 in school [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) | Average hours/week worked by children 10-15 – self-employment [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) | Average hours/week worked by children 10-15 – outside activities [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) | % of 10-15 children for whom housework is primary activity [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) | % of 16-20 in school [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) | Empowerment: % decisions with woman’s involvement - all [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) | Empowerment: % decisions with woman’s involvement – economic [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) | Value of selected assets [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) In column 3 of panel B we also found no significant impact on the resale value of a non-exhaustive list of assets, which included radios, electric stoves, kerosene/pressure lamps, beds, tables, chairs, bicycles, motorcycles/scooters, cars and trucks. (p. 18) | Someone seriously ill last 3 years [Table A.6]. (p. A.5) | # Months of food insecurity [Table A.6]. (p. A.5)",Finance,Financial inclusion,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Ethiopia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Equity sensitive research process | Sub-group analysis by sex | Equity sensitive analytical framework | Equity sensitive methodology,Education | Head of household | Place of residence | Socioeconomic status | Sex,Government agency,Non-profit organization,Not specified,Community,Microcredit | Cluster Randomised Control Trial | Ethiopia,Microfinance,No Poverty,,https://www.barcelonagse.eu/research/working-papers/impact-microcredit-evidence-randomized-intervention-rural-ethiopia,Direct financing of private sector actors,"Domestic business growth and market development|Financial inclusion|Work-labor|Food security, health, and nutrition|Productivity gains|Investment levels|Social factors",138.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Écoles paysannes et rendement du cacao au Cameroun,"Kamdem, Cyrille Bergaly",2018.0,Journal article,"L'objectif de cet article est d'évaluer l'effet des écoles paysannes sur la production du cacao dans les régions du Centre et du Sud-Ouest du Cameroun, au moyen de la méthode quasi- expérimentale. Cette méthode utilise les techniques des modèles « propensity score matching » (PSM) et « endogenous switching regression » (ESR). Les données utilisées proviennent des enquêtes de l'International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) réalisées en 2009 auprès de 201 producteurs de cacao dans les régions du Centre-Est et du Sud-Ouest du Cameroun. Les résultats montrent que les écoles paysannes ont un effet positif et statistiquement significatif sur le rendement du cacao par hectare. Cet effet est estimé à une augmentation de 17 % et 29 % du rendement par hectare lorsqu'on utilise la technique des cinq voisins les plus proches et la technique du kernel, respectivement. Il est recommandé d'améliorer la qualité de la formation dans les écoles paysannes afin d'accroître leur impact sur le rendement du cacao. Il est également recommandé de promouvoir les écoles paysannes dans les villages où il n'y en a pas afin d'augmenter substantiellement le niveau national de la production du cacao, qui est l'un des principaux objectifs de la politique agricole du Cameroun. La politique de renforcement des écoles paysannes doit prendre en compte les organisations paysannes, les vulgarisateurs et les agriculteurs expérimentés en tant qu'acteurs principaux de la mise en œuvre du modèle des écoles paysannes. L'évaluation de l'impact montre que l'amélioration des compétences des agriculteurs augmenterait considérablement la production du cacao. Notre cadre d'analyse intéresse les décideurs politiques car il peut leur permettre d'identifier les conditions d'amélioration du rendement du cacao à travers les écoles paysannes et de concevoir des stratégies de motivation efficaces.",Farmer field schools,"The aim of farmer field schools is to enable farmers to make their own discoveries about managing farming practices in order to reduce their dependence on expensive inputs such as pesticides and to improve their understanding of integrated pest management (IPM). Farmer training focuses on IPM, with the emphasis on good farming practices, insect and disease management, rational use of pesticides, farm regeneration, and cocoa quality. Farmers also study social issues such as responsibility for agricultural working practices, HIV/AIDS, and group work (David, 2008; David and Asamoah, 2011).These FFSs aim to overcome the inadequacy of the traditional approaches of extension programs.",Cocoa yield,"This study aims to robustly measure the impact of FFSs on cocoa production. We assume that cocoa yields are the same for the control and treatment samples before the intervention of the FFSs. Our research will thus make it possible to quantify, with minimal bias, the impact of FFSs on cocoa production in Cameroon. The results show that farmers in both the treatment sample and the control sample (average treatment effect on the treated—ATT) would benefit from FFSs, although in most cases the participating farmers would benefit to a greater extent. Thus, participation in FFSs increases cocoa production by 75 kg per hectare for the treatment sample.",,,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry",,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Cameroon,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"The aim of farmer field schools is to enable farmers to make their own discoveries about managing farming practices in order to reduce their dependence on expensive inputs such as pesticides and to improve their understanding of integrated pest management (IPM). Farmer training focuses on IPM, with the emphasis on good farming practices, insect and disease management, rational use of pesticides, farm regeneration, and cocoa quality. Farmers also study social issues such as responsibility for agricultural working practices, HIV/AIDS, and group work (page 3)",,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-du-developpement-2018-4-page-99.htm?ref=doi,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Productivity gains,137.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Technical Education, Non-cognitive Skills and Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Brazil","Camargo, Juliana | Lima, Lycia | Riva, Flavio | Souza, André Portela",2021.0,Journal article,"This paper describes the results from an evaluation of a public policy that offers scholarships to current and former public high school students, so that they can attend technical and vocational education courses free of charge. We use a waiting list randomized controlled trial in four municipalities in a southern Brazilian State (Santa Catarina) to quantify the effects of the program on school progression, labor market outcomes and non-cognitive skills. Our intention-to-treat estimates reveal substantial gender heterogeneity two years after program completion. Women experienced large gains in labor market outcomes and non-cognitive skills. Employment rose by 21 percentage points (or approximately 33%) and the gains in earnings are of more than 50%. Also, women who received the offer scored 0.5s higher on the synthetic index of non-cognitive skills and 0.69s higher on an extraversion indicator. We find no effects on the male sub-sample. These findings corroborate the evidence on gender heterogeneity in the labor market effects of technical and vocational education programs. We also perform a series of exercises to explore potential channels through which these effects arise.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"Through PRONATEC, public and private providers offer professional training course tracks for different age profiles and with different duration. The focus of this paper is the Student Training Scholarship (“Bolsa Formação Estudante”)
program, an initiative under PRONATEC that offers scholarships to students enrolled in the public high school system and to former students of public schools, so that they can attend initial and continued training courses or TVET courses (in the sequential and concomitant modalities) free of charge.(P. 6/34)",Formal employment due to higher education,"In our analysis of labor market attachment and work earnings, we focus on six outcome variables, which are constructed following the literature on the impacts of technical and vocational education programs [Card et al., 2011, Attanasio et al., 2011, Alz et al., 2013, Ibarrar et al., 2015, Hirshleifer et al., 2016]: (i) whether the respondent had a job in the month before the survey; (ii) whether the respondent had a job or was looking for a job in the month before the survey the; (iii) lenght of duration in months in the current most important job; (iv) whether
the respondent claimed to have a signed work card (formal job); (v) monthly work earnings in the survey reference month; (vi) the last variable in logarithm. (P. 8/34)",Human development and gender,Access to education,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,"These scholarships allowed interested eligible individuals enrolled in high school or high school graduates to attend two years or 1,200 hours of in-classroom occupational training",Individual,,,Quality Education | Reduced Inequality | Gender Equality,,https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/izajole-2021-0002,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Education|Income,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women's Financial Control Affects Labor Supply And Gender Norms,"Field, Erica | Pande, Rohini | Rigol, Natalia | Simone, Schaner | Charity, Troyer Moore",2019.0,Published working paper,"Can greater control over earned income incentivize women to work and influence gender norms? In collaboration with Indian government partners, we provided rural women with individual bank accounts and randomly varied whether their wages from a public workfare program were directly deposited into these accounts or into the male household head's account (the status quo). Women in a random subset of villages were also trained on account use. In the short run, relative to women just offered bank accounts, those who also received direct deposit and training increased their labor supply in the public and private sectors. In the long run, gender norms liberalized: women who received direct deposit and training became more accepting of female work, and their husbands perceived fewer social costs to having a wife who works. These effects were concentrated in households with otherwise lower levels of, and stronger norms against, female work. Women in these households also worked more in the long run and became more empowered. These patterns are consistent with models of household decision-making in which increases in bargaining power from greater control over income interact with, and influence, gender norms.",Savings accounts | Financial literacy | Savings accounts,"Direct Deposit + Accounts Training: In the 65 GPs selected to receive the direct deposit treatment, our team submitted a request to enter each woman’s newly-opened individual bank account into the MGNREGS administrative system–meaning her wages would be directed into her new account rather than a household account. Women provided consent to initiate this process and were informed of its implications. Reserve Bank of India regulatory guidelines required banks to conduct new customer information sessions designed to build trust in formal banking services and explain how to utilize CSP services, including depositing and withdrawing money and receiving government benefits. We therefore supplemented our design with a customer training session inspired by the Reserve Bank of India curriculum. In GPs selected for training, following the bank account opening camps, eligible women were invited to participate in a group-based information session about the local CSP and their bank account. The meetings typically lasted two hours. During the sessions, a facilitator used colored flashcards to tell the story of a fictional woman and her family and how she came to use a CSP account (Page 8) | Bank Accounts:  We individually informed eligible women in treatment GPs that they could open a bank account at their local customer service point (CSP), free of charge, during an upcoming account opening drive. On the day of the drive, our team returned to the household to inform the woman that she could visit the CSP with her documents (proof of address and a passport sized photo) to open an account. The study team subsequently facilitated the account opening process at the CSP. (Page 7)","Bank accounts | Labour supply | Index of empowerment | Index of social attitudes, behaviours, or norms. | Labour participation",Bank Account Use:  Account Use Index; Banking Autonomy Index;  CSP Knowledge Index Table 2 (Page 35) | Women’s Labour Supply: Aggregate Labor Supply Index; MGNREGS Labor Supply Sub-Index; Private Labor Supply Table 3 (Page 36) | Empowerment: Aggregate Empowerment Index;  Purchase Index;  Mobility in Past Year ; Self-Reported Decision Making Table 4 (Page 37) | Actual Norms: Actual Norms Index; Personal Preferences Acceptance- Working Women; Acceptance-Husbands Table 5 (Page38) & Perceived Norms Index;  Perceived Norms: Acceptance Working Women;  Perceived Norms: Acceptance Husbands Table 6 (Page 39),Finance,Financial inclusion,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Not specified,"Table 1—Sample Summary Statistics, Control Group",Individual | Household,Gender Norms | Public Workfare Program | Rural Women | Female labor force participation | Women Empowerment | India.,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Gender Equality | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26294/w26294.pdf,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|Social factors|Financial inclusion,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Skills Training and Employment Outcomes in Rural Bihar,"Chakravorty, Bhaskar | Bedi, Arjun S.",2019.0,Journal article,"In a number of countries, youth unemployment is a pressing concern. In India, 54% of the country's population is below the age of 25 and faces a high rate of (disguised) unemployment. To augment youth employment, the Government of India has launched a number of skills training programs. This paper deals with participation in and the impact of one of these programs [Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushal Yojana (DDUGKY)] located in rural Bihar, one of India's poorest states. The analysis is based on data collected in mid-2016 and compares trained participants with non-participants who applied for the scheme but eventually did not attend. We find that the training program squarely reaches the intended target group—rural poor youth. Initially, the program leads to a 29 percentage point increase in the employment rate of the trained graduates. However, 2–6&nbsp;months after the training, the employment effect of the program drops to zero. A third of the placed graduates leave their jobs due to caste-based discrimination, and another third leave due to a mismatch between the salaries offered and their living costs. The upshot is that while the training program enhances job market prospects, other labor market factors undo the positive effects.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"A youth skills training programme in Bihar had two components to it. First, it taught soft skills like English and information technology and, sector specific training. Depending on the course, the duration of training may be for 3, 6, 9 or 12 months. (Page: 179)",Index of employment | Employment type | Income from non-farm employment,"'Employed (%), Not offered a job (%), Left job due to caste discrimination (%), Left job-out-of-state state placement and low salary, Monthly earnings (Rupees), Monthly earnings if employed (Rupees)' (Page: 191, Table: 5) | 'Nature of employment: Unengaged in economic activity, Self-employed in agriculture, Self-employed in non-agriculture, Daily wage worker' (Page: 195, Table:7) | 'Informal regular wage, non-agri., Formal regular wage, non-agri.",Private sector development,Youth employment,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive research process,Socioeconomic status | Age,Government agency,Government agency,"(p178) ""On September 2014, under the aegis of its National Rural Livelihood Mission, the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) announced the DDUGKY. The scheme targets rural families who fall below the poverty line. Individuals from such families who are in the age range 15–35 are eligible for government-sponsored training and post-training job placement in positions that offer regular monthly wages.""",Household,India | Bihar | Skills training | Youth Unemployment,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-019-00167-8,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Thailand's Vocational Training and Upward Mobility: Impact Heterogeneity and Policy Implications,"Chongcharoentanawat, Patima | Gassmann, Franziska | Mohnen, Pierre",2022.0,Journal article,"Using quasi-experimental treatment effect methods with unique longitudinal survey data, the paper assesses the impact of vocational training on economic mobility in the short, medium and long term in Thailand. We find that vocational training does not affect upward mobility in terms of income, expenditure and employment. The analysis of the heterogeneity of effects suggests that women, rural residents, youth and elderly, low educated workers, and economically inactive people benefit less from the vocational training. Computer training courses, training offered by private institutions or in public-private partnerships, and training financed by employers are associated with better outcomes.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"Provision of vocational training by the government to the citizens.

The government provided vocational training in different aspects to people of low socioeconomic status.

The training programme comprises pre-employment training, upgrade training and retraining, aiming to increase earnings and employability of participants. The duration of training ranges from six hours to over two months. Training courses are not directly associated with specific employment. The training
contents cover a wide range of skills and occupations, but the concentration has been on traditional trades such as craft production and cooking. Skills in high demand, such as computer, languages and electronics, are also offered, but to a lesser extent. (Page: 3).",Wage levels | Employment status,"Absolute wage from employment, including measures of wage levels, income and expenditure from wages, wage rank and income rank. Table 4 | Status of employment of individuals, including measures of informality of employment and labour force status. Table 4",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Thailand,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Age | Sex | Education | Socioeconomic status | Other,Government agency,Not specified,The data is trimmed by excluding all individuals below the age of 15 years because the analyses focus on work-related issues and any worker aged less than 15 is perceived as an illegal child labourer in Thailand,Individual,Vocational Training | intragenerational mobility | Impact evaluation | THAILAND,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19439342.2022.2089199?needAccess=true,Technical and vocational training,Income|Economic growth,86.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Direct and Indirect Effects of Subsidized Dual Apprenticeships,"Crépon, Bruno | Premand, Patrick",2019.0,Published report,"Traditional apprenticeships based on private arrangements are widespread in developing countries. Public interventions have attempted to address failures in the apprenticeship markets to expand access or improve training quality. Subsidized dual apprenticeships have the potential to address financial constraints for youths and firms' inability to commit to provide general skill training. This paper analyzes the impact of subsidized dual apprenticeships combining on-the-job and theoretical training in Côte d'Ivoire. We set up an experiment that simultaneously randomized whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship, and whether apprenticeship positions opened by firms were filled with formal apprentices. We document direct effects for youths and indirect effects for firms, such as whether they substitute between traditional and subsidized apprentices. In the short run, youths increase their human capital investments and we observe a net entry of apprentices into firms. Substitution effects are limited: the intervention creates 0.74 to 0.77 new position per subsidized apprentice. The subsidy offsets forgone labor earnings. Four years after the start of the experiment, treated youths perform more complex tasks and their earnings are higher by 15 percent. We conclude that subsidized dual apprenticeships expand access to training, upgrade skills and improve earnings for youths without crowding out traditional apprentices.",Apprenticeship programmes,"The PEJEDEC apprenticeship component is overseen by the office coordinating employment programs (BCP-Emploi), with the national training agency as implementing agency (AGEFOP).The program puts in place a formal apprenticeship scheme lasting 12 or 24 months, depending on occupations. The program initially aimed to cover 5,000 youths, and is in the process of being expanded to approximately 14,000 youths. Low-skilled youths between 18 and 24 years old are placed in firms, where they receive on-the-job training under the supervision of a master craftsman. Youths sign a contract with the implementation agency (AGEFOP) and are paid a monthly subsidy of 30,000 FCFA (approximately USD 54, or half the formal minimum wage), which is aimed to cover meals and transport costs. They receive an insurance coverage and work equipment. The apprenticeship is dual, since on-the-job practical training is complemented by theoretical training (approximately 180 hours per year) tailored to the needs of apprentices and delivered by local training institutions. AGEFOP defined the key general skills apprentices needed to learn in each trade and developed related training curricula. (Page 8)",Total work time | Employment type | Income from non-farm employment | Skills developed | Labour supply | Participation in training | Labour cost,Hours: As an apprentice As wage employee; As self-employee; In other activities; Total Table 5 Page 56 | Earnings: Apprentice; Wage employee; Self-employee; In other activities; Total Labor;  Non-labor; Total Table 5 Page 56 | Activities: Apprentice Wage employee; Self-employee; Other activities; Total # activities At least one Table 5 Page 56 | Skills: Routine (R); Non-Routine Analytical (NRA); Non-routine Interpersonal (NRI); Routine Task Intensity Index (RTI) Table 7 Page 58 | Apprentices’ participation in firms’ activities: #apprentices;  days of work ; hours of work; Value of work; Wage Bill; Net value of work Table 8 Page 59 | Participation in Training (At least one;Number;Months)Table 6 Page 57 | Cost (1000s FCFA) Table 6 Page 57,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Côte d'Ivoire,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,"(p2) ""Youth in the study were predominantly male, with 63 percent having completed primary school and 17 percent having completed lower secondary school.""",Individual | Firm/organisation,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Quality Education,,https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3495770,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Using Household Grants to Benchmark the Cost Effectiveness of a USAID Workforce Readiness Program,"McIntosh, Craig | Zeitlin, Andrew",2020.0,Journal article,"We use a randomized experiment to compare a workforce training program to cash transfers in Rwanda. Conducted in a sample of poor and underemployed youth, this study measures the impact of the training program not only relative to a control group but relative to the counterfactual of simply disbursing the cost of the program directly to beneficiaries. While the training program was successful in improving a number of core outcomes (productive hours, assets, savings, and subjective well-being), cost-equivalent cash transfers move all these outcomes as well as consumption, income, and wealth. In the head-to-head costing comparison cash proves superior across a number of economic outcomes, while training outperforms cash only in the production of business knowledge. We find little evidence of complementarity between human and physical capital interventions, and no signs of heterogeneity or spillover effects.",Life skills and employment training for conflict affected population | Labelled cash transfers,"The paper looks at the effect of an RCT with two intervention arms - 1) employment training & 2) household grants. 1) ""Huguka Dukore: Employment and entrepreneurship readiness training
Huguka Dukore is a five-year activity providing 40,000 vulnerable youth with increased opportunities for wage and self-employment
through a suite of interventions that includes market relevant work
readiness training, employability skills training, work based learning,
internship opportunities, links to employment, and entrepreneurship
training at the youth level (p.4)"" | The paper looks at the effect of an RCT with two intervention arms - 1) employment training & 2) household grants. 
2) GiveDirectly: Household grants program - ""receives household grants"" (p.2)",Employment status | Employment hours | Overall household income | Wealth and assets | Overall household expenditure | Index of health status outcomes | Mental health | Overall expenditures | Index of livestock holdings | Total savings | Debt | Other cognitive test scores | Student career aspirations | Skills developed | Business knowledge | Index of business knowledge and skills,"Employed (table 4, p.10) | Productive hours
(table 4, p.10) | Monthly income
(table 4, p.10) | Productive assets (table 4, p.10) | HH consumption per capita (table 4, p.10) | Subjective well-being (table 5, p.11) | mental health (table 5, p.11) | Beneficiary-specific consumption
(table 5, p.11) | HH net non-land wealth (table 5, p.11) | HH livestock wealth (table 5, p.11) | savings (table 5, p.11) | debt (table 5, p.11) | Locus of control
(table 5, p.11) | Aspirations (table 5, p.11) | Big Five index (table 5, p.11) | business knowledge (table 5, p.11) | business attitude (table 5, p.11)",Social development and protection,Social safety nets,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Rwanda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,"We study this question using a randomized trial with 1,848 underemployed Rwandan youth to understand how a ‘standard’ package of training, soft skills, and networking interventions compares",Individual,Economics - General Economics | Experimental Design | Cash transfers | Employment Programs,Not applicable,No Poverty,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387822000451,Technical and vocational training,Employment,91.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Assessment of Himalayan Nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) Value Chain Development Interventions: Evidences from Rural Households in the Far Western Nepal,"Shah, Ghulam-Muhammad | Khadka, Manbar S. | Ahmad, Farid | Budhathoki, Nandakaji | Shrestha, Anu Joshi",2017.0,Journal article,"The Himalayan nettle (Note 1) is a fiber yielding non-timber forest product that has cultural, economic and medicinal values to many ethnic communities residing in the hill and mountain areas of Nepal and India. If the nettle value chain can be strengthened at each node of the chain, then it has high potentiality to uplifting the livelihoods of many poor households in those areas. With this objective, the Himalayan nettle value chain development interventions in the form of promotion of local institutions, enterprise development, product value addition and development, capacity building at the community level and promotion of linkages through private sector engagement were initiated in Darchula, one of the remote districts in far-western Nepal. This paper essentially analyzes the impact of Himalayan nettle value chain development interventions on households' income from the sale of nettle products. Using propensity score matching (PSM) technique in a cross-sectional data, this study finds that participation in the Himalayan nettle value chain development intervention has positive and significant impact on the households' annual income from the sale of nettle products. The participating households' annual income from the Himalayan nettle increases by NPR (Note 2) 2265-2410 than that of non-participating households with similar socio-economic characteristics. The study therefore argues that capacity building and facilitation activities on product development and market linkages are important to help increase productivity and decrease per unit production cost of non-timber forest products like the Himalayan nettle. Value chain development and concentrated market linkages are hence essential to diversify livelihood options for natural resource dependent rural communities.",Processed goods in agriculture | Entrepreneurship training,"Intervention at various levels started from 2013 with the development of criteria to selection of value chain emphasizing on conservation and development. Various capacity building trainings at community levels were conducted. A number of enterprise development interventions that helped produce value added products such as bags, shawls, penholders, and other items were conducted at the local level. Several women leadership and mentoring programs, exposure visits and participation at trade fairs for marketing skills were conducted in 2015. The members of the association were mostly women as the nettle thread making, weaving, knitting and stitching are mostly done by women. A common facility center with improved equipment and technology was provided to the association so as to increase efficiency as well as quality of products made out of the nettle. (page 21)",Income from agriculture | Participation | Titled land | Adoption of recommended harvesting practices | Overall household income | Overall agricultural expenditure | Income from crop production,Total income from the sale of Himalayan nettle (page 26 table 3) | Household head respondent (page 26 table 3) | Agriculture land owned (Ropani)  (page 26 table 3) | Himalayan nettle bark extraction (page 26 table 3) | Total hemp income in 2015 (NPR)(page 26 table 3) | Total nigalo income in 2015 (NPR) (page 26 table 3) | Total earnings from bullock/cows by-products in 2015 (NPR) (page 26 table 4) | Total livestock expenses in 2015 (NPR)  (page 26 table 4) | Total earnings from sale of crops in 2015 (NPR) (page 26 table 3),Urban and rural development,Rural markets,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,Nepal,South Asia,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International aid agency,"""KSLCDI has adopted value chain development approach, whereby the Himalayan nettle was chosen for livelihood promotion of the rural communities"""" The members of the  association were mostly women as the nettle thread making, weaving, knitting and stitching are mostly done by  women. "" (page 21)",Household,Himalayan nettle | Value Chain | Program Impact Evaluation | program intervention | Propensity Score Matching,Not applicable,No Poverty,,http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/65981,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Matchmaking,Income,76.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The impact of agri-business skills training in Zimbabwe: an evaluation of the Training for Rural Economic Empowerment (TREE) programme,"Lachaud, Michée A. | Bravo-Ureta, Boris E. | Fiala, Nathan | Gonzalez, Susana P.",2018.0,Journal article,"This study presents an evaluation of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Training for Rural Economic Empowerment (TREE) programme as implemented in Zimbabwe. The programme's goal was to improve the labour market outcomes of young people in rural areas. We apply Propensity Score Matching and Difference-in-Differences methods on a two-period retrospective panel data survey (2011 and 2014) to control for biases stemming from observed and unobserved time-invariant characteristics between TREE beneficiaries and a constructed control group. We find that TREE increased beneficiaries' income by US $787, as well as child and health expenditures by US $236 and US $101, respectively, compared to non-beneficiaries over the 2011-2014 programme implementation period.",Agricultural extension worker training,"Programme designed to integrate unemployed and vulnerable youth, aged 18 to 32 into the labour market. The intervention package consisted in the delivery of marketable skills and knowledge that sought to match the opportunities and comparative advantages of the targeted rural districts.",Overall household income | Index of child health | Livelihoods - health | Household energy consumption,Income | Expenses on children welfare | Expenses on health care | Expenses on consumption,Human development and gender,Skills development,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Zimbabwe,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Socioeconomic status | Sex,International aid agency,Not specified,"TREE is a programme designed to integrate unemployed and vulnerable youth, aged 18 to 32, into the labour market.",Individual,ACP Countries | Africa | Africa South of Sahara | Agricultural Economics | Aid | Anglophone Africa | Commonwealth of Nations | Developing Countries | development programs | EE110 | EE125 | EE900 | labor market | Labour and Employment | Rural Development | SADC Countries | Southern Africa | subsaharan Africa | UU850,,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19439342.2018.1464494,Technical and vocational training,"Income|Food security, health, and nutrition",114.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Youth Agricultural Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Training Programmes on Performance,"Adeyanju, Dolapo | Mburu, John | Mignouna, Djana",2021.0,Journal article,"Using the case of the Fadama Graduate Unemployed Youth and Women Support (GUYS) programme, this study investigated the impact of agricultural training programmes on youth agripreneurship performance in Nigeria. A total of 977 respondents comprising of 455 participants of the programme and 522 non-participants were sampled across three states in Nigeria. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire programmed on Open Data Kit (ODK). Data were analysed using the Endogenous Treatment Effect Regression (ETER) model. The probit model results revealed that participation in the programme was significantly influenced by age, years of formal education, marital status, current residence, employment type, and perception of training. The empirical analysis showed that after controlling for endogeneity, participation in the programme led to better performance which was measure in terms of average income from agripreneurship activities. These findings highlight the significance of training in improving the performance of young agripreneurs and suggest the need to encourage and out-scale programmes such as the Fadama GUYS, both in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa as they can contribute to better performance of youth-owned agribusiness firms.",Agricultural marketing training | Livestock management training | Financial management training,"The Fadama GUYS programme is a youth-focused intervention which was conducted in 2017. The four-week training focused on exposing young unemployed graduates between the ages of 18–35 years to new agribusiness ideas, thereby helping them to leverage their energy and motivation towards strengthening the drive for national economy diversification and achieving food security. The training covered numerous agripreneurship components including, but not limited to, crop and livestock production, marketing, processing, and financial and risk management. It was conducted in 23 states across Nigeria including Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Ebonyi, Ekiti, FCT, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto, and Taraba States and a minimum of 300 unemployed young graduates were trained and supported with seed capital in each state (Dolapo et al. 2021, page 2).",Income from agriculture | Student engagement,"Agripreneurship performance: Log of average income from agripreneurship activities (Dolapo et al 2021, page 6 and Table 2). | Participation: outcome related to young engagement in agribusiness. The outcome is binary and measures if a youth is engaged in agribusiness or not (Dolapo et al 2020, page 148 and Table 3).",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International financial institution,Not specified,"""The four-week training focused on exposing young unemployed graduates between the ages of 18–35 years to new agribusiness ideas, thereby helping them to leverage their energy and motivation towards strengthening the drive for national economy diversification and achieving food security"" (page 2)",Individual,Youth | agripreneurship performance | Agricultural Programmes | Agricultural training,Not applicable,No Poverty | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/1697,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Income,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Do SME Policy Improve Firm Productivity? Empirical Evidence from Latin America and China,"Peiyuan, Xu",2020.0,Journal article,"Based on World Bank Enterprise Survey dataset, this paper uses instrumental variables regression to examine whether Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are more efficient and if SMEs policies (SME Policy) have any influence on firm-level Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in two important emerging economies: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and China. The results show that, first, there is a positive correlation between firm size and TFP in LAC but not in China. Second, training, line of credit/loan for SMEs are proved to have a significant positive effect on firm TFP. Specifically, for Chinese firms, the training programs are most effective while for LAC firms, loan and credit are most effective. Third, R&amp;D related innovation improves the efficiency, especially for Chinese firms. Fourth, government shareholding improves efficiency in China since they may provide some help in acquiring loans, while in LAC countries, the government shareholding has a negative effect. Based on above mentioned results, I suggest that Latin American countries should set financial relaxing as the primary goal of SME policies and China should provide more training programs and improve incentive mechanism in technology innovation for SMEs.",Entrepreneurship training | Grants and subsidisation of R&D | SME investment funds,"Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) policies (p.47)

""SME polices-training, credit and innovation"" (p.53)

""traini is the percentage of permanent full-time production employees who received formal training in last fiscal year;
crediti is a dummy variable and takes value 1 if the establishment has a line of credit or loan from a financial institution and takes 0 otherwise; SME-crediti is a dummy variable and takes value 1 if the establishment has a line of credit or loan from a financial institution due to the result of SME program and takes 0 otherwise. This latter variable is constructed and used in regression to proxy the loans or credit granted that is a result of SME polies. SME-crediti is generated based on the following rule: since whether the establishment had been granted a line of credit/loan is observed and what types of collateral (and approximate percentage value of all collateral) is required, a SME-credit is a credit that does not require land, buildings under ownership of the establishment, machinery and equipment including movables. However, this type of credit may still require other types of collaterals, such as accounts receivable and inventories, personal assets of owner (house etc.) and others. In 11823 observations, 55% establishments observations have acquired line of credit or loan from financial institution, only 18 firms obtained the loan without providing any type of collateral, 1312 (20%) firms obtained the loan under SME programs.
innoi is a dummy and takes value 1 if the establishment had expense on R&D other than market research"" (p.51)",Total factor productivity,"Firm-level Total Factor Productivity (TFP) 

""Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is one of the most important sources of economic growth apart from the physical and human capital accumulation. About half of the international per capita income gap is explained by TFP"" (p.49)

""log value of firm’s TFP. WBES provides two set of revenue-based TFP values. Both methods assume a common production technology within industry and make estimates by industry. The difference lies in the production function. The first (tfprYKLM) assumes that the total output Y comes from capital K, labor L and material M while the second (tfprVAKL) assumes that the value added (VA) comes from capital K and labor L. The difference between these two variables are small and given the fact that the sample are all manufacture firms, tfprYKLM is used."" (p.51)",Private sector development,Investment and business climate,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,Multi-country,Multi-continent,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Not specified,Firm/organisation,Total Factor Productivity | Efficiency | SME Policy,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/article/view/0/42004,Direct financing of private sector actors,Productivity gains,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Free Health Care for the Poor: A Good Way to Achieve Universal Health Coverage? Evidence From Morocco,Cottin Raphaël,2018.0,Published report,"Policies and programs aimed at giving access to health care free of charge for some segments of the population are increasingly being put in place by low- and middle income countries, going against the Washington-consensus era recommendation to impose user fees on public health care to insure a better quality of service. Yet, such policies may not be suited for middle-income countries, where user fees are not necessarily be the biggest barriers to health care. We study a nationwide example of such a policy with the generalization of the Medical Assistance Regime or RAMED in the Kingdom of Morocco, a policy aiming at giving free access to hospital care to the poorest quarter of the population. Using nationally representative panel data collected before, during and after the extension of the policy, we show that the removal of user fees did have a positive impact on access to health care, but that this impact comes mostly from poorer, rural households. We also study the impact on health expenditures, and find that it has not led to a decrease of the financial burden, except for the subset of urban households that have recurring health expenditures. Overall, our result show that in a middle income country , user fees, even modest, seem to significantly deter healthcare usage for the rural part of the population.",Community-based health insurance,"The treatment, RAMED (Régime d’assistance médicale, or “medical assistance regime”) was supposed to cover all persons without health insurance below a certain monetary poverty threshold, approximately equivalent to 1.8 USD per person and per day, and representing one quarter of the population (8.5 million individuals) (see page 6).",Index of healthcare access | Household expenditure on health,"Our first outcome under consideration is access to health care, as measured by consultation behaviour at the household level. We start by considering all types of consultation, measured by a dummy variable at the household level (page 21). | We use various indicators of the financial burden of health to estimate the effect of RAMED on health expenditures at the household level. First, we build a dummy equal to one if the household has had any health expenditure over the reference period; second, we take the quartic root of total per capita health expenditure as an indicator of unconditional expenditure on health (the quartic root transformation is used to deal with the right-skewed nature of health expenditures); third, we use the natural logarithm of total per capita health expenditure at as an indicator of conditional health expenditures (i.e. conditional on the household having positive health expenditures), as the transformation eliminates all households with zero expenditure on health; finally, we use the budget share of health in total household consumption, which is an indicator of the financial burden supported by households due to health (page 26).",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Morocco,Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Other,Government agency,Not specified,"“As well as discriminating between eligible and non-eligible households, the proxy means tests sorts eligible households in two categories : the “very destitute” on one hand, that receive the RAMED card free of charge (corresponding to a living standard of less than 0.9 USD per person and per day); and the “vulnerable” on the other hand, that had to pay a contribution of 120 DH (12 USD) per person and per year to obtain the card giving access to free health care;” (page 7)",Household,Morocco | Demand for health care | targeted policies,,Good Health and Well-being,,https://ideas.repec.org/p/dia/wpaper/dt201816.html,Direct financing of private sector actors,"Food security, health, and nutrition",85.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Short Term Vocational Training on Youth Unemployment: Evidence from Mongolia,"Batchuluun, Altantsetseg | Dalkhjav, Bayarmaa | Batbekh, Soyolmaa | Sanjmyatav, Amartuvshin | Baldandorj, Tsogt-Erdene | Galdo, José | Alzua, Maria Laura",2017.0,Published report,"Mongolia is a lower-middle income country characterized by high youth unemployment and a large informal sector. Training programs have been implemented in order to promote employment and tackle these issues. In this study, we evaluate the impact of a vocational training program (VTP) through a field experiment conducted between 2013 and 2015. This time frame allows us to explore short and medium term impacts. In particular, we focus on three outcomes of interest: employment, earnings and job quality. We find a positive and short-term impact on employment and a positive impact on monthly earnings in short and medium terms. We also show that providing information about schooling returns increases attendance and reduces dropout, which may help improve the program's impact in non-expensive ways.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Information dissemination - services,"The Mongolian Vocational-Training Program (MVTP): The MVTP was introduced in 2003 to counteract high levels of unemployment and idleness. Its primary goal was to help those who were poor, unemployed, or vulnerable to unemployment to find jobs through a combination of vocational-skills training and internships in business firms. This program remains the oldest and most extensive labor-market policy in effect in Mongolia. The MVTP follows key aspects of the so-called demand-driven training approach, which is designed to align prospective employees’ skills with the real needs of local employers. The rationale for demand-driven training programs is twofold. First, private institutions can offer relevant, up-to-date training that decentralizes the traditional supply of vocational training by public institutions. Established training providers therefore usually bid to offer training in trades with high labor demand. Second, by combining traditional classroom education with on-the-job training in the form of internships, MVTP can provide training in trades that the market demands (Page 5-6)",Employment status | Overall household income | Vocational skills | Index of household wealth or assets,Employment - labor market outcome Table 4 (Page 14); Table 6 (Page 20); Table 5b (Page 18); Table 5a (Page 17) | Monthly Earnings- labor market outcome Table 4 (Page 14); Table 6 (Page 20); Table 5b (Page 18); Table 5a (Page 17) | Skill Match- labor market outcome Table 4 (Page 14); Table 6 (Page 20); Table 5b (Page 18); Table 5a (Page 17) | Social Security- labor market outcome Table 4 (Page 14); Table 6 (Page 20); Table 5b (Page 18); Table 5a (Page 17) | Employment - labor market outcome Table 8 (Page 23) | Monthly Earnings- labor market Table 8 (Page 23) | Skill Match- labor market outcome Table 8 (Page 23) | Social Security- labor market outcome Table 8 (Page 23),Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Mongolia,East Asia and Pacific,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Education | Age | Sex | Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Government agency,The target population is unemployed youth between 15 and 30 who want to get vocational training.,Individual,employment | randomized controlled trial | labor market | earnings | job quality | vocational training programs,Not applicable,No Poverty | Quality Education,,https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3163628,Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Income|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",37.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of use of technology on student learning outcomes: Evidence from a large-scale experiment in India,"Naik, Gopal | Chitre, Chetan | Bhalla, Manaswini | Rajan, Jothsna",2020.0,Journal article,"• We evaluate impact of a large-scale intervention using technology-aided teaching in 1823 rural government schools in India. • We use a resource light design that requires one computer and projector per school and minimal teacher retraining. • We observe positive impact on student learning outcomes in the subjects for which the intervention was conducted. • Being a resource light design, it can be helpful in achieving the objective of SDG-4. One of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-4) adopted by the United Nations focuses on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all. Most research on impact of technology on learning outcomes depends on designs that require low student-to-computer ratio and extensive retraining of teachers. These requirements make the designs difficult to implement on a large scale and hence are limited in terms of inclusivity and ability to 'provide equitable opportunity for all'. Our paper is the first to evaluate an intervention design that is aimed at dealing with these concerns. We conduct a large-scale randomised field experiment in 1823 rural government schools in India that uses technology-aided teaching to replace one-third of traditional classroom teaching. Even with high student-to-computer ratios and minimal teacher training, we observe a positive impact on student learning outcomes. The study thus presents a low cost, resource-light design, which can be implemented in a developing country on a large scale to address the problem of poor learning outcomes, thereby making the intervention inclusive and equitable in line with the spirit of SDG-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of World Development is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)",Computers in the classroom,"Impact of use of technology (Satellite and Multimedia Interactive Education (SAMIE))programme on on student learning outcomes. The objective of this project was to design an intervention to increase educational achievement levels among students, under conditions similar to those prevalent in a developing country i.e. maximum reach with minimal requirements of additional infrastructure and retraining of teachers. . (P.5)",Language test scores | Math test scores | Science test scores,"English Scores (Table 10, Page 11) | Mathematics Scores. (Table 11, page 11) | Science scores. ((Table 12, page 11)",Human development and gender,Education facilities,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"""We evaluate the impact of the intervention on students of grades 8 to 10 using scores from Pre-test and Post-test conducted at the beginning and end of the academic year 2015–16, respectively"" (page 2)",Individual,INDIA | Field experiment | EDUCATIONAL technology | SUSTAINABLE Development Goals (United Nations) | COMPUTERS in education | OUTCOME assessment (Education) | Quality of learning | RURAL schools | School education | SDG-4 | Technology-aided-teaching,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305750X19303857,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Education|Digital inclusion,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Inputs, Incentives, and Complementarities in Education: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania*","Mbiti, Isaac | Muralidharan, Karthik | Romero, Mauricio | Schipper, Youdi | Manda, Constantine | Rajani, Rakesh",2019.0,Journal article,"We present results from a large-scale randomized experiment across 350 schools in Tanzania that studied the impact of providing schools with (i) unconditional grants, (ii) teacher incentives based on student performance, and (iii) both of the above. After two years, we find (i) no impact on student test scores from providing school grants, (ii) some evidence of positive effects from teacher incentives, and (iii) significant positive effects from providing both programs. Most important, we find strong evidence of complementarities between the programs, with the effect of joint provision being significantly greater than the sum of the individual effects. Our results suggest that combining spending on school inputs (the default policy) with improved teacher incentives could substantially increase the cost-effectiveness of public spending on education.",Education institution-level grants | Pay for performance,"Capitation Grant (Grants) Program. Schools randomly selected for the capitation grants program received TZS 10,000 (∼US$6.25 at the time of the study) per student from Twaweza. This was over and above funds received under the government’s capitation grant program, which also had a stipulated value of TZS 10,000/student. (Page 1635) | Teacher Performance Pay (Incentives) Program. The teacher performance pay program provided cash bonuses to teachers based on the performance of their students on independent learning assessments conducted by Twaweza. Given Twaweza’s emphasis on early grade learning, the program was limited to teachers in grades 1, 2, and 3 and focused on numeracy (mathematics) and literacy in English and Kiswahili. For each of these subjects, an eligible teacher earned a TZS 5,000 (∼US$3) bonus for each student who passed a simple, externally administered, grade-appropriate test based on the national curriculum. In addition, the head teacher was paid TZS 1,000 (∼US$0.6) for each subject test a student passed. The term used by Twaweza for the teacher incentive pro- gram was “Cash on Delivery” to reinforce the contrast be- tween the approaches that underlay the two programs—with the Grants program being one of unconditional school grants, and the teacher incentive program being one where payments were contingent on outcomes. (Page 1636)",Low-level maths skills | Literacy | Standardized test scores | Index of education finance | Household expenditure on education | Overall household expenditure,"Math score (TABLE IV, Page 1650) | Kiswahili score (TABLE IV, Page 1650) | English score (TABLE IV, Page 1650) | Combined score- (PCA) (TABLE IV, Page 1650) | Grant expenditure (table TABLE III, page 1647-8) | Other school expenditure (table TABLE III, page 1647-8) | Total school (table TABLE III, page 1647-8) | Household expenditure (table TABLE III, page 1647-8) | Total expenditure (table TABLE III, page 1647-8) | STUDENT TEXTBOOK EXPENDITURE (table VI, 1660)",Human development and gender,Education financing,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,Tanzania,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Other,Non-profit organization,Not specified,"Our analysis uses data collected from schools, teachers, students, and households over the course of the study",Community/village,Economic Development: Human Resources | Human Development | Income Distribution | Migration (O15) | Analysis of Education (I21) | Education: Government Policy (I28) | National Government Expenditures and Education (H52) | Educational Finance | Financial Aid (I22),Performance-/results-based financing | Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Quality Education,,https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/134/3/1627/5479257,Blended finance|Payments by results,Education,73.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Strengthening the Community Support Group to Improve Maternal and Neonatal Health Seeking Behaviors: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Satkhira District, Bangladesh","Tobe, Ruoyan Gai | Islam, Mohammad Tajul | Yoshimura, Yukie | Hossain, Jahangir",2019.0,Journal article,"Background: Although achieved development goals on maternal and child health, in the era of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Bangladesh still needs to promote skilled attendance at birth as well as a continuum of care for mothers and babies. How to implement effective interventions by strengthening the community health system also remains as a crucial policy issue. The objective of the proposed study is to evaluate the impact of a community-based intervention as part of a bilateral development aid project on utilization of maternal and neonatal care provided by skilled providers and qualified facilities. Methods: A cluster randomized trial was conducted in Kalaroa Upazila of Satkhira District. Community Clinics (CCs) in the study setting were randomly allocated to either intervention or control. We recruited all eligible women covered by CC catchment areas who gave a birth during the past 12 months of data collection at the baseline and end-line surveys. In the intervention areas, three Community Support Groups (CSGs) were developed in each of the CC areas. The members of CSG were trained to identify pregnant women, educate community people on pregnancy related danger signs, and encourage them for utilization of skilled services in the community and health facilities. The primary outcomes were the utilization of services for antenatal care, delivery, postnatal care and sick newborns. Difference-in-Difference (DID) analysis was performed to identify the changes by the intervention with adjustment of cluster effects by generalized mixed effects regression models. Result: The major indicators of the utilization of maternal and neonatal care among pregnant women with different wealth status showed significant improvement after the intervention. The impacts of the intervention were in particular significant among the women of 2nd and 3rd quintiles of household wealth status. The use of CCs increased after the intervention and private hospitals / clinics served as the major health providers. The study also identified increased practices of cesarean section. Conclusion: The success of the intervention suggests a potential of the government efforts to strengthen the community support system for promotion of safe motherhood. The intervention helps to identify and remove existing and emerging barriers that lie between women and healthcare providers for safe motherhood and continuum of care. Trial registration: UMIN Clinical Trial Registry . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)",Community involvement in institution support | Community mobilization in health | Community involvement in health information | General treatment adherence support | Healthcare referral systems,"The authors study the impact of strengthening community support groups. ""The main activities were: i. Community diagnosis and resource mapping exercise, ii. Advocacy and planning meetings at union level, iii. Establishment of CSGs, iv. Capacity building of CSG members and Union Parishad (local government) for implementing community mobilization activities, v. Promoting birth planning, ANC, PNC, and neonatal care counseling and timely referral through engaging selective female CSG members and mobilizing local resources, vi. Maternal and perinatal death audit at the community level, and vii. Enhancement of maternal and neonatal health-related knowledge and practices among the residents."" (p. 6-7)",Antenatal care | Other maternal health | Use of modern birth attendants | Births in hospitals | Post-partum care | Early initiation of breastfeeding | Exclusive breastfeeding rate | Other child health | Caesarean delivery,"p. 13, table 3 | Met need (proportion of women with complications received services from EmOC facilities) during pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum period (p. 13, table 3) | p. 13, table 3 (Skilled 42; Skilled baby 28) | Complications during pregnancy, in delivery and in postnatal period (p. 13, table 3) | Complication of baby in neonatal period (p. 13, table 3)",Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Health,Population policies/programmes and reproductive health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,Bangladesh,South Asia,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Not specified,"""The study participant eligibility criteria was: women who had a birth during one year preceding the baseline and end-line data collection, resided in the intervention and control areas, and agreed to participate in the study with the written informed consent. Table 1 shows the details of the unions, CCs, and population."" (page 5)",Individual,community support group | Maternal And Neonatal Health | Safe Motherhood | Bangladesh | Antenatal care | POSTNATAL care,Community driven development,Good Health and Well-being,,https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212847,Service management and delivery PPP|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition",123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"The Effects of Universal Secondary Education Program Accompanying Public-Private Partnership on Students' Access, Sorting and Achievement: Evidence from Uganda","Masuda, Kazuya | Yamauchi, Chikako",2018.0,Published report,"This paper evaluates how the abolition of fees for public secondary education affects the access, sorting and achievement of students when it is accompanied by the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scheme. In 2007, Uganda introduced the Universal Secondary Education policy, which solicited the participation of private schools to offer fee-free education by receiving public assistance. This has created (1) public schools (fee-free for all), (2) PPP private schools (accepting both fee-free and fee-paying students) and (3) private schools. We investigate the sorting across these types of schools, and further assess the impact on achievement, student composition, and learning environments by the type. In order to identify the effects of the policy, we utilize the across-cohort discontinuity in exposure to the program and across-district variation in the program intensity based on the pre-existing transition and retention rates. Our results suggest that the program increased the overall number of the students taking the secondary school exit exam by 16% in the median intensity district, the private school entry. It was not accompanied by a change in test scores, though learning environments worsened. Across the subsectors, the PPP and private schools experienced particularly large gains in the test scores. Our findings suggest that fee elimination can improve the access to secondary education with few negative effects on learning, and that PPP can provide one of the cost-effective means for financing it.",Education fee waivers | Reduce school fees | PPP in education,"Policy was first implemented in February 2007 and allows eligible students to attend government USE secondary schools without paying school and PTA fees. The USE benefit only applies to the students who have taken the Primary Leaving Exam (PLE) since 2006, and students must perform better than an aggregate score of 28. Government subsidies to USE public secondary schools primarily include teacher salaries, capitation grants, and infrastructure subsidies. Government secondary schools receive USh41,000 per student, per term to cover tuition fees. Additionally, a critical feature of this policy was that it was implemented through a public-private  partnership (PPP). Under this scheme, an owner of a private secondary school can partner with the government and allow eligible students to receive a lower secondary education. (p9-10)",Student participation | School facilities | Standardized test scores | Secondary school enrolment | Class size | Other school characteristics | Students to teacher ratio | Teacher certification and education,"Number of secondary
school exit exam takers per district (p19 table 3) | Number of secondary
school per district (p20 table 4) | standardized
mean test score per district (p22 table 5) | standardized test
aggregate score (p24 table 6) | Orphan enrolment per district (p25 table 7) | Classroom per student  (p26 table 8) | Adequate sitting space per student (p26 table 8) | Teachers per student (p26 table 8) | Teachers with credential per student (26 table 8)",Human development and gender,Access to education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Individual,Africa | Uganda | Access | Fee-free schooling program | Learning Achievement | Post-primary education,Not applicable,Quality Education,,http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsrep&AN=edsrep.p.hit.hitcei.2018.4&site=eds-live,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of N-power (Training and Empowerment) Program on the Duration of Youth Unemployment in Nigeria,"Nwaobi, Godwin Chukwudum",2019.0,Journal article,"Nigeria is a lower income country (with extreme poverty status) characterized by very high youth unemployment and large informal sector. Consequently, the Nigeria government have implemented youth empowerment training (N-power) program to tackle the critical issues. However, youth training programs and their evaluations is complex. Yet there is relatively little evidence on the mechanisms through which they operate and their effect on outcomes beyond the labor market. Using detailed administrative records for program participants, follow-up surveys and field experiments; we shall construct a panel data model that will allow us to establish the effects of the new program (in the short run, medium term and long run) on the Nigerian economy:",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"This program is
designed to run for a period of twelve months which is made up of three
months in training centers and nine months of apprenticeship with relevant
industry employers. In addition to the provision of required training
materials (consumables and tools) the beneficiaries (trainees) also get a
monthly stipend of N10,000. However, trainees who qualify for the
apprenticeship phase of the programme will be given their tool kits as a
free exit package. p15",Index of employment | Overall household income | Index of household income,"Labor market insertion and quality of
employment (is employed, has health insurance, pension, salaried
employment, contract, weekly hours worked) p23 | Income (per month,
expressed in logarithms) p23 | Income conditional to remunerated income (per month expressed in logarithms). p23",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,youth between the ages of 18 and 35. pg 18,Individual,NIGERIA | DYNAMIC PANEL | FIELD EXPERIMENT | IMPACT EVALUATION EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM | N-POWER | N-SIP | RANDOMIZATION | YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty,,https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3321713,Technical and vocational training,Income|Employment|Work-labor,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vocational Training and Employability: Evaluation Evidence from Romania,"Popescu, Madalina Ecaterina | Roman, Monica",2018.0,Journal article,"This study evaluates the direct effects of vocational training, which is a popular active labour market policy in a European developing country such as Romania. Since the available official statistical microdata were insufficient to conduct reliable impact evaluations, the main findings were obtained through a counterfactual impact evaluation using newly produced micro survey data. Moreover, the research provides a heterogeneity analysis of groups of trainees, in order to identify the categories for which the programme performs best. The main results reveal that the training measure has a positive, but modest impact upon employability in Romania: participation increases employment chances properly controlled by 15%. It is most successful for women and for people living in urban areas. Measures for increasing the impacts of the vocational training programme in Romania are identified in terms of better targeting and profiling the trainees and closer adjustment of the programme to the specific needs of the labour market.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"The main types of training programme include: (i) Introduction programmes meant to equip the
participants with one or several specific skills or qualifications; (ii) Training and retraining
programmes meant to allow the trainees to acquire a set of professional skills that would enable them
to carry out one or more specific occupations; (iii) Vocational training that leads to the development or
completion of knowledge, skills and professional skills of a person who has already qualified, the
development of competences within the same qualification, acquisition of new skills in the same
occupational area or in a new occupational area, acquiring basic skills / key technical competences. ... page 10",Employment status,"while the dependent
variable is the current occupational status with the value 1 if the individual is unemployed and zero
otherwise ... page 15",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Romania,Europe and Central Asia,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex) | Sub-group analysis by sex,Age | Education | Place of residence | Sex,Government agency,Not specified,"“The participants in the training courses were unemployed, with medium educational level and mostly interested in attending short training courses.” (page 42)",Individual,Education and Training | Policy and Planning | market policy | Rumania | vocational education,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Quality Education,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149718917301258,Technical and vocational training,Employment,38.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vocational Training Programs and Youth Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Nepal,"Chakravarty, Shubha | Lundberg, Mattias | Nikolov, Plamen | Zenker, Juliane",2019.0,Journal article,"This paper examines one of the largest youth training interventions in Nepal (the Nepal Employment Fund), which serves disadvantaged young men and women by subsidizing skills training and employment placement services. The programme's labour market outcomes are examined using a large panel data set of three consecutive cohorts of programme applicants (2010-2012). The study finds large effects of trainees taking up informal non-farm employment. Impacts are mainly driven by female self-employment inside (but not outside) the house. Low baseline educational attainment and restrictive gender roles for females in Nepal may explain the large programme effects.",Job placement schemes,"Program components. Admission to the program offers the trainees a bundle of services, where
the core components are technical training (including certification) and job-search-assistance.
Training courses in technical skills vary across a wide range of trades (e.g., incense stick rolling,
carpentry, tailoring, welding, and masonry) and last from four weeks to three months. Each
trainee is encouraged to complete a skills certification test offered by the National Skills Testing
Board (NSTB). Upon completion of the classroom-based training, the EF emphasizes job
placement services. Once the first training phase is completed, training providers are required to
link trainees to trade-specific employers for six months of paid on-the-job-training. Providers
often use their trade-specific networks of trainers and employers to find suitable internships for
their graduates. Through the internship, trainees obtain immediate work experience as they apply
their learned skills in the market and, subsequently, strengthen their social capital and contacts
with potential employers. In addition to the core components of the program, all females receive
40 hours of life-skills training (started in 2010 and fully implemented in 2011). The forty-hour
training curriculum covered topics such as negotiation skills, workers’ rights, sexual and
reproductive health and discrimination response. A subset of trainees also received a short course
in basic business skills. page 9",Employment share | Self-employment earnings due to higher education | Income from non-farm employment | Employment hours | Wage levels,"First, approximately twelve months after the start of the
training program, the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of at least 10
percentage points ... page 3 | both of which are heavily driven by women starting self-employment
activities inside (but not outside) their homes.


Nonfarm self IGA (1=Yes) | The program also generated an average monthly
earnings gain of at least 659 NRs (≈9 USD) (based on ITT estimates) and up to 2,113 NRs (≈28
USD) (based on LATE estimates) for women. | Hours worked in past month, tab 4 | Nonfarm wage IGA (1=Yes), tab 4",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Nepal,South Asia,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Age | Education | Sex | Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Government agency,"Three factors comprise the eligibility criteria for all EF-sponsored training programs: age (from 16 to 35), education (below SLC, or less than ten years of formal education) and low self-reported economic status. Only applicants who meet all three criteria were viable for being short-listed in the admission procedure Page 5",Individual | Household,Education and Training | Social Psychology and Social Anthropology | labor market | Labour and Employment | non-farm employment | vocational education,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Quality Education,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304387818304796,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,76.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effect of Results-Based Financing on Facility-Based Maternal Mortality at Birth: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis With Independent Controls in Malawi,"De Allegri, Manuela | Chase, Rachel P | Lohmann, Julia | Schoeps, Anja | Muula, Adamson S | Brenner, Stephan",2019.0,Journal article,"Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a results-based financing (RBF) programme on the reduction of facility-based maternal mortality at birth. Malawi is a low-income country with high maternal mortality. The Results-Based Financing For Maternal and Newborn Health (RBF4 MNH) Initiative was introduced at obstetric care facilities in four districts to improve quality and utilisation of maternal and newborn health services. The RBF4 MNH Initiative was launched in April 2013 as a combined supply-side and demand-side RBF. Programme expansion occurred in October 2014. Methods: Controlled interrupted time series was used to estimate the effect of the RBF4 MNH on reducing facility-based maternal mortality at birth. The study sample consisted of all obstetric care facilities in 4 intervention and 19 control districts, which constituted all non-urban mainland districts in Malawi. Data for obstetric care facilities were extracted from the Malawi Health Management Information System. Facility-based maternal mortality at birth was calculated as the number of maternal deaths per all deliveries at a facility in a given time period. Results: The RBF4 MNH effectively reduced facility-based maternal mortality by 4.8 (-10.3 to 0.7, p&lt;0.1) maternal deaths/100 000 facility-based deliveries/month after reaching full operational capacity in October 2014. Immediate effects (changes in level rather than slope) attributable to the RBF4 MNH were not statistically significant. Conclusion: This is the first study evaluating the effect of a combined supply-side and demand-side RBF on maternal mortality outcomes and demonstrates the positive role financial incentives can play in improving health outcomes. This study further shows that timeframes spanning several years might be necessary to fully evaluate the impact of health-financing programmes on health outcomes. Further research is needed to assess the extent to which the observed reduction in facility-based mortality at birth contributes to all-cause maternal mortality in the country.",,,,,Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Interrupted time series analysis,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Malawi,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,Firm/organisation,Africa | Developing Countries | animals | Chordata | eukaryotes | Hominidae | Homo | mammals | man | Non-communicable Human Diseases and Injuries | primates | vertebrates | VV600 | Health Services | UU350 | gestation | Human Reproduction and Development | VV060 | ACP Countries | Africa South of Sahara | Human Sexual and Reproductive Health | Least Developed Countries | subsaharan Africa | VV065 | Anglophone Africa | Commonwealth of Nations | death rate | East Africa | Nyasaland | SADC Countries | health programs,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001184,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",71.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effectiveness of government strategies for financial protection against costs of hospitalization Care in India,"Ranjan, Alok | Dixit, Priyanka | Mukhopadhyay, Indranil | Thiagarajan, Sundararaman",2018.0,Journal article,"Background: In the past decade, India has seen the introduction of many 'publicly funded health insurance' schemes (PFHIs) that claim to cover approximately 300 million people and are essentially forms of purchasing care from both public and private providers to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) for hospitalization.Methods: Data from a recent government-organized nationwide household survey, The National Sample Survey 71st Round, were used to analyse the effectiveness and equity of tax-funded public health services and PFHIs as distinct but overlapping approaches to financial protection for hospitalization across different socio-economic categories. Cross-tabulation analysis, multivariate logistic regression and propensity score matching were the main analytical methods used.Results: Government hospitals provide access to 45.6% of all hospitalization needs. Although poorer quintiles use public hospitals more often, even in the poorest quintile, as many as 37.2% are utilizing private hospitals. The average OOPE that a household experiences for hospitalization in public hospitals is approximately only one-fifth of the OOPE for hospitalization in the private sector. PFHI schemes cover 12.8% of the population, and coverage is higher in upper quintiles and in urban areas. Hospitalization rates increase with PFHI coverage, and this occurs with both public and private providers. Propensity score matching shows that PFHI contributes to a marginal reduction (1%) in 'catastrophic health expenditure incidence at the 25% threshold' (CHE-25) for the bottom three quintiles. The reported coverage of PFHIs was greater in the upper income quintiles. Utilization of public services was greater in the poorer income quintiles and more marginalized social groups.Conclusions: Periodic surveys are essential to guide policy choices regarding the appropriate mix of strategies for financial protection in pluralistic systems. There is a need for caution regarding any shift in the role of governments from providing services to purchasing care, given the contexts and limitations of currently available PFHIs. Even with tax-funded public services, although the average OOPE is lower than the care purchased through PFHIs, there is still a modest level of CHE and impoverishment due to health care costs that persist. Both strategies need to be synergized for more effective financial protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of BMC Public Health is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)",Health insurance waivers,"""This paper aims to discuss a) the coverage and effectiveness of both government purchasing through insurance and government provision of tax-funded free or
subsidized care as strategies of financial protection; b) the contribution that PFHI makes to the reduction in catastrophic health expenditures due to hospitalization; and c) the equity dimensions of both financial protection strategies."" (page 2)",Total health expenditure,"“In cross-sectional data, PSM establishes that an intervention of interest (in this case PFHI) contributes to an outcome of interest (in this case household CHE incidence).” (page 4)",Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"The central government’s Rashtriya Swashtya Bima Yojana (RSBY) programme (translates to National Health Insurance Scheme) is meant to cover all those below the poverty line, but individual families have to pay a token sum each year to enrol or renew membership, and such enrolment and renewal is not mandatory (page 2).",Firm/organisation,INDIA | MEDICAL care cost statistics | Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) | MEDICAL care cost control | POPULATION health management | Public funded health insurance (PFHI) | Universal health coverage (UHC),Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Reduced Inequality,,https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5431-8,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effects of EU Rural Development Funds on Newly Established Enterprises in Romania’s Rural Areas,"Mack, Gabriele | Fintineru, Gina | Kohler, Andreas",2021.0,Journal article,"This study estimates the causal effects of EU Rural Development funds for micro-enterprises and tourism activities on the number of newly established enterprises in the treated rural communities of Romania (programme period 2007–2013). Using a combined database from several sources at the local administrative unit (LAU2) level, both the average treatment effects and average treatment intensity effects are analysed based on Propensity score matching and Dose response treatment models. Controlled variables include institutional factors, and urban–rural as well as farm–non-farm spill-over effects. The analysis showed that on average funds did not contribute to the creation of new enterprises in Romanian rural communities in the period 2009–2014. By matching for covariates no differences were found between supported and unsupported communities regarding new enterprise creation. However, evidence was found that the higher the treatment intensity, the higher the number of newly established enterprises. Furthermore, the results showed that funds higher than €50 per inhabitant significantly contributed to the creation of new enterprises in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of European Planning Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)",Funding for agricultural research and development,"Intervention is Funds supporting the creation of micro-enterprises aim to (1) create and maintain jobs in the rural area, (2) increase value added in non-agricultural activities, and (3) create and diversify the services for the rural population provided by the micro-enterprises. Beneficiaries of the funds are micro-enterprises, including both existing enterprises and registered start-ups that operate the activity proposed by the project, in rural areas (page 6). The treatment variable [Treat] was the amount of funds paid per inhabitant during the total period from 2007–2013 for the support of micro-enterprises (Code Measure 312) and tourism activities (Code measures 313) measured in € (page 8)",Starting a business,The outcome variable of interest was the number of newly established enterprises during the period of 2009–2014 in the secondary and tertiary sector [Enterprise] (page 7),Private sector development,Job creation,Public administration,Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,Romania,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,,Firm/organisation,PROPENSITY score matching | ROMANIA | RURAL development | BUSINESS enterprises | dose response treatment model | RURAL geography,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09654313.2020.1746243,Direct financing of private sector actors,Domestic business growth and market development,38.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effects of results-based financing of maternal and child health services on patient satisfaction in Afghanistan,"Tawfiq, Essa | Desai, Jaikishan | Hyslop, Dean",2019.0,Journal article,"Objective To examine the impact of a results-based financing programme on patient satisfaction in Afghanistan. Methods We analysed data collected from over 3000 patients from a stratified sample of 112 health facilities (56 results-based financing and 56 non-results-based financing) in 11 out of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan over a three-year period. The 112 facilities were part of 442 primary care facilities that were stratified on facility type and randomly assigned to the results-based financing (intervention) and non-results-based financing (control) groups in the 11 provinces. Data were obtained from the National Health Service Performance Assessment, a baseline survey of patients conducted in 2010, and two follow-up surveys in 2011 and 2012. Measurement of patient satisfaction used a questionnaire comprising 11 questions concerning overall satisfaction, and satisfaction with specific aspects of care, from provider behaviour (e.g. respectfulness, communication) to cleanliness, opening hours and waiting times of facilities. We used a regression adjusted difference-in-differences estimator to investigate the treatment effect on patient satisfaction at facility level. Results There were some improvements in patient satisfaction in results-based financing facilities but these were not statistically significant. In 2011, 2 out of 11 aspects of satisfaction showed 5% improvement: satisfaction with the way health care providers explained the patient's condition and treatment. In 2012, patient satisfaction was higher for almost all aspects of care in results-based financing facilities, including the two aspects on health care provider respectfulness and facility opening hours, which had been 5% lower in results-based financing facilities than in non-results-based financing facilities in 2011. Overall satisfaction was almost 10% higher in results-based financing facilities than in non-results-based financing facilities in 2012. Conclusion Even if not statistically significant, observed trends suggest some positive impacts of the results-based financing programme on patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Health Services Research &amp; Policy is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)",,,,,,,Health,,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Afghanistan,South Asia,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,Data were collected from randomly selected patients and all health workers in each facility (page 6).,,DESCRIPTIVE statistics | EVALUATION of human services programs | QUESTIONNAIRES | RANDOMIZED controlled trials | STATISTICAL sampling | MATERNAL health services | ECONOMICS | LABOR incentives | HEALTH facilities | MEDICAL quality control | PATIENT satisfaction | CHILD health services | AFGHANISTAN | PAY for performance | results-based financing,,Good Health and Well-being,,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1355819618802944,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",158.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effects of Training Health Workers in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness on Quality of Care for Under-5 Children in Primary Healthcare Facilities in Afghanistan,"Tawfiq, Essa | Alawi, Sayed Ali Shah | Natiq, Kayhan",2019.0,Journal article,"BACKGROUND: Training courses in integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) have been conducted for health workers for nearly one and half decades in Afghanistan. The objective of the training courses is to improve quality of care in terms of health workers communication skills and clinical performance when they provide health services for under-5 children in public healthcare facilities. This paper presents our findings on the effects of IMCI training courses on quality of care in public primary healthcare facilities in Afghanistan. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional post-intervention design with regression-adjusted difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis, and included 2 groups of health workers (treatment and control). The treatment group were those who have received training in IMCI recently (in the last 12 months), and the control group were those who have never received training in IMCI. The assessment method was direct observation of health workers during patient-provider interaction. We used data, collected over a period of 3 years (2015-2017) from primary healthcare facilities, and investigated training effects on quality of care. The outcome variables were 4 indices of quality care related to history taking, information sharing, counseling/medical advice, and physical examination. Each index was formed as a composite score, composed of several inter-related tasks of quality of care carried out by health workers during patient-provider interaction for under-5 children. RESULTS: Data were collected from 733 primary healthcare facilities with 5818 patients. Quality of care was assessed at the level of patient-provider interaction. Findings from the regression-adjusted DiD multivariate analysis showed significant effects of IMCI training on 2 indices of quality care in 2016, and on 4 indices of quality care in 2017. In 2016 two indices of quality care showed improvement. There was an increase of 8.1% in counseling/medical advice index, and 8.7% in physical examination index. In 2017, there was an increase of 5.7% in history taking index, 8.0% in information sharing index, 10.9% in counseling/medical advice index, and 17.2% in physical examination index. CONCLUSION: Conducting regular IMCI training courses for health workers can improve quality of care for under-5 children in primary healthcare facilities in Afghanistan. Findings from our study have the potential to influence policy and strategic decisions on IMCI programs in developing countries.",,,,,,,Health,,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Afghanistan,South Asia,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,"This paper presents our findings on the effects of IMCI training courses on quality of care in public primary healthcare facilities in Afghanistan"" with a focus on under-5 children",,Adult | Female | Humans | Cross-Sectional Studies | Male | Child | Preschool | *Health Personnel/ed [Education] | *Quality of Health Care | Afghanistan | *Child Health Services/st [Standards] | *Delivery of Health Care | Integrated/st [Standards] | *Primary Health Care/st [Standards] | Health Workforce/st [Standards],,Good Health and Well-being,,http://www.ijhpm.com/article_3660.html,Technical and vocational training,"Food security, health, and nutrition",158.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
An Assessment of Impact of Leadership Training on Health System Performance in Selected Counties in Kenya,"Chelagat, Tecla | Rice, James | Onyango, Joseph | Kokwaro, Gilbert",2021.0,Journal article,"Introduction: The provision of health care services in Kenya was devolved from the national government to the counties in 2013. Evidence suggests that health system performance in Kenya remains poor. The main issue is poor leadership resulting in poor health system performance. However, most training in Kenya focuses on ""leaders"" (individual) development as opposed to ""leadership"" training (development of groups from an organization). The purpose of that study was to explore the impact of leadership training on health system performance in selected counties in Kenya. Methods: A quasi-experimental time-series design was employed. Pretest, posttest control-group design was utilized to find out whether the leadership development program positively contributed to the improvement of health system performance indicators compared with the non-trained managers. Questionnaires were administered to 31 trained health managers from the public, private for-profit, and private not-for-profit health institutions within the same counties. Results: The pretest and posttest means for all the six health system (HS) pillar indicators of the treatment group were higher than those of the control group. The regression method to estimate the DID structural model used to calculate the ""fact"" and ""counterfactual"" revealed that training had a positive impact on the intended outcome on the service delivery, information, leadership and governance, human resources, finance, and medical products with impact value &gt;= 1 (57.2). Conclusion: The study findings support both hypotheses that trained health care management teams had a significant difference in the implementation status of priority projects and, hence, had a significant impact on health system performance indicators compared with non-trained managers.",,,,,Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"The target population is composed of senior health care management teams drawn from 19 counties in Kenya who had undergone the LeHHO program, with matching comparison health institutions from the same counties representing the public, private for-profit, and private not-for-profit health facilities whose management teams had not undergone the training.",Community/village,Impact | health systems performance | leadership development | team coaching | Kenya,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.550796/full,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Productivity gains|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Conditional Cash Incentive and Use of Health Care Services: New Evidence from a Household Experiment,"Osmani, Ahmad Reshad",2020.0,Journal article,"Studies have recently provided insights into the effects of incentive modalities in the health care sector. However, there is insufficient evidence on the underlying causes of the partial effectiveness of these strategies in the health systems of developing countries. This study presents results from a large-scale randomized experiment across 6,848 households in Afghanistan that evaluates the impact of a conditional incentive pay scheme on health facilities. Supported by the target-income hypothesis framework and relaxing the compliance assumption in the empirical modeling, the estimated coefficients yield causal effects of the supply-side conditional incentive on the utilization for health care services. After two years, the conditional incentive increased the use of pre-targeted maternal and children health care services among the households at lower levels and at contracted-out health facilities. Additionally, the incentive scheme is associated with sizable efficiency gains at the facility level. These gains are realized at the expense of deterring service users' satisfaction with physicians' communication qualities. This study establishes that margins of improvement do exist in the supply-side performance conditioning on an organizational structure and the service contractual arrangements of health facilities. This work provides a framework for the plausible implementation of incentive policies in the health care sector.",Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) | Pay for performance,"""A conditional monetary incentive was executed in the health system of Afghanistan with specific objectives. The pay scheme was administered and implemented nationally at contracted-in and contracted-out health facilities (HFs). The payments associated with the incentive were reimbursed quarterly to the health care workers at each facility level, conditional upon their performance and increase in the quantity of pre-targeted health care services. Initially, HFs reported their monthly provided services to their provincial managing office. These reports were then subject to a quarterly verification process by three different methods. The following were then conducted: random interviews of individuals who
were reported as beneficiaries (users of services) of the HF, random visits to the HF by a group of independent monitors, and finally matching the facility monthly reports with the registries of the health information system.""(P518)",Measles vaccination | BCG vaccination | Polio vaccination | DPT or pentavalent vaccination | Modern contraceptive use | Index of maternal health | Health facility reporting,"Use of Health Care Services

*Effects of incentive scheme on the use of children’s health indicators across health facilities.
-Results of pre-targeted child health outcomes (number of visits at an HF, Bacille Calmette-Guérin [BCG], oral polio vaccine (OPV), Penta and measles vaccines, and use of vitamin A). (P527 & Table 4)

-Effects of the incentive on children’s health outcomes by the type of financing mechanisms(Table 7) | *Causal Effects of the incentive scheme on the use of maternal health indicators across health facilities.
-The main outcomes of interest were prenatal and postnatal care, skilled birth and birth at an HF, and contraceptive use (Table 3)

*Effects of the conditional incentive on maternal health outcomes by the type of financing mechanisms(Table 6) | *Marginal effects of the incentive scheme on the satisfaction of service users across health facilities(Table 5)
-estimates corresponding to the patient and HF categorical outcomes that encompassed both a physician’s behavioral and HF-related indicators. Respectfulness, patient privacy, time spent with
patient, and explanation of diseases to the patient were a physician’s quality indicators. The HF-related quality outcomes were the availability of medicine and the cleanliness of the facility.

-Effects of the incentive on the technical efficiency of health facilities(Table 8)",Social development and protection,Social safety nets,Health,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Afghanistan,South Asia,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,Individual,Conditional cash incentive | Field Experiments | Target-income hypothesis | Noncompliance | Instrumental Variables,Cash transfers,No Poverty | Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/226352,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",158.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effect of Creativity and Innovation Based Training on Small Enterprises’ Performance: Evidence From Ethiopia,"Shumetie, Arega | Mihret, Wondifraw",2020.0,Journal article,"Development policy makers stipulate directives to capacitate human capital vital to surmount challenges, unlock potentials and enhance competitiveness. This study analysed the effect of evolutionary process of creativity and innovation based technical vocational education and training (TVET) on small enterprises' (SEs') performance. It adds insights to innovation theory signifying how far evolutionary creativity trainings attribute to performance. Propensity score matching and causal inference econometric model analyses of the data collected from randomly selected 146 manufacturing SEs revealed that creativity and innovation strategies are partially harnessed in everyday practices of trained enterprises. Insignificant differences were observed between trained and untrained SEs in creative thinking, motivation, innovative practices and searching for opportunities. Different from the slight effect of short-term trainings, program-based trainings significantly affected capital and asset accumulation. Thus, intensifying the quality and scope of trainings should be prioritised to sustain creativity and innovation for human resource and performance development.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"- The treatment concerns managers of Small enterprises being graduated from TVET and or acquiring
short-term trainings,


 The target of this training at last is to make most graduates self-employees who can contribute
to the country’s industrialisation process. ... In this regard, the TVET system has initiated various training support packages to enhance SEs’ innovation capabilities and improve competitiveness (Gebreeyesus, 2009; Selamawit, 2015). With this intent, TVET colleges organised trainings to enhance creativity, technical skill, entrepreneurship, technology adoption and other skills that enable to build internal capacity, develop innovativeness and improve enterprises’ performance (Page 4-5).",Capital,"- SE's performance captured by capital accumulation 

 The capital accumulation of enterprises (Page 14, and Table 6).",Private sector development,Innovation and technology policy,Education,"Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Ethiopia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,innovation | creativity | business performance. | enterprises | TVET strategy,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Quality Education",,https://ideas.repec.org/a/ids/ijisde/v14y2020i4p375-396.html,Technical and vocational training,Domestic business growth and market development,138.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Entrepreneurship Education and Teacher Training in Rwanda,"Blimpo, Moussa P. | Pugatch, Todd",2021.0,Journal article,"We assess, via a field experiment, how a comprehensive teacher training program affects the delivery of a major entrepreneurship curriculum reform in Rwanda. The reform introduced interactive pedagogy and a focus on business skills in the country's required upper secondary entrepreneurship course. We randomly split a sample of 207 schools into treatment and control. Both groups received the government's standard training. In addition, the treatment group was assigned intensive training organized by an NGO for two years. The training consisted of (i) six training sessions during school breaks, ii) exchange visits each term where teachers provided feedback to their peers, and (iii) outreach and support from NGO staff at least twice per year. The control group received only the default government training, which was not specific to entrepreneurship and lacked each of these elements. The program increased teachers' use of active instruction, consistent with the reform's features. These effects on pedagogy did not translate into improvements in student academic outcomes or skills. While still in secondary school, treated students increased participation in their own businesses by 5 percentage points, or 17% of the control mean. Wage employment (at others' firms) declined by a commensurate amount in response to treatment, leaving no effect on overall income. These results suggest substitution between entrepreneurship and employment among students in treated schools.",Teacher education and certification,"A field experiment assessing a teacher's training program on the delivery of a major entrepreneurship curriculum reform in Rwanda.
""In-service teacher training: entrepreneurship teachers received multiday training sessions each academic term beginning April 2016 through January 2018. Each of the six sessions was held during holidays between terms and lasted four days. The training covered pedagogical
strategies for implementing the revised entrepreneurship curriculum. The training emphasized lesson planning, engaging students in classroom discussions, encouraging students to create entrepreneurship “portfolios” of their work, and assisting student business clubs to form and grow. The training culminated in a “mock day” in which teachers rehearsed upcoming lessons. Government trainers led the trainings. These trainers were trained by Educate! in a “train the trainers,” or “cascade,” model. Exchange visits: teachers participating in the intervention visited each other’s schools to learn from and provide feedback to their peers. Each term, beginning in June 2016 through March 2018, teachers and a district education official observed a colleague teaching an entrepreneurship lesson. After the lesson, teachers conducted a roundtable discussion to share their observations and discuss pedagogical strategies. Teachers met in groups of 2–3, with the host school rotating each term. Outreach and support: teachers received ongoing outreach to support their implementation of the curriculum. Youth Leaders, hired and trained by Educate! visited schools participating in the intervention at least twice
per term. The visits included product-making demonstrations (e.g., for household goods such as soap or candles) co-taught with the teacher, advising student business clubs, classroom observation, participating in teacher exchange visits, and addressing any other concerns. Student business clubs were encouraged to submit their ideas to regular business competitions held for treated schools. These specific product ideas, direct advising, and interscholastic competition gave student business clubs in treatment schools advantages not enjoyed by the control group.""",Student ability | Student business knowledge and skills | Other cognitive test scores | Teacher performance - teaching methods | Business creation due to higher education | Student career aspirations,"(p11, table 5) Student academic outcomes and entrepreneurship skills: Academic skills, Entrepreneurship skills | (p11, table 5) Student academic outcomes and entrepreneurship skills: Academic skills, Entrepreneurship skills (monthly discount rate, understands compound interest, Savings,  entrepreneurship knowledge) | Students non-cognitive skills: Aspirations: university or beyond business or professional business creation, Locus of control, Grit (p11, table 6) | Pedagogical change. p. 9 and 10. Table 4 : active instruction time, active instructional techniques | Students economic activity. p. 12 table 7: dropped out, business participation (all, own, student
club, family/peers), business characteristics (nonagricultural, has paid employees), employment, income (total business, profit)",Human development and gender,Teachers,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Rwanda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,Table 2. Baseline balance.,Individual | Cohort,Entrepreneurship education | teacher training | Secondary School | Pedagogy | Randomized Control Trials | Rwanda,Business training,Quality Education | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304387820301589,Technical and vocational training,"Education|Domestic business growth and market development|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Economic growth",91.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact Evaluation of Contracting Primary Health Care Services in Urban Bangladesh,"Albis, Manuel Leonard F. | Bhadra, Subrata K. | Chin, Brian",2019.0,Journal article,"Background: The Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP) was implemented by the Government of Bangladesh in response to rapid urbanization and growing inequalities in access to and quality of primary health care. The goal of the project was to improve health status of the urban poor living in city corporations and municipalities through the provision of health care services by NGOs that are contracted through public-private partnership. The first phase of the project started in 1998 and the project is currently in its fourth phase covering more urban areas than the first three phases. This study evaluates the impact of the second phase project (UPHCP-II) on health outcomes, mainly child diarrhea, acute respiratory infection, antenatal and postnatal care, skilled birth attendance, breastfeeding prevalence, contraceptive prevalence, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV/AIDS awareness. Methods: The effect of the project was estimated through propensity score matching between project and non-project areas comparing baseline and endline surveys over a six-year period from 2006 to 2012. An innovation of this study is the recalibration of the sampling weights that allows the use of these two independent surveys in impact evaluation. Results: Over the six-year period, UPHCP-II improved the health status of the population in project areas compared to non-project areas. The study found significant improvement in health outcomes in terms of reduced diarrhea and acute respiratory infection in children, which explains the downward trend in child mortality rate. Moreover, the project also improved antenatal care and skilled birth attendance. Contraceptive prevalence and HIV/AIDS awareness and avoidance increased, and sexually transmitted infections decreased. Conclusions: UPHCP-II was effective in achieving its health outcome targets, while previous studies show that it was efficient in the delivery of health care and clients were highly satisfied because health facilities were in close proximity, and doctors and staff were perceived as responsive in delivering high quality of care. The results of this study could help inform future design and implementation of urban health interventions that involve contracting primary health care service delivery in Bangladesh and other similar settings.",Healthcare infrastructure improvement,"The Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP) was designed to contract primary health care services to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in order to enhance and support urban health across Bangladesh, particularly in response to the growing urban population and the increasing challenges faced by the urban poor in accessing health care without assistance.
""UPHCP-II provided primary health care (PHC) through partnership agreements, expanded the network of urban PHC infrastructure, and provided capacity building to support project implementation and operationally relevant research. UPHCP-II aimed to improve
equitable access and use of urban PHC services in the project area, with a focus on the poor; to improve the quality of PHC services in the project area; and to improve the cost-effectiveness, efficiency and the institutional and financial sustainability of PHC, with at least 30% of all PHC services provided for the poor."" (p2)",Access to healthcare | Index of child health | Index of maternal health | Breastfeeding,"The equity gap in access to and quality of health services reduced dramatically. | Project Impact on Childhood Diarrhea, Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and Fever Prevalence (p7, table 2): Diarrhea Prevalence, ARI Prevalence, Fever Prevalence, ARI and Fever Prevalence | (p8, table 3) Maternal health indicators examined include antenatal (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC); skilled birth attendance; contraceptive prevalence; sexually transmitted infection (STI); and HIV/AIDS awareness and avoidance. | Project Impact on Breastfeeding (p9, table 4): Ever Breastfed, Breastfed within 1 day of birth",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,Bangladesh,South Asia,Low income,No,Measures effects on an inequality outcome | Sub-group analysis by sex,Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Government agency,"""The baseline surveyed 14,191 women, while the endline surveyed 21,269 women respondents."" (page 5)",Household,Propensity score matching | Impact evaluation | BANGLADESH | Primary health care | Maternal and child health | Contracting | UPHCP-II | Urban health,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-019-4406-5,Service management and delivery PPP|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition",123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Is results-based aid more effective than conventional aid? Evidence from the health sector in El Salvador,"Bernal, Pedro | Celhay, Pablo | Martinez, Sebastian",2018.0,Published report,"Results-based aid (RBA) models link funds to outcomes, rather than paying for inputs. Despite their theoretical appeal and recent adoption by donors and multilateral development banks, there is limited empirical evidence supporting this form of aid for national governments. We estimate the effects of a RBA model using a natural experiment in El Salvador, where the same community health intervention was implemented in 98 municipalities using one of three financing models. The Salud Mesoamerica Initiative funded fourteen municipalities with a RBA model that partially conditions funds on the attainment of externally measured maternal and child health targets. Fifty-four municipalities funded inputs using conventional aid and thirty had national funds. Using a difference-in-difference approach and national health systems data we find that preventive health services increased by 19.8% in conventional aid municipalities and by 42% in RBA municipalities compared to national funds, suggesting that the results-based conditionality roughly doubled aid effectiveness. Effects are driven by increases in maternal and child preventive services incentivized by the RBA model. Rather than diverting resources from other populations, we find that the expansion of health services under RBA also benefited men and the elderly, not explicitly incentivized by the results model. While data on final health outcomes are not available, our results on proxy measures point to potential improvements in population health. The effects appear to have been driven by a more rapid expansion of health infrastructure and qualified personnel by motivated national authorities.",,"Starting in 2009, the country implemented a health reform that expanded services in
the 98 poorest municipalities using community health teams composed of physicians, nurses
and community health workers assigned to specific catchment areas. To finance this expansion,
the national government garnered domestic budget (national funds), multilateral credits, and
donor funding, resulting in different funding sources for each municipality. One of the donors
was the Salud Mesoamerica Initiative (SMI), which funded 14 municipalities",,,,,Health,,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,El Salvador,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,,,,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/173906,Co-location model|Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",104.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Outsourcing Education: Experimental Evidence from Liberia,"Romero, Mauricio | Sandefur, Justin | Sandholtz, Wayne Aaron",2020.0,Journal article,"In 2016, the Liberian government delegated management of 93 randomly selected public schools to private providers. Providers received US$50 per pupil, on top of US$50 per pupil annual expenditure in control schools. After one academic year, students in outsourced schools scored 0.18 sigma higher in English and mathematics. We do not find heterogeneity in learning gains or enrollment by student characteristics, but there is significant heterogeneity across providers. While outsourcing appears to be a cost-effective way to use new resources to improve test scores, some providers engaged in unforeseen and potentially harmful behavior, complicating any assessment of welfare gains.",School-based management,"The Partnership Schools for Liberia (PSL) program is a
public-private partnership (PPP) for school management. The Government of
Liberia contracted multiple nonstate providers to run 93 existing public primary
and pre-primary schools",Standardized test scores | Overall student enrolment | Overall student attendance | School fees | Student attitudes towards school,,Public sector management,Administrative and civil service reform,Public administration,Government and civil society,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Liberia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,,"Table 2—Balance: Observable, Time-Invariant School and Student Characteristics",Individual | Firm/organisation,Economic Development: Human Resources | Human Development | Income Distribution | Migration (O15) | Analysis of Education (I21) | Education: Government Policy (I28) | Public Goods (H41),Not applicable,Quality Education | Peace and Justice Strong Institutions,,https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20181478,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,70.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Short- and medium-run impacts of management training: An experiment in Tanzania,"Higuchi, Yuki | Mhede, Edwin P. | Sonobe, Tetsushi",2019.0,Journal article,"While entrepreneurs play a key role in industrial development, the managerial capacity of those in developing countries seems limited. A number of randomized controlled trials have been conducted to evaluate the impacts of management training, coaching, or consultation programs. These studies found that the interventions had positive impacts on management knowledge and management practices, but the impacts on business performance—measured in terms of sales revenue, value added, or profit—were often statistically insignificant. Such mixed results may be attributed to experiment designs, including training content and the time elapsed till the follow-up observation. The present study attempts to substantiate this hypothesis by means of a randomized controlled trial of management training in Tanzania that targets 113 small manufacturers. As in some recent studies, it extends the observation period to three years to examine the trajectory of training impacts. Unlike many other studies, it is an impact assessment of training programs that covered quality control and production management as the training topics in addition to entrepreneurship, marketing, and record keeping. The treated firms made adaptive efforts to select useful practices and modify them to fit their business operation. It finds that the training effects on business performance are large and statistically significant, particularly in the medium-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of World Development is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)",Entrepreneurship training,"We invited owners or top managers (hereafter
referred to as entrepreneurs) of randomly selected firms to participate in a classroom training program, an on-site training program,
or both. There were also sample firms that were not invited to any
program. Classroom training participants learned from the trainers
about good management practices for a total of nearly 40 h. Onsite training participants received concrete advice on how to
improve efficiency and safety at work from the trainers who visited
their workshops several times. pg 2",Adoption of good business practices from higher education,Good management practices,Not applicable,Not applicable,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Tanzania,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"In Dar es Salaam, there are about 250 small-scale firms and numerous self-employed businesses producing garment products. The majority of them are owned and operated by female entrepreneurs.",Firm/organisation,Africa | Randomized controlled trial | TANZANIA | Management training | ORGANIZATIONAL performance | BUSINESS revenue | BUSINESSPEOPLE | Kaizen | Medium-run impacts | TRAINING of executives | VALUE added (Marketing),Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305750X18303887,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Domestic business growth and market development,73.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The child survival impact of the Ghana Essential Health Interventions Program: A health systems strengthening plausibility trial in Northern Ghana,"Bawah, Ayaga A. | Awoonor-Williams, John Koku | Asuming, Patrick O. | Jackson, Elizabeth F. | Boyer, Christopher B. | Kanmiki, Edmund W. | Achana, Sebastian F. | Akazili, James | Phillips, James F.",2019.0,Journal article,"Background: The Ghana Health Service in collaboration with partner institutions implemented a five-year primary health systems strengthening program known as the Ghana Essential Health Intervention Program (GEHIP). GEHIP was a plausibility trial implemented in an impoverished region of northern Ghana around the World Health Organizations (WHO) six pillars combined with community engagement, leadership development and grassroots political support, the program organized a program of training and action focused on strategies for saving newborn lives and community-engaged emergency referral services. This paper analyzes the effect of the GEHIP program on child survival. Methods: Birth history data assembled from baseline and endline surveys are used to assess the hazard of child mortality in GEHIP treatment and comparison areas prior to and after the start of treatment. Difference-in-differences (DiD) methods are used to compare mortality change over time among children exposed to GEHIP relative to children in the comparison area over the same time period. Models test the hypothesis that a package of systems strengthening activities improved childhood survival. Models adjusted for the potentially confounding effects of baseline differentials, secular mortality trends, household characteristics such as relative wealth and parental educational attainment, and geographic accessibility of clinical care. Results: The GEHIP combination of health systems strengthening activities reduced neonatal mortality by approximately one half (HR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28,0.98, p = 0.045). There was a null incremental effect of GEHIP on mortality of post-neonate infants (from 1 to 12 months old) (HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.30,1.79; p = 0.480) and post-infants (from 1 year to 5 years old) -(HR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.55–1.90; p = 0.940). Age-specific analyses show that impact was concentrated among neonates. However, effect ratios for post-infancy were inefficiently assessed owing to extensive survival history censoring for the later months of childhood. Children were observed only rarely for periods over 40 months of age. Conclusion: GEHIP results show that a comprehensive approach to newborn care is feasible, if care is augmented by community-based nurses. It supports the assertion that if appropriate mechanisms are put in place to enable the various pillars of the health system as espoused by WHO in rural impoverished settings where childhood mortality is high, it could lead to accelerated reductions in mortality thereby increasing survival of children. Policy implications of the pronounced neonatal effect of GEHIP merit national review for possible scale-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)",Health worker training,"GEHIP is a health systems strengthening initiative designed to enhance primary health care delivery and reduce child mortality through leadership development, emergency referral systems, and community-based service delivery. “The main interventions focused on strengthening primary health care by developing leadership skills at the district and sub-district levels, trainings of frontline workers… and finally developing a sustaining emergency referral system…” (page 3).",Under-5 mortality,"The primary outcome is under-five child mortality, with specific attention to neonatal, post-neonatal, and post-infant mortality rates. “GEHIP’s interventions... test the hypothesis that a novel set of interventions... would accelerate the scale-up of CHPS functioning and impact on child mortality” (page 2). Table 2: Estimated effect of GEHIP on under age 5 child mortality... (page 10). Table 3: Results from analyses of linear combinations of estimators... (page 12)",Human development and gender,Health system strengthening,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Charitable or private foundation,“Childhood survival was assessed for all children under 60 months of age.” (Page 5),Individual,Children | GHANA | INFANT mortality | Age groups | Child health | Health care providers | HEALTH programs | Health care policy | Health systems strengthening,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218025,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of Public-Private Partnerships on Private School Performance: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Uganda,"Barrera-Osorio, Felipe | Galbert, Pierre De | Habyarimana, James | Sabarwal, Shwetlena",2020.0,Journal article,"In the past 2 decades, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have implemented policies—mainly for the elimination of user fees—to achieve universal access to basic education (e.g., see Deininger 2003; Bold et al. 2010; Lucas and Mbiti 2012). Existing public education systems have been overwhelmed by the sudden and massive increase in enrollments emerging from these policies. Simultaneously, many of these countries are experiencing a rapid mushrooming of low-cost private schools that provide an alternative to public schools (Tooley and Dixon 2005). Governments have responded to rising demand through avariety of programs, including school construction (Habyarimana, Opalo, and Schipper 2017), double-shifting (Kleinhans 2005), and public-private partnerships (PPPs; Patrinos, Barrera-Osorio, and Guáqueta 2009).",School vouchers | PPP in education,"A randomised Public-Private Partnership (PPP) program where a school voucher is provided as a subsidy.
""This paper exploits a randomized phase-in of a PPP program in Uganda where the government provided a per-student subsidy (voucher) to low-cost private secondary schools to enroll eligible students."" (page 430)",Secondary school enrolment | Standardized test scores,"Enrolment: enrolment outcomes in each lower-secondary grade (table 5, page 447) | Test Scores: NAPE 2011 and 2012 test scores (table 6, page 450-451)",Human development and gender,"Education governance, school-based management",Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,students in secondary schools,Firm/organisation,Economic Development: Human Resources | Human Development | Income Distribution | Educational Finance | Public-Private Partnership,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/701229,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Marginal Benefit of an Active Labor Market Program Relative to a Public Works Program: Evidence from Papua New Guinea,"Hoy, Christopher | Naidoo, Darian",2019.0,Journal article,"Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9-12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Labour-intensive public works | Labour-intensive public works,"This is the first study to explore this question and we do so by rigorously testing the
additional impact from an ALMP beyond an LIPW in Port Moresby, the capital city of Papua
New Guinea (PNG). The government of Port Moresby (National Capital District Commission
(NCDC)) has been conducting the Urban Youth Employment Program (UYEP), in partner-
ship with the World Bank, for unemployed youth since 2012. The program consists of both
a LIPW component and a comprehensive ALMP component. The latter includes vocational
training, job matching, and fully subsidized work placements for a 5-month period. Only
youth who perform well on a basic numeracy and literacy test and attend training prior to the
LIPW component are eligible for the ALMP component. We evaluate the additional benefit
of the ALMP by exploiting the unanticipated cancelation of the ALMP component midway
through the LIPW component of one intake of the program. | Control group: public employment: There are
two components of UYEP, all participants complete the first component while around 25% of participants complete the second. The first component of UYEP is a 40-day LIPW called Youth Job Corps (YJC), which primarily focuses on the provision of temporary employment through
activities like collecting trash off the streets.",Employment status | Wage levels | Job seeking | Employment hours,Table 5 Effect of the program on employment and job-seeking behavior,Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Papua New Guinea,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International financial institution,,New intakes of youth are enrolled every 3–4 months with over 20 intakes occurring since the program began. Pg 5,Individual,Economic Development: Human Resources | Human Development | Income Distribution | Mobility | Unemployment | Vocational Training,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Quality Education,,https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2019-0003,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,116.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
When Does Advice Impact Startup Performance?,"Chatterji, Aaron | Delecourt, Solène | Hasan, Sharique | Koning, Rembrand",2019.0,Journal article,"Why do some entrepreneurs thrive while others fail? We explore whether the advice entrepreneurs receive about managing their employees influences their startup's performance. We conducted a randomized field experiment in India with 100 high‐growth technology firms whose founders received in‐person advice from other entrepreneurs who varied in their managerial style. We find that entrepreneurs who received advice from peers with a formal approach to managing people—instituting regular meetings, setting goals consistently, and providing frequent feedback to employees—grew 28% larger and were 10 percentage points less likely to fail than those who got advice from peers with an informal approach to managing people, 2 years after our intervention. Entrepreneurs with MBAs or accelerator experience did not respond to this intervention, suggesting that formal training can limit the spread of peer advice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)",Entrepreneurship training,"To test the role of management advice on startup growth, we conducted a field experiment1 in partnership with the Indian Software Product Industry Roundtable (iSPIRT).2 The authors worked with iSPIRT to embed the field experiment in their flagship training program. The program, the Product
Nation Growth (PNgrowth) retreat, is an annual multiday off-site retreat for growth-stage Indian start ups. The program consists of peer learning and advising sessions, as well as case studies. Founders leave the retreat with a plan for growing their startup. The PNgrowth retreat and experiment ran from January 8–10, 2016. Admission was selective. Over 500 founders applied from across India; just over 200 were accepted, and 173 attended the camp.
The retreat was residential and held on the corporate campus of a major Indian technology company. The formal experiment included 100 of the 173 founders in attendance. The remaining 73 founders were not part of the experiment and were advised separately by iSPIRT coaches. All the startups
in our experimental sample were interested in growing their organization. The average firm in our study had 12.6 employees, was 3 years old, and had hired six people over the last year. The median funding for a firm in our experimental sample was $83,000 USD, a substantial sum in the Indian context. Forty-six firms had previously raised a round of angel or institutional financing. The median age of the founders was 37.
On the first day, the founders participated in case discussions on defining a strategic direction for
their startup. All participants completed the same exercises on this day. On day 2, we commenced the randomized experiment. The 100 founders were randomly assigned to a peer (into 50 pairs) and spent the remaining 2 days working together on a series of modules focusing on managing people and
growing their startup. Day 2 consisted of case discussion, individual worksheets, and peer-to-peer business advice. The founders discussed three topics: (a) managing people, (2) finding opportunities for growth, and (c) developing a competitive advantage.
On the final day, the founders completed a “strategic checklist” that listed their main objectives after the PNgrowth program. They worked in the same randomized pairs from the prior day, getting and giving advice on their checklists. The retreat ended in the afternoon on the third day (page 337).",Starting a business | Economic growth | Closing a business,"TABLE 3 The impact of management advice on startup growth (page 345). | We also test whether peer advice affects firm survival. Here, we simplify the estimation and use all
100 firms in our sample. Model 1 in Table 4 regresses survival on Management Index and Peer Management Index, and Model 2 includes our controls. The primary effect of peer management advice is
positive and statistically significant (p = 0.01) in both models. Survival increases by 10%, from 75%
to 85%, if a founder gets advice from a peer who is 1 SD above the mean on Peer Management Index (page 346).",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Financial sector,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Business | field experiment | entrepreneurship | advice | business training | Human Resource Management | management,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.2987,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"The Effect of Enhanced Public–Private Partnerships on Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Services and Outcomes in Nairobi–Kenya: the Pamanech Quasi-experimental Research Protocol","Bakibinga, Pauline | Ettarh, Remare | Ziraba, Abdhalah K. | Kyobutungi, Catherine | Kamande, Eva | Ngomi, Nicholas | Osindo, Jane",2014.0,Published protocol,"Introduction Rapid urbanisation in Kenya has resulted in growth of slums in urban centres, characterised by poverty, inadequate social services and poor health outcomes. The government's initiatives to improve access to quality healthcare for mothers and children are largely limited to public health facilities, which are few and/or inaccessible in underserved areas such as the slums. The ‘Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health’ (PAMANECH) project is being implemented in two Nairobi slums, Viwandani and Korogocho, to assess the impact of strengthening public–private partnerships for the delivery of healthcare on the health of mothers, newborns and young children in two informal settlements in Kenya. Methods and analysis This is a quasi-experimental study; our approach is to support private as well as public health providers and the community to enhance access to and demand for quality healthcare services. Key activities include: infrastructural upgrade of selected Private Not-For-Profit health facilities operating in the two slums, building capacity for healthcare providers as well as the Health Management Teams in Nairobi, facilitating provision of supportive supervision by the local health authorities and forming networks of Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) to create demand for health services. To assess the impact of the intervention, the study is utilising multiple data sources using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. A baseline survey was conducted in 2013 and an end-line survey will be conducted at least 1 year after full implementation of the intervention. Systematic monitoring and documentation of the intervention is on-going to strengthen the case for causal inference. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Kenya Medical Research Institute. Key messages from the results will be packaged and widely disseminated through workshops, conference presentations, reports, factsheets and academic publications to facilitate uptake by policymakers. Protocol registration number KEMRI- NON-SSC-PROTOCOL No. 393.",Health programme coordination | Healthcare infrastructure improvement | Care transportation services | Outreach services of care,"Public- private partnership in healthcare: Each selected facility will be supported to provide: (1) essential and basic obstetric care; (2) ante- natal care; (3) maternity care; (4) postnatal care; (5) diagnosis and treatment of common childhood illnesses;
(6) vaccination; and (7) HIV/AIDS-related services such as Voluntary and Routine Counselling and Testing and elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The support to be provided is based on the identified needs of each facility and includes expansion/renovation of existing facilities, provision of basic equipment, and water and electricity connections, among others. (see page 5) | Public- private partnership in healthcare:  Infrastructural upgrade of selected private not-for-profit
health facilities that already operate in the two slums (see page 5) | Public- private partnership in healthcare:  An ambulance system will be set up building on existing ambulance services in the community. The ambulance will be used to transfer mothers and children who need referral to the nearest maternity hospital. In each of the target slum settlements, one ambulance will be provided by the programme to serve the network of
private providers in the area. The ambulances will be centrally located and managed from two of the upgraded health facilities. Priority will be given to facil- ities or organisations that already run some form of ambulance service since they may be best placed to manage the service. (see page 5) | Public- private partnership in healthcare: The project team will work with professional associations in Kenya, such as the Kenya Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society (KOGS) and Kenya Paediatric Association (KPA) to run outreach clinics for women and children in slum settlements. Under the Ministry of Health community health strategy for improving health, CHVs have been identified in all villages in the country. These, with some facilitation, help implement public health activities including report- ing on health events in the community. Owing to high attrition rates of these volunteers, we found it necessary to train more CHVs in order to reconstitute the commu- nity units. Ten CHVs per village were selected from the trained pool within the two slums (a total of 180 from 280 trained) to work with the private providers and to create linkages with the public sector. (see page 5)",Neonatal mortality | Measles vaccination | Full routine vaccination | Index of child health | Under-five mortality in children | Modern contraceptive use | Antenatal care | Skills relevant among healthcare staff | Index of healthcare utilisation | Delivery practices at home | Providers and service quality,neonatal mortality (see fig 3) | measles vaccination rate (see fig 3) | self-explanatory (see fig 3) | sick children under 5 who seek care at health facility (see fig 3) | attending antenatal care (see fig 3) | deliveries assisted by the trained personnel (See fig 3) | demand for healthcare services (see fig 3) | deliveries at home (see fig 3) | improved quality of services (see fig 3),Public sector management,"Transparency, accountability and good governance",Public administration,Health,Qualitative,Qualitative comparative analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Academic institution,,"Research conducted in two slums of Nairobi (Korogocho and Viwandani) over the past decade has documented the near absence of public health facilities in these settlements and the health consequences of this.578 Korogocho slum is served by two public health facilities while Viwandani is served by one, all located on the outskirts of the slums. Pg 2",Individual | Community/village,Urban Slums | Public-Private Partnership | Maternal And Child Health Services | Child Health Outcome,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Good Health and Well-being,,http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006608,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of Greater Autonomy on Efficiency of Work and Quality of Services in Public Service Providers: A Case of Vocational Education Institutions,"Golubova, Eugenija",2011.0,Journal article,"The paper analyses impact of greater autonomy on efficiency of work and quality of services in public service institutions. Autonomy is one of the key principles of New Public Management that, according to the theory, increases performance in public service providers. However this assumption has been scarcely researched in practice. To narrow this gap, the experimental reform that implemented greater managerial and financial autonomy in 13 Lithuanian state vocational schools was chosen for research. In order to analyse the impact of autonomy after the reform, maximally similar institutions (those that underwent the reform and that did not) are compared using quantitative (incl. counterfactual analysis) and qualitative methods. The results indicate that institutions that have been reformed tend to have better efficiency and quality of services, even though this relationship is not causal. Moreover, the research challenges the notion that such results came from greater autonomy. Finally, the logic of the NPM of as to why more autonomous institutions perform better is also challenged.",Decentralised resource allocation in education systems,"The Experimental program has provided vocational schools with greater managerial and financial autonomy and has decreased state control over them. Financially public non-profit institutions are more autonomous in a sense that they can use the income from selling educational1 and other services without the approval of the Ministry. Plus, stakeholders are allowed to financially contribute to the school. Additionally in 2004 the quasi-market was introduced in the vocational education sector with the vouchers system. Under it, the school state allocated budget depends on the number of its learners thus creating conditions for greater school competition for learners.",Overall student enrolment | Overall student attendance,"Correspondence of services provided to the needs of learners and the economy. Includes - Share of graduates
registered in Lithuanian Labour Exchange, Financial resources, Number of learners who entered the schools [p 480]",Public sector management,Administrative and civil service reform,Public administration,Government and civil society,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Lithuania,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Not specified,Firm/organisation,Autonomy | new public management | Vocational Education And Training (VET) | Public non-profit organisation | budgetary institution | efficiency of work | Quality of service,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2011.00446.x?casa_token=6IiqXKkiv38AAAAA:WIdvv5jQTIRt-L0FuT95fvgIEY-qDvGG1I7QUdCPscir7StuMPHAwpETeS9l3JeN3QJum_BAKDDG-zMs,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,22.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Public-Private-Partnership Programmes on Students' Learning Outcomes: Evidence from a Quasi-experiment,"Hafeez, Fatima | Haider, Adnan | uz Zafar, Naeem",2016.0,Journal article,"Learning outcomes refer to the performance of the students in academic tests pertaining to the respective grade level. In Pakistan, survey evidences from Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) show a significant dispersion in learning outcomes of public schools as compared with private sector counterpart. The perceived results of learning outcomes in private schools very clear but less evidence is found for educational outcome of schools run under public-private partnership programs. This becomes especially relevant when status of curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular activities is compared between public school, private schools, and schools run under public private partnership. In recent literature, it is found that schools taken up by public-private partnership have been providing a better learning environment - Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Development, Administrative changes, Academic Innovation and Planning, Teacher Reform and Student Affairs - is perceived to have a positive impact on learning outcomes. It is to investigate and document that the investments in these areas are justifiable. To promote this fact, we conduct a quasi-experiment to examine the profiles of students in a public-private partnership school at Karachi (running under Zindagi Trust program) and a public school (as counterfactual) in the same neighbourhood. We also recorded the household and socioeconomic characteristics to create a good set of control variables. The propensity-score results show that public-private school is performing better than that of comparison group in attaining learning outcomes thus showing positive effects of PPP. Finally, the study probed into household and parental covariates of student's educational outcomes to enhance internal validity of results.",PPP in education,"P 12 ""Extracurricular activities and a number of other activities, along with education plays very important role in child education and development. NGO took over public school with a view to consolidate and do an intervention of giving extracurricular and co-curriculum activities to students. These activities are part of education system in many private schools but do not exist in public schools. This means that initiative taken by the NGO may be taken as an intervention done for the first time in public sector education. We 
planned to probe into impact of this initiative in students’ academic performance.""",Comparative academic performance,"Comparison of students' performance in Math, English and their average between treated and untreated schools",Human development and gender,"Education governance, school-based management",Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,conduct aquasi-experiment to examine the profiles of students in a public-privatepartnership school at Karachi,Firm/organisation | Individual,educational learning outcomes | Public-Private Partnership | Quasi-Experiment,Community driven development,Quality Education,,https://pide.org.pk/research/impact-of-public-private-partnership-programmes-on-studentslearning-outcomes-evidence-from-a-quasi-experiment/,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours treatment,5% level (**) | Not statistically significant,,,,,
"Administrative Reform and Pay-for-Performance Methods of Primary Health Service Delivery: A Comparison of 3 Health Districts in Cambodia, 2006-2012.","Keovathanak, Khim | Jayasuriya, Rohan | Annear, Peter Leslie",2018.0,Journal article,"Since 1999, performance-based financing or pay-for-performance (P4P) methods have been piloted in the Cambodian public health sector, first as one part of external contracting approaches with international nongovernment organizations and from 2009 as a part of internal contracting arrangements between units within the Ministry of Health under a wider public sector administrative reform. This study analyses these reforms and compares outcomes in 3 health districts. The study analysed routine quantitative data for primary care service delivery by using the interrupted time series method. Qualitative data were collected from key informant interviews. Both the level and the trend line of key service delivery indicators during earlier contracting/P4P models were at least maintained and in most cases increased with the move to internal contracting. The results of the interrupted time series analysis were mixed, mainly due to contextual issues. Qualitative results indicated an increased sense of local ownership and financial sustainability. Despite the gains, the management of personnel and the implementation and the integrity of contract monitoring were found to be compromised in this case. To be fully effective, contracting and P4P approaches must be accompanied by changes in the structure and culture of government administration.",Pay for performance,"An administrative reform that that is a pay-for-performance scheme in primary health service delivery.
""Under the reform plan, these service delivery units, such as health districts and provincial hospitals, are termed Special Operating Agencies (SOAs). Performance‐based financing (PBF) or P4P is a supply‐side intervention that frequently involves “contracting‐out” with an external party (also called “external contracting”) in which the purchaser‐provider split and the separation of functions are explicit. It may also take an “internal‐contracting” form within an agency through a “relational” contract built on flexibility in negotiations and trust between parties.8 These P4P‐contracting approaches are often implemented within government services with a view to improving allocative and technical efficiency."" P. 572",Outpatient admissions | Other non-routine vaccination | Antenatal care,"FIGURE 3 Monthly level and trend of service‐delivery: 4 primary care indicators, Cambodia 2006‐2012: Outpatient consultation. (page e576) | FIGURE 3 Monthly level and trend of service‐delivery: 4 primary care indicators, Cambodia 2006‐2012: child immunization (page e576) | FIGURE 3 Monthly level and trend of service‐delivery: 4 primary care indicators, Cambodia 2006‐2012: antenatal care visits (page e576) | FIGURE 3 Monthly level and trend of service‐delivery: 4 primary care indicators, Cambodia 2006‐2012: 3d delivery care (page e576)",Public sector management,Administrative and civil service reform,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Interrupted time series analysis,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Cambodia,East Asia and Pacific,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Municipal,Pay For Performance | Health Service | Administrative reform | Primary health delivery | Rural Cambodia | Financial Incentives,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Good Health and Well-being,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hpm.2503,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",87.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Assessing the Impact of Community Engagement Interventions on Health Worker Motivation and Experiences with Clients in Primary Health Facilities in Ghana: A Randomized Cluster Trial,"Alhassan, Robert K. | Nketiah-Amponsah, Edward | Spieker, Nicole | Arhinful, Daniel K. | Wit, Tobias F. Rinke De",2016.0,Journal article,"Background Health worker density per 1000 population in Ghana is one of the lowest in the world estimated to be 2.3, below the global average of 9.3. Low health worker motivation induced by poor working conditions partly explain this challenge. Albeit the wage bill for public sector health workers is about 90% of domestic government expenditure on health in countries such as Ghana, staff motivation and performance output remain a challenge, suggesting the need to complement financial incentives with non-financial incentives through a community-based approach. In this study, a systematic community engagement (SCE) intervention was implemented to engage community groups in healthcare quality assessment to promote mutual collaboration between clients and healthcare providers, and enhance health worker motivation levels. SCE involves structured use of existing community groups and associations to assess healthcare quality in health facilities. Identified quality gaps are discussed with healthcare providers, improvements made and rewards given to best performing facilities for closing quality care gaps. Purpose To evaluate the effect of SCE interventions on health worker motivation and experiences with clients. Methods The study is a cluster randomized trial involving health workers in private (n = 38) and public (n = 26) primary healthcare facilities in two administrative regions in Ghana. Out of 324 clinical and non-clinical staff randomly interviewed at baseline, 234 (72%) were successfully followed at end-line and interviewed on workplace motivation factors and personal experiences with clients. Propensity score matching and difference-in-difference estimations were used to estimate treatment effect of the interventions on staff motivation. Results Intrinsic (non-financial) work incentives including cordiality with clients and perceived career prospects appeared to be prime sources of motivation for health staff interviewed in intervention health facilities while financial incentives were ranked lowest. Intervention health facilities that were assessed by female community groups (Coef. = 0.2720, p = 0.0118) and informal groups with organized leadership structures like Artisans (Coef. = 0.2268, p = 0.0368) associated positively with higher intrinsic motivation levels of staff. Conclusion Community-based approach to health worker motivation is a potential complementary strategy that needs policy deliberation to explore its prospects. Albeit financial incentives remain critical sources of staff motivation, innovative non-financial approaches like SCE should complement the latter.",Healthcare workforce management,"A community engagement intervention on health worker motivation and experiences with clients in primary health facilities in Ghana.
""In this study, a systematic community engagement (SCE) intervention was implemented to engage community groups in healthcare quality assessment to promote mutual collaboration between clients and healthcare providers, and enhance health worker motivation levels. SCE involves structured use of existing community groups and associations to assess healthcare quality in health facilities. Identified quality gaps are discussed with healthcare providers, improvements made and rewards given to best performing facilities for closing quality care gaps."" (p1)",Employee motivation,"health clinic staff motivation: (p10-11, table 2-3) Physical work environment, Financial and extrinsic incentives, Intrinsic incentives, Career prospects, Perceived workload, Overall motivation score",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex | Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Age | Sex | Religion | Education | Place of residence,Academic institution,Government agency,"""Out of the 234 staff successfully followed-up, 56% were in control facilities and 44% in inter- vention facilities; in terms of regional distribution, 128 (55%) were from Greater Accra region and 106 (45%) from Western region. In terms of ownership, 53% were from private facilities and 47% from public facilities. Females dominated males in both intervention (males = 40%; females = 60%) and control facilities (males = 30%; females = 70%). The mean age of respon- dents at baseline was 37(SD = 14) and 38(SD = 12) at follow-up. Average age of staff in inter- vention facilities was 38.3(SD = 14.4) and 36.5 (SD = 13.4) in control facilities."" (page 6)",Cohort,Community Engagement | Health Worker | Staff Motivation | Primary Health Care | health quality assessment | GHANA | RCT,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158541,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Work-labor,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Can Information About Jobs Improve the Effectiveness of Vocational Training? Experimental Evidence from India,"Chakravorty, Bhaskar | Arulampalam, Wiji | Imbert, Clement | Rathelot, Roland",2021.0,Journal article,"Using a randomised experiment, we show that providing better information about prospective jobs to vocational trainees can improve their placement outcomes. The study setting is the vocational training programme DDU-GKY in India. We find that including in the training two information sessions about placement opportunities make trainees 17% more likely to stay in the jobs in which they are placed. We argue that this effect is likely driven by improved selection into training. As a result of the intervention, trainees that are over-optimistic about placement jobs are more likely to drop out before placement.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),(p7) A vocational training intervention was carried out where the treatment group were given a list of characteristics required by the worker from the available placement jobs and its remuneration.,Employment status | Quality of life/Life satisfaction | Participation in training | Vocational skills | Wage levels,"(table E1, p32) 'In placement job after 5 months (unconditional), Job placement (conditional), In placement job after 5 months (conditional), Formal job' | (table E1, p32) Life satisfaction | (table 4, p24) 'training dropout' | (table 2, p22) 'Use skills from training' | (table 5, p25) 'average salary, max-min salary, expected earning in 12 months, preferred earning in 12 months'",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex | Ethnicity | Education | Other,Not specified,Not specified,It targets unemployed rural youth aged 15-35 years from poor families with some secondary education (10th or 12th grade,Individual,Vocational Training | On-The-Job Training | Dropout | Rural Development | Skills | Job Placement,Not applicable,No Poverty,,https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3865452,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Can Results-Based Financing improve health outcomes in resource poor settings? Evidence from Zimbabwe,"Fichera, Eleonora | Anselmi, Laura | Gwati, Gwati | Brown, Garrett | Kovacs, Roxanne | Borghi, Josephine",2021.0,Journal article,"Result Based Financing (RBF) has been implemented in health systems across low and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the objective of improving population health. Most evaluations of RBF schemes have focused on average programme effects for incentivised services. There is limited evidence on the potential effect of RBF on health outcomes, as well as on the heterogeneous effects across socio-economic groups and time periods. This study analyses the effect of Zimbabwe's national RBF scheme on neonatal, infant and under five mortality, using Demographic and Health Survey data from 2005, 2010 and 2015. We use a difference in differences design, which exploits the staggered roll-out of the scheme across 60 districts. We examine average programme effects and perform sub-group analyses to assess differences between socio-economic groups. We find that RBF reduced under-five mortality by two percentage points overall, but that this decrease was only significant for children of mothers with above median wealth (2.7 percentage points) and education (2.1 percentage points). RBF increased institutional delivery by seven percentage points with a statistically significant effect for poorer socio-economic groups and least educated. We also find that RBF reduced c-section rates by three percentage points. We find no detectable effect of RBF on other incentivised services. When considering programme effects over time, we find that effects were only observed during the second phase of the programme (March 2012) with the exception of c-sections, which only reduced in the longer term. Further research is needed to examine whether these findings can be generalised to other settings.",,,,,,,Health,,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Zimbabwe,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,able 3. Descriptive statistics – household characteristics.,Household,Zimbabwe | Inequality | Heterogeneity | Health financing | Child and maternal health | Pay for performance | Up to 8): result based financing,,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953621002914,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",114.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Coordination and the Poor Maintenance Trap: an Experiment on Public Infrastructure in India,"Armand, Alex | Augsburg, Britta | Bancalari, Antonella",2021.0,Published working paper,"Poorly maintained public infrastructure is common in low- and middle-income countries, with consequences for service delivery and public health. By experimentally identifying the impact of incentives for local maintenance for both providers and potential users, this paper provides one of the first economic analyses of provider??user dynamics in the presence of local coordination failure. Focusing on shared sanitation facilities for slum residents in two major Indian cities, we randomly allocate facilities to either a control or two treatments. The first treatment incentivizes maintenance of the facility among providers, while the second treatment adds a sensitization campaign about the returns of a well-maintained facility among potential users. Using surveys, behavioral and objective measurements for both providers and potential users, we show that incentivizing maintenance does not favor collective action. The treatments raise the quality of facilities and reduce free riding, but at the cost of user selection. Providers improve routine maintenance, but also respond strategically to the newly-introduced incentives. While slum residents' private willingness to pay and cooperation are unaffected, their demand for public intervention increases. The second treatment raises awareness, but does not affect behavior.",Labelled cash transfers | Behavioural change and public awareness campaign,"The maintenance intervention consisted of two components provided one after the other: a grant and a
financial reward. The grant was a one-off transfer to rehabilitate the infrastructure. Two months after completion
of the grant scheme works, we announced the financial reward scheme to caretakers in order to incentivize them to
keep the CT clean. (p 47) | The sensitization campaign. The campaign targeted all slum residents, in particular the heads of participant households and
their spouses. The campaign was designed to provide information that was accessible to participants
with low literacy levels. We provided key messages regarding the risks of unsafe sanitation behavior and the importance of paying
the fee to fund operation and maintenance of the CTs through four different mean s(p 47)",Regular cleaning | Regular latrine or toilet use | Total work time | Attitudes toward latrine or toilet use,"-Community Toilets (CT)-level outcomes: maintenance and quality of the facility (physical maintenance, physical quality and cleanliness of the facility,
and if the CT is of higher quality).(p 17, Table 1) | -Community Toilets (CT)-level outcomes: Traffic during rush hour (number of users and free riding). (p 17, Table 1) | Caretakers’labor supply and time allocation (p 17, Table 2) | -Caretakers’ awareness of routine maintenance, the inputs used during the last
routine maintenance, the caretaker’s pro-social motivation for the cause. Also, the
valuation of CT use and on attitudes towards the public good among slum residents (willingness to pay),
impact hygiene and sanitation-related behavior, and awareness of risky behavior and health (p 17-19, Table 2,3,4)",Urban and rural development,Urban water and sanitation,Public administration,Water and sanitation,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex | Other,Non-profit organization,Non-profit organization,"Our focus is the slums of the two largest urban agglomerations in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow and Kanpur.","Household | Surface area (acres, hectares, m², etc.) | Individual",infrastructure | Maintenance | basic services | sanitation | slums | Information | free riding | Willingness To Pay,Performance-/results-based financing,Clean Water and Sanitation,,https://ifs.org.uk/publications/15494,Service management and delivery PPP,Infrastructure,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Does Empowering Women Benefit Poverty Reduction? Evidence From a Multi-Component Program in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China,"Gu, Rui | Nie, Feng-ying",2021.0,Journal article,"Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda, and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures. However, poverty reduction policies have mostly focused on men, which has widened the gap in productivity and income between men and women and increased gender inequality. This paper aims to determine the impacts of a multi-component program on womens empowerment and poverty reduction, and explore the role empowered women play in poverty reduction. The dataset used in this study was collected in nine poor counties of Ulanqab City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at the end of 2014, yielding a sample of 900 households. Recall questions were used to reconstruct the baseline data and build a panel dataset. Smaller groups of rural households were further identified to better target the women in the beneficiary group. To control the selection bias, propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting, and the difference-in-differences matching method were used to analyze the effect of the program and undertake robust checks. The results show that the program has positive effects on womens empowerment and poverty reduction simultaneously. Empowering women also has positive effects on poverty reduction, and the women who were the beneficiaries have contributed to increasing the incomes and living standards of households. Training, microfinance, and associations are common means or strategies to empower women to address poverty. This paper provides new empirical evidence that women can benefit from a gender-focus program through portfolio intervention such as training, cooperatives, and credit. Empowered women further improve the livelihoods of poor households and help lift them out of poverty. The results suggest that researchers and policymakers need to pay more attention to poverty issues from the perspective of gender.",Improved inputs for agriculture | Access to microcredit,"A broad multicomponent intervention which provides agricultural inputs as well as microfinance. ""First, there was a good proportion of women (about 35%) in the program management team. Second, women had equal opportunities or priority to access technologies such as greenhouses for vegetable production and net sheds for potato production, extension services including crop planting and animal feeding, and the market. Third, specific modules were designed to provide strategic support for women; for example, the establishment of village-level micro-credit groups and the provision of training to assist women to establish income-generating activities."" (pg 1095)",Index of empowerment | Index of household poverty,"-A measure of women's empowerment


Women’s empowerment that include (Page 1092, Table 5):

(a) Decision-making score, The total score is calculated with equal weight given to six domains to measure the women’s decision-making power. A score is assigned from 1 (a man has the final say alone) to 5 (a woman has the final say alone) for each domain.

(b) Disempowered headcount ratio The inadequacy score is computed with equal weight given to the six domains. For each domain, the value equals 1 when a man has the final say alone; and 0 otherwise. A woman is disempowered when the inadequacy score is greater than 20%. | -A measure of poverty

Poverty include (Page 1092, Table 5):
(a) Poverty incidence (I) Measured using a poverty line of per capita rural household net income per year of 2 300 CNY
(334.83 USD) in 2010 constant prices. A household is poor when its per capita net income per
year is below the poverty line.
(b) Poverty incidence (E1) Measured using a poverty line of 1.25 USD per capita a day at 2005 purchasing power parities
(PPPs). A household is poor when its per capita expenditure per day is below the poverty line.
(c) Poverty incidence (E2) Measured using a poverty line of 1.90 USD per capita a day at 2011 PPPs. A household is poor when its per capita expenditure per day is below the poverty line.
(d) Poverty incidence (W) Five wealth quintiles are divided equally based on the wealth index. A household is poor when it is in the lowest quintile.
(e) Poverty incidence (S1) There are four rural household categories recognized in the program area: better-off (A), ordinary (B1), poor (B2), and very poor (C). A household is poor when it self-reports as B2 or C.
(f) Poverty incidence (S2) There are four rural household categories recognized in the program area: better-off (A), ordinary (B1), poor (B2), and very poor (C). A household is poor when it self-reports to be C.",Human development and gender,Gender,Social protection,"Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,China,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Sex,International aid agency,Not specified,"Smaller groups of rural households were further identified to better target the women in the beneficiary group. (1092) The data were collected in nine poor counties of Ulanqab City at the end of 2014, where the program was implemented, yielding a sample of 900 households. To better target women beneficiaries, households in which women reported their participation in the program were further identified as being in the direct beneficiary group. (page 1094) In the program area, women had difficulties in accessing resources such as new technology, extension services, market information, and credit. More and more farmers had been migrating from rural to urban areas before the program implementation, of which most of the migrant workers were male. Under these circumstances, women were therefore rapidly becoming the main labor force for farming activities. But women’s access to technical services such as extension and skills training was very limited. Few women were able to access such services provided through the formal agricultural extension channels. On the other hand, most rural women were highly motivated to improve the livelihoods of their households. But women suffered from relatively limited access to credit. Most loans provided by formal financial credit institutions were to men. Some poor women even had to pay high interest through informal loan channels. (page 1094)",Household,poverty | China | agriculture | empowerment | gender | women | data collection | income | poverty reduction | credit | social inequality | probability | Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Not applicable,Gender Equality,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2095311920634360,Technical and vocational training|Advisory support|Matchmaking|Direct financing of private sector actors,Employment|Social factors,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Food for thought? Experimental Evidence on the Learning Impacts of a Large-Scale School Feeding Program in Ghana,"Aurino, Elisabetta | Gelli, Aulo | Adamba, Clement | Osei-Akoto, Isaac | Alderman, Harold",2020.0,Journal article,"There is limited experimental evidence on the effects of large-scale, government-led interventions on human capital in resource-constrained settings. We report results from a randomized trial of the government of Ghanas school feeding. After two years, the program led to moderate average increases in math and literacy standardized scores among pupils in treatment communities, and to larger achievement gains for girls and disadvantaged children and regions. Improvements in child schooling, cognition, and nutrition constituted suggestive impact mechanisms, especially for educationally-disadvantaged groups. The program combined equitable human capital accumulation with social protection, contributing to the learning for all sustainable development agenda.",School feeding programmes,"-The intervention concerns a School Feeding Program

The government of Ghana initiated the GSFP in 2005 with a four-year program budget of more than US$200 million (GSFP 2006). Funding for the program is now integrated into the government annual budget. GSFP coordination and implementation are undertaken by a National Secretariat, with program oversight provided by the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection. The program is decentralized; private caterers are awarded contracts by the GSFP to procure, prepare, and serve food to pupils in the targeted schools. Cash transfers (and, recently, electronic payments) are made from the District Assemblies to caterers based on 54 Ghana pesewas per child per day (roughly US$0.33) every two weeks. Each caterer is responsible for procuring food from the market on a competitive basis, preparing school meals, and distributing food to pupils. Supervision at the school level is undertaken by the School Implementing Committees (Page 79).",Math test scores | Literacy | Index of primary education | Primary school enrolment | Primary school attendance | Completed years of school | Index of student cognitive development | Other cognitive test scores,"-A measure of Math score 
(Page 95, Table 4) | -A measure of literacy test
(Page 95, Table 4) | -A measure of  Composite Learning Score at primary level

 Composite Learning Score (Page 95, Table 4) | -A measure of enrolment
(Page 100, Table 6) | -A measure of attendance
(Page 100, Table 6) | -A measure of grade
(Page 100, Table 6) | -A measure of Composite Cognitive Score
(Page 102, Table 7) | -A measure of child cognitive
This includes (Page 102, Table 7):
(a)  Standardized Progressive Matrixes (SPM)
(b) Digit span, 
These indicators represent two
distinct cognitive dimensions. While the SPM test is an adaptation of the commonly
used Raven’s progressive matrices test and measures nonverbal fluid intelligence and
problem-solving ability, the digit span test assesses working memory and executive function (Page 104).",Human development and gender,Food security,Health,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex | Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Place of residence | Sex | Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Government agency,"effect of school feeding was mostly similar between children of different age groups at baseline,",Individual,School Feeding Programme | Randomized Experiment | Large-Scale | GHANA,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2020/12/03/jhr.58.3.1019-10515R1,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Free Maternity Policies in Kenya: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis,"Orangi, Stacey | Kairu, Angela | Malla, Lucas | Ondera, Joanne | Mbuthia, Boniface | Ravishankar, Nirmala | Barasa, Edwine",2021.0,Journal article,"BACKGROUND: User fees have been reported to limit access to services and increase inequities. As a result, Kenya introduced a free maternity policy in all public facilities in 2013. Subsequently in 2017, the policy was revised to the Linda Mama programme to expand access to private sector, expand the benefit package and change its management., METHODS: An interrupted time-series analysis on facility deliveries, antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) visits data between 2012 and 2019 was used to determine the effect of the two free maternity policies. These data were from 5419 public and 305 private and faith-based facilities across all counties, with data sourced from the health information system. A segmented negative binomial regression with seasonality accounted for, was used to determine the level (immediate) effect and trend (month-on-month) effect of the policies., RESULTS: The 2013 free-maternity policy led to a 19.6% and 28.9% level increase in normal deliveries and caesarean sections, respectively, in public facilities. There was also a 1.4% trend decrease in caesarean sections in public facilities. A level decrease followed by a trend increase in PNC visits was reported in public facilities. For private and faith-based facilities, there was a level decrease in caesarean sections and ANC visits followed by a trend increase in caeserean sections following the 2013 policy.Furthermore, the 2017 Linda Mama programme showed a level decrease then a trend increase in PNC visits and a 1.1% trend decrease in caesarean sections in public facilities. In private and faith-based facilities, there was a reported level decrease in normal deliveries and caesarean sections and a trend increase in caesarean sections., CONCLUSION: The free maternity policies show mixed effects in increasing access to maternal health services. Emphasis on other accessibility barriers and service delivery challenges alongside user fee removal policies should be addressed to realise maximum benefits in maternal health utilisation. Copyright Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.",Healthcare funding reform | External funding for healthcare,"In an effort to increase access, the government of Kenya introduced the free maternity policy in 2013 where all  user fees associated with maternal health were removed across all levels of care in the public sector. Evidence  suggests that while this policy was intended to cover ANC, deliveries and PNC, in practice only deliveries were covered.14 In 2017, the government of Kenya made a policy decision to move the management of the free maternity programme from the Ministry of Health to the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) with the focus of improving efficiency, accountability and effectiveness. The revised free maternity programme labelled ‘Linda Mama’ was introduced in a phased approach with  an extension of services beyond the public sector as well as an expansion of the benefit package. Phase 1 of the  programme started in April 2017 and involved private for-profit and faith-based healthcare facilities contracted  by the NHIF to offer delivery services. Phase 2 began in July 2017, and all public healthcare facilities were to be  contracted to offer delivery services. Finally, phase 3 was rolled out in March 2018 and included expansion of the  benefit package to include ANC and PNC care across contracted public, private and faith-based healthcare facilities (page 2).",Healthcare utilisation | Antenatal care | Follow up attendance | Live birth at healthcare facility | Caesarean delivery,"We analysed the level and trend changes in intervention outcomes (maternal health utilisation). Specifically, the intervention outcomes were ANC visits, normal deliveries, caesarean sections, and PNC visits (page 3).",Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Population policies/programmes and reproductive health,Quasi-experimental,Interrupted time series analysis,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Not specified,Firm/organisation,Female | Humans | Pregnancy | Kenya | Prenatal Care | Policy | *Maternal Health Services | Delivery | Obstetric,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003649,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The effects of public health insurance expansion on private health insurance in urban China,"Hou, Xiaohui | Zhang, Jing",2017.0,Journal article,"The public social health insurance coverage has rapidly increased in China in the last decade. The rapid market development and high economic growth also present an immense opportunity for the private insurance market. This paper uses the China Health and Nutrition Survey panel data and the difference-in-difference method to identify the causal effects of public health insurance expansion on private health insurance development in the case of expansion of the China Urban Residential Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) program. The paper finds private health insurance enrollment is not affected by the introduction and expansion of URBMI. Rather, private health insurance plays supplementary roles. The findings present the challenges and opportunities for public policies to develop and regulate private health insurance to meet the market niches and provide health insurance to the demands of a heterogeneous population. The findings also have broader implications for other developing nations where public health insurance intends to rapidly expand towards the universal health coverage.",Private health insurance,"""The paper focuses on the URBMI program (which was piloted in 2007 and rapidly expanded by 2011) in order to understand the impact of public health insurance expansion on the uptake of private health insurance. The enrollment of URBMI remains voluntary. The targeted population for this program is those who are not covered by any public health insurance
coverage, i.e. UEBMI, or Government insurance, including self-employed, children, the elderly and other unemployed"" (page 365)",Health insurance,Table 1 The health insurance take-up across types and waves. Table 2 The supplementary role of private health insurance. Table 3 Treatment effects of URBMI expansion on URBMI and private health insurance coverage,Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,China,East Asia and Pacific,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,,"""We limited the sample to urban individuals and applied separate regressions for three different groups: working population (18 ≤ age ≤ 60), children (age < 18) and the elderly (age > 60)."" (page 366)",Community/village,Health | Formal and Informal Sectors | Economic Development: Human Resources | Health: Government Policy | Human Development | Income Distribution,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Reduced Inequality,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10754-017-9213-0,Co-location model,"Food security, health, and nutrition",98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Youth-in-Agribusiness Program on Employment Creation in Nigeria,"Bello, Lateef Olalekan | Baiyegunhi, Lloyd James Segun | Mignouna, Djana | Adeoti, Razack | Dontsop-Nguezet, Paul Matin | Abdoulaye, Tahirou | Manyong, Victor | Bamba, Zoumana | Awotide, Bola Amoke",2021.0,Journal article,"The increasing rate of youth unemployment in Africa, particularly in Nigeria, remains among the challenges to social and economic stability. Accordingly, the Nigerian government implemented several interventions, including the Youth-in-Agribusiness (YIA) program to reduce youth unemployment. However, the effect of these programs on gainful employment creation is yet to be documented. Therefore, this study examined the impact of the YIA program on creating gainful employment among the youth. Multistage random sampling was used to obtain cross-sectional data from 668 youth in Southwestern Nigeria. Propensity score matching and endogenous switching probit techniques were used for the estimations. Results indicated that variables such as educational attainment, access to training, non-agricultural activity, membership in a youth organization, access to credit, productive resources, and youth location were significant and positively influenced youth decision to participate in the YIA program. Furthermore, participation in the YIA program has a significant positive impact on gainful employment among the youth. Therefore, the study recommends that strengthening social capital such as youth organization, credit scheme (financed by private and government), vocational training, and educational system is vital in enhancing participation in the YIA program and eventually gainful employment of youth.",Agricultural extension worker training,"The Youth in Agribusiness (YIA) programme is one that gives practical training and sets up businesses for youths in forms of crops and animal production and, agro-processing. 'After training, the participants were allocated
land for the establishment of their businesses. Incentives such as storage facilities and
livestock structures (houses), inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, foundation stock (for animal production), feeds, etc., were provided for the youth. The youth could take ownership of their businesses and also source for available markets and sell their farm produce' (Pages: 2 and 6)",Index of employment,"'where E∗1i and E∗0i
are the unobservable (latent) variable for gainful employment of participants and non-participants, respectively'. 'The outcome indicator for gainful employment was defined as a minimum sustainable amount of money a young person earns monthly (₦30,000); which is the nationally
approved minimum wage in Nigeria' (Pages: 7-8, Equation: 5-6)",Finance,Agricultural finance,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"In selecting the youth (between 15 to 35 years) that participated in the YIA program and those that did not participate, a multistage random sampling technique was employed.",State/Provincial | Individual,Impact | youth | Agribusiness | Employment | Propensity  Score  Matching (PSM) | Endogenous switching probit | Nigeria,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/14/7801,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Evaluation of an unconditional cash transfer program targeting children's first-1,000-days linear growth in rural Togo: A cluster-randomized controlled trial",Justine Briaux | Yves Martin-Prevel | Sophie Carles | Sonia Fortin | Yves Kameli | Laura Adubra | Renk Andre'a | Yawavi Agboka | Magali Romedenne | Fe´licite´ Mukantambara | Dyck John Van | Boko Joachim | Renaud Becque | Mathilde Savy,2020.0,Journal article,"Abstract BackgroundIn 2014, the government of Togo implemented a pilot unconditional cash transfer (UCT) program in rural villages that aimed at improving children’s nutrition, health, and protection. It combined monthly UCTs (approximately US$8.40 /month) with a package of community activities (including behavior change communication [BCC] sessions, home visits, and integrated community case management of childhood illnesses and acute malnutrition [ICCMNut]) delivered to mother–child pairs during the first “1,000 days” of life. We primarily investigated program impact at population level on children’s height-for-age z-scores (HAZs) and secondarily on stunting (HAZ &lt; −2) and intermediary outcomes including household’s food insecurity, mother–child pairs’ diet and health, delivery in a health facility and low birth weight (LBW), women’s knowledge, and physical intimate partner violence (IPV).Methods and findingsWe implemented a parallel-cluster–randomized controlled trial, in which 162 villages were randomized into either an intervention arm (UCTs + package of community activities, n = 82) or a control arm (package of community activities only, n = 80). Two different representative samples of children aged 6–29 months and their mothers were surveyed in each arm, one before the intervention in 2014 (control: n = 1,301, intervention: n = 1,357), the other 2 years afterwards in 2016 (control: n = 996, intervention: n = 1,035). Difference-indifferences (DD) estimates of impact were calculated, adjusting for clustering. Children’s average age was 17.4 (± 0.24 SE) months in the control arm and 17.6 (± 0.19 SE) months in the intervention arm at baseline. UCTs had a protective effect on HAZ (DD = +0.25 zscores, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01–0.50, p = 0.039), which deteriorated in the control arm while remaining stable in the intervention arm, but had no impact on stunting (DD = −6.2 percentage points [pp], relative odds ratio [ROR]: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.51–1.06, p = 0.097). UCTs positively impacted both mothers’ and children’s (18–23 months) consumption of animal source foods (ASFs) (respectively, DD = +4.5 pp, ROR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.09– 4.61, p = 0.029 and DD = +9.1 pp, ROR: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.01–6.98, p = 0.048) and household food insecurity (DD = −10.7 pp, ROR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43–0.91, p = 0.016). UCTs did not impact on reported child morbidity 2 week’s prior to report (DD = −3.5 pp, ROR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.56–1.14, p = 0.214) but reduced the financial barrier to seeking healthcare for sick children (DD = −26.4 pp, ROR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08–0.66, p = 0.006). Women who received cash had higher odds of delivering in a health facility (DD = +10.6 pp, ROR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.10–2.13, p = 0.012) and lower odds of giving birth to babies with birth weights (BWs) &lt;2,500 g (DD = −11.8, ROR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.10–0.82, p = 0.020). Positive effects were also found on women’s knowledge (DD = +14.8, ROR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.32–2.62, p &lt; 0.001) and physical IPV (DD = −7.9 pp, ROR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.36–0.99, p = 0.048). Study limitations included the short evaluation period (24 months) and the low coverage of UCTs, which might have reduced the program’s impact. Conclusions UCTs targeting the first “1,000 days” had a protective effect on child’s linear growth in rural areas of Togo. Their simultaneous positive effects on various immediate, underlying, and basic causes of malnutrition certainly contributed to this ultimate impact. The positive impacts observed on pregnancy- and birth-related outcomes call for further attention to the conception period in nutrition-sensitive programs",Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) | Nutrition education and behaviour change | Growth monitoring and assessment of children,"The pilot CT program was administered for 30 months in 2014 by the government of Togo, with financial and technical support from the World Bank and UNICEF. It consisted of monthly cash distributions to women during their children’s first 1,000 days of life (5,000 XOF, i.e., US$8.30/month) combined with behavior change communication (BCC) activities (including home visits and community sensitization meetings) and with the integrated community case management of childhood illnesses and acute malnutrition (ICCM-Nut). The program was implemented in the 5 districts (Dankpen, Doufelgou, Keran, Oti, and Kpendjal) of the Kara and Savanes regions, where the highest rates of acute and chronic malnutrition in children under 5 exist.",Stunting in children | Dietary diversity - maternal care | Food consumption | Early initiation of breastfeeding | Dietary diversity | Food security index | Index of maternal knowledge and behaviour | Index of empowerment | Sexual and intimate partner violence | Index of household expenditure | Environmental hygiene | Post-partum care | Low birth weight | Use of modern birth attendants | Antenatal care | Index of healthcare utilisation | Index of child health,"Impact on child’s linear growth and stunting page 14 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the food and nutrient pathway-Child feeding practices table 3 page 17 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the food and nutrient pathway-Child feeding practices  table 3 page 17 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the food and nutrient pathway- Child feeding practices table 3 page 17 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the food and nutrient pathway-Maternal nutrition  table 3 page 17 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the food and nutrient pathway-Household food insecurity table 3 pg17 | Program’s impact on enabling factors-Women’s overall knowledge table 3 page 20 | Program’s impact on enabling factors-Women’s empowerment table 5 pg 20 | Program’s impact on enabling factors-IPV—over the last 12 months  table 5 page 20 | Program’s impact on enabling factors-Household monthly per capita expenditures1 in XOF table 5 page 20 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the health and hygiene pathway-Child, maternal, and environmental hygiene—all women and children table 4 page 18 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the health and hygiene pathway-Postnatal care table 4pg18 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the health and hygiene pathway-Newborns’ weight—children aged 6–19 months page 18 table 4 | Program’s impact on intermediary outcomes along the health and hygiene pathway.-Delivery—birth mothers of children aged 6–23 months table 4 pg18 | Maternal antenatal care—birth mothers of children aged 6–19 months table 3 page 18 | Child medical follow-up—all children table 3 page 18 | Child health—all children page 18 table 3",Human development and gender,Child health,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Togo,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,Women who were at least 3 months pregnant and mothers of children aged 0–23 months were eligible to receive the CT. Pg 6,Individual,difference-indifferences | TOGO | Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Unconditional Cash Transfers,Cash transfers,Good Health and Well-being,,https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003388,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",126.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,Favours control | Favours treatment | Indeterminate,5% level (**) | Not statistically significant | 10% level (*) | 1% level (***),,,,,
Do Private Consultants Promote Savings and Investments in Rural Mozambique?,"Christian, Paul | Glover, Steven | Kondylis, Florence | Mueller, Valerie | Ruzzante, Matteo | Zwager, Astrid",2021.0,Journal article,"Advice from management professionals can help small- and medium-sized firms reach complex financial goals in low- and middle-income countries. We apply lessons learned in the firm literature to determine the degree in which farmer associations face constraints to management and planning capacity that can be alleviated by the provision of advice from external consultants. In particular, we conducted a randomized control trial in 42 water user associations (WUAs) in Mozambique to examine whether more intensive attention from financial consultants through repeated follow-up visits prompts households to save and invest in agricultural equipment. All WUAs received a financial literacy training and were eligible to receive a matching grant. Twenty-one WUAs were randomized into the treatment group that additionally were visited by private consultants quarterly, who tailored their advice to meet individuals’ own savings and investment objectives. We find the follow-up visits increase ‘hidden savings’ in the form of new capital investments on farmers’ own account. Thus, the visits may have changed savings’ habits by leading farmers to invest in technologies that were not directly subsidized. Our ability to detect an additional effect on the type of investments farmers targeted through the matching grant and, hence, the savings for the respective investments is limited given the power of our study design. Although the proportion of households saving increased, the intervention was likely less cost-effective than other modalities aimed to enhance the proclivity to save.",Financial management training | Equipment grants,"""We conducted an experiment within the broader World Bank-financed PROIRRI Sustainable Irrigation Development Project, which sought to boost smallholder productivity through two main interventions: (1) the rehabilitation and building of irrigation infrastructure, and (2) the
provision of cost-sharing grants for investment in machinery and post-harvest activities.""

""The training covered topics such as money management, credit management, cashflow decisions, financial literacy, management skills, and farming input/output production accounting. The training was conducted by a private consulting firm with materials tailored to smallholder farmers with market opportunities"" (p.24)","Total savings | Mechanised farming equipment | Overall agricultural expenditure | Investment in property, plant, and equipment","Cumulative impact on household savings: Probability to Save, Savings per Household (p.29, table 2) | Impact on mechanization use: Cattle, Animal traction, Cart, Tractor, Plough, Motocultivator, Seeder, Trailer, Motorpump, Electric pump (p30, table 3) | costs of workers, seeds, equipment rent, plot rent, livestock (p.31, table 4) | Probability to Get the Equipment; equipment value (p.32, table 6)",Finance,Agricultural finance,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry",Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth,Mozambique,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International financial institution,Not applicable,Individual,Agriculture | Financial Literacy | Investment | Matching Grants | Mozambique | Saving,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Zero Hunger,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/agec.12672,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Infrastructure development and financing|Prizes and challenges,Investment levels|Economic growth,121.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Economic Impacts of Professional Training in The Informal Sector: The Case of the Labor Force Training Program in Cote d'Ivoire,"Verner, Dorte | Verner, Mette",2005.0,Published working paper,"This paper addresses the economic impact of the labor force training program (PAFPA) developed for the informal sector in Côte d’Ivoire. The data contain a subsample of the participants in the agricultural sector, tailoring sector, and the electronics sector and a comparable control group of nonparticipants. The data have been analyzed by use of standard program evaluation tools, namely difference-in-difference estimators, in order to detect potential program impacts. We find positive economic impacts as a result of training received for some groups, namely women, the agricultural and electronics sectors, firms employing 1-3 individuals and firms with 10 or more employees.",Agricultural extension worker training,In this paper we address impacts of the training component of PAFPA measured through skills improvement (and therefore productivity) by beneficiaries' revenue and income.,Forced labour,In this paper the economic impact of the labor force training program in the informal sector of Côte d’Ivoire has been analyzed.,Urban and rural development,Urban infrastructure and service delivery,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Côte d'Ivoire,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,The data  available for this study consist of 548 individuals where 227 have participated in the  program and the remaining 321 individuals are included in the survey as a control group,Individual,labor force training program (PAFPA) | Agricultural Sector | Difference-In-Differences (DD) Analysis | Côte d’Ivoire,Not applicable,No Poverty,,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8197,Technical and vocational training,Income|Productivity gains,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Guatemala Highlands Value Chain Development Alliance – Project Effectiveness Review,"Fuller, Robert",2012.0,Published report,"Under Oxfam Great Britain‟s (OGB) Global Performance Framework (GPF), samples of mature projects are being selected at random each year to undergo a rigorous assessment of their effectiveness. In the financial year of 2011/12, the Guatemala Highlands Value Chain Development Alliance (GUAB49) was selected for evaluation against OGB‟s global indicator for women‟s empowerment: Proportion of supported women demonstrating greater involvement in household decision-making and influencing affairs at the community level. This project, together with two related projects (GUAB38 and GUAB62), have provided support to members of producer associations in the Department of Sololá, in partnership with the Asociación de Desarollo Agricola y Microempresarial (ADAM), and in alliance with Sysco, Superior Foods and Alimentos Sumar, the purchasers of the produce of the four associations. The primary objectives of these projects have been to improve household food security and strengthen agricultural livelihoods. Activities have included: agricultural extension support, distribution of fertiliser, training on the cultivation of kitchen gardens, provision of productive infrastructure to associations, and support in establishing linkages to private-sector vegetable exporters. At the same time, the activities are seeking to strengthen the position of women within the associations and within their households, with many of the activities carried out specifically with female members of the associations. In February 2012, with the support of an external consultant, a team of enumerators administered a household survey to 383 members of producers‟ associations and producers‟ groups in the Department of Sololá. As well as members of the supported associations, enumerators interviewed members of comparable associations and groups that had not received similar external support. The survey was designed to allow evaluation of the projects against their intended outcomes and against OGB‟s global indicator for women‟s empowerment. At the analysis stage, the statistical tools of propensity score matching and multivariable regression were used to control for measured differences between the supported and comparison households. The effectiveness review found evidence of positive impact on the ability of women to influence decisions in producer associations, as well as on attitudes to women‟s economic roles among women themselves. These effects are mostly concentrated on those women who were not directly members of the producer associations themselves, but who are wives or partners of male association members. To some extent, this may be because many of the women who are direct beneficiaries are members of women-only associations, and, consequently, there is less potential for their influence in their associations to change, as compared to women in mixed associations. There is no evidence to date that the projects have impacted women‟s influence in household level decision-making; the extent of women‟s involvement in such decision-making was found to be approximately the same among the supported and comparison households. On the livelihoods outcomes, results are mixed. The projects appear to have been highly successful in encouraging the adoption of some improved agricultural techniques and cultivation of broccoli and other vegetables. However, there is, as of yet, no indication that this has led to higher returns to producer households. Surprisingly, the distribution of significant quantities of fertiliser in 2011 had no detectable effect on maize yields. Moreover, there is no evidence of an effect of activities carried out thus far on household income, food security or other measures of wellbeing. Suggestions to enable to programme team to learn from this effectiveness review include: Consider whether and how project activities are intended to reinforce each other when designing projects, as well as how evaluation will be carried out. Consider using the sample interviewed for the project effectiveness review as a baseline for the full project (GUAB62). Investigate why the fertiliser distribution and other agricultural support did not lead to improved agricultural productivity or increased household income.&nbsp;",Warehousing and other storage services for agricultural products | Introduction of agricultural extension services | Access to output markets for smallholder farmers | Agricultural marketing training | Strengthening farmer-based organisations | Improved inputs for agriculture | Farmer organisation-based credit,"The first of these projects, GUAB38, was launched to support food security 
and livelihoods in the aftermath of the devastation caused by Tropical Storm 
Agatha in May 2010. The project‟s interventions included supporting selected members of these associations to establish kitchen gardens and increase maize production (through the provision of technical support and fertiliser), as well as providing each association with three silos of maize for selling to members when prices are high. In three of the associations, ADAM also established “revolving fund” credit groups for a selection of members.
In 2011, the project GUAB49 constructed infrastructure for four of the associations, including composting plants, collection and storage centres for produce, and seedling banks. Also at this time, ADAM and Oxfam formed a 
partnership with a private-sector exporter to support producers to farm 
broccoli on a commercial scale. The newer project, GUAB62, is now building 
on this base to strengthen producers‟ linkages with commercial exporters. 
Moreover, under GUAB49, a small number of women from two of the 
associations were trained in the marketing of handicrafts and agricultural produce, using Oxfam‟s women‟s economic leadership (WEL) methodology. The producer associations existed before the start of these projects, and ADAM began supporting them through a project funded by a different donor in 
2008. ADAM has actively encouraged the participation of women in these 
associations, and many of the activities of the Oxfam-supported projects have 
specifically aimed at promoting greater involvement for women. For example, 
the committees formed to manage the maize silos provided by Oxfam and 
ADAM were composed solely of women. (One of the associations included in all three projects has only women members, but the other associations have mixed membership.) (page 6). 

This effectiveness review assessed the impact of the two projects GUAB38 and GUAB49, but only in the four producer associations which are included in GUAB49.","Maize yield | Area allocated to crops | Maize volume sold | Other vegetable yield | Crop diversification | Participation and inclusion | Index of household income | Index of household expenditure | Food security index | Dietary diversity | Index of household wealth or assets | Index of social attitudes, behaviours, or norms. | Economic empowerment | Empowerment","a) Quantity of maize produced in 2011 (quintals) (p.25, t.7.4)
b) Maize yield on 2011 (quintals per cuerda) (p.25, t.7.4) | Area cultivated with maize in 2011 (p.25, t.7.4) | Any maize sold during 2011 (binary variable) (p.25, t.7.4) | Table 7.6: Household produced and sold broccoli during 2011 (page 26). | Table 7.8: Number of crops (other than maize and broccoli) produced and sold by the household in 2011 | Any adult women in the household are engaged in agriculture (p.28, t.7.9) | Proportion of respondents reporting that their household is able to meet its basic needs and save for the future from household income (p.29, t.7.10) | Value of household consumption expenditure (natural logarithm of quetzals per person per day) | Food security score (first principle component – higher numbers represent lower food security) | Number of food types consumed by household members in the 7 days prior to the survey | Change in asset index between 2010 and date of survey | Attitudes to gender roles among respondents (scores constructed by factor analysis) | Women’s self-efficacy (scores constructed by factor analysis) | a) Global indicator for women’s empowerment
b) Women’s influence in community-level producer associations (scores constructed by factor analysis)
c) Women’s involvement in household decision-making (percentage score)",Human development and gender,Gender,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry",Government and civil society,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Guatemala,Latin America and Caribbean |  |,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive methodology,Sex | Socioeconomic status,Not specified,Not specified,Not specified,Household | Individual,Guatemala Highlands | Value Chain Development Alliance | Women Empowerment | Agriculture Extension,Agricultural technology,Gender Equality | Zero Hunger | No Poverty,,https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/277752/er-value-chain-guatemala-effectiveness-review-020413-en.pdf;jsessionid=92A4CE63F8D5571F3A07ACD1ABBDD258?sequence=1,Direct financing of private sector actors|Advisory support|Infrastructure development and financing|Matchmaking,"Productivity gains|Income|Social factors|Food security, health, and nutrition|Employment",108.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Does a Joint United Nations Microfinance 'Plus' Program Empower Female Farmers in Rural Ethiopia? Evidence Using the pro-WEAI,"Hillesland, Marya | Kaaria, Susan | Mane, Erdgin | Alemu, Mihret | Slavchevska, Vanya",2022.0,Journal article,"Microfinance is thought to be an effective tool for empowering women. Yet, previous studies that evaluate microfinance programs have mixed findings. This is in part because there are large variations in the interventions that are evaluated, but also that there is not a standardized metric of empowerment that is implemented consistently throughout the literature. This study investigates the effectiveness of a joint United Nations program aimed at empowering rural women through women-run rural savings and credit cooperatives in Oromia, Ethiopia, using the project-Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Index. Building on more than a decade of studies and validation of different versions of the Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Index, the tool aims to provide a standardized and comparable metric of women’s empowerment that is flexible enough to measure impacts of development projects. This study finds that the program had a positive impact on intrinsic agency for the beneficiaries with continued access to credit through the RUSACCOs between the baseline and endline. For this group of beneficiaries, the program seemed to increase the trust and respect between spouses. There is a second group of beneficiaries that appeared to have dropped out at the initial stages of the program or lost access to credit, suggesting there may have been problems with the program or possible resistance by spouses or community members. The study expands our understanding of how to measure women’s empowerment impacts of development projects within the context of a smallholder agricultural households",Access to microcredit | Financial literacy | Entrepreneurship training | Seed grants | Borehole with hand pump | Agricultural extension worker training,"( page 1) ""A United Nations Joint Programme on Rural Women’s Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) implemented in the communities of Oromia, Ethiopia, provided women in agricultural households with greater access to credit through women-run rural savings and
credit cooperatives (RUSACCOs).""

(page 2-3) ""The UNJP-RWEE strengthened the RUSACCOs’ capacity to provide cash loans through revolving funds at low interest rates, and provided additional training in financial literacy, entrepreneurship skills, and business development...In 2017 and 2018, the UNJP-RWEE provided the RUSACCOs with seeds, water pumps, and hoses to distribute and share among the members. Additionally, the UNJP-RWEE provided 325 beneficiaries with goats and sheep. Fewer ruminants were distributed in the communities in Yaya Gulele than in Dodola and Adami Tulu. However, unlike the other two woredas, the UNJP-RWEE provided the
RUSACCOs in the Yaya Gulele communities a farmer’s training center to support women’s economic development, beehive and honey making equipment, and milk processing technologies. Members of the RUSACCOs also had access to agricultural training courses, which addressed control and management of local household food reserves, growing small-scale fodder, vegetable and crop production innovations, and small ruminant management
practices. In addition, community facilitators were trained to conduct gender-focused community conversations directed at both men and women. """,Index of access to credit,"UN Joint Programme impacts on specific groups: Women, Married woman and Men are the groups. The outcomes are Beneficiaries with access to credit, Beneficiaries without access to credit or left RUSACCO (page 11, table 6)",Finance,Agricultural finance,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,Ethiopia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Equity sensitive methodology | Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex | Other,International aid agency,International aid agency,"To qualify for credit, the recipient had to be a member of the RUSACCO, which required saving a fixed amount every month and participating in the required group activities. Additionally, they must have lived in the kebele for at least two years, be over 18 years of age, be productively engaged in an income generating activity, and have no current debt. Beneficiaries could take out more than one loan, but to qualify for additional loans, the previous had to be fully repaid. (page 2)",Individual,pro-WEAI | Rural women’s empowerment | Gender parity | Ethiopia | Microfinance Program,Microfinance | Business training | Rotating savings and credit associations,No Poverty | Gender Equality,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22000997?via%3Dihub,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Direct financing of private sector actors,Social factors,138.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Public private partnerships: only for the well-off? Evidence from the rural productive partnership project in Colombia,"PARRA-PEÑA S, Rafael Isidro | LUNDY, Mark | BISCHLER, Jana | ASTORQUIZA, Bilver Adrian | HURTADO, John Jairo",2016.0,Published working paper,"This paper focuses on assessing the evidence that Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) work well for producers from vulnerable backgrounds and/or located in post conflict zones. Looking at data from the Rural Productive Partnership Project (PAAP), a decade long program designed to overcome market barriers in Colombia, and using a combination of statistical and econometric techniques such as principal component analysis, survival models and impact assessment methods, results reveal that partnerships with vulnerable populations perform similar to others with better off participants. Partnerships in post-conflict zones perform slightly worse than those in other areas. Additionally, there is no difference in the duration of agribusiness contracts, regardless of producers’ backgrounds and location in a post-conflict zone or not. The impact assessment exercise confirms an increase in households’ sales of the PAAP product. These findings suggest that market access PPPs such as the PAAP can be inclusive, helping to link marginalized smallholder farmers to modern agricultural value chains.",Organisational contract farming (agriculture) | Access to output markets for farmer-based organisations | Access to input markets for farmer-based organisation | Public-private joint ventures,"The Colombian Rural Productive Partnership program was developed to increase the income and employment of smallholder producers, while at the same time providing buyers with a reliable supply of high quality products (Collion and Friedman, 2012). Within this framework, a Productive Alliance (PA) is defined as a commercial agreement that brings Commercial Partners (CP) together with a Producer Organizations (PO) with explicit marketing goals. It involves public grants to upgrade 
the PO through technical assistance, infrastructure and equipment. Despite the model’s widespread implementation in around 10 Latin American countries1 with funds from the World Bank, there is little empirical evidence on its effectiveness in facilitating competitive and sustainable agribusiness or its impact on the welfare of participating 
rural households. Critics often voice the concern that PPPs exclude marginalized and disadvantaged groups who might find themselves in unequal relationships with a more powerful corporate partner (Reed and Reed, 2009; Utting and Zammit, 2009; IFAD, 2013). This study assesses Colombia’s ‘Rural Productive Partnerships Project’ (PAAP according to its Spanish acronym), which has been operating since 2002, has reached 
49,000 households and established 802 PAs in 2014. Evidence from Colombia’s 
experience is used to assess the effectiveness of agribusiness PPPs, with a focus on whether the model works for producers from vulnerable populations and those located in post-conflict zones. Vulnerable populations are defined as households from ethnic minorities such as Afro-Colombians and indigenous populations, the internally displaced and victims of violence. The participation of marginal populations grew over the two phases of PAAP reaching 29.7% in 2014 (page 3).",Overall household income | Milk quantity | Food security index | Farmer-based organisations,"Total annual income (table 14) | Sales of the PAAP product (milk) (table 14). | Food Security (table 14). | Productive Partnership Performance Index (PPPI)
In order to assess the performance of the PA, an index was constructed. The PPPI measures the PA's performance based on three dimensions: competitiveness, efficiency in business management and sustainability (table 14).",Urban and rural development,Rural markets,"Industry, trade, and services","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,"“Evidence from Colombia’s experience is used to assess the effectiveness of agribusiness PPPs, with a focus on whether the model works for producers from vulnerable populations and those located in post-conflict zones. Vulnerable populations are defined as households from ethnic minorities such as Afro-Colombians and indigenous populations, the internally displaced and victims of violence” (page 2 - 3)",Household | Firm/organisation,Agricultural Markets and Marketing | Agricultural Policy | Smallholder Farmers | Vulnerable Populations,Business training,Zero Hunger | No Poverty | Peace and Justice Strong Institutions,,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305622315_Public_private_partnerships_only_for_the_well-off_Evidence_from_the_rural_productive_partnership_project_in_Colombia,Infrastructure development and financing,"Income|Food security, health, and nutrition|Social factors",140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Technology Diffusion within Families: Experimental Evidence from Nicaragua,"Ceballos-Sierra, Federico | Arends-Kuenning, Mary Paul | Hewey, Anina",2022.0,Journal article,"Purpose: Different forms of social learning have been explored to act as complements to conventional extension services. This paper examines the possibility of using vocational training to high school students who in turn transfer information to their parents.Design/Methodology/approach: We conduct a randomized control trial in nine communities in rural Nicaragua and evaluate changes in the knowledge of agricultural technologies, access to credit markets, and technology adoption for parents and students using a difference-in-difference approach. Findings: Our results show improvements in knowledge-based outcomes for students and parents, and increased access to credit markets and adoption of agricultural technologies by parents. Practical Implications: Given the increase in schooling across developing countries, our results suggest that programs designed around within-family information diffusion can complement more conventional forms of agricultural extension. Theoretical Implications: Little explored channels of information exchange can act as complements or substitutes of conventional extension models, where those are weak or non-existent. Originality/Value: This paper is one of the first to explore and evaluate the teacher-student-parent of information exchange as an alternative for agricultural technology diffusion.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"""This intervention provides high school students in impoverished rural communities with practical instruction in areas linked to agricultural productivity.""
""In order to achieve broader coverage in rural areas, where geographic dispersion is an issue, the Government of Nicaragua implements a Distance Rural Education program. Students in this program only attend classes for one day during the weekend (generally on Saturday), and work or receive vocational training during the week. Fabretto recognized the opportunity of working with young people who choose the Distance Rural Education program and offered them technical-vocational training."" P.5",Index of agricultural knowledge | Adoption of recommended agricultural product marketing practices | Income from agriculture | Index of access to credit,"""For each group, we monitor changes in key outcomes of both parents and students
that fall into three broad categories: knowledge of the material covered."" P.3 | ""For each group, we monitor changes in key outcomes of both parents and students
that fall into three broad categories"" 2. adoption of technologies that relate to that material."" P.3 | ""For each group, we monitor changes in key outcomes of both parents and students
that fall into three broad categories: 3. income | ""For each group, we monitor changes in key outcomes of both parents and students
that fall into three broad categories : 3. income and access to credit markets.""",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Nicaragua,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,We present an experimental evaluation of the effect of a vocational training program - Tutorial Learning System (SATec) - on agricultural technology diffusion and adoption in vulnerable rural communities in Northern Nicaragua,Individual,Technology Adoption | Randomized Control Trial | Social Learning | Agricultural Extension | Credit Markets,Agricultural technology,Quality Education,,https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2022.2043918,Technical and vocational training,"Social factors|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",111.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Highway Concessions and Road Safety: Evidence from Brazil,"Alves, Pedro Jorge | Emanuel, Lucas | Pereira, Rafael H.M.",2021.0,Journal article,"Reducing road fatalities is a key policy goal in several countries and there is a vast literature on what factors affect road safety performance. Nonetheless, there is limited evidence on whether highway concessions and Public Private Partnerships (PPP) can bring road safety benefits, despite the growing number of countries adopting this type of policy to finance and manage road infrastructure. In this paper, we use a difference-indifferences approach to examine the causal effect of highway concessions on road safety outcomes using daily data from Brazilian Federal highways over 11 years between 2007 and 2017. We exploit the transition from public to private management in some but not all Brazilian states to provide both within- and between-states comparison. We find that concessions promote a small but significant reduction in the number and fatality of road crashes as well as and the number of people and vehicles involved in crashes. Between 2007 and 2017, procured roads had on average 16 fewer deaths then publicly managed highways for every 1000 crashes each year. These road safety benefits only become statistically significant a few years after a concession implementation, but they are marginally larger for every additional year of concession. Finally, our results suggest that including safety-based incentives in concession contracts can substantially improve road safety performance. The findings of the paper have important implications for the social and economic evaluation of road concessions and for road infrastructure policy more broadly.",Institutional capacity building of road agency,"A government launched Highway Consessions programme when Brazil was going through hyperinflation.
""Two parallel road portions were bought from two distinct businesses at the same time. They were treated as a single road stretch that was purchased for computational purposes.""
""Companies running road concessions are obliged by contract to perform regular road maintenance and improvements, including the expansion of two-lane roads into four-lane divided roads, construction of crossings and installation of speed cameras and traffic signs. All concession contracts require companies to provide road assistance including tow trucks, medical assistance, traffic inspection and control centers......."" P.3",Deaths from road collisions | Road collisions incidence,"Deaths per km (p7, table 4) | Crashes per km, Injured per km (p7, table 4)",Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,Transportation,Transport & Storage,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,"Municipal | Surface area (acres, hectares, m², etc.)",Road crashes | Road Safety | Road concessions | Road procurement | Differences-In-Differences,Not applicable,Sustainable Cities and Communities,,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101118,Service management and delivery PPP,Infrastructure,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Search for Good Jobs: Evidence from a Six-year Field Experiment in Uganda,"Bandiera, Oriana | Bassi, Vittorio | Burgess, Robin | Rasul, Imran | Sulaiman, Munshi | Vitali, Anna",2021.0,Published working paper,"One third of the 420 million young people in Africa are unemployed. Understanding how youth search for jobs and what affects their ability to find good jobs is of paramount importance. We do so using a field experiment tracking young job seekers for six years in Uganda's main cities. We examine how two standard labor market interventions impact their search for good jobs: vocational training, vocational training combined with matching youth to firms, and matching only. Training is offered in sectors with high quality firms. The matching intervention assigns workers for interviews with such firms. At baseline, unskilled youth are optimistic about their job prospects, especially over the job offer arrival rate from high quality firms. Relative to controls, those offered vocational training become even more optimistic, search more intensively and direct search towards high quality firms. However, youth additionally offered matching become discouraged because call back rates from firm owners are far lower than their prior. As a result, they search less intensively and direct their search towards lower quality firms. These divergent expectations and search behaviors have persistent impacts: vocational trainees without match offers achieve greater labor market success, largely because they end up employed at higher quality firms than youth additionally offered matching. Our analysis highlights the foundational but separate roles of skills and expectations in job search, how interventions cause youth to become optimistic or discouraged, and how this matters for long run sorting in the labor market.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Access and participation,"An experiment was conducted with 3 different arms: 1. vocational training, 2. vocational training and a matching intervention where workers are offered to have their details passed on to firms in the local labour market, 3. matching only. ""Labor market entrants were recruited into our study from across Uganda, through the offer of potentially receiving six months of sector-specific vocational training in one of eight sectors: welding, motor mechanics, electrical wiring, construction, plumbing, hairdressing, tailoring and catering. The sectors we offered training in are associated with ‘good jobs’ that offer regular employment in high wage firms."" ""Vocational Training: The vocational training intervention provides workers six months of sector-specific training in one of eight sectors. Our intervention partner BRAC covered training costs, at $470 per trainee. Courses were held from Monday through to Friday, for six hours per day; 30% of course content was dedicated to theory, 70% to practical work covering sector-specific skills and managerial/business skills. VTIs signed contracts with BRAC to deliver these standard training courses to workers. They were monitored by regular and unannounced visits by BRAC staff to ensure workers were present and being trained. For each worker, VTIs were
paid half the training fee at the start of training, and half at the end, conditional on them having trained the worker. This staggered timing of payments ensured workers nearly always completed the full course of training conditional on enrolment.
Upon graduation, vocational trainees receive a certificate verifying their new skills. As we document in Alfonsi et al. [2020] and re-confirm later, there are high returns in employment to having certifiable skills from reputable VTIs in these urban labor markets. Matching The match offer is a light-touch and one-off intervention replicating many aspects of
other commonly used labor market interventions in high and low-income settings [Card et al. 2017, McKenzie 2017]. In line with this body of evidence, the match offer intervention was designed to help workers and firms overcome search frictions and improve matches. Workers were first asked whether they wanted their details to be passed onto the kinds of firms in our firm-side survey: nearly all agreed (among both those offered vocational training and those randomized out of that offer). Firms were then presented shortlists of workers that were either: (i) all vocationally trained, or; (ii) all unskilled, but had demonstrated labor market attachment in the sense that they had been willing to undertake six months of intense training. There were a maximum of two workers randomly assigned to firms on each list. In case (i), firms knew what sector the worker had been trained in, but not that training had been paid for by BRAC. We presented stylized CVs of workers to firms (setting a common template). The firm could call back for interview neither, one or both (and of course remained free to recruit workers from outside the evaluation sample). The median worker was matched to a single firm from our firm-side survey"" (Page: 2 and 12)",Job seeking | Jobs guaranteed | Index of household income | Employment status,"""where yis1 is the search behavior of interest at first follow up (t = 1)"" (Page: 23 and 59-60, Equation: 1, Table: 6-7 | ""We start naturally by considering the first job obtained by youth at anytime post-intervention."" (Page: 30 and 61, Equation: 2, Table: 8 | ""Earnings are a second key outcome to consider."" (Page: 32 and 57 and 63, Table: 4 and 10 | ""Has done any work in the last month, Has done any casual work in the last month, Has done any regular work in the last month, Number of months of regular work in the last year, Number of months worked in one of the eight good sectors in the last year, Employment Index"" (Page: 62, Table: 9",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Non-profit organization,"Our study covers 15 urban labor markets in Uganda, including Kampala. Multiple imperfections characterize the job search process: (i) youth enter labor markets lacking skills demanded by …rms; (ii) workers cannot …nance human capital investments post labor market entry; (iii) …rms lack information on worker histories or skills [Abebe et al. 2020, Alfonsi et al. 2020]. The additional imperfections we document are that youth hold optimistic beliefs over their job prospects, and can misattribute information generated from matching interventions. Pg 7",Individual,Job Search | active labor market policies | Youth Employment | Field experiment | UGANDA,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3910330,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Student Learning in Online College Programs,"Cellini, Stephanie Riegg | Grueso, Hernando",2021.0,Journal article,"We draw on administrative data from the country of Colombia to assess differences in student learning in online and traditional on-campus college programs. The Colombian context is uniquely suited to study this topic, as students take a compulsory exit examination at the end of their studies. We can therefore directly compare the performance on the exit exam for students in online and on-campus programs both across and within institutions, degrees, and majors. Using inverse probability weighting methods based on a rich set of background characteristics coupled with institution–degree–major fixed effects, our results suggest that bachelor’s degree students in online programs perform worse on nearly all test score measures (including math, reading, writing, and English) relative to their counterparts in on-campus programs. Results for shorter technical certificates are more mixed. While online students perform significantly worse than on-campus students on exit exams in private institutions, they perform better in SENA—the main public vocational institution in the country.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"""SENA is a tuition-free public institution and by far the
largest provider of vocational training and online short cycle programs in Colombia, enrolling nearly half of all
technical students. There is just one other public institution
that offers online technical education in the Colombia,
UNAD (Open and Distance Learning National University)
with just 1,500 students, but—unlike SENA—it charges
tuition."" ""We next turn to students who complete either 3-year tecnológico or 2-year técnico profesional degrees and are represented in the Saber TyT data."" (Page: 3 and 9",Composite test scores,"""where Score is a z score for either the quantitative analysis,
reading, writing, English, civics, or field exam taken at the
end of college"", ""Quantitative Exam z Score"" (Page: 6 and 10, Equation: 2, Table: 5)",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Education,Not specified,Not specified,"We draw on administrative data from about 500,000 students exiting technical certificate and bachelor’s degree programs between 2012 and 2017",Firm/organisation,Econometric Analysis | Higher Education | instructional technologies | international education/studies | online learning | Latin America | Development | postsecondary education | quasi-experimental analysis | regression analyses | vocational education,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/23328584211008105,Technical and vocational training,Education,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Does Agri-Business/Small and Medium Enterprise Investment Scheme (AGSMEIS) Impact on Youth Entrepreneurship Development in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Nigeria,"Okolo-Obasi, Elda N. | Uduji, Joseph I.",2021.0,Journal article,"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the agri-business/small and medium investment schemes (AGSMEIS) in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the AGSMEIS on youth entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total of 1,200 respondents were sampled across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Findings – The results from the use of a combined propensity score matching (PSM) and logit model indicate that AGSMEIS initiative generates significance gains in empowering youths in enterprise development, and if enhanced will help many young people become entrepreneurs. Practical implications – This suggests that AGSMEIS initiative can facilitate youth’s access to credit and help them become owners of small and medium enterprises. Social implications – It implies that investing in young people for small and medium enterprises could bring Nigeria into the modern economy and lift sub-Saharan Africa out of poverty. Originality/value – This research adds to the literature on youth entrepreneurship development’s debate in developing countries. It concludes that targeting the young people in AGSMEIS should form the foundation of public policy for entrepreneurship, poverty alleviation, and economic development.",Financing opportunities,"The agri-business/small and medium investment schemes (AGSMEIS) in Nigeria: AGSMEIS represents a voluntary initiative of the bankers’ committee approved at its 331st meeting held on February 9, 2017. The scheme requires all banks in Nigeria to set aside 5% of their profit after tax (PAT) annually. The initiative is to support the federal government of Nigeria’s (FGN) efforts and policy measures for the promotion of agricultural business, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as vehicle for sustainable economic development and employment generation. The objectives of the scheme include: ensures access to finance for SMEs as these are the engine of growth of the Nigerian economy; generates much-needed employment opportunities in Nigeria; develops agricultural value chain and ensure sustainable agricultural practices; and boost the managerial capacity of Agri-Business/ SMEs as pipelines of growing enterprises that can become huge corporate organizations. The activities of the scheme include businesses across the agricultural value chain, such as: inputs supply, production, storage, processing, logistics and marketing- (Page 2)",Access to credit | Overall agricultural input price | Agricultural extension service received,Access to credit Table 4 (Page 11); Table 5 (Page 12); Table 6 (Page 13); Table 7 (Page 14) | Access to production input Table 4 (Page 11); Table 5 (Page 12); Table 6 (Page 13); Table 7 (Page 14) | Access to training and capacity building Table 4 (Page 11); Table 5 (Page 12); Table 6 (Page 13); Table 7 (Page 14),Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Not specified,Individual,Agri-business/small and medium investment schemes (AGSMEIS) | Youth entrepreneurship development | Sub-Saharan Africa,Microfinance,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Decent Work and Economic Growth",,https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JEAS-05-2021-0094/full/html,Direct financing of private sector actors,Employment|Financial inclusion|Domestic business growth and market development,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Evaluation of the Network for Enterprise Development Learning through Sewing for Girls (N4G) training program for young women in Ghana,"Beber, Bernd | Frohnweiler, Sarah | Lakemann, Tabea | Lay, Jann | Priebe, Jan",2021.0,Ongoing study,"The research project examines the impacts of participating in a program called Network for Enterprise Development Learning through Sewing for Girls (N4G) on a comprehensive set of employment-related indicators.The N4G program to be evaluated consists of fashion industry-related vocational skills training and job placement services for young and underprivileged women. N4G will provide benefits to up to 1,000 such women, which we will randomly select out of a pool of up to 2,000 registrants. Beneficiaries are placed with private companies during training, preferably firms that are themselves run by young female entrepreneurs within the textile industry (fashionpreneurs). All of these firms will receive support in the course of this program such as financial and managerial advice. Upon completion of the vocational skills training, beneficiaries will receive support finding formal employment, for example within the training companies. Overall, the program aims at improving beneficiaries’ employability and thereby their livelihoods.",Labour market services and intermediation,The N4G program to be evaluated consists of fashion industry-related vocational skills training and job placement services for young and underprivileged women.,Employment status | Migration | Household economic well-being | Overall household income,"The primary outcome variables can be categorized into four groups: (i) employment, measured for example in terms of employment status, job acquisition, and lengths of employment spells, (ii) job quality, including earnings, having a contract or an oral agreement, job satisfaction, and workplace conditions among others, (iii) quality of life, covering indicators of the current living situation, household assets, and financial dependency, and (iv) mobility, e.g. migration intentions and behaviors",Social development and protection,Other excluded groups,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"The program will deliver fashion-industry related training and empowerment programs to up to 1,000 underprivileged Ghanaian young women from both urban and rural areas.",Individual,Girls' Education | Labor Outcomes,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/7967,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income|Work-labor|Financial inclusion,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Poverty Reduction in Countries along the Route,"Ma, Wei | Bo, Na | Song, Yang | Qiao, Fuwei",2022.0,Journal article,"Poverty reduction is an important driving force for the global realization of the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the building of a global community with a shared future for mankind. This paper takes the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a quasi-natural experiment. Based on the panel data of 134 countries in the world from 2000 to 2018, this paper uses the difference-in-difference (DID) model to examine the impact of the BRI on poverty reduction in countries along the route and to study its internal mechanism from the dual perspectives of trade openness and investment openness. The results show that (1) the BRI can significantly reduce the incidence of poverty with the impact coefficient stable at&nbsp;−0.26, and the empirical conclusion has passed the parallel test, placebo test, and instrumental variable test; (2) the mediating effect test model shows that the BRI can achieve poverty reduction through the dual openness of trade and investment, and the intermediary effect of trade openness is greater than investment openness; and (3) from the perspective of heterogeneity analysis, geographically, the BRI has a slightly higher role in promoting poverty reduction in landlocked countries than in coastal countries. In terms of economic location, the effect of poverty reduction has a certain “pro-poverty” characteristic, that is, the BRI promotes poverty reduction in low- and middle-income countries far more than other types of income countries. Therefore, we believe that the continuous deepening of the BRI high-quality construction and the strengthening of cooperation among countries along the route will play a key role in promoting the international cycle of trade, investment, and other factors, as well as the cause of poverty reduction in the region and the world.",Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) | Regional associations cooperation,"Belt and Road Initiative

""In fact, since the BRI was put forward in 2013, the Chinese government has been actively strengthening institutional cooperation with countries along the route, adhering to the spirit of openness, and carrying out wider, higher-level, and deeper-level regional cooperation [6]. By the end of July 2022, China had signed more than 200 cooperation documents with 149 countries and 32 international organizations"" (p.2)",Poverty status,Incidence of poverty (p.4),Economic policy,Trade policy,"Industry, trade, and services",Trade Policies & Regulations,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Market/Sector Growth,Multi-country,Multi-continent,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"data availability and comparability between countries, the incidence of poverty in this paper is based on the latest international standard of extreme poverty, published by the World Bank in 2015, that is, the proportion of the population living on less than USD 1.90 per person per day (purchasing power in 2011).",Country,The Belt and Road Initiative | Impact On Poverty Reduction | Difference-In-Difference Estimation,Not applicable,No Poverty | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ddns/2022/2502851/,Infrastructure development and financing,Investment levels|International trade,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Green Finance, Fintech and Environmental Protection: Evidence from China.","Muganyi, Tadiwanashe | Yan, Linnan | Sun, Hua-ping",2021.0,Journal article,"This paper is one of the first to offer a comprehensive analysis of the impact of green finance related policies in China, utilizing text analysis and panel data from 290 cities between 2011 and 2018. Employing the Semi-parametric Difference-in-Differences (SDID) we show that overall China's green finance related policies have led to a significant reduction in industrial gas emissions in the review period. Additionally, we found that Fintech development contributes to the depletion of sulphur dioxide emissions and has a positive impact on environmental protection investment initiatives. China is poised to be a global leader in green finance policy implementation and regulators need to accelerate the formulation of green finance products and enhance the capacity of financial institutions to offer green credit. While minimizing the systemic risk fintech poses, policy makers should encourage fintechs to actively participate in environmental protection initiatives that promote green consumption.",Financial regulation,"""Green finance refers to financial investments targeted at environmental protection initiatives . There are three main categories of green finance namely green asset finance, credit & investments.""
""Green finance policies play a guiding role in credit supply to
enterprises in areas with less developed financial ecosystems as well as state owned enterprises [14]. China is a global leader in green credit policy implementation. It is important for green finance policy to leverage technology and preexisting relationships between banks and enterprises"" P.2",Air pollution,"Emissions of industrial Sulphur Dioxide in tonnes, Discharge of industrial smoke and dust in tonnes (log), Volume of industrial Sulphur Dioxide in tonnes savings. T.1 P.4",Environment and natural resource management,Climate change mitigation,Financial sector,General environmental protection,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Environmental,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Not applicable,"Surface area (acres, hectares, m², etc.) | State/Provincial",Green finance | FinTech | Environmental protection | Green consumption,Not applicable,Climate Action,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666498421000314,Direct financing of private sector actors,Environmental change and mitigation,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effect of Green Credit Policy on Shadow Banking Activities: Entrusted Loan Evidence from Chinese Listed Firms,"Gu, Xi | Qiao, Sijia | Du, Shihan",2022.0,Journal article,"This paper investigates whether green credit policy can mitigate firms’ financialization. Using data from Chinese non-financial public listed firms during 2008 to 2019, we take the green credit policy promulgated in 2012 as a quasi-natural experiment and find that: (1) the green credit policy can reduce firms’ entrusted loans, especially affiliated entrusted loans. Moreover, the governance effect exerted by banks’ green credit policy reduces free cash flow and excess cash in heavily polluting firms, as shown in mechanism analysis. (2) The profit-seeking incentive dominates shadow banking activities in heavily polluting enterprises. (3) The 2012 green credit guidelines reduce entrusted loans maturity but increase the interest rate. The findings of this paper provide market-oriented insights into the regulation of shadow banking activities. This research also contributes to the literature on the effects of green credit policy by exploring their impact on firm shadow banking activities, and takes one step further to investigate the effect of green credit policy on firms’ entrusted loans. This paper also sheds light on how green credit policy can alleviate the imperfections and distortions of financial markets in the emerging market.",Financial regulation,"""This paper is related to the theme of ‘green finance and investment’. In the financial system, where financial resources are highly concentrated in banks, debt financing is the main financing channel for Chinese enterprises""
""The Green Credit Guidelines issued by the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) specifically require banking institutions to fully consider the environmental and social risks designed for credit operations and refuse to grant credit to enterprises or projects with non-compliant environmental and social performance. On the one hand, polluting enterprises are excluded from credit and their debts are reduced. On the other hand, the government and the financial sector share information...."" P.3",Loan characteristics,We also use loan maturity (ELmaturity) and loan interest rate (ELrate) as dependent variables.,Economic policy,Green growth,"Industry, trade, and services",Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Jobs and Income,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Green credit policy | Heavily polluting enterprises | Shadow Banking | Entrusted loans,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09640568.2022.2113046,Payments by results,Financial inclusion,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Green Credit Policy And Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies,"Guo, Shu | Zhang, ZhongXiang",2022.0,Published working paper,"The green credit policy plays a vital role in promoting enterprise upgrading. Using a thirteen year panel data of listed companies in China (2007 2019), this study uses the difference in differences (DID) method to examine the effects of the Green Credit Guidelines in 2012 (GCG2012) on the firm level total factor productivity (TFP). Our results show that the GCG2012 significantly increases the TFP of companies in green credit restricted industries. This finding remains robust through employing the PSM-DID model, alternating the treatment group, changing the sample period, and controlling the effects of other environmental policies and financial crises. This effect is more pronounced for private enterprises, companies with worse debt paying ability, companies in highly competitive industries and companies in regions with higher financial liberalization. The impact mechanism test indicates that increasing the green innovation and reducing the agency costs (including green agency costs and traditional agency costs) are two possible channels to boost firm level TFP. Further analysis shows that the GCG2012 is effective not only for heavily polluting industries but also for light polluting industries, and that the GCG2012 can improve the economic performance of firms in green credit restricted industries. Overall, this study reveals the micro mechanisms behind the long term impact of the GCG2012 policy on firm level TFP, providing empirical evidence and policy suggestions for improving green credit policies and promoting green development.",Financial regulation,"""Differing from traditional environmental policy, the GCG2012 mainly uses the financing channel to make enterprise environmental costs endogenous. Companies in green credit restricted industries have to pay the costs of the pollution that they emit, and they need to face worse credit availability and higher loan cost ""
""The Green Credit Guidelines in 2012 (GCG2012) requires the bank not to finance projects
which may waste resources and pollute the environment, leading to financing constraints for polluting firms. On the macro level, the GCG2012 policy helps guide the flow of funds from polluting investment to green investment. And on the micro level, the GCG2012 policy not only helps financial institutions to strengthen oversight of fund users but also improves their own environmental social responsibility........"" P. 15",Total factor productivity,"""The explained variable in columns (5) and (6) of Table 2 is Tfp_op that calculated by the OP method. The regression results show that the coefficients of Treat Post
are positive and
highly significant after controlling for the individual fixed effects, time fixed effects and industry fixed effects."" T.2 P.21",Economic policy,Green growth,Financial sector,Trade Policies & Regulations,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Not specified,Firm/organisation,Green credit policy | Green finance | Total Factor Productivity | PSM-did model | China,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4124313,Payments by results,Productivity gains,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Publicly Subsidized Private Schools in Developing Countries: Lessons from Colombia,"Diaz-Rios, Claudia | Urbano-Canal, Nathalia",2021.0,Journal article,"Educational public-private partnerships (EPPPs) promise to increase education access and quality in developing countries, provided they have an adequate design that restricts the distribution of subsidies including targeted programs, centralized controlled enrolment, and accountability. This study investigates the effects of publicly subsidized private schools (PSPS) in Colombia—a type of EPPP program that follows all of these recommendations. We use propensity score and regression techniques to identify PSPS effects on student achievement, measured by national standardized tests. Our results show that Colombian PSPS serve vulnerable students, who are fairly similar to those attending traditional public schools (TPS). Nevertheless, students at PSPS underperform compared to TPS students. Our conclusion suggests that design restrictions may prevent student selection and self-selection, but do not guarantee quality improvement for disadvantaged students at subsidized schools. We also argue that design restrictions for PSPS may not be enough when private providers are scarce or difficult to attract for serving the most disadvantaged population.",Public expenditure for education,"Colombia only provides subsidies to private schools in geographical areas where TPSs cannot cope with the demand for education. Local governments (a.k.a secretaries) divide their geographical jurisdictions by catchment areas and verify whether TPSs can serve the entire school population of each of these areas. When school population exceeds public supply capacity, the national education ministry authorizes and transfers the funds for secretaries to sign contracts with private schools in the catchment areas with insufficiency (República de Colombia, 2009a). Areas with insufficient public schooling are often those where the Colombian state has difficulties providing public services for a variety of reasons (p5)",Overall student attendance | Standardized test scores,Attending PSPS: proportion of enrollment in PSPS in the catchment area in the year before students in our sample started high school (p10); Table 2 (p11) | standardized test scores - a mandatory standardized test taken by all students in their last year of high school (p7); Table 4 (p14),Human development and gender,"Education governance, school-based management",Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Table 1 Descriptive Statistics Grouped by School Type and Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) Between Groups,Cohort,educational public-private partnerships | Public Subsidies | Student Achievement | Disadvantaged Students | Education Access | Privatization,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://epaa.asu.edu/index.php/epaa/article/view/5647,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of Soft-Skills Training for Entrepreneurs in Jamaica,"Ubfal, Diego | Arráiz, Irani | Beuermann, Diether W. | Frese, Michael | Maffioli, Alessandro | Verch, Daniel",2022.0,Journal article,"There has been growing interest in approaches to business training that incorporate insights from psychology to develop soft skills associated with successful entrepreneurship. The empirical evidence on the causal effects of these approaches on entrepreneurs’ business outcomes is encouraging, but still not substantial enough to be conclusive. This study contributes to this literature by designing and evaluating two training programs, which are adapted to the Jamaican context. The first program provides soft-skills training on personal initiative, including the development of a proactive mindset and perseverance after setbacks. The second program combines soft-skills training on personal initiative with traditional training on hard skills aimed at changing business practices. Both programs are evaluated using a randomized controlled trial involving 945 entrepreneurs in Jamaica. Entrepreneurs are randomly assigned in equal proportion to one of the two training programs or to a control group. The research develops three survey instruments to collect information from entrepreneurs: a baseline survey, a short-term follow-up survey conducted 3 months after the intervention, and a second follow-up survey conducted 12 months after the intervention. Findings indicate statistically significant effects of the intensive soft-skills training, but not of the training combining soft and hard skills, on business outcomes in the short-term survey. The analysis of the data suggests that the main channel through which the intensive soft-skills training improves short-term business outcomes is an increased adoption of business practices. The positive short-term effects of the soft-skills training are concentrated among men and are not significant for female entrepreneurs. Neither the effects on business practices nor those on business outcomes are statistically significant in the second follow-up survey. However, the soft-skills training has persistent effects on targeted soft skills, which are measured with both self-reported and incentivized measures. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.",Entrepreneurship training,"(Page: 2) 'this research designs two training programs on personal initiative, adapts them to the Jamaican context where the training is conducted, and implements a randomized controlled trial to evaluate their effects. Both programs start with five weekly classes aiming to foster participants’ personal initiative. Then, one of them (labeled as soft-skills training) adds five classes that cover personal initiative material in greater depth, focusing on perseverance after setbacks. The other one (labeled as combined training) includes five additional sessions following the traditional approach on hard skills related to recommended business practices. The rationale for the combined training is that there could be complementarities between soft and hard skills. Entrepreneurs could potentially benefit not only from learning how to develop a proactive mindset (the goal of the personal initiative component), but also from gaining knowledge about the types of business practices that can be more profitable for their business (the focus of the traditional training). On the one hand, if such complementarities existed, the combined training would have stronger effects than the soft-skills training.'",Composite test scores | Index of firm behaviour | Profits and revenues | Capital | Labour productivity | Loan characteristics | Investment in R&D | Social and emotional or soft skills,"(Page: 6 and 8, Table: 2) 'where Yit is the outcome for individual i at the first (after 3 months)
or second follow-up (after 12 months).' 'Satisfaction and Knowledge Test.' | (Page: 8, Table: 3-4) 'Firm survival', 'Business practices, Personal initiative' | (Page: 8, Table: 3) 'Positive profits, Sales and profits index' | (Page: 8, Table: 4) 'Capital and labor inputs' | (Page: 8-9, Table: 4-5) 'Capital and labor inputs' | (Page: 8-9, Table: 4-5) 'Loan requested' | (Page: 8-9, Table: 4-5) 'Introduced innovation' | (Page: 11, Table: 6) 'Grit, Perseverance (APS), Perseverance, Personal initiative, Future orientation, Barriers index, Soft skills index'",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Jamaica,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex,,Not specified,Table 1. Baseline Balance,Household,Business Training | Entrepreneurship | Soft Skills,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X21004022,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Investment levels|Domestic business growth and market development|Education,93.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Does the Green Loan Policy Boost Greener Production? – Evidence From Chinese Firms,"Zhang, Dongyang",2022.0,Journal article,"The trade-off between stable economic growth and environmental protection has been widely discussed in China, with the rest of the world paying closer attention to the emerging norms of this discourse. Government intervention and policy guidance are believed necessary in spurring firms to adopt more sustainable production approaches. This paper investigates the impact of the Green Loan Guide policy on pollution and firm performance. More specifically, we explore the impacts of the People's Bank of China's Green Loan Guide policy on Chinese firms using information from Chinese manufacturing firms for the period 2010–2017 derived from public databases and individual firms. We apply a difference-in-differences method to analyze the effect of the policies on pollution reduction and to avoid&nbsp;endogeneity problems. Our empirical findings indicate that the green loan policy significantly increases investments that curb pollution and encourages firms to reduce emissions, introduce new energy sources, and demonstrate greater environmental responsibility. We further show that investment in pollution control crowds out investment in fixed and&nbsp;intangible assets&nbsp;due to the financial constraint mechanism, and that it decreases sales growth, return on assets, and return on sales.",Financial regulation | Environmental regulation,"Financing plays a key role in allocating capital input to firm production, and China’s growth relies on firms with high energy consumption and high pollution. Industries with high energy use and pollution output typically receive the most financing, and financing dynamics thus impact the level of firm emissions in China. Firms with high energy use and pollution output show higher rates of defaulting on loans. As a result, bad loans increase significantly and bank efficiency sharply decreases. Financial institutions impact economic growth via allocation of financial resources. Sustainable growth requires financial institutions to take on the social responsibility of reducing pollution. According to the Green Credit Guide, targets for green production and financing might curb the amount of credit accessible to
polluting industries and firms. Financial institutions can induce heavily polluting firms to invest in pollution control and environmental protection through the “punishing” power of credit issuance. Moreover, firms in heavily polluting industries should better adhere to CSR principles to enhance environmental protection, leading to better access to external financing. Additionally, to maintain good relationships with banks, necessary for acquiring long-term external financing, firms should significantly
increase investment in pollution control (Page 2-3)",Investment in R&D | Index of environmental protection | Financial-based outcomes,"Pollution control investment is measured by pollution control expense over total assets, and pollution control expense includes
all expenditures related to firm pollution emission reduction, including purchasing new equipment for treating wastewater, waste gas,
and dust, and the expense of technology improvement in pollution emission reduction. Pollution control investment further refers to
the R&D expense on reducing energy consumption and upgrades to the energy structure, including R&D in new energy application and increasing energy consumption efficiency Table 2 (Page 6); Table 3 (Page 8); Table 5 (Page 9); Table 10 (Page 12) | Firm green performance outcomes, including Pollutant variety, New energy type, Protection responsibility, Green concept, and Protection behavior Table 4 (Page 8) | Financial constraint indicators Table 6 (Page 9); Firm investment crowding-out mechanisms through transferring fixed and intangible investment to pollution control investment Table 7 (Page 10); Cash holding ratio, Flow velocity, and Asset debt ratio Table 8 (Page 11); Sales growth, Return on Assets (ROA), and Profitability Table 9 (Page 11)",Economic policy,Monetary and credit policies,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Corporate social responsibility,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth | Environmental,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Green Loan Guide Policy | Pollution control investment | Environmental Performance | Firm-Level Economic Performance,Not applicable,Climate Action | Responsible Consumption and Production,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S156601412100090X,Blended finance|Direct financing of private sector actors,Investment levels|Environmental change and mitigation|Domestic business growth and market development,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Training the Disadvantaged Youth and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Bangladesh,"Das, Narayan Chandra",2017.0,Thesis,"In this paper, I study a training program that provides on-the-job (apprenticeship) and classroom training to disadvantaged and unemployed/under-employed youth in Bangladesh, a lower-middle income country with high rate of secondary school dropout and youth unemployment. The program I study was implemented by BRAC, the largest NGO in the world. On-the-job training is provided through apprenticeship under a local Master Crafts Person (MCP). Classroom training curriculum includes theoretical training on specific trades, and softskills training such as financial literacy, market assessment, and basic communicative English. The program also provides post-training support. Once training is completed, program officers link participants with potential employers for wage employment. And for those who are keen on self-employment, they offer information, guidance, and technical assistance. Evaluating this program, I investigate the following research questions: (1) what is the effect of on-the-job training on labor market outcomes (employment and earnings)? and (2) how does this effect vary if classroom training is compounded with on-the-job training (i.e., what is the additional effect of classroom training)?",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"On-the-job training: Program participants are provided with both classroom and on-the job training. The duration
of on-the-job training is six months with five days a week. The classroom training, by contrast, is
provided for a period of six months with three and a half hours a week. The program cycle is completed in six months (page 5). | On-the-job training & classroom education: Program participants are provided with both classroom and on-the job training. The duration of on-the-job training is six months with five days a week. The classroom training, by contrast, is
provided for a period of six months with three and a half hours a week. The program cycle is completed in six months (page 5).",Employment status | Migration | Quality of life/Life satisfaction | Household asset inventory,"Effects on employment status (table 1.4). | Effects of training on migration (ITT effects) (table 1.8). ""I examine whether the program affects migration (internal or international migration)"" p.18 | Effects on wellbeing (table 1.9). | Effects on asset accumulation (table 1.9).",Private sector development,Youth employment,Social protection,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Bangladesh,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Non-profit organization,Not specified,"The survey attempted to cover 3,360 youths, but it could successfully interview 3,186. Pg 9",Individual,BRAC | Vocational Training,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1v71f82c,Technical and vocational training,Employment,123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Worker Heterogeneity and Job Search: Evidence from a Six-Year Experiment in Uganda,"Bandiera, Oriana | Bassi, Vittorio | Burgess, Robin | Rasul, Imran | Sulaiman, Munshi | Vitali, Anna",2020.0,Thesis,"Developing countries face the challenge of aiding large cohorts of labor market entrants find good jobs. How to do so is complicated by job seekers differing in their skills, information and traits. We present results from a six-year field experiment studying job search behavior among youth in urban labor markets in Uganda, who at baseline, are unskilled yet optimistic over their job prospects. We engineer heterogeneity across workers through the other of vocational training, and job assistance to meet with potential employers. Vocational training leads to measurable improvements in skills, while job assistance alters information workers have on their prospects, as call back rates from employers are low. Search behavior varies across the skills distribution: relative to controls, skilled youth become even more optimistic, search more intensively, and direct search towards better firms. The additional provision of job assistance to skilled youth causes them to revise down their beliefs, search less intensively and over lower quality firms. These differential search strategies impact long run outcomes: skilled workers without job assistance have higher employment rates and spell durations, and match to higher quality jobs and firms. Fixed traits across workers such as their cognitive ability and self-evaluation determine search strategies and outcomes because they interlink with how youth respond to the low call back rates from job assistance. Overall, our study provides insights on sources of worker heterogeneity driving labor market inequalities and inefficiencies, and on the design and targeting of labor market programs",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Job placement schemes,"(Page: 4 and 11-12) 'Our design thus has four treatment arms, as Figure 1 summarizes: (i) the offer of vocational training; (ii) the offer of vocational training and job assistance; (iii) job assistance; (iv) controls'. 
'The vocational training treatment provides workers six months of sector-specific training in one of eight sectors. Our intervention partner BRAC covered training costs, at $470 per trainee, so this is not the kind of human capital investment disadvantaged youth can typically self-finance. Courses were held from Monday through to Friday, for six hours per day; 30% of course content was dedicated to theory, 70% to practical work covering sector-specific skills and managerial/business skills. VTIs signed contracts with BRAC to deliver these standard training courses to workers.' 

'Our job assistance treatments are light-touch, replicating the kind of job assistance often provided to job seekers. In these treatments, workers were first asked whether they
wanted their details to be passed onto firms: nearly all agreed (among both skilled and unskilled groups). Firms were then presented lists of workers that were: (i) trained; (ii) unskilled, but had demonstrated labor market attachment in the sense that they had been willing to undertake six months of intense training. In case (i), firms knew what sector the worker had been trained in, but not that training had been paid for by BRAC. We presented stylized CVs of workers to firms. There were a maximum of two workers presented to firms on each list: both workers were either trained or were both untrained. The firm could choose to hire none, one or both workers (and remained free to hire workers from outside the evaluation sample)'",Vocational skills | Total savings | Index of loan use | Employment status | Index of household income | Migration,"(Page: 52, Table: 3) 'Attended further vocational training,
Attended further education' | (Page: 55, Table: 6) 'Has any savings' | (Page: 55, Table: 6) 'Is borrowing any money, Is borrowing to finance job search, Is borrowing to finance business
expenditures' | (Page: 56, Table: 7) 'Has done any work in the last month,
Has done any regular work in the last month, Number of
months of regular work in the last year' | (Page: 56-57, Table: 7-8) 'Total regular earnings in the last month [USD]' | (Page: 75, Table: A9) 'Has attempted to migrate to find a job'",Human development and gender,Skills development,Social protection,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,"The study selected firms operating in one of the eight manufacturing and service sectors, employing 25% of workers aged 18-25",Individual,,Not applicable,Reduced Inequality,,https://www.lse.ac.uk/economics/Assets/Documents/personal-pages/robin-burgess/worker-heterogeneity-and-job-search-evidence-from-a-six-year-experiment-in-uganda.pdf,Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Income|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Economic growth",113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The power of peers: an effectiveness evaluation of a cluster-controlled trial of group antenatal care in rural Nepal,"Thapa, Poshan | Bangura,  Alex Harsha | Nirola, Isha | Citrin, David | Belbase,  Bishal | Bogati, Bhawana | Nirmala, B K | Khadka,  Sonu | Kunwar, Lal | Halliday, Scott | Adhikari, Mukesh | Kalaunee, S P | Rising, Sharon | Maru, Duncan | Maru, Sheela",2019.0,Journal article,"Background:&nbsp;Reducing the maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births globally is one of the Sustainable Development Goals. Approximately 830 women die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications every day. Almost 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. Increasing antenatal care quality and completion, and institutional delivery are key strategies to reduce maternal mortality, however there are many implementation challenges in rural and resource-limited settings. In Nepal, 43% of deliveries do not take place in an institution and 31% of women have insufficient antenatal care. Context-specific and evidence-based strategies are needed to improve antenatal care completion and institutional birth. We present an assessment of effectiveness outcomes for an adaptation of a group antenatal care model delivered by community health workers and midwives in close collaboration with government staff in rural Nepal.Methods:&nbsp;The study was conducted in Achham, Nepal, via a public private partnership between the Nepali non-profit, Nyaya Health Nepal, and the Ministry of Health and Population, with financial and technical assistance from the American non-profit, Possible. We implemented group antenatal care as a prospective non-randomized, cluster-controlled, type I hybrid effectiveness-implementation study in six village clusters. The implementation approach allowed for iterative improvement in design by making changes to improve the quality of the intervention. We evaluated effectiveness through a difference in difference analysis of institutional birth rates between groups prior to implementation of the intervention and 1 year after implementation. Additionally, we assessed the change in knowledge of key danger signs and the acceptability of the group model compared with individual visits in a nested cohort of women receiving home visit care and home visit care plus group antenatal care. Using a directed content and thematic approach, we analyzed qualitative interviews to identify major themes related to implementation.Results:&nbsp;At baseline, there were 457 recently-delivered women in the six village clusters receiving home visit care and 214 in the seven village clusters receiving home visit care plus group antenatal care. At endline, there were 336 and 201, respectively. The difference in difference analysis did not show a significant change in institutional birth rates nor antenatal care visit completion rates between the groups. There was, however, a significant increase in both institutional birth and antenatal care completion in each group from baseline to endline. We enrolled a nested cohort of 52 participants receiving home visit care and 62 participants receiving home visit care plus group antenatal care. There was high acceptability of the group antenatal care intervention and home visit care, with no significant differences between groups. A significantly higher percentage of women who participated in group antenatal care found their visits to be 'very enjoyable' (83.9% vs 59.6%, p = 0.0056). In the nested cohort, knowledge of key danger signs during pregnancy significantly improved from baseline to endline in the intervention clusters only (2 to 31%, p &lt; 0.001), while knowledge of key danger signs related to labor and childbirth, the postpartum period, and the newborn did not in either intervention or control groups. Qualitative analysis revealed that women found that the groups provided an opportunity for learning and discussion, and the groups were a source of social support and empowerment. They also reported an improvement in services available at their village clinic. Providers noted the importance of the community health workers in identifying pregnant women in the community and linking them to the village clinics. Challenges in birth planning were brought up by both participants and providers.Conclusion:&nbsp;While there was no significant change in institutional birth and antenatal care completion at the population level between groups, there was an increase of these outcomes in both groups. This may be secondary to the primary importance of community health worker involvement in both of these groups. Knowledge of key pregnancy danger signs was significantly improved in the home visit plus group antenatal care cohort compared with the home visit care only group. This initial study of Nyaya Health Nepal's adapted group care model demonstrates the potential for impacting women's antenatal care experience and should be studied over a longer period as an intervention embedded within a community health worker program.",Antenatal care,"""group ANC program out of their local village clinics to all women presenting for antenatal care (at < 24 weeks gestation)"" (p.3)",Births in hospitals | Antenatal care | Infant mortality | Neonatal mortality | Modern contraceptive use,"""institutional delivery as one that was occurred at either Bayalpata Hospital, a village clinic, a district hospital, or a private facility."" (p.5) | ANC visit completion rate (p.5) | infant mortality rate (defined as neonatal or infant deaths < 1 year, excluding stillbirths) (p.5) | perinatal mortality rate (defined as stillbirth or neonatal i.e. < 7 days) (p.5) | Post-partum contraceptive prevalence rate",Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Health,Population policies/programmes and reproductive health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Nepal,South Asia,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"Table 1 Characteristics of recently delivered women at baseline.  These consisted of all married women  of reproductive age (15–49 years) in the catchment area  population, who had given birth within the 2 yrs prior to  thesurveydate.",Individual,Centering pregnancy | Child health | Group antenatal care | Implementation research | MATERNAL health | Peer Group | prenatal care,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-019-0820-8,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",76.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Evaluation of 2 Intervention Models to Integrate Family Planning Into Worker Health and Livelihood Programs in Egypt: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis,"Tawab, Nahla Abdel | Tobey, Elizabeth | Dwyer, Sara Chace | Jain, Aparna | Essam, Maryam",2021.0,Journal article,"Recent increases in fertility rates in Egypt and an increase in de- sired fertility among unmarried young people highlight the need for renewed attention to awareness of and demand for family planning (FP) among young people. Between 2017 and 2018, the United States Agency for International Development-funded Evidence Project tested 2 intervention models to increase aware- ness of and demand for FP and reproductive health (RH) services among people aged 18–35 years in Souhag and Port Said gov- ernorates, Egypt. In Souhag, FP/RH information was integrated into a 5-day livelihood training program for job seekers. In Port Said, garment factory workers received FP/RH information through trained peer educators, social and behavior change materials, and social media. Workshop participants and factory workers interested in FP services were referred to private project- trained physicians and pharmacists. We present the results of an evaluation of the impact of each intervention on young people’s reported exposure to FP messages and their FP knowledge, atti- tudes, and behaviors. Phone interviews were conducted with parti- cipants in intervention and comparison groups before and after the intervention. In Souhag, 1,519 intervention group participants (778 at baseline; 741 at endline) and 1,082 comparison group participants (699 at baseline; 383 at endline) completed the phone interview. In Port Said 1,958 participants from intervention facto- ries (1,145 at baseline; 813 at endline) and 1,047 participants from comparison factories (621 at baseline; 426 at endline) com- pleted the phone interview. A difference-in-differences analysis compared intervention and comparison groups between baseline and endline. Results showed significant differences in knowledge and attitudes over time between the intervention and comparison groups in Souhag but less so in Port Said. FP use did not change among project participants in either governorate. We discuss les- sons learned from integrating FP into worker health and livelihood training programs and methodological considerations for evaluat- ing such interventions.",Reproductive health education and behaviour change | Other life skills | Peer-to-peer learning | Reproductive health education and behaviour change | Peer-to-peer learning | General health education and behaviour change,"Souhag Project which included integrated FP/ RH and a livelihood training workshop: Participants received a 5-day training in integrated FP/RH and livelihood. This training included basic FP/RH information as well as skills to assist young people in finding employment (e.g., writing a CV, presenting for a job interview). Training was offered by trained peer educators, young men and women with good communication and leadership skills. PEs offered 2 sessions simultaneously—1 for young men and 1 for young women. Each session included 25–30 participants. Social and behavior change materials (including posters, booklets, and fliers) and information on the Ma3looma social media Facebook page, which offers information and provides answers to questions about FP, were shared with participants. A total of 70 private physicians and 168 pharmacists were trained in Souhag between November 2017 and March 2018. Training of physicians was for 5 days and covered FP counseling, intrauterine device (IUD) insertion, and infection control procedures  (page 806) | Port Said Project which involved training in FP/RH and other health information, communication, and advocacy skills, and use of social media: The intervention was aimed at male and female workers aged 18–35 years in 5 garment factories in the Free Investment Zone of Port Said. Factory managers requested that we also raise awareness of nutrition, physical exercise, and cancer and named the project “Youth Health Project.” In collaboration with the factory management team and factory coordinators, we selected 10 to 30 male and female employees from each factory to serve as PEs and provide health messages, including FP/RH messages, to factory workers. A total of 186 PEs (107 male and 79 female) received 2.5 days of training in FP/RH and other health information, communication, and advocacy skills, and use of social media. Each trained PE was assigned an average of 40–50 factory workers with whom to share 12 FP/RH messages through face-to-face communication over 12 months. In larger factories, each PE was assigned to deliver messages to up to 100 workers.",Knowledge of modern family planning methods | Modern contraceptive use | Fertility attitudes,"Knowledge: “Three knowledge indicators were assessed including (1) having ever heard of an FP method; (2) knowing 3 or more modern FP methods; and (3) knowing which FP method prevents the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Knowledge of 3 or more modern FP methods was captured by asking respondents: “Can you name FP methods that you know?” Respondents spontaneously named FP methods and were probed with “What else?” to elicit additional responses. Those who could name at least 3 methods— including pills, IUD, injectable, implant, vaginal methods (diaphragm, foam, or jelly), male condom, female condom, female sterilization, male sterilization, or emergency contraception—were categorized as knowing at least 3 modern methods. Knowledge of which FP methods prevent transmission of STIs was determined if respondents spontaneously named condoms as the method that protects against both pregnancy and STIs” pg 809. | Use of family planning: “The behavioral indicator was whether currently married respondents (or their spouse) were using any FP method at the time of the interview” pg 809. | Attitudinal outcomes: “In terms of attitudinal questions, respondents were asked whether they agreed with the following statement: “FP methods can affect female future fertility and it may reflect negatively on future pregnancies.” Responses were captured on a Likert scale ranging from strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree, or don’t know. Responses were combined into a new dichotomized variable of disagree or strongly dis agree categorized as disagree versus all other responses. In the second attitudinal indicator, respondents who were not married and married respondents who reported that they or their spouses were not using an FP method at the time of the interview were asked whether they would be willing to use an FP method in the future. Those who responded “yes” were coded as willing to use an FP method in the future, while those who responded “no” or “don’t know” were coded as not willing” pg 809.",Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Social protection,Population policies/programmes and reproductive health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,"Egypt, Arab Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Non-profit organization,"TABLE 1. Background Characteristics of Respondents in a Study to Assess the Effect of 2 Intervention Models on Family Planning Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in Souhag and Port Said, Egypt",Individual,family planning | fertility | Reproductive health | Women,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | No Poverty,,https://www.ghspjournal.org/content/9/4/804,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition",107.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Assessing the Integrated Community-Based Health Systems Strengthening initiative in northern Togo: a pragmatic effectiveness implementation study protocol,"Lauria, Molly | Fiori, Kevin P. | Gbeleou, Sesso",2019.0,Published protocol,"BackgroundOver the past decade, prevalence of maternal and child morbidity and mortality in Togo, particularly in the northern regions, has remained high despite global progress. The causes of under-five child mortality in Togo are diseases with effective and low-cost prevention and/or treatment strategies, including malaria, acute lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases. While Togo has a national strategy for implementing the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) guidelines, including a policy on integrated community case management (iCCM), challenges in implementation and low public sector health service utilization persist. There are critical gaps to access and quality of community health systems throughout the country. An integrated facility- and community-based initiative, the Integrated Community-Based Health Systems Strengthening (ICBHSS) initiative, seeks to address these gaps while strengthening the public sector health system in northern Togo. This study aims to evaluate the effect and implementation strategy of the ICBHSS initiative over 48 months in the catchment areas of 21 public sector health facilities.MethodsThe ICBHSS model comprises a bundle of evidence-based interventions targeting children under five, women of reproductive age, and people living with HIV through (1) community engagement and feedback; (2) elimination of point-of-care costs; (3) proactive community-based IMCI using community health workers (CHWs) with additional services including family planning, HIV testing, and referrals; (4) clinical mentoring and enhanced supervision; and (5) improved supply chain management and facility structures. Using a pragmatic type II hybrid effectiveness-implementation study, we will evaluate the ICBHSS initiative with two primary aims: (1) determine effectiveness through changes in under-five mortality rates and (2) assess the implementation strategy through measures of reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. We will conduct a mixed-methods assessment using the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance) framework. This assessment consists of four components: (1) a stepped-wedge cluster randomized control trial using a community-based household survey, (2) annual health facility assessments, (3) key informant interviews, and (4) costing and return-on-investment assessments for each randomized cluster.DiscussionOur research is expected to contribute to continuous quality improvement initiatives, optimize implementation factors, provide knowledge regarding health service delivery, and accelerate health systems improvements in Togo and more broadly.",,,,,Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Togo,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Females 15–49 years of age who reside in a selected household within the study catchment area are included.,Individual,,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://implementationscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13012-019-0921-3,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",126.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Design of an Impact Evaluation Using a Mixed Methods Model – An Explanatory Assessment of the Effects of Results-based Financing Mechanisms on Maternal Healthcare Services in Malawi,"Brenner, Stephan | Muula, Adamson Sinjani | Robyn, Paul Jacob | Bärnighausen, Till | Sarker, Malabika | Mathanga, Don P. | Bossert,Thomas | Allegri,Manuela De",2014.0,Published protocol,"Background: In this article we present a study design to evaluate the causal impact of providing supply-side performance-based financing incentives in combination with a demand-side cash transfer component on equitable access to and quality of maternal and neonatal healthcare services. This intervention is introduced to selected emergency obstetric care facilities and catchment area populations in four districts in Malawi. We here describe and discuss our study protocol with regard to the research aims, the local implementation context, and our rationale for selecting a mixed methods explanatory design with a quasi-experimental quantitative component. Design: The quantitative research component consists of a controlled pre- and post-test design with multiple post-test measurements. This allows us to quantitatively measure ‘equitable access to healthcare services’ at the community level and ‘healthcare quality’ at the health facility level. Guided by a theoretical framework of causal relationships, we determined a number of input, process, and output indicators to evaluate both intended and unintended effects of the intervention. Overall causal impact estimates will result from a difference-in-difference analysis comparing selected indicators across intervention and control facilities/catchment populations over time. To further explain heterogeneity of quantitatively observed effects and to understand the experiential dimensions of financial incentives on clients and providers, we designed a qualitative component in line with the overall explanatory mixed methods approach. This component consists of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with providers, service user, non-users, and policy stakeholders. In this explanatory design comprehensive understanding of expected and unexpected effects of the intervention on both access and quality will emerge through careful triangulation at two levels: across multiple quantitative elements and across quantitative and qualitative elements. Discussion: Combining a traditional quasi-experimental controlled pre- and post-test design with an explanatory mixed methods model permits an additional assessment of organizational and behavioral changes affecting complex processes. Through this impact evaluation approach, our design will not only create robust evidence measures for the outcome of interest, but also generate insights on how and why the investigated interventions produce certain intended and unintended effects and allows for a more in-depth evaluation approach.",Healthcare infrastructure improvement | Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) | Quality and safety systems of care | Continuous quality improvement of care,"Authors analyze the impact of the RBF4MNH Initiative for a period of approximately 24 months after implementation. ""The RBF4MNH Initiative is divided into three major components: a) a basic infrastructural upgrade of the 17 facilities including architectural modification to extend available space, replacement and provision of essential equipment, and maintenance of critical supply chains necessary in sustaining EmONC minimum standards; b) a supply-side PBF intervention consisting of quality-based performance agreements between the RHU on the one side and targeted facilities and DHMT on the other; and c) a demand-side CCT intervention consisting of monetary compensations to pregnant women for the recovery of expenses directly related to accessing and staying at target facilities during and at least 48 hours after childbirth.""(pg.4)",Health infrastructure | Health worker knowledge and skills | Providers and service quality | Antenatal care | Out of pocket expenditure for health | Live birth at healthcare facility,"The study looks at facility infrastructure. ""The infrastructure indicators measuring the availability, accessibility, and functionality of facility structures, medications, clinical equipment, and human resources"". (pg.9) | The study looks at human resource present at facilities. This includes assessment of providers’ professional qualification & technical knowledge. ""The infrastructure indicators measuring the availability, accessibility, and functionality of facility structures, medications, clinical equipment, and human resources"".(pg.9) | This looks at quality of care at provider and client level. ""Assessment of providers’
workload, motivation, satisfaction and Assessment of clients’ perception, satisfaction,
experience.""(pg.10) | The study looks at ANC visits."" Proportion of women in catchment areas with four ANC visits during pregnancy and Proportion of mothers in catchment areas with first ANC visit during first pregnancy trimester"".(pg.12) | The study also looks at out of pocket spending on health. ""The survey collects information on women’s use of maternal care services (ANC, delivery, and PNC, including family planning) and the out-of-pocket expenditure incurred in the process of seeking care.""(pg.11) | The major outcome is utilization of facility-based delivery. ""The Initiative’s primary objective is to increase the number of deliveries
that take place under skilled attendance in district-level and rural health facilities with high quality maternal and neonatal services provision.""(pg.3)",Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Health,Population policies/programmes and reproductive health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Malawi,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Government agency,"Enrollment into the CCT scheme occurs during a woman’s first antenatal care visit at the respective health facility. Upon enrollment, all eligible women (i.e. permanent residence in the EmONC catchment area) are given a cash transfer card to keep with them until the day of delivery. Following initial enrollment, Health Surveillance Assistants (HSA) at the community level will verify each woman’s eligibility based on her residential status. Pg 4",Individual,Study Design | Impact evaluations | Performance-Based Incentives | Mixed-Method,Cash transfers,Good Health and Well-being,,https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-14-180,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",71.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion on Residents’ Income and Income Structure,"Li, Qianqian | Liu, Qilin",2023.0,Journal article,"Digital financial inclusion (DFI) plays an increasingly important role in raising residents’ income levels and optimizing income structures. Using data from the 2015–2019 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), this paper examines the impact of DFI on residents’ income and income structure from a microeconomic perspective using OLS fixed effects models and panel Tobit models. It was found that (1) DFI significantly raises residents’ income, increasing their total annual per capita household income by CNY4200, and increasing their annual per capita household wage income, business income and property income by CNY2430, CNY1030, and CNY450, respectively. In terms of different functions of DFI, the use of digital payment, digital lending and digital financing can raise the annual per capita household income of residents by CNY4250, CNY10,360 and CNY3050, respectively. (2) DFI increases wage income by enhancing residents’ household employment level, increases business income by promoting residents’ entrepreneurship, and increases property income by improving the financial market participation. (3) DFI has a more significant effect on increasing income for higher income groups as well as rural residents. The findings of this paper provide theoretical and practical support for optimizing the design of financial inclusion policies and exploring new drivers of income growth for residents.",Financial awareness | Financial literacy,"Financial inclusion provides appropriate and effective financial services to all social strata and groups in need at an affordable cost, playing a key role in poverty reduction and income growth: China included “financial inclusion” in the resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), further strengthening the effective coverage of financial services for small and micro enterprises, farmers and low-income urban populations. In 2016, the concept of DFI was formally proposed at the G20 Summit held in 2016. The Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) outlines the definition of DFI as “refers broadly to the use of digital financial services to advance financial inclusion” [7].” Digital Financial Services” covers the whole set of financial products and services, including payments, remittances, transfers, savings, credit, insurance, securities, financial planning and account statements. As a product of the high integration of digital technology and financial services, DFI has greatly improved the efficiency of financial services and reduced the cost of infrastructure, which is conducive to solving the situation of the high cost of services, insufficient supply, and difficulty in balancing efficiency and equity that traditional financial inclusion has long faced (Page 1-3)",Overall household income,"Residents’ income and income structure; Income levels are measured in terms of total income per capita; per capita wage income, per capita business income, and per capita property income Table 2 (Page 10); Table 4 (Page 12); Table 5 (Page 13); Table 6 (Page 14); Table 7 (Page 14); Table 8 (Page 15); Table 9 (Page 15); Table 10 (Page 16)",Finance,Financial inclusion,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Financing with private sector actors,Jobs and Income,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Place of residence | Socioeconomic status,Not specified,Not specified,"The database sample covers 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in China, aiming to reflect China’s social changes and economic development by tracking and collecting data at the individual, household and community levels, and providing important data support for academic research and national macroeconomic and financial formulation policies. The survey data provide effective data support for this paper to study DFI and residents’ income. Since resident household income is affected by macroeconomic development, this paper also controls for the development level of county GDP per capita, which is obtained from the website of the National Bureau of Statistics. This study obtained a total of 24,195 households’ balanced panel data across three periods",Individual | Household,Digital Financial Inclusion | Financial Market Participation | Residents’ Income | Income Structure | China,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032196,Payments by results,Income|Financial inclusion,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
How effective are interventions which seek to improve access and quality of civic infrastructure and amenities? What are the key characteristics of successful interventions in urban areas?: An Evidence Summary,"ThillaiRajan, Annamalai | Devkar, Ganesh | Kumar, Venkata Santosh | Ramanarayanan, Vinod | Goswami, Suchismita",2017.0,Published report,"This Evidence Summary synthesizes evidence from Systematic Reviews (SRs) that have analysed the effectiveness of various interventions to improve access and quality of civic infrastructure services. The following interventions formed the scope of this Evidence Summary: physical infrastructure investments, urban planning interventions, institutional and regulatory reforms, public private partnerships, participation from developmental &amp; multi-lateral agencies, and involvement of community &amp; non-governmental organizations. The sectors considered for this Evidence Summary was: Water, Sanitation, Electricity, Telecom, Roads and public transport. The outcomes considered were: quality and access, in addition to long term impacts such as health, economy, quality of life and social impacts.There is also a contextualisation report of findings to NepalThis report was commissioned under the Department for International Developments Systematic Review Programme for South Asia.",General maintenance of sanitation facilities | Water supply management | Electrification infrastructure | Rural road construction | Urban road construction,"""We also took aid of the evidence present in the systematic reviews to support our contextualization. Among the SRs included in this evidence summary, 12 SRs have direct reference to the studies from Nepal. Out of these 12 SRs, 4 SRs have reviewed studies related to Sanitation sector (Birdthistle et al, 2011; Heijnen et al, 2014; Annamalai et al, 2016; Waddington et al, 2009), 7 SRs dealt with provision of water (Waddington et al, 2009; Taylor et al, 2015; Dangour et al, 2013; Annamalai et al, 2016; Bain et al, 2014; Hepworth et al, 2013; Hughes et al 2013), 2 SRs have reviewed studies related to electricity sector (Bensch et al, 2016; Annamalai et al, 2016) and 2 SRs dealt with roads sector (Hine et al, 2016; Petrosino et al 2012)"" (page 4)",Community engagement | Community monitoring,"The involvement of the community is also important for maintenance and sustainability of the infrastructure as it has emerged from the findings of this study. These are effective tools and could be used for building effective infrastructure projects in the country. In the rural areas, collaboration between these two agencies can provide successful interventions in water supply, sanitation, health and education projects. (page 6). Transparency indicators can be enhanced by periodic monitoring of infrastructure, improved data collection and ensuring compliance to standards. Multi-lateral agencies play an important role in a number of developing countries for ensuring transparency standards. (page 6) In Nepal it has been noticed that that Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are much more successful at the local level. (page 7)",Urban and rural development,Urban infrastructure and service delivery,"Industry, trade, and services",Other multisector,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Nepal,,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,Not specified,,civic infrastructure and amenities | Access | Quality | Urban Development,Not applicable,Sustainable Cities and Communities,Low,https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/how-effective-are-interventions-which-seek-to-improve-access-and-quality-of-civic-infrastructure-and-amenities,Infrastructure development and financing,Infrastructure,76.0,,Low,Low,Low,No,Yes,Partially,Partially,yes,,,12.0,,,Yes,Yes,no,yes,yes
"Impact of Private Sector Participation on Access and Quality in Provision of Electricity, Telecom and Water Services in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review","Devkar, Ganesh A. | Mahalingam, Ashwin | Deep, Akash | Thillairajan, A.",2013.0,Journal article,"Developing countries have been increasingly adopting the Private Sector Participation (PSP) model in the delivery of electricity, telecom and&nbsp;water services. The results from individual studies on the impact of PSP has been mixed. This&nbsp;systematic review&nbsp;synthesizes the evidence on access and quality of services as a result of PSP. Though count of evidence approach shows that PSP is associated with positive impact on outcomes, not all of that can be attributed to PSP. The strength of positive evidence also varies between sectors and outcomes and is strongest for those outcomes where there could be a strong corresponding benefit to the private sector. Narrative synthesis indicated that (i) there are potential trade-offs between different outcomes; (ii) PSP should be accompanied by appropriate regulation, sector reform, and organizational changes to achieve the desired outcomes; (iii) In the absence of specific measures, access to rural and poor areas are adversely affected; and (iv) Unless properly designed, short term focus could dominate long term investment for network expansion and improvement.",Private sector involvement in the energy and extractives sector,"Private sector participation (PSP), a contractual arrangement in electricity, water & sanitation and telecommunications.",Product quality | Access to basic energy services | Outages,"Jointly assessed with Frequency of supply, Frequency of dimming of electricity, Duration of power outages, Water turbid ness (turbidness units), Pressure of water supply. (p.68) | Jointly assessed with Coverage (Proportion/percentage of households with electricity connections), Growth in number of connections, Number of electricity connections, Number of water supply/sanitation connections, Water/sewage network expansion (kilometres), Coverage (proportion/percentage of population with access to water supply/sanitation) (p.68) | Frequency of power outages",Environment and natural resource management,Energy policies and reform,Energy and extractives,Energy,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social | Energy/Extractives,Multi-country,,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,,infrastructure | electricity | Telecom | Water supply | private sector | Systematic review,Not applicable,Affordable and Clean Energy | Clean Water and Sanitation,Low,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0957178713000404?via%3Dihub,Infrastructure development and financing|Direct financing of private sector actors|Blended finance,Infrastructure|Energy use and nature of extractives,,,Low,Low,Low,No,Partially,No,No,no,,,67.0,,,No,No,no,yes,yes
Scaling Up Sanitation: Evidence From an RCT in Indonesia,"Cameron, Lisa | Olivia, Susan | Shah, Manisha",2019.0,Journal article,"We investigate the impacts of a widely used sanitation intervention, Community-Led Total Sanitation, which was implemented at scale across rural areas of Indonesia with a randomized controlled trial to evaluate its effectiveness. The program resulted in modest increases in toilet construction, decreased community tolerance of open defecation and reduced roundworm infestations in children. However, there was no impact on anemia, height or weight. We find important heterogeneity along three dimensions: (1) poverty—poorer households are limited in their ability to improve sanitation; (2) implementer identity—scale up involves local governments taking over implementation from World Bank contractors yet no sanitation and health benefits accrue in villages with local government implementation; and (3) initial levels of social capital—villages with high initial social capital built toilets whereas the community-led approach was counterproductive in low social capital villages with fewer toilets being built.",Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,"Water, sanitation, and waste management",,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Work-Labor/Social,Indonesia,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,In Indonesia CLTS was rolled out across all 29 rural districts in the province of East Java. (page 3),,,,Good Health and Well-being | Zero Hunger,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387818316298,Advisory support,"Infrastructure|Food security, health, and nutrition",49.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Returns to Soft Skills Training in Rwanda,"Brudevold-Newman, Andrew | Ubfal, Diego Javier",2023.0,Published working paper,"Young adults seeking to enter the labor market often confront a skills mismatch with firms reporting difficulty finding new entrants with appropriate levels of soft skills. This paper reports findings from a randomized controlled trial in Rwanda in which recent graduates from tertiary education were randomly assigned to a two-week inten-&nbsp;sive soft skills training program developed and delivered by&nbsp;staff of the University of Rwanda. Results indicate that the program facilitated accelerated entry into the labor market&nbsp;in a period characterized by COVID-19-related disruptions. These effects dissipated over the following year as more jobs became available in the economy and the control group’s employment caught up with that of the treatment group. The paper finds evidence of significant job network expansion for participants of the training, which could have led to faster labor market entry for the treated youth.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"Evaluation of a soft skills training program for recent tertiary education graduates in Rwanda.""The intervention we study is a 13-day (160 hours in total: 102 hours of lectures and an estimated 58 hours of practical exercises and assignments), in-person soft skills training for recent university graduates implemented by the University of Rwanda. The curriculum focused on effective communication, networking, and both interpersonal (teamwork, collaboration, trust, empathy, and negotiation) and intrapersonal (self-awareness, personal initiative, and perseverance) skills, and was designed to address employers’ perceptions that tertiary education curricula produced technically proficient graduates who lacked the complimentary soft skills to effectively transition into the labor market."" (p.6)",Labour supply | Employee benefits | Job seeking | Networking after higher education | Social and emotional or soft skills | Total earnings due to higher education,"Labor Market Impacts. Impacts of the training on individuals’ on labor supply. (p.10) (Table 1, p.19) | Improvement of Job Quality. Job Benefits is a dummy variable equal to one for employees that receive contributions to social insurance, health insurance and paid holidays. (p.11)
(table 2, page 19) | Impacts on job search practices. (p.12) (table 4,Page 20) | Impacts on Networks. Shift in job-search networking stems from both increases in discussions with people that were part of pre-program networks and discussions with an expanded network resulting from participation in the training.  (p.12)(Table 5, page 21) | Impacts on Socio-Emotional Skills. (p.12) (table 3, page 20) | Income generation. Impacts of the training on individuals’ main income generating activity and labor supply. (p.10) (Table 1, p.19)",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Rwanda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex | Socioeconomic status,Academic institution,Not specified,Rwandan women aged 24-30 have attended some tertiary education—one of the eligibility criteria for our program,Individual,Soft Skills | labor market entry | transition from school to work | Networks | RCT,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Gender Equality | Quality Education,,https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-10489,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,91.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Fostering Innovation Activities With the Support of a Development Bank: Evidence From Brazil 2003–2011,"Carreras, Marco",2023.0,Journal article,"I evaluate the impact of the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) disbursements on R&amp;D intensity of companies operating in the Brazilian manufacturing sector for the period of 2003–2011. Using instrumen- tal variable (IV) technique, I find a crowding-in impact of receiving funding from BNDES on business-funded innovation intensity, resulting in an increased commit- ment in innovation activities for funded Brazilian manufacturing companies. The findings of this analysis provide new evidence regarding the industrial sector activ- ity of the Brazilian development bank, adding on the debate about additionality/sub- stitutability of public financial resources.",Manufacturing processes | R&D portfolio management | Credit schemes for R&D,"Brazilian Development Bank, Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES)
BNDES is a 100% state-owned development bank created in 1952, controlled by the Brazilian executive and the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign trade (MDIC). Together with the China Development Bank and the German KfW, BNDES has been among the three largest mission-oriented development finance institutions for many years. In 2012, each of these banks disbursed loans accounting for more than 10% of their countries’ GDP.
BNDES’ primary mission aims at economic development through industrial innovation, with the provision of financial resources for the medium–long term for the national industrial sector and to reduce regional disparities2 . (p.550)",Investment in R&D,"R&D intensity, defined as companies’ own innovation expenditure (in R$ million) over the number of employees. (p.553) (table 5 &6, page 563-565)",Finance,Credit infrastructure,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"focus is on firms, particularly manufacturing companies receiving BNDES financing, and their innovation activities",Firm/organisation,BNDES | Development banks | Crowding-in/out | R&D intensity,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41287-022-00517-1,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Investment levels|Productivity gains,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of Growth Mindset Training on Entrepreneurial Action Among Necessity Entrepreneurs: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial,"Morris, Shad | Carlos, Chad | Kistruck, Geoffrey M. | Lount Jr, Robert B. | Thomas, Tumsifu Elly",2023.0,Journal article,"Research SummaryAlthough entrepreneurship training programs are designed to help necessity entrepreneurs acquire skills and capabilities to take entrepreneurial action, participants in these programs often fail to do so. In partnership with a local government agency, we conducted a randomized field experiment involving 165 entrepreneurs in rural Tanzania where in addition to providing technical-skills training, approximately half of the participants also received “growth mindset” psychological training. Those who received the growth mindset training displayed more entrepreneurial action in their business than those in the control group. Importantly, higher levels of entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediated the positive impact on entrepreneurial action displayed by participants who received the growth mindset training. We discuss how complementing traditional technical-based training with growth mindset training can improve the efficacy of entrepreneurship training programs.Managerial SummaryEntrepreneurship training programs often fall short in translating knowledge into action. To address this issue, we conducted an experiment with 165 entrepreneurs in rural Tanzania. All participants received technical-skills training, but half were also exposed to “growth mindset” training. Those who received the growth mindset training displayed greater initiative in business growth. The newfound confidence and grit they gained empowered them to apply learned principles effectively, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of entrepreneurship training programs.",Entrepreneurship training,"Authors analyze the impact of Growth Mindset Training on Entrepreneurial Action using a RCT study in Tanzania.
""Consistent with the ILO training methodology, the training intervention on growth mindset for necessity entrepreneurs included three learning modules. The first module introduced the concept of growth mindset and featured an example of an entrepreneur role model who embodied this mindset. The second module was a game where participants practiced applying the principles of growth mindset to a project that required repeated failure. Finally, the third module included additional material and another role-model example of an entrepreneur who exhibited a growth mindset by not giving up when things did not work out and used those failures as opportunities to learn and grow"" (pg. 678)",Index of business knowledge and skills,"(p682, table 3)  Each entrepreneur’s self-efficacy was assessed: Specifically, participants rated their level of confidence in their ability to: 1) Identify new business opportunities, 2) Create new products, 3) Think creatively, and 4) Commercialize a new idea. Questions were answered on a 5-point Likert scale (α = .79) ranging from: 1 (Not at All Confident) to 5 (Extremely Confident).

(p683, table 4) Entrepreneurial actions",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Tanzania,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,We partnered with the Tanzanian government agency to identify rural entrepreneurs who were scheduled to receive the ILO technical training at one of four village locations in May 2018,Individual,Emerging Economies | HUMAN capital | Learning | Opportunity | Organizational Behavior,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sej.1472,Technical and vocational training,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Domestic business growth and market development",73.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Rural Financial Institutions Building Program (RUFIN) on the Productivity of Women-Owned Farms and Non-Farm Enterprises in Northern Nigeria,"Olaleye, Ayodele Abiodun | Jirgi, Abigail John | Baba, Kpotun Mohammed | Mohammed, Usman Shabba",2023.0,Journal article,"This study was undertaken to determine the impact of the Rural Financial Institution Building Program (RUFIN) on the productivity of women-owned farms and non-farm enterprises in Northern Nigeria. The study utilized primary data collected through a questionnaire administered to 390 beneficiaries and an equal number of non-beneficiaries selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The productivity of women-owned enterprises was determined using Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which was measured as a ratio of the total annual output of the enterprise to the product of capital input, labor input, and total material input. The propensity score matching approach was used to analyze data because of its aptness for overcoming selection bias in an intervention project like RUFIN. Four matching algorithms were tried, which include Nearest Neighbour Matching, Radius Matching, Epanechnikov Kernel Matching, and Stratification methods. Results showed the treatment (RUFIN) had a significant effect on the productivity of women-owned enterprises at 1% probability level, irrespective of the matching method. For the selected stratification matching method, the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) was 1.673, indicating participation in RUFIN increases the enterprise productivity of a given beneficiary by 1.673. The study concludes that RUFIN had positive impacts on the productivity of beneficiaries. It is recommended that institutionalized development programs that mirror the design and implementation approach of Rural Financial Institution Building Program (RUFIN) should be promoted across national and sub-national governments of Nigeria as a means of scaling the productivity of rural entrepreneurs and harnessing other benefits that accompany rural financing.",Access to microcredit,"The intervention analysed in this study is Nigeria's Rural Finance Institution Building Program (RUFIN) which is a loan agreement with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The goal of RUFIN focuses on creating and enabling a microfinance environment for improving rural enterprises' productivity. It does so by helping microfinance institutions to increase the supply of appropriate financial services to rural clients, especially poor households, women-led households, physically challenged people, and rural youth. The program was implemented in 12 states of the Federation, with two states per geopolitical zone. 

This particular study was conducted in only three states, namely Bauchi, Katsina, and Benue States, representing North-East, North-West, and North-Central geo-political zones, respectively. Its aim was to analyse the effects of the program on the productivity of the women-owned farm and non-farm enterprises in Northern Nigeria. 

- P2: ""Development interventions are considered sustainable solutions to the empowerment of women beneficiaries (Bushamuka et al., 2005). The Rural Finance Institution Building Program (RUFIN) is one of Nigeria’s loan agreements with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The overall development goal of RUFIN focuses on creating and enabling a microfinance environment for enhanced rural enterprise productivity and poverty reduction by restructuring and strengthening microfinance institutions (MFI) through capacity building and technical support. These programs are intended to facilitate MFIs so they can efficiently increase the supply of appropriate financial services to rural clients. RUFIN focuses on facilitating improved policy, supervision, and research to create a conducive environment for rural financial inclusion (RUFIN, 2017). In particular, it aims to enhance access to financial services for rural poor households, particularly women-led households, physically challenged people, and rural youth (RUFIN, 2013). RUFIN was implemented in 12 states of the Federation, with two states per geopolitical zone. However, this study was conducted in three states, namely Bauchi, Katsina, and Benue States, representing North-East, North-West, and North-Central geo-political zones, respectively.""
- PPs 4-5: ""This study is an ex-post assessment of the effects of RUFIN on the productivity of the women-owned farm and non-farm enterprises in Northern Nigeria. It focuses on productivity as the measure of the outcomes of the RUFIN intervention in Northern Nigeria.""",Total factor productivity,"- Treatment, in table 2p8. The variable measured here is the total factor productivity (TFP) of women-owned farm and non-farm enterprises. 
- ATT column (Col 2) in table 3p9. The analysis here is the ATT on the TFP of women-owned farm and non-farm enteprises.

See pps 7-8: ""Total Factor Productivity: The model for Total Factor Productivity is specified as: TFPt = At = Yt/ KtαkLtαlMtαm""
And p8: ""Table 2 presents the result of the analysis of treatment (RUFIN) on women-owned farm and non-farm enterprises"" & ""Table 3 presents the average treatment effect on the productivity of women-owned farm and non-farm enterprises using nearest neighbor, radius, kernel, and stratification algorithms""",Finance,Financial inclusion,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Equity sensitive research process,Sex,Not specified,International financial institution,"""In particular, it aims to enhance access to financial services for rural poor households, particularly women-led households, physically challenged people, and rural youth (RUFIN, 2013)."" (page 2)",Firm/organisation,Rural enterprise | Quantitative data | Economic productivity | Women-owned Enterprises | Farming | northern Nigeria | RUFIN,Microfinance,No Poverty | Gender Equality | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol25/iss3/10/?utm_source=vc.bridgew.edu%2Fjiws%2Fvol25%2Fiss3%2F10&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages,Direct financing of private sector actors,Financial inclusion,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Digitalization, Financial Inclusion, and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Financing: Evidence from China","Zhang, Xiaoyan | Li, Jinbao | Xiang, Dong | Worthington, Andrew C.",2023.0,Journal article,"This study investigates the impact of a new digitalization policy implemented in seven pilot zones in China on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their access to finance. Given the limited evidence on how digitalization promotes financial inclusion, we employ a quasi-natural experiment approach to assess its effects. Our findings demonstrate that digitalization is more effective than traditional approaches in alleviating SMEs’ financing constraints and enhancing financial inclusion. Specifically, the utilization of digital financial services, such as payment, money funds, credit, insurance, and investment, plays a crucial role in mitigating information asymmetry and facilitating SMEs’ access to finance. These results provide support for the ongoing digital transformation of SMEs and financial institutions, emphasizing the significance of information-bearing through digital channels.",Financial regulation,"Digital financial inclusion.

""we employ a quasi- natural experiment in which China, under the G20 Advanced Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion, released its 2016–2020 Plan for Promoting Financial Inclusion Development (PPFID) and approved seven city/county pilot zones for the reform and exploration of digital financial inclusion. "" (p.1)",Access to credit,"Financing constraints
""we employ the Kaplan–Zingales (KZ) index to measure SME financing constraints. The independent variables in our logit regression model comprise the proportion of cash flow from operating activities to total assets (Cash), the current ratio (total assets/total liabilities) (CR), the return on equity (net profit/net assets) (ROE), leverage the (total liabilities/total assets) (LEV), and net sales (net profit/operating income) (NPS)"" (p.4)",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Structured dialogue,Jobs and Income,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Digital Financial Inclusion | financing constraint | Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) | Quasi-natural experiment,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264999323002225?via%3Dihub,Multi-stakeholder platforms,Financial inclusion,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Facility and Community Results-Based Financing to Improve Maternal and Child Nutrition and Health in The Gambia,"Ferguson, Laura | Boudreaux, Chantelle | Phall, Modou Cheyassin | Jallow, Bakary | Fofana, Malang | Njie, Lamin | Ceesay, Abdou Aziz | Gibba, Catherine K. | Njie, Matty | Bittaye, Mustapha | Loum, Musa M. | Sankareh, Alhagie | Darboe, Momodou L. | Barjo, Yaya | Dibba, Mariama | Safreed-Harmon, Kelly | Fink, Günther | Hasan, Rifat",2022.0,Journal article,"In 2013, the Government of The Gambia implemented a novel results-based financing (RBF) intervention designed to improve maternal and child nutrition and health through a combination of community, facility and individual incentives. In a mixed-methods study, we used a randomized 2 × 2 study design to measure these interventions’ impact on the uptake of priority maternal health services, hygiene and sanitation. Conditional cash transfers to individuals were bundled with facility results-based payments. Community groups received incentive payments conditional on completion of locally-designed health projects. Randomization occurred separately at health facility and community levels. Our model pools baseline, midline and endline exposure data to identify evidence of the interventions’ impact in isolation or combination. Multivariable linear regression models were estimated. A qualitative study was embedded, with data thematically analyzed. We analyzed 5,927 household surveys: 1,939 baseline, 1,951 midline, and 2,037 endline. On average, community group interventions increased skilled deliveries by 11 percentage points, while the facility interventions package increased them by seven percentage points. No impact was found, either in the community group or facility intervention package arms on early ANC. The community group intervention led to 49, 43 and 48 percentage point increases in handwashing stations, soaps at station and water at station, respectively. No impact was found on improved sanitation facilities. The qualitative data help understand factors underlying these changes. No interaction was found between the community and facility interventions. Where demand-side barriers predominate and community governance structures exist, community group RBF interventions may be more effective than facility designs.",,,,,Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,"Gambia, The",Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"Health facilities also oversaw the issuance of CCTs to pregnant women, which were designed to facilitate access to health services and help toward costs associated with pregnancy and delivery. Women were eligible for two CCTs, each one of approximately $3.50 USD.",Household | Individual,,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23288604.2022.2117320,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",55.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Does Entrepreneurship Improve the Livelihood of Young People? Evidence from the NDE Program Beneficiaries in Kano State, Nigeria","Adeyanju, Dolapo F. | Akomolafe, Kehinde J. | Mburu, John I. | Ohanwusi, Evelyn O. | Adebayo, Solomon A. | Joy, Chiagoziem",2023.0,Journal article,"Entrepreneurship has evolved into a valuable tool for facilitating job creation in response to Nigeria’s youth bulge and declining job opportunities in the formal sector. This study assessed the impact of entrepreneurship on youths’ livelihood, focusing on the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) program in Kano state. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 266 respondents, including 148 young entrepreneurs and 118 non-entrepreneurs, were sampled using a multi-stage sampling technique, with Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) used to collect qualitative data from 25 youths. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an Endogenous Switching Treatment Effect Regression (ESTER) model. The descriptive analysis showed that engagement in entrepreneurship was determined by age, having consistent income source, credit access, number of entrepreneurs in the household, access to entrepreneurship training, household size, and asset ownership. Even though entrepreneurs earned higher monthly income than non-entrepreneurs, their income was just slightly above the Nigerian minimum wage. Furthermore, asset ownership, access to credit, group membership, and access to training, all of which are strong predictors of entrepreneurship, were higher among entrepreneurs compared to non-entrepreneurs. The findings also revealed that entrepreneurs had better livelihood outcomes, as measured by income and self-assessed living condition, than nonentrepreneurs. Even though these outcomes could have resulted from other externalities, the empirical analysis helped to address such endogeneity, thereby attributing the outcome estimates solely to entrepreneurship. These results, therefore, show the relevance of entrepreneurship in alleviating poverty and generating better livelihood outcomes for young Nigerians.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Entrepreneurship training,"This study assessed the impact of entrepreneurship on youths’ livelihood, focusing on the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) program in Kano state. ""The NDE program was launched by the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) in 1986 as a strategy to deal with unemployment and poverty. The general concept is self-enterprise, which promotes self-employment and self-reliance over wage work. The program has four core components including National Youth Employment and Vocational Skills Development program, Small Scale Industries and Graduate Employment program, Agricultural Sector Employment program, and Special Public Works program.""(pg.4)",Economic empowerment | Quality of life/Life satisfaction,"The study looks at monthly income. Average monthly income is the outcome variable. Two outcome variables, average monthly income, and self-assessed living conditions ranked between 1–10 were used as proxies for youth livelihood. (pg.11 table 3) | The study also looks at self-assessed living conditions.Two outcome variables, average monthly income, and self-assessed living conditions ranked between 1–10 were used as proxies for youth livelihood.The dependent variable is an individual’s self-reported living condition which was measured on a 10-point scale, 0 being the lowest value, while 10 is reported by individuals who are very satisfied with their living condition.(pg.14 table 4)",Private sector development,Youth employment,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"""The population of interest in this research is young beneficiaries of the entrepreneurship and  skills acquisition program of the NDE in Kano state. The research primarily focused on two youth  groups, entrepreneurs who were directly trained under the NDE program and a comparison group  of non-entrepreneurs within the same age category."" (page 6)",Individual,Entrepreneurship | Entrepreneurship programs | Nigeria | youths’ livelihood,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/23311975.2023.2248735?needAccess=true,Technical and vocational training|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|Income|Social factors,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Randomized Regulation: The Impact of Minimum Quality Standards on Health Markets,"Bedoya, Guadalupe | Das, Jishnu | Dolinger",2023.0,Published working paper,"We report results from the first randomization of a regulatory reform in the health sector. Thereform established minimum quality standards for patient safety, an issue that has becomeincreasingly salient following the Ebola and COVID-19 epidemics. In our experiment, all 1348health facilities in three Kenyan counties were classifi ed into 273 markets, and the markets werethen randomly allocated to treatment and control groups. Government inspectors visited healthfacilities and, depending on the results of their inspection, recommended closure or a timeline forimprovements. The intervention increased compliance with patient safety measures in both publicand private facilities (more so in the latter) and reallocated patients from private to publicfacilities without increasing out-of-pocket payments or decreasing facility use. In treated markets,improvements were equally marked throughout the quality distribution, consistent with a simplemodel of vertical differentiation in oligopolies. Our paper thus establishes the use of experimentaltechniques to study regulatory reforms and, in doing so, shows that minimum standards canimprove quality across the board without adversely affecting utilization.",General health counselling,"Page 8: The JHIC focuses on input-driven measures of patient safety with 471 individual items across 14 sections.13 The standards included in the JHIC represent widely
validated minimum expectations for safe care by multiple international institutions including the
World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control, and the Joint Commission, which
accredits hospitals in the United States.",Health quality assurance | Access to healthcare | Health facility reporting,Page 19: Joint Health Inspection Checklist Score | Page 19: Out-of-pocket payments | Page 19: Daily outpatients | Page 19: Entry of new facilities,Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm/organisation,human diseases | Public health | Health care | Epidemics | Epidemiology,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Promoting the International Competitiveness of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Through Cross-Border E-Commerce Development,"Wen, Huwei | Liu, Yutong | Zhou, Fengxiu",2023.0,Journal article,"Based on 14,020 observations of Chinese A-share listed SMEs from 2007 to 2021, this study uses the difference-in-differences (DID) model to investigate the impact of cross-border e-commerce on enterprises’ international competitiveness.The results show that the comprehensive pilot zone of cross-border e-commerce significantly promotes SMEs’ overseas busi-ness income of SMEs, indicating that cross-border e-commerce is a powerful tool for improving corporate international com-petitiveness. In addition, the total factor productivity (TFP) of SMEs has been significantly improved in the process ofexpanding overseas markets. The triple DID model shows that the pilot policies of cross-border e-commerce significantlypromoted the TFP of international enterprises, which means that cross-border e-commerce is conducive to improving inter-national competitiveness. This study also verifies the market information mechanism of cross-border e-commerce, whichenables SMEs to improve their international competitiveness. Developing and emerging countries should accelerate the insti-tutional reform of digital trade to facilitate SME internationalization.",ICT and e-commerce,"China formed pilot zones to do cross-border trading through economic zones via e-commerce.
""This study aims to investigate the impact of cross-border e-commerce on the international competitiveness of SMEs, which is divided into three steps. The first step is to investigate the impact of cross-border e-commerce pilot policies on enterprises’ internationalization using a
quasi-natural experiment and a difference-in-differences (DID) design. Second, this study examines the impact of enterprise internationalization on the TFP of SMEs. Third, this study adopts a difference-in-differences-indifferences (DDD) design to investigate the impact of
cross-border e-commerce policies on the TFP of international enterprises. First, this study uses the two-way fixed effect model to investigate the impact of cross-border e-commerce on
the internationalization of SMEs...Second, based on cross-border e-commerce promoting
internationalization, this study examines whether SMEs experience an improvement in TFP in the process of internationalization...Third, the difference-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) design or triple DID model is used to investigate the impact of policy intervention on the TFP of international enterprise."" (p5)",Sales | Total factor productivity,"Sales oversees: Sale_Overseas (p8, table 3) | Total factor productivity: ""Third, the difference-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) design or triple DID model is used to investigate the impact of policy intervention on the TFP of international enterprise."" (p5, equation 3)",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231210119,Matchmaking,International trade,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Does the Labour Service Cooperation Policy Promote Re-Employment: Evidence From China,"Liu, Luchan",2023.0,Journal article,"While debates about the effectiveness of labour service cooperation policies are raging in Western countries, more information about this topic is needed in the Chinese context. Using the difference-in-differences identification framework and provincial panel data to estimate the employment-promoting effects of the labour service cooperation policy implemented in pilot provinces in China, this study found that the labour service cooperation policy helped to reduce the number of unemployed people and that public–private cooperation created a new approach by combining all stakeholders, such as job seekers,employers, and public employment service agencies. The labour service cooperation policy had a lag policy effect on employment promotion, which was persistent and constantly amplified. The policy was more effective when implemented in regions where the manufacturing industry is the primary sector and the unemployment burden is high",Labour market services and intermediation,"A Chinese labour policy to curb unemployment.
(p4-5) ""This policy aimed to create a new approach by combining all stakeholders, such as job seekers, employers, and PES agencies, to facilitate job creation, mitigate labour market mismatches, and promote re-employment. Specifically, the local PES agencies in the pilot areas connected with a large number of companies or enterprises across the province, selected those experiencing labour shortages, and offered decent working conditions and reasonable wages. By making job listings, PES agencies keep abreast of candidate employers’ job vacancies and match registered eligible job seekers. Compared with traditional supply-side employment services, this process makes PES agencies and potential employers co-producers of job opportunities. In addition to establishing relationships and providing initial matching of candidates, PES agencies also negotiate with employers for work treatment, organise intensive interviews between jobseekers and candidate employers, and send employees who pass the interviews directly to the workplace to complete the job placement.""",Unemployment,"Urban Unemployed people: ""lnunemp_num The logarithm of the number of registered unemployed in cities and towns at the end of the year"" (p8-9, table 2)",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Individual,Labour service cooperation policy | employment promotion | labour market policy | Differences-in-Difference model | China,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-policy-and-society/article/abs/does-the-labour-service-cooperation-policy-promote-reemployment-evidence-from-china/7C299E044ABF0E1B563288178FCCB5DF,Technical and vocational training,Employment,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Logging Concessions, Certification & Protected Areas in the Peruvian Amazon: Forest Impacts from Combinations of Development Rights & Land-use Restrictions","Rico, Jimena | Panlasigui, Stephanie | Loucks, Colby J. | Swenson, Jennifer | Pfaff, Alexander S. P.",2018.0,Published working paper,"In this paper, we use geospatial data and difference-in-differences models to identify the deforestation effects, during 2000-2013, of the leading forest policies in the Peruvian Amazon: i) logging concessions, ii) third-party certification of concessions, and iii) Protected Areas (PAs). We find that on average logging concessions have no effect on tree-cover loss, while the PAs do reduce loss. Further, the PAs allowing limited private extraction save more forest than do more restrictive PAs. Certification has an impact (reduces loss) only in the single region where concessions reduce loss, suggesting a complementarity of third parties with private and public efforts to govern concessions. Our results suggest roles for private rights within conservation, given oversight",Concessions | Other certification | Ecosystem conservation | Forest resource management,"In order to enable ecosystem conservation, the government of Peru initiated conservation policies that include logging concessions, third-party certification of concessions, and Protected Areas (PAs).

""Peru’s Protected Area Act (Law No. 26834) classifies PAs as national, regional, or private. National Indirect Use PAs are strictly protected, allowing only non-manipulative research, tourism, and recreation in designated areas. They prohibit natural resource extraction and transformation of environments (República del Perú, 1997). National Direct Use PAs allow for resource management or extraction by local communities.....Concessions of 5,000 - 40,000 ha were granted to firms or individuals, in 40-year contracts (República del Perú, 2000) for timber production and economic development. In total, 7.1 million ha (10 percent of Peru’s forest) were designated for forestry in logging concessions in Madre de Dios, Loreto and Ucayali regions and the national total is about 8 million ha. Concessionaires must present a forest-management plan every five years and, annually, an operating plan indicating the subsections and volumes to be harvested for each key species"" (Pages 8 and 9).",Deforestation,The authors used a pixel-level data panel to estimate tree cover in  National Indirect Use PAs; National Direct Use PAs; National Reserved Zones; Regional PAs; Uncertified Concessions areas (Table 4).,Environment and natural resource management,Landscape management,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Environmental,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Not specified,"Surface area (acres, hectares, m², etc.)",Certification | Deforestation. | concessions | Protected areas | Impact evaluations | Forest Stewardship Council,Not applicable,Climate Action | Life on Land,,https://open.fsc.org/entities/publication/98986521-9da7-41cc-8218-ed82c23a291f,Blended finance,Environmental change and mitigation,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Employment Support Programs on the Quality of Youth Employment: Evidence From Senegal’s Internship Program,"Tsambou, Andre D. | Diallo, Thierno Malick | Kamga, Benjamin Fomba | Asongu, Simplice Anutechia",2024.0,Journal article,"Youth unemployment is major policy concern in Senegal. The country has in recent years, implemented several programs to combat unemployment and the precariousness of youth employment in the labor market. However, the results of these programs are to date hardly perceptible. The objective of this work is to assess the impact of employment support programs on the quality of youth employment. We provide empirical evidence of the effect of the apprenticeship program implemented by the National State-Employer Convention in facilitating youth access to quality employment. Job quality is determined using an index that captures multiple wage and non-wage dimensions of job quality. Using survey data on the improvement of employment policies from 2746 individuals, we use the endogenous switching regression method and the propensity score matching method to assess and compare the impact of the apprenticeship program on the quality of jobs held by young men and women. The results show that the apprenticeship program has a positive and significant impact on job quality. Indeed, we find that the quality of employment is better for young men and women who benefited from the internship program than for those who did not. We find, however, that there is a difference in job quality between males and females who received the program. The differences in job quality are explained more by differences in job characteristics but are not directly related to gender or age.",Apprenticeship programmes | Employment incentives and wage subsidies,"The study looks at the impact of the internship program in Senegal.
""It is an initiative that promotes the devel
opment of professional and technical skills of young people for sus
tainable integration. Within the CNEE is the internship program. The
 main objective of the internship programs is to ensure the integration
 of young job seekers after a period of internship or practical training
 in a company. These programs constitute an effective public-private
 partnership framework to ensure regular and active youths employ
ment promotion by sharing the costs between the State and private
 sector companies. This partnership aims to generate more and better
 employment opportunities through internships that provide skills
 development and work experience.
 The young beneficiaries of the apprenticeship program receive a
 monthly allowance paid in full by the company where the training
 takes place. The company then prepares a training report of the
 trainees as well as the totality of the allowances paid to them and
 the Senegalese government reimburses 50% of the allowances paid.
 This human resource development program aims to facilitate access
 to qualified manpower for companies in the short, medium and long
 terms, and at a lower cost. This program operates on both the supply
 and demand sides of the employment market. On the one hand, it
 aims to improve the employability of young people through vocational
 training and the acquisition of initial work experience that increases
 their productivity and facilitates their integration into the labor mar
ket. On the other hand, they increase the demand for labor by compa
nies through employment subsidies. This type of program helps
 maintain the labor supply in a country and prevents some young peo
ple from becoming long-term unemployed or suffering a loss of
 human capital (McKenzie, 2017). The subsidy for this employment
 support program reduces hiring costs for firms and contributes to an
 increase in quality employment through the experience gained via
 hands-on learning (Kane et al., 2020a)."" (Page 2)",Index of employment,"Table 3 presents the expected job quality score under actual conditions and under counterfactual scenarios for participation in the
 apprenticeship program
""These authors
 propose measures of job quality by highlighting the multidimensional
 nature of the concept of job quality and its multiple definitions.
 Leschke et al. (2012) use an overall job quality indicator and sub
indicators based on 17 indicators divided into 6 dimensions. These
 authors assume identical subjective weighting for the dimensions
 grouping the indicators. Although these authors' model incorporates a
 large number of indicators, it is sensitive to the weights associated
 with the indicators. Green and Mostafa (2012) use in their study of
 job quality in Europe, an intrinsic indicator of job quality based on four
 dimensions comprising of 17 indicators. The authors calculate a sub
index for each dimension from the sum of the scores of the indicators
 concerned and then calculate the overall index by averaging the given
 sub-indices without any weighting of these sub-indices."" (Page 5)",Private sector development,Job creation,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Senegal,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,International aid agency,The study focuses primarily on the group of young people with a high need for training and integration into the labor market (ages 15 to 35),Individual,apprenticeship | LABOR market | Quality of employment | Senegal | Youths,Not applicable,Reduced Inequality | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/sd.2913,Technical and vocational training,Employment,69.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
PROTOCOL: Effectiveness of PublicPrivate Partnerships on Educational Access and Quality of Primary and Secondary Schooling in Low and MiddleIncome Countries: A Systematic Review,"Ali, Sajid | Bhutta, Sadia Muzaffar | Ahmad, Sohail | Ansari, Aisha Naz | Ahmed, Afaq | Qadir, Yasir",2024.0,Published protocol,"This protocol serves as a guiding source for a Campbell registered systematic review aiming to assess the effectiveness of PublicPrivate Partnerships (PPPs) in education in Low and MiddleIncome Countries (LMICs). The primary question for this review is: What is known about the impact of PPPs on improving access (i.e., enrolment, attendance, dropout, and completion) and quality (i.e., students learning outcomes and teachers teaching practices) of primary and secondary schooling in LMICs? Using a predefined search query, we will retrieve studies from various databases including Scopus, Campbell Library, EBSCO Education Research Complete, NBER, Dissertation and Theses Global (ProQuest), along with other sources of grey literature. Covidence will be used for screening and extraction. A bias assessment tool will be used for the included studies. A standardised mean difference (SMD) effect size of Hedges g will be calculated for the outcome variables using RevMan. This review will provide updated evidence about the impact of PPP in school education across LMICs, which will be instrumental for policy and practice level decisions for education improvement.&nbsp;",Public-private joint ventures,"The publicprivate partnerships (PPP) in education is a programme where the public and the private sectors collaborate to achieve the common objective of ensuring quality education. In PPP, the public (means the state) acts mainly as a financial provider and is a monitor/regulator, whereas the private entity mainly provides services in terms of teachers development, provision of resources, running of schools, etc. There are several models based on the role and nature of public and private entities in the programme: 1. Educational Management Organisation (EMO)  the state provides finance and looks after accountability whereas a private entity looks after school management; 2. Voucher school programme  the state provides finance to the parents, enabling them to choose the right school for their children; 3. Foundationassisted schools  the state provides financial and technical support to the partner private schools to enrol students; 4. Adopt a school model  a philanthropic organization or individual adopts a government school and tries to improve it; 5. Charter schools  these schools are publicly funded but operate independently of the traditional public school system. The publicprivate partnership is an educational intervention that is practised in both developed and developing countries to ensure better access, quality, and governance. This review focuses on all the above-mentioned types of PPPs and tries to synthesize their effectiveness, in terms of improved access and quality in education, based on the available evidence from LMICs (Page 3)",Overall student enrolment | Overall student attendance | Drop-out rate from educational establishments | Completed years of school | Composite test scores | Teacher performance - teaching methods,"Enrolment: the total number of students enrolled in a school at the beginning of a specific grade year in the primary and secondary levels of school (Page 5) | Attendance: the percentage of total school days on which enrolled students were present in an academic year (Page 5) | Dropout: the number of students enrolled in school but did not attend or stopped to attend school throughout the year (Page 5) | Completion: the number of students who have completed a particular grade level of school and/or a stage (primary and secondary) and/or full duration of schooling (grades 112) (Page 5) | Students Learning Outcomes: the test results of students in school subjects (e.g., mathematics, science, languages) (Page 5) | Teachers pedagogical practices assessed through observation (Page 5)",Human development and gender,"Education governance, school-based management",Education,Education,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,"""This review will include studies that have involved school students and teachers from primary and secondary grades who are part of PPP and public and/or private schools"" (p.4)",,PublicPrivate Partnerships | Primary and Secondary Schooling | low and middleincome countries | Systematic review,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1385,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,,Effectiveness,,,,,,,,,Narrative synthesis,Meta-analysis,0.0,,,,,,,
"A Low-Cost, Integrated Immunization, Health, and Nutrition Intervention in Conflict Settings in Pakistan—The Impact on Zero-Dose Children and Polio Coverage","Khan, Amira M. | Ahmed, Imran | Jawwad, Muhammad | Islam, Muhammad | Tahir, Rehman | Anwar, Saeed | Nauman, Ahmed Ali | Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.",2024.0,Journal article,"Pakistan is one of two countries globally still endemic for poliovirus. While increasing immunization coverage is a concern, providing equitable access to care is also a priority, especially for conflict-affected populations. Recognizing these challenges, Naunehal, an integrated model of maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH), immunization, and nutrition services delivered through community mobilization, mobile outreach, and private-sector engagement was implemented in conflict-affected union councils (UCs) with high poliovirus transmission, including Kharotabad 1(Quetta, Balochistan) and Bakhmal Ahmedzai (Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). A quasi-experimental pre-post-design was used to assess the impact of the interventions implemented between April 2021 and April 2022, with a baseline and an endline survey. For each of the intervention UCs, a separate, matched-control UC was identified. At endline, the proportion of fully immunized children increased significantly from 27.5% to 51.0% in intervention UCs with a difference-in-difference (DiD) estimate of 13.6%. The proportion of zero-dose children and non-recipients of routine immunization (NR-RI) children decreased from 31.6% to 0.9% and from 31.9% to 3.4%, respectively, with a significant decrease in the latter group. Scaling up and assessing the adoption and feasibility of integrated interventions to improve immunization coverage can inform policymakers of the viability of such services in such contexts.",,,,,,,Health,,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Conflict-affected | Place of residence,Not specified,Not specified,"The team provided basic health services, routine government-recommended immunization and health services, and IYCF counseling, targeted toward children under five years old and women of reproductive age (WRA). Pg 3",Household,,,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/3/185,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Evaluating the Relationship Between Conditional Cash Transfer Programme on Preterm Births: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study Using the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort,"Ortelan, Naiá | de Almeida, Marcia Furquim | Junior, Elzo Pereira Pinto | Bispo, Nivea | Fiaccone, Rosemeire L | Falcao, Ila Rocha | Rocha, Aline Dos Santos | Ramos, Dandara | Paixao, Enny S. | Ribeiro-Silva, Rita de Cássia | Rodrigues, Laura C | Barreto, Mauricio L | Ichihara Maria Yury",2024.0,Journal article,"Preterm births increase mortality and morbidity during childhood and later life, which is closely associated with poverty and the quality of prenatal care. Therefore, income redistribution and poverty reduction initiatives may be valuable in preventing this outcome. We assessed whether receipt of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme - Bolsa Familia Programme, the largest in the world - reduces the occurrence of preterm births, including their severity categories, and explored how this association differs according to prenatal care and the quality of Bolsa Familia Programme management. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed involving the first live singleton births to mothersenrolled in the 100&nbsp;Million Brazilian Cohort from 2004 to 2015, who had at least one child before cohort enrollment. Only the first birth during the cohort period was included, but born from 2012 onward. A deterministic linkage with the Bolsa Familia Programme payroll dataset and a similarity linkage with the Brazilian Live Birth Information System were performed. The exposed group consisted of newborns to mothers who received Bolsa Familia from conception to delivery. Our outcomes were infants born with a gestational age&lt;37 weeks: (i) all preterm births, (ii) moderate-tolate (32–36), (iii) severe (28–31), and (iv) extreme (&lt;28) preterm births compared to at-term newborns. We combined propensity score-based methods and weighted logistic regressions to compare newborns to mothers who did and did not receive Bolsa Familia, controlling for socioeconomic conditions. We also estimated these effects separately, according to the adequacy of prenatal care and the index of quality of Bolsa Familia Programme management. Results 1,031,053 infants were analyzed; 65.9% of the mothers were beneficiaries. Bolsa Familia Programme was not associated with all sets of preterm births, moderate-to-late, and severe preterm births, but was associated with&nbsp;a reduction in extreme preterm births (weighted OR: 0.69; 95%CI: 0.63–0.76). This reduction can also be observed among mothers receiving adequate prenatal care (weighted OR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.59–0.74) and living in better Bolsa Familia management municipalities (weighted OR: 0.56; 95%CI: 0.43–0.74). Conclusions An income transfer programme for pregnant women of low-socioeconomic status, conditional to attending prenatal care appointments, has been associated with a reduction in extremely preterm births. These programmes could be essential in achieving Sustainable Development Goals.",Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs),"The study looks at the effect of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme - Bolsa Familia Programme on preterm births
""The exposed group comprised live births to mothers who continuously received BF throughout the entire 
pregnancy period, from conception to delivery. Unexposed group included live births to mothers who did not 
receive BF benefit at any time, or until childbirth"" (Page 5)",Other outcome,"The study looks at Pre-term birth as the outcome of interest (Table 4)
""There are four outcomes, where we compared at-term 
newborns (37–42 gestational weeks – reference category) 
to (i) overall,",Social development and protection,Social safety nets,Health,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Equity sensitive methodology,Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Government agency,"""In this retrospective cohort study, we included the first live singleton births to mothers aged between 10 and 49 years enrolled in the 100  Million (100  M) Brazilian Cohort [47] from 2004 to 2015, who had at least one child before cohort enrollment. Only the first child born after registration, but born from 2012 onward, was included."" (page 3)",Individual,Preterm birth | Conditional Cash Transfer | Bolsa Familia Programme (BFP) | Income redistribution | 100 million Brazilian cohort | prenatal care | Propensity Score,Cash transfers,Reduced Inequality,,https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12889-024-18152-2.pdf,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Targeting and Serving the Poor: Three Essays on Development Economics.,"Chowdhury, Md Reajul Alam",2022.0,Thesis,"This dissertation combines three research papers on improved targeting in development and policy interventions that seek to increase uptake of health products among low-income consumers and support micro-enterprises (MEs) development as poverty alleviation tools. The first chapter evaluates whether a financial policy to improve bank density in underserved areas in India benefited micro and small enterprises. The branch expansion policy targeted districts classified as underbanked, based on their ex-ante branch density, making the policy intervention suitable for a regression discontinuity design. Using a large nationally representative survey on informal MSEs located in districts within a narrow window around the threshold, this paper shows that enterprises in districts classified as underbanked witnessed large increases in revenue, gross value-addition, and productive capital in the aftermath of the reform. There was no change in credit access (from the bank and non-bank sources) for MSEs in underbanked districts. Our analyses reveal potential spill-over from industry linkages with formal enterprises. The second chapter applies recently developed ML methods to characterize the microentrepreneurs from extremely poor households who benefit (and who do not) from their participation in the Ultra-poor Graduation (UPG) model – a popular poverty alleviation program. Though previous studies have shown a large degree of heterogeneity in the treatment effect of the UPG model, the question of why some households benefit while others do not remains unanswered – mostly due to the limitations of conventional econometric models that do not allow using a rich set of baseline variables for treatment effect heterogeneity investigation. Applying recently developed machine learning methods on a large-scale RCT dataset from Bangladesh, this chapter address this problem and characterizes the UPG program participants who benefit and who do not. iii The results indicate a trade-off between wealth and consumption gains: some beneficiaries focused on accumulating assets while others increased their consumption. When profiling the top gainers on these two outcomes, the analyses show opposing characteristics between these two groups. The characteristics of the top gainers identified in this research can be used for improved targeting to maximize the impact of the UPG program on the desired dimension. Alternatively, the characteristics of those who failed to benefit can be used to customize the program interventions for balancing the asset and consumption trade-off. Finally, the third chapter, through a randomized control trial (RCT) setup, tested the individual and joint impacts of two types of messaging on the willingness to pay for fortified rice among low-income Bangladeshi consumers. The first type of messaging anchored the rice with a well-known high-value aspirational product. The second type established the credibility of its health benefits by connecting it to a well-known public distribution program. Drawing on insights from the marketing and consumer behavior literature, we argue that messages which position a product as aspirational or establish the credibility of its health benefits can increase consumer demand for the product. Indeed, the measured impact on WTP when both messages were combined was sufficiently large to elicit a price premium for fortified rice that would cover the cost of fortification. This paper contributes to the literature by presenting new evidence on the role of information in stimulating demand for a credence good.",Financial regulation,"Financial policy to improve bank density in underserved areas in India benefited micro and small enterprises. The branch expansion policy targeted districts classified as underbanked, based on their ex-ante branch density, making the policy intervention suitable for a regression discontinuity design (3)","Capital | Profits and revenues | Overall expenditures | Workers per firm | Employee compensation | Starting a business | Investment in property, plant, and equipment","productive capital - Table 1.3: Impact of Branch Expansion on Firm Performance (p22) | gross value addition; monthly revenues -  Table 1.3: Impact of Branch Expansion on Firm Performance (p22) | Operating expense - Table 1.5: Impact of Branch Expansion on Other Firm Performance (p 25) | Worker - Table 1.5: Impact of Branch Expansion on Other Firm Performance (p 25) | Wages - Table 1.5: Impact of Branch Expansion on Other Firm Performance (p 25) | Local Registration, New Entry - Table 1.5: Impact of Branch Expansion on Other Firm Performance (p 25) | Enterprise Expansion; Enterprise Stagnating - Table 1.5: Impact of Branch Expansion on Other Firm Performance (p 25)",Private sector development,Regulation and competition policy,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Other,Government agency,Not specified,Not applicable,Firm/organisation,Financial policies | bank density | underserved areas | Micro And Small Enterprises | India,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty,,https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/124498,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Employment|Income|Financial inclusion|Investment levels|Food security, health, and nutrition",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Role of Public Development Banks During the Pandemic: Impact Evaluation of BICE's Innovative Credit Response,"Danon, Alejandro M. | Tessone, Rafael | Zack, Guido",2024.0,Journal article,"The global COVID-19 pandemic triggered a renewed impetus for the countercyclical role of development banks, marked by widespread adoption of diverse instruments to mitigate its impact. Argentina’s development bank (BICE, Banco de Inversión y Comercio Exterior, specialized in loan for long term investment, responded to the 2020 health and economic crises implementing a working capital loan program. Amidst a lack of substantial evidence on the efficacy of similar counter-cyclical interventions, we employed a quasi-experimental methodology, incorporating Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Fixed Effects (FE) estimations, to evaluate the program’s impact. Our results demonstrate that firms benefiting from the loan maintained employment levels, in stark contrast to a nearly 6 per cent decrease for those without it. The program effectively mitigated the employment impact of the transient shock. Robustness checks, along with falsification tests, bolster our identification strategy. Complementary findings emphasize that the program’s success lies in providing credit during adverse conditions, when private sector credit contracts. This insight, rather than the exceptional terms of the credit, offers a crucial lesson for the future.",Subsidised loans,"The study looks at the impact of the work loans by BICE on employment

""BICE adopted the program and, for the first time in its history, offered a pure working capital loan. As an expression of its public purpose, BICE implemented this loan with longer deadlines and lower interest rates than private banks. In particular, a nominal fixed annual rate of 19 per cent in pesos for term of up to 12 months with a maximum of 6 months of grace, or a 24 per cent nominal fixed annual rate for term of up to 18 months. Notice, expected annual inflation for the following 12 months was 50.4 per cent during the second semester of 2020, according to the Survey of Market Expectations from Argentina Central Bank"" (Page 6)",Employment status,Table 3. Impact of the loan on employment,Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income,Argentina,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Government agency,Not specified,Individual,Public and development banks | Countercyclical role | COVID-19 | Impact evaluations | Working capital loan,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09538259.2024.2351822,Direct financing of private sector actors,Employment,46.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Business Acceleration Program As City Sowers: Assessing Public Funding’s Impact on New Ventures in an Emerging Economy,"Rodriguez-Vahos, Alejandro | Aparicio, Sebastian | Urbano, David",2024.0,Journal article,"Purpose – A debate on whether new ventures should be supported with public funding is taking place. Adopting a position on this discussion requires rigorous assessments of implemented programs. However, the few existing efforts have mostly focused on regional cases in developed countries. To fill this gap, this paper aims to measure the effects of a regional acceleration program in a developing country (Medellin, Colombia). Design/methodology/approach – The economic notion of capabilities is used to frame the analysis of firm characteristics and productivity, which are hypothesized to be heterogeneous within the program. To test these relationships, propensity score matching is used in a sample of 60 treatment and 16,994 control firms. Findings – This paper finds that treated firms had higher revenue than propensity score-matched controls on average, confirming a positive impact on growth measures. However, such financial growth is mostly observed in service firms rather than other economic sectors. Research limitations/implications – Further evaluations, with a longer period and using more outcome variables, are suggested in the context of similar publicly funded programs in developing countries Originality/value – These findings tip the balance in favor of the literature suggesting supportive programs for high-growth firms as opposed to everyday entrepreneurship. This is an insight, especially under the context of an emerging economy, which has scarce funding to support entrepreneurship.",Business incubators and accelerators,"This paper seeks to measure the effects of a local acceleration program from Medellin, Colombia. The acceleration program is operated by Creame, which is a private, nonprofit institution founded in 1996 in Medellin by several public and private partners that were seeking an effective way to promote entrepreneurial activity in a city devastated by violence, poverty and social exclusion. The program operates as a traditional accelerator with a sponsorship scheme provided by the Mayor’s Office of Medellin and is focused solely on high-impact ventures, which are chosen in each acceleration cohort using a highly selective approach that results in a score above or below the cutoff to enroll in the program. This approach takes into consideration several variables, such as the business sector, sales, company age and technological processes used for companies’ operations. The program is 24 weeks long and has different modules, with a special focus on financial training and assessment (Page 4)",Profits and revenues,Ln revenue (the natural logarithm of posttreatment period revenue) Table 4 (Page 16); Table 5 (Page 18),Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Not specified,Firm/organisation,Entrepreneurship | Impact evaluation | Public funds | Acceleration Programs | Developing countries,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2023-0333,Direct financing of private sector actors|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Domestic business growth and market development,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Value Chain Interventions for Improving Womens Economic Empowerment: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,"Malhotra, Suchi Kapoor | Mantri, Swati | Gupta, Neha | Bhandari, Ratika | Armah, Ralph Nii | Alhassan, Hamdiyah | Young, Sarah | White, Howard | Puskur, Ranjitha | Waddington, Hugh Sharma | Masset, Edoardo",2024.0,Journal article,"Background: Value chain interventions have become widespread throughout the international development sector over the last 20 years, and there is a need to evaluate their effectiveness in improving women's welfare across multiple dimensions. Agricultural value chains are influenced by sociocultural norms and gender dynamics that have an impact on the distribution of resources, benefits, and access to opportunities. While women play a critical role in agriculture, they are generally confined to the leastvalued parts of the value chain with the lowest economic returns, depending on the local, social and institutional contexts. Objectives: The review assesses the effectiveness of approaches, strategies and interventions focused on women's engagement in agricultural value chains that lead to women's economic empowerment in low and middleincome countries. It explores the contextual barriers and facilitators that determine women's participation in value chains and ultimately impact their effectiveness. Search Methods: We searched completed and ongoing studies from Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection (Social Sciences Citation Index [SSCI], Science Citation Index Expanded [SCIEXPANDED], Conference Proceedings Citation Index  Science [CPCIS], Conference Proceedings Citation Index  Social Science &amp; Humanities [CPCISSH], and Emerging Sources Citation Index [ESCI]), International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, EconLit, Business Source Premier, APA PsycInfo, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane, Database of Systematic Reviews, CAB Abstracts and Sociological Abstracts. We also searched relevant websites such as Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR); the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); AgriProFocus; the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF); Donor Committee for Enterprise Development; the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO); the International Labour Organisation (ILO); the Netherlands Development Organisation; USAID; the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; the International Food Policy Research Institute; World Agroforestry; the International Livestock Research Institute; the Foreign, Commonwealth &amp; Development Office; the British Library for Development Studies (BLDS); AGRIS; the IMMANA grant database; the 3ie impact evaluation database; Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA); The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JPAL); the World Bank IEG evaluations; the USAID Development Data Library; Experience Clearinghouse; the proceedings of the Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy conference; the proceedings of the Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) Conference; the proceedings of the North East Universities Development Consortium (NEUDC) Conference; and the World Bank Economic Review. The database search was conducted in March 2022, and the website search was completed in August 2022. Selection Criteria: The review includes value chain interventions evaluating the economic empowerment outcomes. The review includes effectiveness studies (experimental and nonexperimental studies with a comparison group) and process evaluations. Data Collection and Analysis: Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data, critically appraised the studies, and synthesised findings. Results: We found that value chain interventions are successful in improving the economic conditions of their intended beneficiaries. The interventions were found to improve women's economic outcomes such as income, assets holdings, productivity, and savings, but these effects were small in size and limited by low confidence in methodological quality. The metaanalysis suggests that this occurs more via the acquisition of skills and improved inputs, rather than through improvement in access to profitable markets. The qualitative evidence on interventions points to the persistence of cultural barriers and other constraints. Those interventions implemented in SubSaharan Africa and South Asia are consistently more successful for all outcomes considered, although there are few studies conducted in other areas of the world. Conclusions: The review concludes that value chain interventions empower women, but perhaps to a lesser extent than expected. Economic empowerment does not immediately translate into empowerment within families and communities. Interventions should either moderate their expectations of empowerment goals, or they should be implemented in a way that ensures higher rates of participation among women and the acquisition of greater decisionmaking power.",Introduction of agricultural extension services | Support to local producers or service providers,"Tthe review looked at interventions engaging women in agricultural value chain processes ""The interventions of interest under this review are those aiming to empower women through value chain development and market engagement implemented in the agricultural sector. These interventions aim to increase women's market participation in the value chain by removing barriers to participation, or by changing social norms in organisations, communities, and the family to facilitate participation. The interventions may include the following:  Inclusive market systems development  Horizontal coordination (promotion of farmerbased organisations and coops)  Vertical coordination (contract farming, publicprivate partnerships)  Postharvest management  Genderfriendly markets (lighting, washroom facilities, provision for childcare)  Enabling policies and institutional environments  Financial services (grants and subsidies, microcredit, savings and insurance)  Processing and storage facilities  Process, product, and chain upgrading  Enterprise development and impact investing  Infrastructure development (transport)  Promoting the production of a new profitable product  Improving product market quality (fair trade, organic farming, quality standards)  Supporting horizontal integration of producers' groups to access better prices  Improving processing techniques (onfarm processing)"" (Page 11)",Index of empowerment | Index of household wealth or assets | Index of farmers' adoption of recommended practices,"Economic empowerment  "" Multidimensional empowerment indices such as the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index and other ad hoc indices built by researchers  Agency indicators: Decisionmaking on value chain activities, decisionmaking over the use of income, increased bargaining power, leadership positions in groups, mobility"" (Page 12) | Economic benefits "" Farm productivity  Income  Time use  Assets ownership"" (Page 12) | Participation "" Access to information on production/markets  Enhanced social and institutional networks  Increased participation in paid labour opportunities  Access to new markets  Knowledge and skills  Gender roles and norms"" (Page 12)",Human development and gender,Gender,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",,,SR,srr,Value chain development,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,,,No,Equity sensitive methodology,Sex,,,The interventions of interest under this review are those aiming to empower women,,Mixed-method evidence synthesis | Self-help groups | Smallholder Farmers | Value Chain | Value chain interventions | women's coperatives and fair trade | Women's Economic Empowerment,Community driven development,Gender Equality | Zero Hunger,Low,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cl2.1428,Service management and delivery PPP,Social factors|Income,,,Low,Low,Low,Partially,Partially,No,Yes,yes,,,118.0,,,No,Yes,yes,yes,yes
"A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Client and Provider Directed Financial Interventions to Align Incentives With Appropriate Case Management in Private Medicine Retailers: Results of the TESTsmART Trial in Lagos, Nigeria.","Laktabai, Jeremiah | Kimachas, Emmah | Kipkoech, Joseph | Menya, Diana | Arthur, David | Zhou, Yunji | Chepkwony, Tabitha | Abel, Lucy | Robie, Emily | Amunga, Mark | Ambani, George | Woldeghebriel, Meley | Garber, Elizabeth | Eze, Nwamaka | Mudabai, Pamela | Gallis, John A | Feshanu, Chizoba | Saran, Indrani | Woolsey, Aaron | Visser, Theodoor | Turner, Elizabeth L. | O'meara, Wendy Prudhomme",2024.0,Journal article,"ACTs are responsible for a substantial proportion of the global reduction in malaria mortality over the last ten years, made possible by publicly-funded subsidies making these drugs accessible and affordable in the private sector. However, inexpensive ACTs available in retail outlets have contributed substantially to overconsumption. We test an innovative, scalable strategy to target ACT-subsidies to clients with a confirmatory diagnosis. We supported malaria testing(mRDTs) in 39 medicine outlets in western Kenya, randomized to three study arms; control arm offering subsidized mRDT testing (0.4USD), client-directed intervention where all clients who received a positive RDT at the outlet were eligible for a free (fully-subsidized) ACT, and a combined client and provider directed intervention where clients with a positive RDT were eligible for free ACT and outlets received 0.1USD for every RDT performed. Our primary outcome was the proportion of ACT dispensed to individuals with a positive diagnostic test. Secondary outcomes included proportion of clients tested at the outlet and adherence to diagnostic test results. 43% of clients chose to test at the outlet. Test results informed treatment decisions, resulting in targeting of ACTs to confirmed malaria cases– 25.3% of test-negative clients purchased an ACT compared to 75% of untested clients. Client-directed and client+provider-directed interventions did not offer further improvements, compared to the control arm, in testing rates(RD = 0.09, 95%CI:-0.08,0.26) or dispensing of ACTs to test-positive clients(RD = 0.01,95% CI:-0.14, 0.16). Clients were often unaware of the price they paid for the ACT leading to uncertainty in whether the ACT subsidy was passed on to the client. This uncertainty undermines our ability to definitively conclude that client-directed subsidies are not effective for improving testing and appropriate treatment. We conclude that mRDTs could reduce ACT overconsumption in the private retail sector, but incentive structures are difficult to scale and their value to private providers is uncertain.",mHealth | Malaria prophylaxis | Malaria prophylaxis | Packages of care | mHealth | Malaria prophylaxis | Packages of care,"(p3-4) ""The TESTsmART-Kenya trial was a three-arm cluster randomized trial carried out in two
counties in western Kenya. Forty retail medicine outlets (clusters) were enrolled and randomized to one of three arms: a control arm, a client-directed conditional subsidy arm (CD), and an arm with a combined conditional subsidy plus provider incentive (CDPD) arm.""

""The three intervention arms we considered for evaluation are as follows:
1. Control arm: mRDTs (malaria testing) were distributed through the study at a wholesale price to the retail outlet of 25 Kenyan Shillings (KES) or 0.25 USD per test, and mRDTs were offered to clients at a recommended retail price of KES 40 (0.40 USD) per test. The retail outlet owner/
attendant is trained to use a mobile reporting app which was designed for the study to capture and upload an image of RDT results together with some patient characteristics. The
app was downloaded on a mobile phone offered to all participating outlets. Each outlet
received 500 KES (5.00 USD) of mobile data per month to facilitate data and image
submission."" | (p3-4) ""The TESTsmART-Kenya trial was a three-arm cluster randomized trial carried out in two
counties in western Kenya. Forty retail medicine outlets (clusters) were enrolled and randomized to one of three arms: a control arm, a client-directed conditional subsidy arm (CD), and an arm with a combined conditional subsidy plus provider incentive (CDPD) arm.""

""The three intervention arms we considered for evaluation are as follows:
2. Client-directed (CD) intervention arm: in addition to the interventions implemented in the
control outlets, clients visiting retail outlets in this arm who purchase an mRDT and receive
a positive test result were eligible to receive a free ACT which was to be provided by the outlet. The outlet would be reimbursed by the study (conditional subsidy; cost equivalent to
150 KES or 1.50 USD for adults and 60 KES or 0.60 USD for children)"" | (p3-4) ""The TESTsmART-Kenya trial was a three-arm cluster randomized trial carried out in two
counties in western Kenya. Forty retail medicine outlets (clusters) were enrolled and randomized to one of three arms: a control arm, a client-directed conditional subsidy arm (CD), and an arm with a combined conditional subsidy plus provider incentive (CDPD) arm.""

""The three intervention arms we considered for evaluation are as follows:
3. Combined client-directed + provider-directed (CDPD) intervention arm: in addition to the
interventions implemented in the control outlets and CD intervention arm, the retail outlet
owner received a small incentive (10 KES, approximately 0.10 USD) for each mRDT they
conduct and report using the mobile app).""","Index of malaria outcomes | Index of malaria knowledge and behaviour | Adherence to treatment | Malaria causes, symptoms and treatment | Drug consumption","The primary outcome was ACT consumption by parasitologically confirmed malaria cases,
defined as the proportion of ACTs that were dispensed to malaria test-positive clients, includ-
ing those who were tested at the outlet and those who came with documentation of a positive
test result (either microscopy or mRDT) from another provider.
There were four secondary outcomes, all binary: (page 4) | Use of malaria rapid diagnostic test: Proportion of suspected malaria cases that received an
mRDT at the outlet, where a suspected case was any client who was tested with an mRDT
or was untested but purchased an antimalarial (AM) of any type. This outcome ignored
testing from elsewhere. (page 4) | Adherence to mRDT result: Proportion of clients that were tested for malaria with an
mRDT at the outlet whose treatment adhered to the mRDT result (tested positive with an
mRDT and purchased ACT or tested negative with an mRDT and did not purchase AM).
This outcome only included those tested at the outlet, including clients who already had a
test result from elsewhere but chose to test again. (page 4) | Appropriate case management: Proportion of all suspected malaria cases (defined as in 1
above) that were tested for malaria with an mRDT at the outlet and adhered to the test
results. This outcome only included those tested at the outlet, including clients who already
had a test result from elsewhere but chose to test again. (page 4) | ACT use among the untested: Proportion of untested clients (not tested at the outlet or elsewhere) who purchased ACT (page 4)",Human development and gender,Malaria control,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Individual,Malaria diagnosis | Retail medicine outlets | Conditional subsidies | ACT (artemisinin-based combination therapy) | Rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) | Cluster-randomized trial,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Reduced Inequality,,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002451,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Closing the Gap? Results-Based Financing and Socioeconomic-Related Inequalities in Maternal Health Outcomes in Zimbabwe.,"Makate, Marshall",,,,,,,,,,Health,,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Zimbabwe,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,"We focus on data from four DHS rounds collected in 1999, 2005/2006, 2010/2011 and 2015, explicitly extracting information from the individual recode file, which contains detailed health-related data for women aged 15–49 years and their children born within the 5 years preceding each survey. pg 1024",,,,Good Health and Well-being,,https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/39/10/1022/7741193,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",114.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of an Online Job Fair: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh,"Matsuda, Norihiko | Hayashi, Ryotaro",2023.0,Published working paper,"Online job fairs are a new labor market intervention. This paper provides the first experimental evidence on their impact by evaluating an online fair for information and communication technology jobs in Bangladesh. The fair generated a non-negligible number of job offers; however, over 90% of them were rejected, so no effect on employment probability or type was found. Interestingly, jobseekers lowered their reservation wages, kept their jobs longer, and ended up in worse skill-matched jobs. The reason is that jobseekers initially had overoptimistic expectations, but learned about market conditions at the fair, lowered their expectations, and became discouraged from job search. As a result, those who had already been employed kept their jobs longer, even if the jobs did not match their skills, and those who had initially been unemployed ended up with lower employment probabilities and lower skill-match quality.&nbsp;",Job placement schemes,"Online job fair to promote employment in ICT - The online job fair was implemented by Bdjobs.com, the country’s largest online job portal with about 1 million active jobseekers and 10,000 firms. In partnership with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the research team, Bdjobs.com developed an online job fair program and conducted two small-scale pilots prior to the fair evaluated in this study (p3). The fair had three components: job postings, live sessions, and application. On the fair website employers posted job ads, and jobseekers browsed them... (p4) The fair focused entirely on ICT jobs (i.e., jobs requiring ICT skills) at entry to junior levels (requiring zero to 6 years of work experience) for workers with tertiary education (p4)",Employment status | Job seeking | Wage levels | Employee satisfaction | Employee skills at hire,"Employed; Table 2: Effects of the Online Job Fair (p8) | Wage job; full time job; formal job; job tenure- Table 2: Effects of the Online Job Fair (p8) - Table 3: Differences in Wages, Job Tenure, Skill-Match Quality, and Job Satisfaction between Employed Treatment and Control Jobseekers (p9) | looked for jobs; no of job applied; reservation wage; aspired wage; started after fair - Table 2: Effects of the Online Job Fair (p8) - Table 3: Differences in Wages, Job Tenure, Skill-Match Quality, and Job Satisfaction between Employed Treatment and Control Jobseekers (p9) | Log monthly wage; log hourly wage; Table 3: Differences in Wages, Job Tenure, Skill-Match Quality, and Job Satisfaction between Employed Treatment and Control Jobseekers (p9) | Job Satisfaction - Table 3: Differences in Wages, Job Tenure, Skill-Match Quality, and Job Satisfaction between Employed Treatment and Control Jobseekers (p9) | Skill use; skill fit - Table 3: Differences in Wages, Job Tenure, Skill-Match Quality, and Job Satisfaction between Employed Treatment and Control Jobseekers (p9)",Private sector development,Job creation,Information & communications technologies,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Bangladesh,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International aid agency,International aid agency,jobseekers,Individual,job fair | job matching | online search | Youth Employment | BANGLADESH,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.adb.org/publications/impact-online-job-fair-experimental-evidence-bangladesh,Advisory support,Employment|Work-labor|Income,123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Not in My Backyard? The Local Impact of Wind and Solar Parks in Brazil,"Scheifele, Fabian | Popp, David",2024.0,Published working paper,"&nbsp;Support from local citizens is important for the scale-up of renewable energy. We investigate the impact of utility-scale wind and solar parks on employment, GDP and public finances in Brazilian municipalities using a difference-in-differences design with matching. We find a positive employment impact of 1-1.5 jobs/MW in the 15 months preceding the commissioning of a solar park, when the park is under construction, but no impacts thereafter. For wind, we find no employment impacts during the construction phase and potentially a small impact of 0.2-0.25 jobs/MW in the 12 months following commissioning. In the year after commissioning, GDP increases 23% for an average sized solar park and 12% for an average sized wind project. The impacts only decrease slightly in the following years. We also find significant persistent fiscal revenue impacts in wind compared to only a one-time tax revenue increase in solar at the time of construction. Our results provide different implications for policymakers that want to advocate for renewable energy in their towns. While for solar, the main benefit constitutes a short-term increase in low-skilled employment and public revenues, wind energy provides more long-term financial benefits but less local employment opportunities.",Wind energy generation | Solar energy generation,"The study analyzes the impact of solar and wind parks 
""we analyze the local impact of utility-scale solar and wind parks on a va riety of socio-economic outcomes such as employment, wages, GDP and public revenues in the municipalities where they are built. We focus on 91 municipalities in Brazil that have received either a wind or solar park larger than 5 megawatts (MW)"" (Page 2)",Index of employment | Economic growth,"Employment & Wages (Figure 2)
""Figure 2 shows the treatment effect in additional jobs per MW for the 36 months preceding and 24 months following the commissioning of the first solar park for four different sectors."" (Page 14) | GDP & local public finances (Figure 10)
""The second part of our analysis concerns the impact of solar and wind parks on economic activity, measured through municipality-level GDP and public revenues and spending."" (Page 22)",Environment and natural resource management,Access to energy,Energy and extractives,Energy,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Municipal,Wind and solar parks | BRAZIL | Difference-In- Differences Matching Estimator | Employment Impact,Not applicable,Affordable and Clean Energy,,https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w32274/w32274.pdf,Infrastructure development and financing,Employment|Domestic business growth and market development,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Public-Private Partnerships and Human Development,"Hanna, Kociemska | Franklin, Obeng-Odoom | Leszek, Patrzałek",2024.0,Journal article,"The restructuring of a state is crucial for promoting human development. For this reason, public–private partnerships (PPPs), the so-called “fourth revolution” in reinventing the state, have become a global strategy of choice. Yet, existing studies on PPPs mainly analyze their effect on growth or inequality, not human development. This article uses data from the human development index (HDI) database to investigate the impact of PPP projects on human development. With the increasing scale of public infrastructure investments and the need to improve public services, it is necessary to examine whether PPPs are justified in improving social welfare. We conducted the analysis for all low- and middle-income countries using propensity score matching (PSM) and multivariate analysis. Additionally, we present the HDI predictions. We believe that assessing the impact of public–private cooperation on increasing social welfare, reducing social exclusion, and implementing investments with a robust social impact is essential. Overall, we found a statistically significant effect of PPPs on human development, demonstrating that the growing scale of PPP investments in low- and middle-income countries enhances their HDI.",PPP in education | Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in transportation | Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in energy | Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in mining | Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in oil and gas,"The study looks into the effect of public-private partnership investment projects on human development in low and middle income countries. ""This article examines the impact of PPP projects on social welfare in low- and middle-income countries. We analyzed whether such an impact exists and, if so, how it may influence human development worldwide
in the future."" (p.2)",Social empowerment,"human development index (HDI) (table 4, p.7)",Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth,Multi-country,Multi-continent,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Not specified,Country,growth | Human Development | HUMAN Development Index | Inequality | PPP,Not applicable,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/ijme-2024-0032,Infrastructure development and financing|Service management and delivery PPP|Co-location model,Economic growth|Investment levels,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Information and Exports: Firm-Level Evidence from an Online Business Platform,"Carballo, Jerónimo | Chatruc, Marisol Rodriguez | Malagón, Carlos Salamanca | Martincus, Christian Volpe",2018.0,Published working paper,"Lack of information is an important trade barrier. Online platforms connecting firms can reduce this barrier and thereby affect firms’ exports. We examine whether this is the case by focusing on ConnectAmericas, a free online business platform that, by the end of 2016, connected more than 16,000 firms from almost a hundred countries. In particular, we estimate the impact of using the platform on firms’ export outcomes, along both the intensive and extensive margins, exploiting data on firms’ participation in this platform along with customs data from Peru for the period 2010-2016. In so doing, we apply an instrumental variables approach whereby firms’ use of the business platform is instrumented with information on the distribution of emails announcing its launching by Peru’s national trade promotion organization. Consistent with the interpretation of the platform as an information cost-reducing mechanism, our results suggest that ConnectAmericas’ utilization allowed firms to expand their exports by primarily increasing the number of products they sell abroad and enlarging their buyer base.",Business networks,"An online business platform called ConnectAmericas.
“ConnectAmericas.com is a free social media platform developed by Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Google, DHL, VISA and Alibaba.com with the purpose of facilitating firms’ internationalization. To do so, it provides access to relevant information but neither allows for direct transactions among firms nor incorporates the respective logistic solutions. As such, ConnectAmericas.com has two main functions: Learn and Connect. The Learn function offers firms a number of capacity building services that furnish them with general trade information. These services include free online courses and free webinars on trade-related matters; access to trade datasets (INTrade), business self-evaluation tools, video testimonials, and articles; and information about support available to firms in the countries where they are operating. The Connect function instead provides firms with specific commercial information. Thus, it allows firms to participate in business communities, which are forums where they can write posts to make announcements about goods or services that they want to buy or sell, to share relevant information with their peers, to ask a question to the community, or to reply to posts by others; be notified about business opportunities, which consist of purchasing announcements by large firms and governments, and apply to these opportunities through the platform; obtain information about face-to-face business events, some of which are organized by ConnectAmericas; and search for a company’s profile and interact with members of its staff, either through a messaging system provided by the platform or through e-mail.” (page 7)",Export activity,"(p9 26, equation 2, table 3) Export: ""where lnXfdt is the natural logarithm of the value of exports a firm f to destination country d in year t and CAft denotes the number of days firm f visited ConnectAmericas’s website in the year in question.""",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International financial institution,International financial institution,,Firm/organisation,Information | Online platforms | exports | Firms,Not applicable,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/events/files/17-information_and_exports_firm-level_evidence_from_an_online_business_platform.pdf,Matchmaking,International trade,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Online business platforms and international trade,"Carballo, Jerónimo | Chatruc, Marisol Rodriguez | Santa Salas, Catalina | Martincus, Christian V.",2022.0,Journal article,"International trade is subject to information incompleteness. Firms must therefore engage in a costly search process to find business partners. Online platforms can reduce these search costs and thereby favor firms’ overall exports. We examine whether this is actually the case and the underlying mechanisms thereof. In so doing, we combine detailed information on firms’ participation in a free, purely informational online platform and customs data covering the entire universe of a developing country's export transactions over a long time period. We apply various estimation strategies on these data, including specifically the use of how many visits firms received to their profiles as a source of identifying variation. Consistent with its interpretation as a search cost-reducing mechanism, our estimates suggest that joining the platform resulted in increased firms’ total exports, particularly of those firms that are small or had no digital presence, of differentiated products, and to less familiar destinations.",Trade facilitation services,"""direct transactions among firms nor incorporates the respective logistic solutions. In particular, ConnectAmericas has two main
functions: Learn and Connect. The Learn function offers firms a number of capacity building services that furnish them with general trade information. These services include: free online courses and webinars and training materials such as video testimonials
and articles on trade-related matters; access to trade datasets and business self-evaluation tools; lists and contact data of public
and private organizations that manage support programs for firms in countries where they operate; and the possibility to share
relevant information and ask questions to the community or reply to posts by other firms."" (p. 4)",Export activity,"""We aim at estimating the effects of using ConnectAmericas on firms’ exports.ln Xfpdst is the natural logarithm of the value of exports of firm f of product p (HS-6 digit) to destination country d in semester s
of year t and CAfst is a binary indicator that takes the value of one if firm f is in ConnectAmericas in semester s of year t and zero otherwise. The coefficient on CAfst, α, is accordingly our parameter of interest. If α >0(α = 0), then operating on the platform has a positive (no) impact on exports"" (p. 8)",Private sector development,ICT solutions,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International financial institution,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Information frictions | Online platforms | exports | Firms,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022199622000319%20https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Online-Business-Platforms-and-International-Trade.pdf%20https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022199622000319,Matchmaking,International trade,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Improving Business Practices and the Boundary of the Entrepreneur: A Randomized Experiment Comparing Training, Consulting, Insourcing, and Outsourcing","Anderson, Stephen J. | Mckenzie, David",2022.0,Journal article,"Many small firms lack the finance and marketing skills needed for growth. A standard approach is to train the entrepreneur in these skills. However, rather than requiring entrepreneurs to learn everything, an alternative is to move beyond the boundary of the entrepreneur and link firms to these skills in a marketplace through insourcing workers or outsourcing tasks to professionals. We conducted a randomized experiment in Nigeria to test the relative effectiveness of these different approaches in improving business practices. Insourcing and outsourcing both dominate business training and do at least as well as business consulting at half the cost.",Business incubators and accelerators,"The Growth and Employment (GEM) project was a multi-year government program in Nigeria funded by the World Bank.
""It aimed to do this indirectly through improving the investment climate and directly by offering programs to improve the performance of firms in five economic sectors: light manufacturing
(including agribusiness), construction, hospitality and tourism, information and communication technologies (ICT), and entertainment. To facilitate promotion and recruitment activities, the Business Innovation and Growth platform was launched on February 9, 2016 (for a detailed timeline, see app. 1; apps. 1–9 are available online). Firms interested in receiving business support under GEM had to apply online through this platform. After applying online, a first screening was done to ensure that firms met three eligibility criteria: (i) operated in a targeted sector, (ii) had between two and 100 employees, and (iii) provided all necessary information. They were then invited on a rolling basis in batches to attend induction workshops."" (page 6)",Index of business knowledge and skills | Index of firm behaviour | Sales | Profits and revenues | Index of employment | Index of time allocation,"(p39, table 4) Impact on business practices: Finance & Accounting, Marketing & Sales, Operation & HR, Traditional practices, Digital marketing, Overall index | (p40, table 5) Impact on firm growth: I.H.S. Monthly Sales, I.H.S. yearly Sales, I.H.S. Monthly profits, I.H.S. yearly profits, Sales & Profits Total Employment, I.H.S. Employment | (p41, table 6) Impacts on Owner Time Use: Owner's hours, Time concentration, Growth-focused activities, Time on external and future activities, Delegation, Percent of time sales & marketing, Percent of time accounting & finance",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,,Firm/organisation,Business Services | small firm growth | business practices | Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) | Consulting | Business Training,Business training,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/377351608212969114/pdf/Improving-Business-Practices-and-the-Boundary-of-the-Entrepreneur-A-Randomized-Experiment-Comparing-Training-Consulting-Insourcing-and-Outsourcing.pdf,Advisory support|Matchmaking,Domestic business growth and market development|Employment,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Crowding in Private Quality: The Equilibrium Effects of Public Spending in Education,"Andrabi, Tahir | Bau, Natalie | Das, Jishnu | Karachiwalla, Naureen | Khwaja, Asim Ijaz",2024.0,Journal article,"We estimate the equilibrium effects of a public school grant program admin- istered through school councils in Pakistani villages with multiple public and pri- vate schools and clearly defined catchment boundaries. The program was random- ized at the village level, allowing us to estimate its causal impact on the market. Four years after the start of the program, test scores were 0.2 standard devia- tions higher in public schools. We find evidence of an education multiplier: test scores in private schools were also 0.2 standard deviations higher in treated mar- kets. Consistent with standard models of product differentiation, the education multiplier is greater for those private schools that faced a greater threat to their market power. Accounting for private sector responses increases the program’s cost-effectiveness by 85% and affects how a policy maker would target spending. Given that markets with several public and private schools are now pervasive in low- and middle-income countries, prudent policy requires us to account for private sector responses to public policy, both in policies’ design and evaluation.",Other intervention | Education institution-level grants,"Intervention. ""The program we evaluate had two components: providing school grants and revitalizing school councils. The school grant portion provided public schools with a large, fungible infusion of cash. Under the program, schools created a list of their needs working with a well established and highly reputable NGO, the National Rural Support Program (NRSP), and submitted funding requests to the district. From the start of the program to the end of our study period (2006–2011), 93% of public schools in treated villages received some funding, and the average school received PKR 317,348 during this period. The average yearly flow was equivalent to 14.3% of schools’ operating budgets (including teacher salaries). The program was randomized at the village level, and within a village, grants were distributed to schools by the district based on the funding requests schools submitted. The research team had no input on the size or distribution of grants either across or within villages. Our primary analysis therefore exploits the village-level randomization with additional nonexperimental estimates of the effect of grant size on test scores. The school councils component of the program reflected a revised 2007 policy that encouraged more frequent meetings and required greater inclusion of parents with children enrolled in the school, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. School councils were required to work with NRSP and were encouraged to discuss teacher attendance and performance, child attendance and dropout, as well as general problems faced by the school in regular meetings. Of particular interest is that the policy specifically allowed and encouraged councils to hire additional teachers on a temporary basis. Our study thus captures the effects of increased public spending delivered through a mechanism that included strengthened school councils, which were responsible for planning how these additional funds should be spent and overseeing the implementation of the plan."" (page 10 and 11)",Composite test scores | Overall student enrolment | Other outcome | School fees | Other school characteristics,"Test Scores:
We turn to our main outcome of interest, which is how the public school grant program affected student test scores for children tested in grade 4 in 2011–2012. 1. Village-Level Estimates. Table III reports the treatment effects at the village level for test scores across all students (averaging over math, English, and Urdu), estimated using equation (1). Column (1) controls only for the randomization stratification (district fixed effects), column (2) includes round 1 and round 2 village-level test score measures, as well as an indicator variable for the report card intervention, and column (3) additionally includes the controls selected by the double-lasso procedure. (page 23)

2. Within-Sector Estimates. Table IV reports school-level estimates for all schools (columns (1)–(3)), public schools (columns (4)–(6)), and private schools (columns (7)–(9)) separately. As before, we report estimates from the parsimonious specification, the specification with controls for pretreatment outcomes, and the double-lasso specification, treating each school as a single unit. Across all schools, the intervention increased average test scores by 0.19–0.27 standard deviations, with similarly sized effects for both public and private schools. 15 Online Appendix Figure A3 reports the analogous estimates by survey round and by sector. There is again evidence of balance in the two baseline rounds and a clear treatment effect in the end line round 5, the 2011–2012 academic year, with some suggestive evidence of anticipation effects as early as rounds 3 and 4 in the private sector. (page 26) | To assess the impact of the intervention on enrollment, we estimate the effect of the intervention on overall and sector-specific school-level primary enrollment (grades 1–5) in 2011 ( Table V ). The null results in columns (1)–(3), which report the effects on overall enrollment, indicate that improving public school quality is insufficient to induce additional enrollment among children who do not attend school. The remaining columns show that the policy did not significantly affect enrollment in the public (columns (4)–(6)) or private (columns (7)–(9)) sectors either. Thus, the null effects on enrollment provide initial evidence that the school-level test score effects in both sectors are unlikely to be driven by changes in sorting. 17 The lack of enrollment effects should not be interpreted to mean that parents are unaware of school quality or that schools do not experience competitive pressure. In previous work, we show that there are close links in the cross section and over time between school quality as measured by value added in test scores and market shares, particularly in the private sector ( Andrabi et al. 2022 ). We may observe null effects because enrollment is endogenous to the quality investments made by the schools, and we do not observe counterfactual enrollment decisions without quality improvements in the private sector. To further rule out the possibility that the school-level effects are driven by sorting, we test whether the treatment affects the composition of the student body even if enrollment is unchanged. In the absence of a student-level panel for our round 5 students, we cannot directly test whether specific students switch schools. Therefore, in the first 12 columns of Online Appendix Table A13, we estimate the effect of the intervention on four measures of socioeconomic status, each of which has been shown to be correlated with test scores in our context: (i) the share of students from low- caste groups, (ii) the share of students whose mothers have some education, (iii) the share of students whose fathers have some education, and (iv) the average asset index of students enrolled in the school, for all schools, public schools, and private schools. 18 The point estimates are all small and insignificant, with only one marginally significant coefficient across 12 specifications and no consistent patterns in the direction of the coefficients. There is no evidence that the intervention changed the pattern of sorting into the public or private sector. To further ensure that our test score estimates in the private sector are not driven by certain types of students switching into the public sector, in column (13), we include all the (potentially endogenous) mea- sures of school composition as controls in the school-level regres- sion of average test scores on the treatment. Despite the inclu- sion of these endogenous controls, the treatment effect remains large and robust (0.2 standard deviations) and is comparable to our preferred estimates in Table IV . Given the results in Table V and Online Appendix Table A13, we conclude that the within- sector test score estimates are unlikely to be driven by changes in school composition and instead reflect the causal effects of the program on learning in both sectors. (page 29, 31 and 32) | IV.C. Exit and Entry
While the analysis in the previous subsection suggests that the program causally increased learning in the private and the public sector, this improvement could be due to either intensive- margin changes in school quality or the exit of poorly performing private schools. To disentangle these mechanisms, we estimate the effect of the intervention on private school entry and exit. 19 Table VI , columns (1)–(3) show that there was no significant effect on the number of private schools in a village. 20 Neverthe- less, there is some evidence that the intervention increased churn in treated villages, with a marginally significant 0.12 increase in the number of entrants (normalized by the baseline number of private schools) in columns (4) and (5) and an insignificant 5–7 percentage point increase in likelihood of exit in columns (6) and (7). However, any additional churn did not affect many students. Online Appendix Table A14 estimates that the market share of entrants increased by an insignificant 1.3–1.5 percent- age points, and exiting schools accounted for an insignificant ad- ditional 1.9%–2.3% of the market in treated villages. (page 32) | Private School Fees
Although the estimates in the previous subsections show that school quality increased in both the private and public sectors, this does not necessarily imply that households’ wel- fare universally increased. If private schools paid for quality in- creases by charging higher fees, welfare for private sector con- sumers may have fallen. To examine whether this is the case, in Table VII , we estimate the effect of the policy on (log) private school fees. We find no statistically significant effect though the point estimate is positive, consistent with some pass-through to parents. (page 34) | 1. Personnel. The most important changes relate to teach- ers in public and private schools. For public schools in treated vil- lages, we find that there is a decline in the student-teacher ratio of 0.17 log points or from 31 to 26 students per teacher (column (1)). While there is a decline in the private sector as well, it is smaller and not statistically significant. Consistent with the de- cline in the student-teacher ratio, column (2) shows that public schools hired 0.18 more teachers on temporary contracts (dou- bling the total number of contract teachers), though this effect is not statistically significant. 23 This is in line with the stated policy aims of the grant. Column (3) shows that in the public schools, the average level of education among teachers in treated villages was lower. This is consistent with hiring more contract teachers, who are less qualified. On the other hand, the education and qualification of teach- ers in private schools increased in treatment villages (columns (3) and (4)). Teachers were 8.6 percentage points (32%) more likely to have at least a bachelor’s degree and 6.6 percentage points (44%) more likely to have some teaching-specific training. Panel C shows that this difference in the impact of the treatment on teacher education and qualifications across public and private schools is significant. These results are consistent with the observation that the significant constraint on teacher performance in public schools is incentives and in private schools is qualifications. In addition to the direct effect of a lower student-teacher ratio, multiple stud- ies, including Bau and Das (2020) from Pakistan, show that con- tract teachers causally increase test scores, a result that is con- sistent with the stronger incentives they face ( Muralidharan and Sundararaman 2013 ; Duflo, Dupas, and Kremer 2015 ). On the other hand, teachers in private schools have less training but face high-powered incentives because few have permanent con- tracts and wages are responsive to their value added ( Bau and Das 2020 ). This difference in responses also provides initial evi- dence that private schools are not simply improving by learning from public schools. (page 35 and 38)

2. Physical Investments. We evaluated whether physical investments changed in response to the intervention, catego- rizing school infrastructure as “basic”or “extra.”24 While all the estimates are positive, they are generally imprecise with the exception of a marginally significant improvement in basic facilities for public and private, which is driven primarily by a significant increase in blackboards per student for private schools and semipermanent classrooms per student for public schools ( Online Appendix Table A16). Another interesting result is that virtually every public school that did not previously have a bound- ary wall built one under the program (see Online Appendix Ta- ble A17). Parents often demand walls to address safety con- cerns. Even if more semipermanent classrooms and walls may not increase test scores, any public school investment that in- creases demand for the school will exert competitive pressure on private schools, who may then respond by increasing test scores. Indeed, Carneiro, Das, and Reis (forthcoming) show that parents in this context directly value school attributes such as infrastructure. (page 38 and 39)",Human development and gender,Education financing,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Other,Government agency,Government agency,"Test Scores: We turn to our main outcome of interest, which is how the public school grant program affected student test scores for chil- dren tested in grade 4 in 2011–2012. (page 23)",Community/village,Public school grants | Private sector response | education multiplier | School Quality,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://riseprogramme.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/Crowding_in_Private_Quality_The_Equilibrium_Effects_of_Public_Spending_in_Education_Pakistan.pdf,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Service management and delivery PPP,Education,144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Collaboration or competition? Evaluating the impact of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) on public school enrolment,"Ansari, Ali H.",2021.0,Journal article,"The study estimates the causal impact of introducing a public private partnership (PPP) school inclose proximity to a public school on public school enrolment in Punjab. Under the preferreddifference in difference specification, a small, negative impact on primary enrolment is observedfor public schools neighbouring Foundation Assisted Schools (FAS) one year after its introduction.The study finds that enrolment in neighbouring public schools reduces by three per cent less thanone year after establishing a FAS school. This specifically affects girls’ enrolment and isconcentrated mostly in lower grades. Increased competition for public schools in the form ofmultiple neighbouring PPP schools leads to a larger negative impact on neighbouring publicschool enrolment.",New schools and facilities | Public oversight of private schools,"The FAS programme was initiated in 2005 and is now currently operating in all 36 districts of the province with 3700 partner
schools and approximately two million students. The programme intends to target rural, urban and slum areas of the province by
offering per student subsidies to partner private schools to enrol children free of cost. The subsidy amount ranges from USD 3.5–9.6 per
child per month depending on the level of school (Ansari, 2020). To participate in the programme, prospective partner schools must
submit applications to PEF, and meet certain criteria linked to facilities and infrastructure and pass a Quality Assurance Test (QAT)
administered to students (Barrera-Osorio & Raju, 2015).
The EVS was initiated in 2006 and offers education vouchers to children belonging to underprivileged households, which are
redeemable at PEF partner schools. The EVS is operational in poor Union Councils of the province and the process for selecting partner
schools for the EVS programme is similar to that of the FAS with one notable exception-prospective EVS partner schools are not
required to participate in the QAT prior to partnership with PEF. The process for identifying beneficiaries for the EVS has changed over
the years-during the early years of the programme PEF would conduct household surveys to identify deserving beneficiaries, currently
PEF relies on partner schools to identify deserving beneficiaries, and their information is then validated by PEF. The per voucher
student subsidy offered to schools ranges from USD 3.5–7 per month depending on the level of schooling. Currently, the EVS enrols
approximately half a million children and has over 1650 partner schools and is operational in all 36 districts of the province (page 2)",Primary school enrolment,,Human development and gender,Access to education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Charitable or private foundation,Charitable or private foundation,,Household,,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S088303552100015X?via%3Dihub,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Supplier development programs and firm performance: evidence from Chile,"Arráiz, Irani | Henríquez, Francisca | Stucchi, Rodolfo",2012.0,Journal article,"This paper evaluates the impact of the Chilean Supplier Development Program, aimed at improving and stabilizing the commercial linkages between small and medium-sized suppliers and their large firm customers, during the period 2003–2008. We use the panel structure of our dataset to control for observables and time-invariant unobservable factors that affect the participation and performance of firms. We find that both small and medium enterprises and large firms benefited from the coordination efforts. The program increased sales, employment, and the sustainability of small and medium-sized suppliers; it also increased the sales of large firms and raised their ability to become exporters. In addition, we find that the timing of the effect is different for suppliers and large firms. While the effect on suppliers appeared 1&nbsp;year after the firms enrolled in the program, the effect on large firms took 2&nbsp;years to appear.",,,,,,,"Industry, trade, and services",,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Matchmaking and consulting,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Chile,Latin America and Caribbean,High income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,Firm/organisation,,,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-012-9428-x,Matchmaking,Employment|International trade,62.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Bridging the Gap? Evaluating the Effectiveness of Punjab’s Public Private Partnership Programmes in Education,"Ansari, Ali Hasan",2021.0,Thesis,"Using quantitative methods this dissertation evaluates the effectiveness of Punjab’s Public Private Partnership (PPP) programmes in education. Using administrative data and data from a service delivery indicator survey, the study explores (i) access to PPP schooling, (ii) the impact of PPP schooling on public school enrolment, (iii) the relative effectiveness of PPP schooling and (iv) teaching practices, teacher content knowledge and pay in public, PPP and private schools. The study concludes with a policy discussion using Levin’s (2002) framework for evaluating privatisation programmes in education to assess the potential impact of PPPs on freedom of choice, productive efficiency, equity and social cohesion.The access related finds reflect that PPP schools tend to locate in disadvantaged districts, and children who attend both public and PPP schools come from similar socio-economic backgrounds. PPP schools may be displacing enrolment from neighbouring public schools however, the effect is relatively small, concentrated in lower grades and limited to girls’ enrolment. With respect to student learning, this study provides causal evidence that a private school subsidy programme produces greater learning outcomes for grade four students in mathematics than public schools. In terms of teaching practices, this study finds that public school teachers are more likely than private school teachers to exhibit effective teaching practices in the classroom, and are more likely to demonstrate content knowledge mastery in Urdu than both private and PPP school teachers.While in theory, PPPs increase schooling options for parents, the study finds that de-facto choice may be limited due to below market subsidy/voucher amounts, high indirect costs of schooling, and administrative requirements for switching schools. On productive efficiency, the study finds evidence that the private school subsidy programme may be more cost-effective than public schooling. From an equity perspective, while PPP schools may be targeting disadvantaged areas, PPP and public schools can do more to target the most vulnerable populations in the province. Lastly, PPP programmes may be contributing to greater social cohesion in the short run by mandating partner schools to follow the public school curriculum, and by utilising the same medium of instruction as public schools. However, in the long run continued financial support to PPPs may come at the expense of development financing for public sector schools, and may undermine stakeholders’ perceptions of public schooling (and teachers) which could lead to greater disparities between public and PPP students.",PPP in education,"In order to address the first research question and determine whether PPP schools are more likely to be present in districts with high shares of out of school children, the approach used by Asadullah (2016a) to model school count data is followed. Poisson regressions are estimated separately for public, PPP and private schools with district level school counts as the dependent variables. To learn more about the characteristics of children that attend public, PPP and private schools, a multinomial logistic regression is estimated to identify factors associated with attending a particular school type. (page 59)",Quality of education,"the study explores (i) access to PPP schooling, (ii) the impact of PPP schooling on public school enrolment, (iii) the relative effectiveness of PPP schooling and (iv) teaching practices, teacher content knowledge and pay in public, PPP and private schools. The study concludes with a policy discussion using Levin’s (2002) framework for evaluating privatisation programmes in education to assess the potential impact of PPPs on freedom of choice, productive efficiency, equity and social cohesion.
The access related finds reflect that PPP schools tend to locate in disadvantaged districts, and children who attend both public and PPP schools come from similar socio-economic backgrounds. PPP schools may be displacing enrolment from neighbouring public schools however, the effect is relatively small, concentrated in lower grades and limited to girls’ enrolment. With respect to student learning, this study provides causal evidence that a private school subsidy programme produces greater learning outcomes for grade four students in mathematics than public schools. In terms of teaching practices, this study finds that public school teachers are more likely than private school teachers to exhibit effective teaching practices in the classroom, and are more likely to demonstrate content knowledge mastery in Urdu than both private and PPP school teachers. While in theory, PPPs increase schooling options for parents, the study finds that de-facto choice may be limited due to below market subsidy/voucher amounts, high indirect costs of schooling, and administrative requirements for switching schools. On productive efficiency, the study finds evidence that the private school subsidy programme may be more cost-effective than public schooling. From an equity perspective, while PPP schools may be targeting disadvantaged areas, PPP and public schools can do more to target the most vulnerable populations in the province. Lastly, PPP programmes may be contributing to greater social cohesion in the short run by mandating partner schools to follow the public school curriculum, and by utilising the same medium of instruction as public schools. However, in the long run continued financial support to PPPs may come at the expense of development financing for public sector schools, and may undermine stakeholders’ perceptions of public schooling (and teachers) which could lead to greater disparities between public and PPP students. (page 4 and 5)",Human development and gender,Private sector delivery of education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Measures effects on an inequality outcome | Equity sensitive analytical framework,Education | Sex | Place of residence | Socioeconomic status | Age | Other,Government agency,Government agency,,Individual | Household,PPP | School Effectiveness | Quality Of Education | Pakistan | Punjab,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/330710,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Government-Industry-Academia Alliance: A multisectoral collaboration for improved nutrition of children and well-being of mothers,"Aguila, Divorah V.",2023.0,Journal article,"Introduction: Consistent with the Sustainable Development Goal 17&nbsp;highlighting partnership to achieve development, this study demonstrated&nbsp;the convergence among government, industry and academe in carrying&nbsp;out a nutrition intervention to improve the nutritional status, knowledge,&nbsp;attitude and behaviour of school community (school children and mothers).&nbsp;Methods: A school-based intervention study comprising of school lunch&nbsp;feeding and nutrition lessons was conducted. Quasi-experimental design&nbsp;was used in the intervention research. Data were analysed using Stata&nbsp;12.0. Descriptive statistics were generated using the survey module (svy) of&nbsp;Stata. The food and nutrition intervention mix composed of the government-partner School Feeding Programme (SFP) and the nutrition education&nbsp;campaign. The government-partner SFP involved lunch feeding of 7 to 9&nbsp;years old students based on the standardised Pinggang Pinoy® recipes. The&nbsp;government-partner nutrition education component involved teaching of the&nbsp;developed modules to students and their mothers. Results: The intervention&nbsp;resulted in improvements in nutritional status, knowledge, attitude and&nbsp;behaviour of students. Investing an average of Php 15.00 or USD 0.29 (as&nbsp;of 2017) in a school feeding programme following the government-partner&nbsp;food and nutrition intervention mix improved nutritional status and shifted&nbsp;the number of underweight children to normal nutritional status by 25.3%&nbsp;after 120 feeding days. This intervention was implemented through a multi-sectoral collaboration during the pre-implementation, implementation,&nbsp;and post-implementation phases of the study. Conclusion: Partnerships&nbsp;among stakeholders provided the context towards healthier children as&nbsp;demonstrated by improved nutritional status, knowledge, attitude and&nbsp;behaviour of participants.",Nutrition education and behaviour change,"The INPUT consisted of contributions from the main partners such as technical resources from the government partner and logistics from the industry partner. The PROCESS of the system approach centred on the actual implementation of the plan through selected public elementary schools, with the academe as the third partner, to improve the nutritional status of school children and knowledge in nutrition of mothers. (page 65)",Nutrition knowledge | Weight,"The OUTPUT of the research process consisted of the tangible results of the PROCESS to achieve the OUTCOME, which pertains to the mprovement of nutritional status among school children and nutrition knowledge of their mothers in the selected schools. (page 65). See table 1, and 2 | Table 3. Proportion of underweight school children at baseline and endline (page 71)",Human development and gender,Nutrition,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Philippines,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"""This paper aimed to demonstrate how  multiple sectors converged to examine  the benefits of various strategies in  improving the nutrition of 7 to 9 years  old children (Grades 2 to 3) and the well- being of their mothers in nine (9) selected  schools in the municipalities of Bay and  Calauan, Laguna in the Philippines,  through the provision of a school-based  feeding and nutrition intervention mix. "" (page 65)",Individual,Filipino school children | Multi-sectoral collaboration | Nutrition | Partnership | School Feeding Programme,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/29-1/Vol%2029(1)%206.mjn.2022.0019%20Aguila.pdf,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition",105.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Business Training Programs and Microenterprise Formalization in Peru,"Barron, Manuel",2020.0,Journal article,"A large share of workers in developing countries are constrained to self-employment mainly due to lack of opportunities in wage employment, becoming entrepreneurs&nbsp;de facto&nbsp;constrained to the informal sector, with meager profits and poor working conditions. In response to this problem, several governments offer business training programs targeted at these entrepreneurs with two aims: to improve business outcomes and to promote enterprise formalization. This paper explores the relation between business training programs and formalization using data of 1,133 participants in two entrepreneurship programs in Peru. Difference-in-differences with various matching techniques indicate that formalization increased by 20–25 percentage points 2 years after program participation. This study presents suggestive evidence of three potential mechanisms behind this increased formalization rates: the opportunity to reconsider participants’ original business plans, the demystification of the tax procedures, and access to seed capital.",Entrepreneurship training,"Entrepreneurship training program - The programs, ran by Peru’s Ministry of Labor, target entrepreneurs from low socioeconomic status and offer training that includes business plan development, marketing techniques, basic accounting, and information on simplified tax systems available to microenterprises",Employment status,Table 2. Program impacts on formalization and employment,Private sector development,Investment and business climate,Education,Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Individual,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23322039.2020.1791546#appendixes,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Digital Training for Micro-Entrepreneurs: Experimental Evidence from Guatemala,"Estaban, Alejandro | Improta, Martina | Ordoñez, Romina | Winters, Paul",2024.0,Journal article,"Previous literature shows minor impacts of in-person business training in developing countries, but few papers study the effectiveness of digital training. A research partnership with a multinational company operating in the food sector of Guatemala enables the randomized evaluation of a digital training program involving the franchise store owners of one of its retail chains. The training program combined a mobile app offering access to reproducible video capsules and virtual one-on-one consulting meetings. The results of the randomized evaluation reveal significant impacts on knowledge, business practices, sales, and profits. An examination of the mechanisms underlying these results reveals that consulting meetings are crucial in inducing engagement with the app’s content. Program flexibility, internet access, and initial sales are also crucial determinants of training effectiveness.",ICT capacity building,"""The digital training program is designed to upgrade the business skills of the franchise store owners of CDPR that are working with CMI"" (pg 400), ""
The training topics covered by the training materials include branding, operations, patrimonial security, marketing, equipment maintenance, hygiene and food safety, financial management, gender empowerment, inventory management, digital payment options, and customer satisfaction"".",Sales | Profits and revenues | Business knowledge,"Effects of Digital Training on Store Sales: All stores, Balanced panel, Excluding multi-store owners (p 410, table 4) | Effects of Digital Training on Self-Reported Business Outcomes: Profits, Revenue, Costs, Revenue–cost (p412, table 5) | ""The empirical analysis then turns to investigate the effects of treatment assignment on take-up, knowledge, and business practices in table 3""    

""The table then shows the effects of treatment on knowledge and business practices in columns (2) through (7). Column (2) reveals a statistically significant increase of 0.029 points (t-statistic = 2.4) in the business knowledge test, which is equivalent to a 5.2 percent increase relative to the mean exam score for the control group in the baseline survey"" (pg 409).",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development",Information & communications technologies,Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Guatemala,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Other,Not specified,International financial institution,,Individual,Business Training | Digital Skills | Micro Enterprise,Business training,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://academic.oup.com/wber/article-abstract/38/2/394/7280557,Technical and vocational training,"Domestic business growth and market development|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",108.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The impact of a gender and business training on income hiding: An experimental study in Vietnam,"Bulte, Erwin H. | Lensink, Robert | Winkel, Anne",2014.0,Journal article,"We use a randomized controlled trial and behavioral game to study the extent and determinants of income hiding in rural Vietnam. We focus on a training program that aims to promote gender equality and entrepreneurship among women in poverty who are engaged in running a small business. In one treatment arm, we allow husbands to participate in the training as well. While the impact of the training on income hiding is not significant at usual significance levels if only women are allowed to follow the training, we provide some evidence that the training invites women to hide income. Our study also suggests that allowing husbands to be present at the training intensifies this effect. We discuss several mechanisms that may explain these findings, including an increase in expected income and a decrease in information asymmetry between the spouses",Financial awareness,"TYM offered nine monthly training sessions during local center meetings in the period February to end October 2012. The training was designed by the International Labor Organization (ILO), based on the Gender and Entrepreneurship Together (GET) Ahead for Women in Enterprise Training Package and Resource Kit. The first three modules focused entirely on topics related to gender: (i) ’Gender and gender equality;’ (ii) ‘The business woman and her self-confidence;’ and (iii) ‘The business woman and her environment’. The other modules dealt with business related themes: (iv) ‘The business project: business ideas;’ (v) ‘Marketing and how to sell with success;’ (vi) ‘Calculations and how to calculate interest;’ (vii) ‘Managing cash;’ (viii) ‘How to record accounts receivable and accounts payable?;’ and finally (ix) ‘How to calculate cost of production and cost of goods sold’. Each training session lasted approximately 45–60 min., and participation in the training was costless and voluntary. In addition to participating in the training sessions, treated members were able to consult trainers individually during weekly meetings in which debts were repaid",Empowerment | Economic empowerment,"The main objective of the study is to test whether
income hiding by women is affected by participating in a gender and business training intended to promote female empowerment – both economically as well as socially. | he second objective is to improve income of female
participants via an increase in business knowledge and the adoption of improved business practices. established that the training substantially improved economic performance",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Vietnam,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive methodology,Sex,For-profit firm,Academic institution,,Individual,Non-cooperative household models | Hiding | Information Asymmetries Microfinance | Gender and entrepreneurship training,Not applicable,Gender Equality,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167268118300532?via%3Dihub,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Social factors,38.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Information, Market Incentives, and Student Performance: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design in Brazil","Camargo, Braz | Camelo, Rafael | Firpo, Sergio | Ponczek, Vladimir",2014.0,Journal article,"This paper uses a discontinuity on the test score disclosure rules of the National Secondary Education Examination in Brazil to test whether test score disclosure affects student performance, the composition of students in schools, and school observable inputs. We find that test score disclosure has a heterogeneous impact on test scores, but only increases average test scores in private schools. Since test score disclosure has no impact on student composition and school observable inputs in both public and private schools, our results suggest that test score disclosure changes the behavior of teachers and school managers in private schools by affecting the market incentives faced by such schools. We also develop a model of school and student behavior to help explain our empirical findings",Educational programming,"The intervention studied in this paper is the disclosure of average ENEM (National Secondary Education Examination) scores by schools starting in 2006, when the Brazilian Ministry of Education made schools with 10 or more test takers in a year publicly report their average scores. This policy change created a discontinuity that allows the researchers to analyze the impact of test score disclosure on student performance, school composition, and observable inputs",Student ability,"Measured by the students' scores on the 2007 ENEM, with the analysis focusing on how test score disclosure affects these scores. The results indicate a positive impact of disclosure on private schools' test scores, particularly for schools below the median in initial scores, while the effect on public schools was not statistically significant or negative for schools above the median",Human development and gender,Access to education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,test score disclosure rules of the National Secondary Education Exam (ENEM) in Brazil to test whether test score disclosure affects the market incentives faced by schools in the São Paulo metropolitan area.,Firm/organisation,test score disclosure | Market incentives | public and private schools,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://jhr.uwpress.org/content/53/2/414.short,Feasibility studies,Education,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effects of Skills Training on Employment and Livelihood Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Young Women in Ghana,"Sarah Frohnweiler, | Charles Atanga Adongo, | Bernd Beber, | Tabea Lakemann | Jan Priebe, | Jann Lay,",2024.0,Published working paper,"We use a randomized controlled trial to examine the short- and mid-term impacts of a best-practice training program on (non-)employment outcomes in Ghana. Overall the program did not affect core labor market outcomes at the extensive (employment) and intensive (hours of work, income) margin, but it (i) induced occupational sorting, with treated individuals more likely to work in their field of specialization, (ii) partiallyimproved job quality (written contracts, medical benefits), and (iii) led to better outcomes on a variety of non-labor market indicators (mental health, delayed marriages, access to finance). We also explore policy stakeholders’ expectations and perceptions of program success. We find that stakeholders (i) have overly optimistic prior beliefs about the program’s impact on core outcomes and (ii) do not update their beliefs as we would expect from Bayes’ rule when presented with information about the program’s circumscribedeffectiveness. We speculate that this result suggests an obstacle for adaptive programming in developmentcooperation and could help explain the persistence of some suboptimal labor market interventions",Apprenticeship programmes | Entrepreneurship training,"""The program’s aim was to teach in-demand, market-relevant skills by closely collaborating with private sector companies. More specifically, the program, known as N4G, provided young girls and women with intensive training (between 2 and 6 months) in the fields of Beauty Therapy, Dressmaking, or Hairdressing""-(pg 2)

""After eleven years of universal basic education students in Ghana can either continue general education at a Senior High School (SHS) or opt for vocational skills training. The latter offers two main options: Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), or an apprenticeship program which has no formal requirements in terms of prior educational qualifications""-(pg 4)",Livelihoods and employment behaviours,"“Effects on labor market performance. We begin by looking at the overall impact of the N4G program on employment outcomes approximately one and a half years after registering for the N4G program and approximately six months after the N4G program finished. Table 4 shows the ITT effects for the pooled sample, i.e., across occupations and regions, on study participants’ employment probability (columns (1) to (5)) and income (columns (6) and (7)). In Panel A, the outcome variables consider employment and income in any occupation”-(pg 11).

“Effects on quality-of-life. Our second main set of outcomes links to study participants’ living conditions. Results are presented in Table 6 which shows the effect on participants’ wellbeing and mental health (columns (1) to (4)), their family situation (columns (5) to (8)), and financial access (columns (9) to (12)). Being invited to participate in the N4G program significantly reduces women’s self-reported levels of anxiety (0.03 percentage points or 9.7% of the control group mean), depression (0.03 percentage points or 9.5%), and stress (0.01 percentage points or 14.3%) on a scale from 0 to 1”-(pg 13).",Private sector development,Youth employment,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"""s N4G targeted a very specific part of the Ghanaian population our sample is quite homogeneous and only includes women aged between 16 to 24 at the time of registration in 2021. Column (6) of Table 2 indicates the average characteristics of the total Ghanaian female population aged between 16 to 24 years based on data from the Population and Housing Census from 2021""-(pg 8)",Individual,Vocational Training | Labor Markets | Skills Development | Women's Participation,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://hdl.handle.net/10419/302181,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Evaluating the impact of social franchising on family planning use in Kenya,"Chakraborty, Nirali M | Mbondo, Mwende | Wanderi, Joyce",2016.0,Journal article,"Background: In Kenya, as in many low-income countries, the private sector is an important component of health service delivery and of providing access to preventive and curative health services. The Tunza Social Franchise Network, operated by Population Services Kenya, is Kenya’s largest network of private providers, comprising 329 clinics. Franchised clinics are only one source of family planning (FP), and this study seeks to understand whether access to a franchise increases the overall use or provides another alternative for women who would have found FP services in the public sector. Methods: A quasi-experimental study compared 50 catchment areas where there is a Tunza franchise and no other franchised provider with 50 purposively matched control areas within 20 km of each selected Tunza area, with a health facility, but no franchised facility. Data from 5609 women of reproductive age were collected on demographic and socioeconomic status, FP use, and care-seeking behavior. Multivariate logistic regression, with intervention and control respondents matched using coarsened exact matching, was conducted. Results: Overall modern contraceptive use in this population was 53 %, with 24.8 % of women using a long-acting or permanent method (LAPM). There was no significant difference in odds of current or new FP use by group, adjusted for age. However, respondents in Tunza catchment areas are significantly more likely to be LAPM users (adj. OR = 1.49, p = 0.015). Further, women aged 18–24 and 41–49 in Tunza catchment areas have a significantly higher marginal probability of LAPM use than those in control areas. Conclusions: This study indicates that access to a franchise is correlated with access to and increased use of LAPMs, which are more effective, and cost-effective, methods of FP. While franchised facilities may provide additional points of access for FP and other services, the presence of the franchise does not, in and of itself, increase the use of FP in Kenya.",Reproductive health education and behaviour change,"This study assesses if geographic access to a Tunza-
franchised clinic increases the use of family planning.
Using a quasi-experimental post-test design with post
hoc matching, women residing near Tunza clinics were
compared to those residing near public sector clinics.
Data was collected via a cross-sectional, population-
based survey, sampling among women of reproductive
age (18–49) who lived within the control and interven-
tion clusters.",Family planning,The primary outcome of this study was a difference in the new use of family planning. This was assessed by asking current users of modern family planning methods if they had ever used FP prior to November 2011 (2 years prior to the time the survey was implemented). Those who answered no were considered to be new users of FP. Secondary outcomes of this study included differences in the current use of modern family planning and differences in the use of LARCs and PMs (Page 3),Human development and gender,Health system strengthening,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Supply chain monitoring,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,"adequate sample size of sexually active women when sampling households, the sample was increased by 10 %; a sample size of 5720 households was sought",Individual,Social Franchising | Public and Private (I13) | Reproductive Health Care,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27316700/,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
THE USAGE OF PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING METHOD FOR TRAINING IMPACT EVALUATION ON PRODUCTIVITY IN VIETNAM: THE CASE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs),"Duy, Nguyen Khanh | Oanh, Nguyen Thi Hoang | Tam, Nguyen Duy | Thanh, Pham Tien | Vu, Truong Thanh",2014.0,Journal article,"This paper investigates the determinants of human capital investment in formal training (offthe-job training in short term) and estimates effects of this investment on productivity using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method. This paper uses the data from two surveys on the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam: SMEs2009 (completed in 2010) and SMEs2011 (completed in 2012) with detailed information about training and firm characteristics. The results found that training has positive impact on the productivity of household business, but there is no evidence about the impact of training on productivity of the firms in formal sector; and there is no impact of training activities on productivity in the near future (one or two years).&nbsp;",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"Training activities conducted by SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). The research evaluates the impact of participating in training programs on various performance indicators such as labor productivity, revenue, profit, and ROA.",Labour productivity | Profits and revenues,"Labor productivity level as well as the number of employees in formal enterprise is much 
higher than those in household enterprises. The impact of training activities on productivity 
for the case of formal enterprises is more difficult to work than that for the case of household 
enterprise | There is no statistical evidence to conclude that, for the case of the formal enterprises, training 
activities has significant impact on firms’ labor productivity, firms’ performance (revenue, 
profit), workers’ wage in short term",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Vietnam,East Asia and Pacific,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,"Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and household enterprises in Vietnam, surveyed in 2009 and 2011",Firm/organisation,Investment in  human capital | Vocational Training | PSM | SME,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.academia.edu/7888088/The_usage_of_propensity_score_matching_method_for_training_impact_evaluation_on_productivity_in_Vietnam_the_case_of_small_and_medium_enterprises_SMEs_,Technical and vocational training,Productivity gains|Income|Domestic business growth and market development,38.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A Mixed Methods Assessment of Technical and Financial Assistance to Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Kenya's Food Sector,"Nakasone, Eduardo | Porter, Maria | Maredia, Mywish K. | Jones, Andrew | Tschirley, David",2024.0,Journal article,"We study the impact of providing consulting services and major capital infusions to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food sector in Kenya. We exploit a quasi-experimental design that matches treated firms with comparable firms that applied for the same support but were just short of scoring sufficient points to receive this support. Using mixed methods, this quantitative analysis is supplemented by in-depth qualitative interviews, which provide further insights into the workings of the program. The program helped SMEs launch new products and increased numbers of employees. Interviewees described higher sales resulting from the major capital infusions they received.",Technical assistance - services | SME grants,"Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) launched a project to improve the supply side of food.
“GAIN then hired consultants to identify the type of TA needed for each firm. The TA could
include assistance for new product development, support in modifying product formulas to
make them more nutritious, and other assistance in product and market expansion
(e.g., organizational capacity building, connections to investors, business modeling, assistance
in developing business plans, support for market research/marketing strategy). Additionally, a
subset of the most promising firms was selected to receive FA to implement their business
plans. The maximum grant awarded was U.S.$90,000.” (page 438)",Value added products | Index of employment,"Impact of GAIN's assistance on new products and number of employees: Launched a new product in last 12 months, Share of revenue from new products (page 447, table 4) | Impact of GAIN's assistance on new products and number of employees: Employees (February 2020, Pre COVID) Employees (at time of endline) (page 447, table 4)",Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance","Industry, trade, and services",Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Charitable or private foundation,Charitable or private foundation,Not applicable,Individual | Household,Business Grants | Kenya | Mixed Methods | nutritious food | small and medium-sized enterprises | technical assi,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aepp.13426,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Direct financing of private sector actors|Advisory support,Productivity gains|Employment,127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Nexus between green finance and climate change mitigation in N-11 and BRICS countries: empirical estimation through difference in differences (DID) approach,"Nawaz, Muhammad Atif | Seshadri, Usha | Kumar, Pranav | Aqdas, Ramaisa | Patwary, Ataul Karim | Riaz, Madiha",2021.0,Journal article,"Green finance is inextricably linked to investment risk, particularly in emerging and developing economies (EMDE). This study uses the difference in differences (DID) method to evaluate the mean causal effects of a treatment on an outcome of the determinants of scaling up green financing and climate change mitigation in the N-11 countries from 2005 to 2019. After analyzing with a dummy for the treated countries, it was confirmed that the outcome covariates: rescon (renewable energy sources consumption), population, FDI, CO2, inflation, technical corporation grants, domestic credit to the private sector, and research and development are very significant in promoting green financing and climate change mitigation in the study countries. The probit regression results give a different outcome, as rescon, FID, CO2, Human Development Index (HDI), and investment in the energy sector by the private sector that will likely have an impact on the green financing and climate change mitigation of the study countries. Furthermore, after matching the analysis through the nearest neighbor matching, kernel matching, and radius matching, it produced mixed results for both the treated and the untreated countries. Either group experienced an improvement in green financing and climate change mitigation or a decrease. Overall, the DID showed no significant difference among the countries.",Investment based incentives for renewable energy,"""Thus, this study seeks to analyze the factor that will determine the catalyzing of green finance by the N-11 and BRICS countries and their climate change mitigation strategies. Renewable energy consumption is used as a proxy for green finance. In doing this, the difference in differences (DID) approach is applied for the N-11 countries from 2005 to 2019. The treatment period starts from 2010 to 2019 for the treated countries.""
(Page 3)",Index of environmental protection,"""The treated countries showed significant improvement in their green financing and climate change mitigation strategies. This is because the untreated group of 151 countries received a mean score of 26.532, and the treatment countries of 65 received a mean score pretty much close of 20.205. The score indicates a significant improvement after the treatment.""
(Page 11)",Environment and natural resource management,Climate change mitigation,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Environmental,Multi-country,Multi-continent,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Not applicable,"Country | Surface area (acres, hectares, m², etc.)",Diffeerence-In-Difference | Economic Development. | probit regression | N-11 | BRICS countries,Not applicable,Climate Action | Good Health and Well-being,,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-10920-y,Payments by results,Environmental change and mitigation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"An Impact Evaluation of Education, Health, and Water Supply Investments by the Bolivian Social Investment Fund","Newman, John | Pradhan, Menno | Rawlings, Laura B | Ridder, Geert | Coa, Ramiro | Evia, Jose Luis",2002.0,Journal article,"This article reviews the results of an impact evaluation of small‐scale rural infrastructure projects in health, water, and education financed by the Bolivian Social Investment Fund. The impact evaluation used panel data on project beneficiaries and control or comparison groups and applied several evaluation methodologies. An experimental design based on randomization of the offer to participate in a social fund project was successful in estimating impact when combined with bounds estimates to address noncompliance issues. Propensity score matching was applied to baseline data to reduce observable preprogram differences between treatment and comparison groups. Results for education projects suggest that although they improved school infrastructure, they had little impact on education outcomes. In contrast, interventions in health clinics, perhaps because they went beyond simply improving infrastructure, raised utilization rates and were associated with substantial declines in under‐age‐five mortality. Investments in small community water systems had no major impact on water quality until combined with community‐level training, though they did increase the access to and the quantity of water. This increase in quantity appears to have been sufficient to generate declines in under‐age‐five mortality similar in size to those associated with the health interventions.",Infrastructure development and reconstruction,"""This article reviews the results of an impact evaluation of small-scale rural infrastructure projects in health, water, and education financed by the Bolivian Social Investment Fund."" (Page 241)",Electrification in schools | School sanitation facilities | Other school characteristics | Overall student enrolment | Students to teacher ratio | Drop-out rate from educational establishments | Overall student attendance | Grade repetition rates | Hospital bed availability | Electrification coverage | Index of access to sanitation,"Average Impact of Education Investments: Fraction of schools with electricity (p252, table 3) | Average Impact of Education Investments: Fraction of schools with sanitation facilities (p252, table 3) | Average Impact of Education Investments: Textbooks per student, Square meters per student, Fraction of classrooms in good condition, Students per desk (p252, table 3) | Average Impact of Education Investments: Students per classroom, Number of registered students per school (p252, table 3) | Average Impact of Education Investments: Students per teacher (p252, table 3) | Average Impact of Education Investments: Dropout rate (p252, table 3) | Average Impact of Education Investments: Number of students attending classes regularly per school (p252, table 3) | Average Impact of Education Investments: Number of students repeating classes (p252, table 3) | Average Impact of Health Investments: Number of beds (p253, table 4) | Average Impact of Health Investments: Fraction of clinics with electricity (p253, table 4) | Average Impact of Health Investments: Fraction of clinics with sanitation facilities (p253, table 4)",Social development and protection,Social protection delivery systems,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Bolivia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"""""Between 1994 and 1998 (roughly the period between the baseline and the follow-up of the impact evaluation study) the sif disbursed more than US$160 million, primarily for projects in education ($82 million), health ($23 million), and water and sanitation ($47 million)."" ""The social fund began concentrating on delivering social infrastructure to historically underserved areas, moving away from emergency-driven employment-generation projects."" (page 242)",Community/village,Impact evaluation | Social Investment Fund | infrastructure | Rural Development | Education projects,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality | Quality Education,,https://academic.oup.com/wber/article-abstract/16/2/241/1656843?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false,Infrastructure development and financing,"Food security, health, and nutrition|Education|Infrastructure",83.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Green credit and enterprise green operation: Based on the perspective of enterprise green transformation,"Niu, Haiyan | Zhao, Xiongfei | Luo, Zhilin | Gong, Yuxia",2022.0,Journal article,"This paper uses panel data of listed heavily polluting enterprises from 2007 to 2021, based on the perspective of transformation and upgrading of heavy polluters, innovatively studies the impact of green credit on the green operation of enterprises. At the micro level, the research results of this paper verify the effectiveness of green credit policy on the transformation of green enterprises. It is also found that the two intermediary paths of debt cost and government subsidy play a partial intermediary role in the process of green credit promoting green enterprise transformation and upgrading. Green credit policy also moderates the green transformation of enterprises through debt cost and government subsidies. Based on the research results, this paper puts forward targeted policy suggestions from the aspects of financing constraints, government subsidy policies, enterprise technological innovation and green operation, and provides empirical support for the current expansion of green credit policies in China.",Government performance incentives,“Green credit policy promotes green transformation and upgrading of businesses by differentiating credit rates through ‘incentive’ and ‘push’ mechanisms.” (page 3),Total factor productivity,“...the implementation of green credit policy can improve the total factor productivity of enterprises.” (page 7),Environment and natural resource management,Climate change mitigation,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Not applicable,Firm/organisation,Green credit policy | Green operation | heavy pollution enterprises | debt costs | Government Subsidies,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Responsible Consumption and Production | Climate Action | Partnerships to achieve the Goal",,https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041798/full,Payments by results,Productivity gains,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Leveraging Digital Technology to Improve Monitoring and Planning in Public Sector Supply Chains: Evidence From India’s Food Security Program,"Ganesh, Maya | Deo, Sarang | Devalkar, Sripad K.",2024.0,Journal article,"Governments across the developing world are adopting digital technologies to improve the performance of public sector supply chains. However, empirical evidence regarding the impact of these technologies on performance is mixed. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of using biometric authentication (BA) devices on the performance of India’s food security program. The program aims to deliver subsidized food grains to nearly 160 million low-income households through approximately 500,000 fair price shops (FPSs). Nearly half of those grains do not reach the beneficiaries and are diverted to the open market for private benefit. We estimate the impact of installing BA devices on reducing diversion in more than 3,300 FPSs in the Indian state of Karnataka between 2013 and 2015 using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that BA devices reduce up to 4% of the current diversion at the last mile. We argue that this relatively low impact is due to the presence of a workaround mechanism which results in imperfect monitoring and validate the decrease in diversion mechanism by estimating the differential impact of BA devices. We complement the empirical analysis with a simulation exercise to estimate the additional value that can be unlocked by using the BA devices. We find that the value of better replenishment planning using sales and inventory information captured by BA devices can be significant. The value of better planning can be as high as six times the value of reduction in diversion, depending on the preintervention levels of demand from genuine beneficiaries and diversion at the FPSs.",Food subsidies,"Page 862: ""In our study setting, the BA devices were equipped with the
additional capability to record real-time information on sales
and inventory at the FPSs. This timely information provided
by the BA devices, which was not available in the erstwhile
manual process, was, however, not used by the central plan-
ners to make the monthly inventory replenishment decisions"" .

We use publicly available data related to PDS operations in 11 districts of Karnataka during the period from September 2013 to December 2015. Each record in our data is an FPS–month with the following information: (i) gross requirement at the FPS for that month for the AAY and PHH household categories, (ii) ending inventory of rice and wheat for the AAY and PHH households, and (iii) the sales transaction transmission status indicating whether a BA device was used to record sales transactions at a particular FPS in that particular month. For a given FPS, we consider the first month with an active transmission status as the month of installation of a BA device at that FPS. Pg 866",Investment in inventory | Sales,"We use the results from the above simulation to calculate two operational outcomes: (a) average reduction in the inventory levels, and (b) average increase in genuine sales to beneficiaries, because of better planning. We estimate the incremental monetary value from better planning by calculating the reduction in inventory holding cost for the PDS and financial cost of open market purchases for households and characterize their sum as the incremental value of better planning. We also calculate the value of better monitoring as an average decrease in diversion, and subsequently the ratio of the incremental value of better planning (reduced inventory and reduced lost sales) and the value of better monitoring (reduced diversion) estimated from the simulation model to compare their magnitudes. Pg 872",Economic policy,Trade facilitation,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Household,Digital technology | Food Security Programme | public sector supply chains | value of information | value of monitoring,,"Zero Hunger | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10591478241242119,Multi-stakeholder platforms|Service management and delivery PPP,Domestic business growth and market development,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
An Econometric Analysis of Private Sector Participation in China's Urban Water Supply,"Wang, HongWei | Wu, Wenqing | Zheng, Shilin",2011.0,Journal article,"This paper explores the impact of private sector participation on industrial performance of urban water supply by using panel data for 35 major cities in China over the period 1998 to 2008. We find that the introduction of private sector participation is significantly correlated with improvement in integrated production capacity and water coverage rate, but not correlated with the investment in fixed assets. Private sector participation has a positive impact on the integrated production capacity in the developed eastern cities and contributes to narrowing the gap of water coverage rate between the less developed central and western cities and the more developed eastern cities. We also find that the participation of foreign companies, but not domestic private companies, significantly improves water industry performance. The research sheds some light on the importance of private participation in urban water markets. However, the performance of domestic private firms in urban water supply still needs be improved.",Private sector involvement in WaSH,"The privatization of China's urban water supply.
(p135) ""The introduction of private sector participation into China’s urban water supply industry can be divided into three phases. During the first stage (1992-1997), government started opening urban water sector to foreign private investors only...The second stage (1998-2001) was characterized by diversification of the investment in the water supply market. With the opening of construction and operation of the urban water supply pipeline network, the water supply industry now enjoyed investments not only from foreign companies, a large number of which were publicly listed on the stock market by local governments, but also some domestic private companies, such as Wuhan Holdings, Qianjiang Water Resources and Nanhai Development. The third stage (2002-2008) is the period for the market oriented reforms in an all-round way. The implementation of the franchise system is an important symbol of urban water supply sector market-oriented reform in this phase, which may also be called the real beginning of market-oriented reforms in water supply industry.""",Water supply capacity | Access to water | Other outcome,"(p139-140, table 3 and 5) The effect of private sector participation on water supply industry and the impacts of international and domestic private company participation(water capacity): Ln(Capacity) | (p139-140, table 3 and 5) The effect of private sector participation on water supply industry and the impacts of international and domestic private company participation (water coverage): Ln(Coverage) | (p139-140, table 3 and 5) The effect of private sector participation on water supply industry and the impacts of international and domestic private company participation (water investment): Ln(Invest)",Urban and rural development,Urban water and sanitation,"Water, sanitation, and waste management",Water and sanitation,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Coordination/Reforms | Work-Labor/Social,China,East Asia and Pacific,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,State/Provincial,Urban water supply | Private sector participation | Performance evaluation | China,Not applicable,Clean Water and Sanitation,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957178711000063,Service management and delivery PPP|Infrastructure development and financing,Infrastructure|Mobilization,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Government-enterprise green collaborative governance and urban carbon emission reduction: Empirical evidence from green PPP programs,"Wang, Shixiang",2024.0,Journal article,"The reliance solely on the government or&nbsp;enterprises&nbsp;to promote climate governance is contingent upon the&nbsp;vested interests&nbsp;of economic entities and the regulatory bodies' efficiency in governance. Can the model of government-enterprise green&nbsp;collaborative governance&nbsp;evolve into a long-term mechanism for addressing the&nbsp;climate crisis&nbsp;and achieving the goals of&nbsp;sustainable development? By crawling data on public-private partnerships (PPP), employing ChatGPT to identify green PPP projects, and building a generalized difference-in-differences framework based on the&nbsp;Guidance on Building a Green&nbsp;Financial System&nbsp;issued in 2016, this present study investigates whether the involvement of private capital in government-led environmental and climate governance can effectively facilitate government-enterprise green collaborative governance, thereby mitigating urban&nbsp;carbon emissions. The study finds government-enterprise green collaborative governance can significantly reduce urban&nbsp;carbon emissions. The conclusion remains valid even after several rounds of robustness tests, including removing the influence of pertinent climate policies, adjusting the settings of independent and dependent variables, and removing self-selection issues. Heterogeneity tests show, on the first hand, the carbon emission reduction effect of government-enterprise green collaborative governance differs due to the differences in the characteristics of green PPP(Pubic-private partnership) projects such as project return mechanism, project investment volume, and project cooperation term; on the other hand, the carbon emission reduction effect also shows heterogeneity with various urban characteristics such as geographical location, city type and city size. Mechanism tests indicate government-enterprise green collaborative governance affects urban carbon emissions mainly through structural effects, technological effects and co-investment effects. This paper offers a valuable framework for effectively promoting environmental and climate co-governance between governmental bodies and enterprises, while enhancing the market's role in resource benefit allocation within climate governance to mitigate the risks associated with climate change.",,,,,Environment and natural resource management,Climate change mitigation,Financial sector,General environmental protection,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Environmental,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,State/Provincial,,Not applicable,Climate Action,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935124012404,Infrastructure development and financing,Environmental change and mitigation,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Construction of Free Trade Zones Drives Digital Transformation: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Listed Enterprises,"Wang, Weilong | Xiao, Deheng | Wang, Jianlong",2024.0,Journal article,"The construction of China’s Free Trade Zones (FTZs) promotes high-quality economic development. And with the continuous development of information technology, as well as the popularity and application of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and other technologies, the construction of FTZs offers more possibilities for enterprises to implement digital transformation. Constructing China’s Free Trade Zones (FTZs) encourages high-quality economic growth. As an essential path in support of high-quality economic development, it is imperative to clarify the intrinsic connection between enterprise digital transformation (EDT) and the establishment of FTZs. The article analyzes the impact of constructed FTZs on EDT based on 2010–2019 microdata of A-share listed enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen. It is observed that FTZ construction promotes EDT. After a number of robustness tests, this finding is still valid. The mechanism analysis confirms that constructed FTZs enhance EDT by weakening firms’ external economic policy uncertainty and improving firms’ internal innovation performance. Through heterogeneity analysis, this paper finds that leveraging firm value, improving firms’ ESG performance, and strengthening firms’ digital finance development are effective ways for FTZs to promote EDT. Finally, the analysis of environmental consequences shows that China’s FTZ construction reduces carbon emissions and improves air pollution caused by the development process by enhancing EDT. The study’s findings help provide a valuable policy basis for further expanding, allowing access to the outside world, and promoting the digital development of enterprises.",,,,,Private sector development,Investment and business climate,"Industry, trade, and services",Trade Policies & Regulations,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13132-024-02053-1#citeas,Infrastructure development and financing,Digitization,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Responding to Green Finance with Emission Reduction and Value-Added: The Role of Enterprise Environmental Investment,"Wang, Yao | Zhang, Shengling | Wu, Zihao | Hao, Yu | Li, Ruijie",2025.0,Journal article,"Responding to China’s green finance policy with enterprise environmental investment (EEI) constitutes a crucial link in achieving environmental governance objectives, exerting crucial influence on the nation’s green transformation and high-quality development. Taking the pilot policy of China’s Green Finance Reform and Innovation Experimental Zone (GFRP) in 2017 as a quasi-natural experiment, this study systematically evaluates the effect of GFRP policy on the decisions of EEI and further explore whether the investments are used for passive end-of-pipe treatment (EOP) or positive source prevention (SP) by using firm-level data. The results indicate that GFRP policy can significantly promote EEI, and mainly reflected in SP, rather than EOP. Through potential mechanism analysis, it can be concluded that GFRP policy facilitates EEI by alleviating financial constraint, reducing agency cost, and enhancing environmental information disclosure. Heterogeneity analysis suggests that there exists asymmetry in policy effects, with greater impacts in high green finance development areas, low concentration industries and large-scale enterprises. Furthermore, micro-level performance consequences examination reveals that the enterprises’ decision to increase EEI under GFRP policy not only effectively realizes energy conservation and emission reduction but also contribute to facilitating enterprise value, to achieve green transformation. This study holds significant policy implications, providing empirical evidence to policymakers for the refinement and dissemination of green finance policy, and offering valuable insights for enterprise investment and management decisions.",Environmental regulation,"A pilot policy of China’s Green Finance Reform and Innovation Experimental Zone (GFRP) in 2017.
""Specifically, GFRP policy restricts the funding supply for “two high” enterprises such as those in the power, cement, steel, and paper industries and non-green projects by raising interest rates and strengthening supervision (Zhao et al., 2023). Given the compliance pressure imposed by this policy, pollution-intensive enterprises are more likely to decide to increase environmental investments. Additionally, the supporting supervisory measures and financial incentives introduced in the pilot regions, such as enhancing the construction of platforms like the enterprise green information project database, involving third-party certification bodies, incorporating environmental violations by companies into the corporate credit system, and granting tax incentives to green enterprises, are also conducive to increasing EEI (Environmental Investment). From the perspective of market-based environmental regulation, GFRP policy clearly specifies the support focus of green finance, requiring financial institutions like banks to establish identification standards for green enterprises and projects, clearly defining the recipients of green financial services."" (p4)",Index of environmental regulation,"Environmental Investment (EEI) (table 5 and 7, page 9)",Environment and natural resource management,Climate change mitigation,Financial sector,General environmental protection,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm/organisation,Green finance | Enterprise environmental investment | Energy Conservation | Emission reduction | enterprise value,Not applicable,Climate Action,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X24002934,Infrastructure development and financing,Investment levels,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Can Government Venture Capital Guidance Funds Promote Urban Innovation? Evidence From China,"Yang, Siying | Ma, Shunyu | Lu, Jingjing",2022.0,Journal article,"Due to externalities and market failure, innovation activities are facing insufficient investment. Venture capital guidance funds (VCGFs) are an important policy implemented by China's government to guide private capital to participate in innovation and entrepreneurship activities, and it can have an important impact on scientific and technological innovation. Based on the panel data of 285 cities in China, this paper empirically analyzed the impact of VCGFs on innovation and its mechanism. VCGFs can significantly promote urban innovation and this role is sustained for three years following VCGF establishment. Further research shows that VCGFs do not have a direct impact on innovation but promote innovation by promoting the accumulation of innovative talent and capital, and the capital accumulation effect of VCGFs is the main path through which they promote urban innovation. Corruption is also a factor that restricts the effectiveness of an innovation policy. Thus, China's top-down anticorruption campaigns can strengthen the ability of VCGFs to promote urban innovation. This paper opens the black box to show the mechanism through which VCGFs impact urban innovation, affirms the important role of the government in the regional innovation system, and clarifies the debate on government innovation policy.",Public-private joint ventures,Venture capital investment support - Venture capital guidance funds (VCGFs) are policy funds set up by China's local governments to support venture capital enterprises (p 754),Index of business knowledge and skills,Innovation - TABLE 3 Treatment of endogeneity problems (p762),Private sector development,Investment and business climate,Financial sector,Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/grow.12606,Direct financing of private sector actors,Productivity gains,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impacts of a Micro-Enterprise Clustering Programme on Firm Performance in Ghana,"Peters, Jorg | Sievert, Maximiliane | Strupat, Christoph",2015.0,Journal article,"Widely considered an important backbone of economies in developing countries, micro- and small enterprises face several growth constraints. The creation of industrial zones (IZs) with improved access to infrastructure and secure land tenure is a potential remedy to promote local economic development. We assess the effects of an intervention on business performance indicators that establishes IZs for micro-enterprises in Ghana based on firm-level data on 227 enterprises. The results show that the establishment of IZs leads to the creation of new firms, but for existing firms that relocated to the IZs the effects on firm performance are negative.",Infrastructure development and reconstruction | Entrepreneurship training | Land management and reform,"The intervention is the making of Industrial Zones (IZ) by the Program for Sustainable Economic Development in Ghana (PSED) which provide the following:
“PSED-IZ consists mainly of three measures in order to stimulate the development of micro- and small enterprises: providing access to improved infrastructure (roads, electricity, water), secure land tenure and business management trainings for enterprises within the IZs.” (page 101)",Sales | Wage levels | Value added products,"Monthly Sales: “We look at four business performance indicators, namely, number of customers, monthly sales, wage payments and value added.” (page 104, 113, 121 and table 6, A2) | Wage payments: “We look at four business performance indicators, namely, number of customers, monthly sales, wage payments and value added.” (page 104, 113, 121 and table 6, A2) | Value added: “We look at four business performance indicators, namely, number of customers, monthly sales, wage payments and value added.” (page 104, 113, 121 and table 6, A2)",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services",Trade Policies & Regulations,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Not applicable,Firm/organisation,Project evaluation | Firm clustering | Micro-Enterprises | Firm Performance,Not applicable,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | No Poverty | Sustainable Cities and Communities",,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/ejdr.2014.18,Infrastructure development and financing|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Income|Productivity gains|Domestic business growth and market development,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Can Online Platforms Promote Women-Led Exporting Firms?,"Poole, Jennifer P. | Martincus, Christian Volpe",2023.0,Published working paper,"How can policymakers promote women-led exporting firms? In this paper, we study the role of&nbsp;online business platforms to reduce informational barriers to exporting for women entrepreneurs.&nbsp;We hypothesize that, if the costs associated with accessing digital platforms are more symmetric&nbsp;across gender than traditional trade costs, digital trade platforms can play an important role in&nbsp;making trade more gender equal. To assess this hypothesis, we combine information on firms'&nbsp;participation in ConnectAmericas, a free and purely informational online platform, and detailed&nbsp;firm-level export data of a developing country over a long period. We find that participation in&nbsp;this platform is associated with a significantly larger increase in exports for women entrepreneurs&nbsp;than for men-managed firms in otherwise identical products and destinations. Given existing&nbsp;evidence on the role of women-managed businesses in reducing gender earnings inequality, these results suggest that policies which encourage women participation in online environments, to&nbsp;reduce the informational barriers associated with operating in foreign markets, have the capacity&nbsp;to promote gender equality more broadly.",Business networks,"An online business platform called ConnectAmericas.
“ConnectAmericas is a purely informational business platform. It provides access to relevant information, but neither allows for direct transactions among firms nor incorporates the respective logistic solutions.” (page 33)",Export activity,"Export Value, Export Weight: “Participation in ConnectAmericas increases export values for women-led firms by almost 40 percent within product-destinations but increases export values for equivalent men-managed firms by only around (a more noisily-estimated) 10 percent.” (page 16, 31-32 and table 2-3)",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,International financial institution,International financial institution,"“These strong trends may at least partially be related to the dedicated initiatives ConnectAmericas designed and implemented to promote the participation of firms owned and managed by women, including ‘Women in Business’ and, more recently, ‘Growing Together in the Americas.’” (page 12)",Firm/organisation,Online platforms | Firms | exports | Gender | Trade promotion | Latin  America,Not applicable,"Gender Equality | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://publications.iadb.org/en/can-online-platforms-promote-women-led-exporting-firms,Matchmaking,International trade,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Frontiers: Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Empowering Female Entrepreneurs Through Female Mentors,"Germann,  Frank | Anderson, Stephen J. | Chintagunta, Pradeep K. | Vilcassim, Naufel",2024.0,Journal article,"Among the millions of entrepreneurs in developing economies, few are able to earn a decent livelihood. To help these entrepreneurs succeed, governmental and nongovernmental organizations invest billions of dollars every year in providing training programs. Many of these programs involve providing entrepreneurs with mentors. Unfortunately, the effects of these programs are often muted, or even null, for woman-owned firms. Against this backdrop, we tested whether gender matching, where female entrepreneurs are randomly paired with a female mentor, could help address the gender gap. Findings from a randomized controlled field experiment with 930 Ugandan entrepreneurs show that mentor gender has a powerful impact on female entrepreneurs. Firm sales and profits of female entrepreneurs guided by a female mentor increased by, on average, 32% and 31% compared with the control group, and these estimates are even larger for female entrepreneurs with high aspirations. In contrast, female entrepreneurs guided by a male mentor did not significantly improve performance compared with the control group. We provide suggestive mechanism evidence that female mentor-mentee arrangements were characterized by more positive engagements.",Business incubators and accelerators,We therefore conducted a field experiment with hundreds of entrepreneurs in which we randomly matched female (or male) mentors with female (or male) entrepreneurs. The results indicate that female entrepreneurs performed significantly better when guided by a female mentor (as opposed to a male mentor). Pg 245,Sales | Customer retention,Table 1. Impact of Mentorship Gender Matching on Entrepreneurs’ Firm Performance | Table 3. Impact of Mentorship Gender-Matching on Entrepreneurs’ Customer Relationships (1) (2) (3),Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex,Not specified,Not specified,"We examined if female entrepreneurs benefit more from female mentors (versus male mentors) using multiple measures of sales and profits—the typical metrics of business success and advancement in the context of small firms in developing economies (e.g., McKenzie 2020).  pg 243",Individual,Female Entrepreneurs | Gender Gap | glass ceiling | mentorship gender-matching | Randomized controlled field experiment | small firm growth | Developing economies,,No Poverty | Zero Hunger,,https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mksc.2023.0108,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Domestic business growth and market development,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impacts of management training on workers: Evidence from Central America and the Caribbean region,"Shimada, Go | Sonobe, Tetsushi",2021.0,Journal article,"There is an increasing interest in the impact assessment of management training programs. Among various types of training, this study focuses on those featuring Kaizen, a standard approach to production management and quality control whose name derives from the Japanese word meaning “improvement.” Previous studies of Kaizen training programs evaluate training impacts on management practices, business performance, and the willingness to pay for training, and do not pay attention to impacts on workers. Using the firm-level data, this study attempts to assess the impacts of an onsite training program held at small and medium enterprises in eight Central American and Caribbean countries. Treated firms are compared with those firms that are selected by the sponsor organization according to the same criteria as the treated counterparts but not yet treated. Propensity score matching is employed to increase comparability between the two groups. This paper presents suggestive evidence that the training program improved work practices and the attitude of workers toward work. It also suggests that the treated firms weaken the linkage between sales revenues and wages, probably to induce workers to pay attention to activities that do not immediately increase sales, such as maintenance and coaching of other workers.",Entrepreneurship training,“The present study focuses on the onsite training program of 48 weeks in total. … the entrepreneurs and their workers learned about Kaizen from the facilitators and CECAPRO consultants and were encouraged to put new knowledge into practice immediately.” (page 1497),Employee attitudes | Wage levels,“The first step is the adoption of work practices that the Kaizen approach emphasizes… The second step is the adjustment or changes on the side of the entrepreneur… The third step is the improvement in the attitude of workers toward work.” (page 1512) | “The first step is the adoption of work practices that the Kaizen approach emphasizes… The second step is the adjustment or changes on the side of the entrepreneur… The third step is the improvement in the attitude of workers toward work.” (page 1512) Table 3 - 5,Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,Latin America and Caribbean,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International aid agency,International aid agency,,Firm/organisation | Individual,Caribbean | Central America | Impact evaluation | Management Training | SMEs.,Not applicable,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Quality Education | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rode.12773,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|Income|Social factors|Domestic business growth and market development,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impacts of the Gender and Entrepreneurship Together Ahead (GET Ahead) Training on Empowerment of Female Microfinance Borrowers in Northern Vietnam,"Huis, Marloes | Lensink, Robert | Vu, Nhung | Hansen, Nina",2019.0,Journal article,"Across the world the Gender and Entrepreneurship Together (GET Ahead) training originally developed by the International Labour Organization has been implemented to improve business outcomes and enhance women’s empowerment. This&nbsp;randomized controlled trial&nbsp;is the first rigorous attempt to examine the impact of the GET Ahead training on women’s empowerment. We focus on the impact of offering this training to female&nbsp;microfinance&nbsp;borrowers of TYM, the largest&nbsp;microfinance&nbsp;organization in North Vietnam. A major contribution of this study is that it focuses on different dimensions of women’s empowerment: (1) personal empowerment, measured by control beliefs, and (2) relational empowerment, measured by relational friction and intra-household&nbsp;decision making&nbsp;power. This study also stands out in that we explicitly study whether involving husbands affects the impact of the training. We find that the GET Ahead training improves women’s empowerment on all three aspects: increased control beliefs and intra-household&nbsp;decision making&nbsp;power (only on larger expenditures), and decreased relational friction. However, the results on relational frictions should be taken with care due to possible underreporting. Moreover, in general, we find no additional impacts of inviting husbands to the training. Finally, our results suggest that it takes some time before the training starts to improve women’s empowerment. We observe no short-term but only mid-term effects from before the training to 12 months after the training.",Access to microcredit | Entrepreneurship training,"A total of 4041 female borrowers were sampled at the baseline assessment, of whom 1509 received a loan and access to training to which their husbands were invited (T1), 673 received a loan and access to training individually (T2), and 1859 received only a loan (C). pg 50",Empowerment,"Overall, the results indicated that offering the GET Ahead training to female microfinance borrowers increased women’s empowerment on three aspects: (1) more personal empowerment as indicated by control beliefs and more relational empowerment as indicated by (2) less relational friction and (3) more intrahousehold decision making power. In general, no differential impact of inviting the husbands of female microfinance borrowers to the training compared to inviting female microfinance borrowers alone was observed. All impacts increased over time from before the training to 12 months after women participated in training. Pg 47",Human development and gender,Skills development,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Vietnam,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive methodology,Sex,Not specified,Not specified,"The current research reports results of a randomized control trial examining the impacts of the Gender and Entrepreneurship Together – GET Ahead for women in Enterprise – training offered to a large group of female microfinance borrowers in Vietnam, where microfinance is widespread",Individual,Women Empowerment | GET Ahead training | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Vietnam | Asia,Microfinance,Reduced Inequality,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X19300737?via%3Dihub,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Financial inclusion|Social factors,38.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Increasing Use of Digital Payment Applications Among Vulnerable Populations,IdInsight,2017.0,Published report,"This brief describes the challenges faced by female migrant workers in using digital payment applications. It describes results from an experiment to study the effectiveness of training on increasing the use of digital payment applications by these workers, particularly for remittances.The experiment tested the effectiveness of two types of training in improving usage of digital payment applications. We tested a classroom-based training and a more intensive individualized-training model. Results indicate that training is effective at addressing knowledge barriers, but only nominally increases the use of digital payment applications. Usage remains low because migrant workers are not able to meet certain infrastructure requirements (see “Results” on page 4).To increase the use of digital payment applications, knowledge barriers as well as infrastructure requirements (such as access to smartphones, reliable internet connection, and phone number-bank account linkage) need to be addressed. It is also important to be mindful of the additional support vulnerable populations may need in fulfilling the requirements for conducting digital payments transactions. For detailed recommendations, refer to “Recommendations” on page 7.",Mobile technology education,"In our study, we trained workers to use Unified Payments Interface (UPI) technology for making payments. UPI allows users to create a unique id (a UPI id) linked to their bank account, which, in turn, is linked to their mobile number. People can send money from one UPI id to another, and money is moved directly and immediately between bank accounts.
BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) is a mobile application for smartphones that leverages UPI technology to allow people to send and receive money from their bank accounts. We used the BHIM application because it was offered in our sample’s native languages and had a simple interface; however, we expect our results to be generalizable to any UPI application (such as Google Pay or PhonePe), since they offer similar functionalities.",Wire transfers,,Economic policy,"Migration, remittances and diaspora engagement",Information & communications technologies,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Sex | Age,Not specified,Not specified,female migrant workers,Individual,DIGITAL PAYMENTS TECHNOLOGY | digital payment applications | Migrant Workers | Training,,Reduced Inequality,,https://www.idinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DigitalPaymentsPolicyBrief_5thSeptember2020.pdf,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Financial inclusion|Digital inclusion,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Liberia’s Experiment with Privatising Education: A Critical Analysis of The RCT Study,"Klees, Steven J.",2018.0,Journal article,"To experiment with the possible privatisation of its primary education system, Liberia initiated the Partnership Schools of Liberia (PSL), which turned over the management of 93 public schools to eight private contractors. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) study was initiated comparing the PSL schools with matched public schools and the results were recently published. This paper is a critical analysis of the PSL and its RCT study and has three main conclusions. First, increases in test score were more likely on the order of 35 percent to 45 percent instead of the reported 60 percent. Second, the increase in test scores had little, if anything, to do with the private management of schools. Test score gains likely resulted from policy changes that could be enacted in regular public schools. Third, the PSL is an extraordinarily expensive experiment, costing upwards of $25 million, and is unlikely to be worth the investment.",PPP in education,"It is within this context that Liberia is considering privatising its entire primary school system. To experiment with privatisation, Liberia’s Ministry of Education initiated the PSL in September 2016. It has a very broad goal: ‘PSL has one overriding mission: to provide every child, regardless of family background or income, access to high-quality education’ (Ministry of Education,n.d.). In the PSL, the management of 93 government primary schools was given over to eight private organisations. The government still paid teacher salaries, schools were still supposed to be free, and private contractors could not select students for admission. Pg 472",Composite test scores,"That is, English scores go up by about 56% and math scores by 66%. However, this is based on a regression analysis of post-test scores on whether students are in the PSL schools and a few control variables. Pg 473",Human development and gender,"Education governance, school-based management",Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Liberia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm/organisation,Liberia | Privatisation | RCTs,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057925.2018.1447061?scroll=top&needAccess=true,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,70.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Free Drug Provision for Tuberculosis Increases Patient Follow-Ups and Successful Treatment Outcomes in the Indian Private Sector: A Quasi Experimental Study Using Propensity Score Matching,"Sodhi, Ridhima | Penkunas, Michael J | Pal, Arnab",2023.0,Journal article,"Background:&nbsp;The private sector is an important yet underregulated component of the TB treatment infrastructure in India. The Joint Effort for Elimination of Tuberculosis (Project JEET) aims to link private sector TB care with the constellation of social support mechanisms available through the Indian National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP), including the provision of free fixed-dose combination (FDCs) drugs to patients. This quasi-experimental study analysed routinely collected data to determine the impact of free drugs on patient follow-ups and treatment outcomes.Methods:&nbsp;We used data for private sector patients enrolled with Project JEET who were diagnosed with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB between 1 and 2019 and 31 March 2020, and completed treatment by 31 December 2021. Propensity score matching was used to create a dataset to compare the number of follow-ups and proportion of successful treatment outcomes for patients on free drugs to a control group who paid out-of-pocket. 11,621 matched pairs were included in the analysis. Logistic regression and ordinary least squares regression models were used to estimate the impact of free drugs on number of follow-ups and treatment success, where latter is defined as treatment completion or cure.Results:&nbsp;After controlling for potential confounders, patients on free drugs received on average 2.522 (95% C.I.: 2.325 to 2.719) additional follow-ups compared to patients who paid out of pocket. This equates to a 25% mean and 32% median increase in follow-ups for patients availing free drugs. For treatment success, patients receiving free drugs had 45% higher odds of a successful treatment (Odds Ratio: 1.452, 95% C.I.: 1.288 to 1.637).Conclusions:&nbsp;Patients receiving free drugs were found to follow up with their treatment coordinator more frequently, in part likely to enable drug refilling, compared to patients who were paying out of pocket. These additional contacts would have offered opportunities to address concerns regarding side effects, provide additional treatment information, and connect with social support services, all of which subsequently contributed to patients' continual engagement with their treatment. This potentially represents the unmeasured effect of free drugs on continual social support, which translates into a higher odds of treatment success for patients.",Out-of-pocket payment for drugs | Procurement and distribution of drugs,"provision of free drugs to patients - The Joint Effort for Elimination of Tuberculosis (Project JEET) aims to link private sector TB care with the constellation of social support mechanisms available through the Indian National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP), including the provision of free fixed-dose combination (FDCs) drugs to patients (p1)",Index of health status outcomes,"successful treatment outcome - Table 7 Logistic regression results showing impact of free drugs on treatment outcomes using matched dataset; N=23,242 (p10)",Human development and gender,Private sector delivery in health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Pulmonary and extrapulmonary drug sensitive adult TB patients (≥ 16 years) from these seven cities who began treatment between 1 January 2019 and 31 March 2020 and had a treatment outcome assigned on or before 31 December 2021 were considered. (page 3),Individual,,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37344775/,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Digital Credit and Borrowers’ Welfare and Resilience in Ethiopia,"Fetene, Gebeyehu Manie | Belay, Dagim G. | Woldekidan, Hana | Boka, Jonse B. | Mengistu, Solomon Tilahun | Hailemikael, Tewelde G.",2024.0,Ongoing study,"Ethiopia lags behind Sub-Saharan countries in terms of key financial inclusion indicators. For example, roughly 81% of the rural adult population was unbanked as of the most recent World Bank Global Findex Survey. Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) have not fared much better. Around 70% of MSEs do not have access to credit and 60% had never ever applied for a loan owing to a lack of collateral. Nearly all (95.7%) reported using their savings to establish their businesses.",Access to microcredit | Financial literacy,"Researchers randomly assigned qualified MSEs that applied for a digital loan with CooPBank into one of three groups. The control group whose applications for credit approval were delayed for four months; Treatment Group 1 received access to a digital loan (a short-term working capital loan); Treatment Group 2 received access to a digital loan plus a financial literacy training, which may help improve their ability to decide on whether to take the offered loan and repay loans. (page 2)",Profits and revenues | Employment status | Overall household expenditure | Penalties incurred,"Preliminary findings from this randomized control trial suggest that digital credit, both with and without financial literacy training, has limited impact on improving key outcomes for MSEs in Ethiopia, such as profit, employment, and household consumption. Financial literacy training reduced the likelihood of loan defaults and penalties. (page 2)",Finance,Financial inclusion,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Ethiopia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,Not specified,Individual,Digital credit | Borrowers' welfare | Resilience | Ethiopia,Not applicable,Reduced Inequality | Good Health and Well-being | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://cega.berkeley.edu/collection/digital-credit-and-borrowers-welfare-and-resilience-in-ethiopia/,Direct financing of private sector actors|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Income|Employment|Financial inclusion|Food security, health, and nutrition",138.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Creating New Positions? Direct and Indirect Effects of a Subsidized Apprenticeship Program,"Crepon, Buno | Premand, Patrick",2018.0,Published working paper,"Evaluations of employment programs usually focus on direct impacts on participants. Yet employment programs can have a range of indirect effects that are rarely quantified. This paper analyzes the impact of a subsidized apprenticeship program offering dual on-the-job and theoretical training in Côte d’Ivoire. The experiment simultaneously randomized whether apprenticeship positions opened by firms were filled by the program, and whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship. This design allows for estimating direct impacts on youths and indirect impacts on firms selected to host apprentices. The analysis identifies whether individuals forgo other employment or training opportunities, and whether firms replace other workers with program participants. The share of youths in apprenticeships increased by 52.8 percentage points. This estimate accounts for a significant windfall effect: 26 percent of the formal apprentices who were placed substituted out of traditional apprenticeships. The inflow of apprentices into firms increased significantly, but also induced substitution effects, as firms hired 0.23 fewer traditional apprentices per formal apprentice placed. Overall, the net number of apprenticeship positions created was between 51 and 74 percent of the number of formal apprentices placed. In the short term, impacts on earnings were not significant for youths, but firms benefited from an increase in the net value of work provided by apprentices.",Apprenticeship programmes,"“They included an emergency youth employment and skills development project (PEJEDEC), which had an objective to improve access to temporary employment and skills development opportunities for young men and women in Côte d’Ivoire.6 Among other interventions, the project included an apprenticeship component.The PEJEDEC apprenticeship component is overseen by the office coordinating employment programs (BCP-Emploi) 8, with the national training agency as implementing agency (AGEFOP). The program puts in place a formal apprenticeship scheme lasting 12 or 24 months, depending on occupations.” (page 8-9)",Wage levels | Employment type | Participation in training | Index of school enrolment and attendance,"“The follow-up survey was collected by phone for youth in the treatment and control groups. The most important variables for the analysis are youth activities at the moment of the survey, as well as hours and earnings in those activities. The survey contains a detailed employment module covering primary and secondary activities. We can thus describe the portfolio of youth activities, distinguishing between occupations as apprentice (formal or traditional), wage worker and self-employed. Other important variables relate to youth human capital investments, including participation in apprenticeship (formal or traditional), vocational training and schooling.” (page 14)",Social development and protection,Social protection delivery systems,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Côte d'Ivoire,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"""Across the 7 localities covered by the study, 731 firms offered apprenticeship positions and 1,832 young applicants were eligible and passed the motivation interview. Approximately half the firms (361), were randomly selected to host program apprentices. 911 eligible and motivated youths were assigned to the program and 921 to the control group. "" (page 11)",Individual,Employment | apprenticeship | Wage Subsidy | training | direct and indirect effects | Micro And Small Enterprises,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a4557662-d968-53aa-b159-70e87addcdf8/content,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|Income|Education,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Integrated community-based HIV and non-communicable disease care within microfinance groups in Kenya: study protocol for the Harambee cluster randomised trial,"Genberg, Becky L. | Wachira, Juddy | Steingrimsson, Jon A. | Pastakia, Sonak | Tran, Dan N. Tina | Said, Jamil Abdulkadir | Braitstein, Paula | Hogan, Joseph W. | Vendanthan, Rajesh | Goodrich, Suzanne | Kafu, Catherine | Wilson-Barthes, Marta | Galarraga, Omar",2021.0,Published protocol,"Introduction In Kenya, distance to health facilities, inefficient vertical care delivery and limited financial means are barriers to retention in HIV care. Furthermore, the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among people living with HIV complicates chronic disease treatment and strains traditional care delivery models. Potential strategies for improving HIV/NCD treatment outcomes are differentiated care, community-based care and microfinance (MF).Methods and analysis We will use a cluster randomised trial to evaluate integrated community-based (ICB) care incorporated into MF groups in medium and high HIV prevalence areas in western Kenya. We will conduct baseline assessments with n=900 HIV positive members of 40 existing MF groups. Group clusters will be randomised to receive either (1) ICB or (2) standard of care (SOC). The ICB intervention will include: (1) clinical care visits during MF group meetings inclusive of medical consultations, NCD management, distribution of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and NCD medications, and point-of-care laboratory testing; (2) peer support for ART adherence and (3) facility referrals as needed. MF groups randomised to SOC will receive regularly scheduled care at a health facility. Findings from the two trial arms will be compared with follow-up data from n=300 matched controls. The primary outcome will be VS at 18 months. Secondary outcomes will be retention in care, absolute mean change in systolic blood pressure and absolute mean change in HbA1c level at 18 months. We will use mediation analysis to evaluate mechanisms through which MF and ICB care impact outcomes and analyse incremental cost-effectiveness of the intervention in terms of cost per HIV suppressed person-time, cost per patient retained in care and cost per disability-adjusted life-year saved.Ethics and dissemination The Moi University Institutional Research and Ethics Committee approved this study (IREC#0003054). We will share data via the Brown University Digital Repository and disseminate findings via publication.Trial registration number NCT04417127.",Community engagement & health promotion | Peer-to-peer learning | Laboratory testing,"“Microfinance (MF) with Integrated Community-Based (ICB) Care…... The intervention will include the following components: (1) integrated care visits by a clinical team occurring monthly during trial months 1–6, and then quarterly for trial months 7–18, which include clinical evaluation, consultation with a clinical officer, medication distribution (ART and other chronic and acute medications), and point-of-care laboratory testing (creatinine, blood glucose, haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and VL as it becomes available); (2) peer support for promoting ART adherence during every MF meeting and (3) referrals to facilities for emergency or acute care needs that are not feasible to address in the community.” (page 4)",Index of health status outcomes | ART retention rate | Hypertension,"""The primary outcome measure will be VS at 18 months. Secondary outcome measures will be (1) retention in care at 18 months, defined as the proportion of scheduled visits attended during the study period; (2) 18-month absolute mean change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and (3) 18-month absolute mean change in HbA1c level."" (Page 5)",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Academic institution,Not specified,"""Members of eligible MF groups will be invited to participate if they meet the following criteria: at least 18 years of age at study baseline; HIV-positive; have ever received HIVrelated care through AMPATH after 2010; initiated ART at least 6 months prior to study baseline; are consistently attending GISE group meetings within the last 6 months and actively engaging in saving and lending; have an AMPATH Medical Record System (AMRS) ID; and are willing and able to provide informed consent."" (page 4)",Individual,Integrated community-based | HIV and non-communicable diseases | Microfinance groups | Randomized Control Trial | Kenya.,Microfinance,Good Health and Well-being | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/5/e042662,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Supporting Small Firms in a Fragile Context: Comparing Matching and Cash Grants in Burkina Faso,"Grimm, Michael | Soubeiga, Sidiki | Weber, Michael",2024.0,Journal article,"We used a randomized controlled trial to compare matching grants earmarked for technical training and consulting services with more flexible cash grants and with a control group. The experiment was implemented in a semi-urban and rural fragile setting where subsidizing innovative activities might be particularly important. Firms were selected on the basis of a business plan competition. After two years, beneficiaries of cash grants showed higher survival rates, improved business practices, a higher degree of formalization, and more activities for innovation relative to recipients of matching grants and the control group, but we saw no effects on profits, sales, and employment. Across all outcomes, beneficiaries of cash grants performed better than beneficiaries of matching grants, for them the treatment effects are smaller and often insignificant, though implementation costs were higher. Recipients of cash grants also increased their capital stock more and were more resilient to the COVID-19 crisis.",SME grants | In-kind grants,"""Between 2012 and 2017, the Bagr´e project offered matching grants to agricultural and non-agricultural firms of any size located in the development zone. The matching grants program was managed by the Maison de l’Entreprises du Burkina Faso (MEBF) in collaboration with Bagr´e pole. The grants could be used for technical training and consulting services and required an own contribution of 20%. A qualitative review of the program revealed that the results of the matching grants program were mixed. The World Bank, MEBF, and Bagr´e pole therefore agreed to pilot cash grants as an alternative support instrument accompanied by a rigorous impact evaluation to shed light on the effectiveness of both instruments."" (page 3)",Closing a business | Profits and revenues | Employment status | Private investment | Capital | Index of business knowledge and skills,"Treatment effects on survival (p10, table 5) | Treatment effects on profits and sales (p10, table 6) | Treatment effects on employment: Total employment, Paid wage employment, Unpaid employment, Days worked (p11, table 7) | Impact on investment and capital stock: Total investment (log) (p11, table 8) | Impact on investment and capital stock: Capital stock value (log) (p11, table 8) | Impact on business skills, practices, and innovation (dummy variables): Formalization (=1), Banking (=1), Bookkeeping (=1), Innovation (standardized index) (p12, table 9)",Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance","Industry, trade, and services",Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms | Work-Labor/Social,Burkina Faso,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,For-profit firm,International financial institution,Not specified,Firm/organisation,Matching Grants | Cash grants | Technical training and consulting services | Small firms | Business Plan Competition | Fragile countries,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387824000932?via%3Dihub,Direct financing of private sector actors,Employment|Income|Social factors|Economic growth|Costs|Domestic business growth and market development,152.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"A Study Protocol for an Mhealth, Multi-Centre Randomized Control Trial to Promote Use of Postpartum Contraception Amongst Rural Women in Punjab, Pakistan","Gul, Zaher | Hameed, Waqas | Hussain, Sharmeen | Sheikh, Ishaque | Siddiqui, Junaid-ur-Rehman",2019.0,Journal article,"BackgroundProvision of family planning services during the immediate post-partum phase is considered effective and cost-efficient for promoting healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies. This research aims to test the effectiveness of mobile phone-based interventions in promoting use of postpartum contraception. Moreover, it will also test the non-inferiority of text and voice messages compared to interactive phone-based counselling.MethodsA three-arm, 10-month, multicentre, randomized controlled trial will be conducted at 15 social franchise (SF) health facilities in Punjab province of Pakistan. Pregnant women aged 15–44 years who are in their first or second trimester and have a mobile phone for their own use will be eligible to participate in this study. The participants will be randomly allocated to one of three study arms: a) voice and text messages; b) interactive telephone-based counselling; or c) control arm (no additional phone-based support). The intervention counselling module will be developed based on the Integrated Behaviour Model which was recently adapted, and tested for the family planning context in Pakistan. It will broadly cover birth-preparedness, importance of birth spacing, and postnatal care. The phone-based intervention aims to improve women’s ability to use contraception by providing them with information about a range of methods, access to family planning methods through outlets such as Suraj SF providers, connecting them with MSS field health educators to help them reach the centres, motivation by re-enforcing the benefits of contraceptive use on women’s quality of life, and dispelling myths and misconceptions about modern contraceptive methods. Risk differences will be used as the measure of effect of the intervention on the outcomes.DiscussionThe study findings will highlight effectiveness of mobile phone in raising awareness of maternal health and contraception, which in turn, is expected to be translated into increased proportion of: at least four antenatal visits, skilled birth or institutional delivery, postpartum contraceptive use, postnatal check-up, child immunization, and breastfeeding. Moreover, if the text and voice messages approach is proven to be non-inferior to interactive calls, it will provide evidence to making promotion of healthcare less resource intensive, and thereby contribute in improving the efficiency of the healthcare system.Trial registrationThis trial was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials registry (NCT03612518) on August 2nd, 2018.",Promotion of contraceptive use | Reproductive health education and behaviour change,"A post-partum family planning (PPFP) behavioral change intervention.
“PPFP is a behavior change intervention that aims to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes by promoting uptake of postpartum contraception. Participants in either of the intervention arms will receive health education and health communication messages that aim to increase postpartum family planning, as well as messages on birth-preparedness and post-natal care. Participants in this study will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: group one will receive this information through text and voice messages; group two through interactive phone calls from a trained professional; while participants assigned to group 3 will not receive phone based health education messages but can contact their FHE, Suraj provider to the MSS helpline for any information they may need.” (page 4)",Modern contraceptive use | Exclusive breastfeeding rate | BCG vaccination | Births in hospitals | Post-partum care | Customer satisfaction,“Primary outcome of interest Action: 1. Proportion of subjects enrolled in each of the three groups who adopt any modern FP method to delay next pregnancy (by type contraceptive method and time within 42 days of postpartum period). 2. Proportion of women reported to be exclusively breastfeeding the newborn 3. Proportion of women reported to immunize the newborn at birth 4. Proportion of women delivered in health facility or skilled birth professional Secondary outcomes of interest Intention: The proportion of subjects enrolled in the program who state that they intend to adopt any modern FP method to delay their next birth by 24 months (by type contraceptive method and time within 42 days of postpartum period). Client satisfaction: Score of women’s satisfaction with postpartum family planning services.” (page 5),Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,"""Married pregnant women with gestational age up to 20 weeks, between 15 and 44 years old, literate i.e. able to read and understand sample family planning messages on the phone, have regular access to a cell phone, and is a permanent resident in the catchment area will be eligible to participate in the study"" (page 4)",Individual,Behaviour change | family planning | Phone-based intervention | Antenatal care | postnatal care (PNC) | Non-Inferiority,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-019-2427-z#citeas,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition|Digital inclusion",144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Returns to Apprenticeship Training in Ghana,"Hardy, Morgan | Mbiti, Isaac | McCasland, Jamie | Salcher, Isabelle",2019.0,,"Youth unemployment and underemployment are pressing policy challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and job-training programs have not proven to be effective (or cost-effective) at improving youth labor market outcomes. In Ghana, researchers conducted a randomized evaluation to estimate the impact of a government program that placed young people in traditional apprenticeships and matched them with training providers. The study found that apprenticeships shifted youth out of wage work and into self-employment, but on average their earnings were lower in the short run. However, apprentices who trained with the most experienced trainers or the most profitable firms had higher earnings, suggesting that training programs can be made more effective through better recruitment of trainers.",Apprenticeship programmes,"""Program apprentices were then randomly assigned to master trainers’ businesses that matched their trade and geographic preferences. Although training was designed to last for one year, most NAP apprenticeships lasted three years or longer, a timeline that is similar to traditional apprenticeships in Ghana. The program offered participants the opportunity to train in construction, garments, or cosmetology (hairdressing/beauty). This resulted in gender segregation with men training in construction and women in garments and hairdressing/beauty."" (page 3-4)",Index of school enrolment and attendance | Employment status | Wage levels,"Take-up and completion, Employment, Earnings, Migration, Trainer Characteristics (page 4-5)",Private sector development,Youth employment,"Industry, trade, and services",Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,""" In Ghana, researchers conducted a randomized evaluation to estimate the impact of a government program that placed young people in traditional apprenticeships and matched them with training providers. "" (page 1)",Individual,Apprenticeships | Randomized Evaluation | matching | Training Programs,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://poverty-action.org/study/returns-apprenticeship-training-ghana,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Income|Employment|Education,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Savings Accounts for Rural Micro Entrepreneurs in Kenya,"Dupas, Pascaline | Robinson, Jonathan",2025.0,Published report,"Many entrepreneurs in developing countries lack access to even the most basic of financial services. Researchers offered market vendors and bicycle taxi drivers in rural Kenya increased access to formal savings accounts: there was no opening fee, though the account offered no interest and users still had to pay substantial withdrawal fees. Access to the formal savings accounts increased savings, productive investments, and expenditure levels among female micro-entrepreneurs, but not among males. The results suggest significant barriers to savings and investment exist for market women in this context.",Savings accounts,"Working in collaboration with the Bumala FSA, researchers studied the importance of savings constraints for self-employed individuals in rural Kenya. Local research staff identified market vendors and bicycle taxi drivers who did not already have a bank account, but said they were interested in opening one. Of the eligible individuals, 115 were randomly selected to be offered the option to open an account at no cost to themselves—researchers paid the account opening fee and provided the minimum balance of 100Ksh (US$1.43), which individuals were not allowed to withdraw. As mentioned above, these accounts offered no interest and included substantial withdrawal fees, making the de facto interest rate on deposits negative. A comparison group of 135 individuals was not barred from opening an account but was offered no assistance in doing so. Pg 3",Access to bank account | Total savings | Overall expenditures,"Impact on Bank Account Take-up: Eighty seven percent of study participants offered a free account agreed to open one, but 40 percent never made a deposit after opening the account. Of the 47 percent who did utilize their account, women (all market vendors) made significantly larger deposits, with a mean total deposit of 2,840Ksh (US$40.57) for women, compared to 1,290Ksh (US$18.42) for men (most of whom were bicycle-taxi drivers). Pg 4 | Impact on Savings: Access to a bank account significantly increased savings among market women, but not among male bicycle-taxi drivers. Market women in the treatment group deposited 9.36Ksh per day in their account on average, while bank savings in the comparison group were zero since almost none of them opened an account on their own. Informal savings mechanisms (such as investments in livestock or participation in savings clubs) did not decrease for market women in the treatment group, suggesting a net increase in savings. Pg 4 | Impact on Expenditures: Access to a bank account significantly increased expenditure levels for market women. Food expenditures increased by 13 percent while private expenditures increased by 38 percent. pg 5",Private sector development,Entrepreneurship,"Industry, trade, and services",Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,,Individual,Savings Accounts | Rural Micro Entrepreneurs | KENYA | formal savings account,,Reduced Inequality | No Poverty,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Economic growth,127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Can Using Moveable Property as Collateral Improve Credit Access and Business Outcomes for Enterprises in Fiji?,"Toth, Russell | Hoy, Christopher",2025.0,Ongoing study,"In collaboration with the Fiji Bureau of Statistics, the Reserve Bank of Fiji, and the Asian Development Bank, researchers are conducting a randomized evaluation to measure the impact of a reform enabling businesses to use moveable property as collateral for accessing credit.Across low- and middle-income countries, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have difficulty accessing finance. One key barrier is collateral – banks will often only accept land or buildings as collateral for loans, and SMEs tend not to own these assets, or if they do, they lack formal titles. One key reason is a legacy legal framework for lending that creates friction, risks, and costs around collateral apart from land and buildings. In Fiji, access to finance is the second most important obstacle faced by medium-sized firms,1&nbsp;and the supply side has faced the collateral barriers that are common globally.&nbsp;To help overcome this constraint on collateral, the Fijian Parliament approved a new law called the Personal Property Securities Act 2017 and the implementation of an electronic personal property securities registry, as part of the national secured transaction framework (STF) put together by the Reserve Bank of Fiji, with support from the Asian Development Bank’s Private Sector Development Initiative (PSDI).&nbsp;The reform has created an enabling framework for SME financing by allowing a range of moveable property such as vehicles, machinery, inventory, receivables, and contracts, to secure financing. During the implementation of the reform, banks have been encouraged to develop new SME credit products or modify existing ones, to enable using movable property as collateral.Researchers partnered with IPA, the Fiji Bureau of Statistics, the Reserve Bank of Fiji, and the Asian Development Bank to conduct a randomized evaluation of the STF reform to measure its impact on the number of firms accessing the new movable property credit products offered by banks, and the lending terms. Researchers are also measuring outcomes on investment in assets and labor, revenue, profitability, and broader outcomes for firm owners and their employees. A total of 2,400 firms across 9 towns and cities were surveyed at baseline in 2023. These firms were randomly assigned to either receive information and encouragement to take up the new credit products or serve as a comparison group where they would not receive such information from the project team.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Results will be available in 2025.",Financial sector legal reforms,"To help overcome this constraint on collateral, the Fijian Parliament approved a new law called the Personal Property Securities Act 2017 and the implementation of an electronic personal property securities registry, as part of the national secured transaction framework (STF) put together by the Reserve Bank of Fiji, with support from the Asian Development Bank’s Private Sector Development Initiative (PSDI).  The reform has created an enabling framework for SME financing by allowing a range of moveable property such as vehicles, machinery, inventory, receivables, and contracts, to secure financing. During the implementation of the reform, banks have been encouraged to develop new SME credit products or modify existing ones, to enable using movable property as collateral.",Access to credit,"Researchers partnered with IPA, the Fiji Bureau of Statistics, the
Reserve Bank of Fiji, and the Asian Development Bank to conduct
a randomized evaluation of the STF reform to measure its impact
on the number of firms accessing the new movable property
credit products offered by banks, and the lending terms.
Researchers are also measuring outcomes on investment in assets
and labor, revenue, profitability, and broader outcomes for firm
owners and their employees.",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Fiji,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,,Individual,Moveable Property | Collateral | Credit Access | Skills Training and Business Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Liberia,,No Poverty,,https://poverty-action.org/can-using-moveable-property-collateral-improve-credit-access-and-business-outcomes-enterprises-fiji,Direct financing of private sector actors,Financial inclusion|Domestic business growth and market development,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Capacity-Building with Small and Medium Enterprises for Emissions Reductions and Firm Growth in Türkiye,"Berman, Aaron | Atkin, David | Demir, Banu",2025.0,Ongoing study,"Governments around the world face an urgent need to reduce carbon emissions alongside equally urgent demands to lower poverty and promote growth. Creating effective policy to encourage decarbonization for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can be challenging, and limited evidence exists to support policymakers. Researchers are conducting a randomized evaluation to test the impact of emissions reductions-focused loan support to small and medium firms in Türkiye on reducing these firms’ greenhouse gas emissions and protecting firm growth.",Environmentally-friendly business,"Carbon mitigation (150 firms): These firms received support from bankers to apply for discounted loans to invest in carbon mitigation technologies aimed at reducing emissions (e.g., renewable energy). These firms had access to consultants to help design the loan proposal and clarify the ways these technologies can help to prepare for CBAM. | Product innovation and product switching (150 firms): These firms received similar support to apply for discounted loans for switching to manufacturing less carbon-intensive products—meaning products that require less greenhouse gas emissions per unit in their production processes. They were similarly able to access consultants’ support on use of the loans as described in the carbon mitigation group. | Production efficiency (150 firms): These firms were able to apply for discounted loans to increase their efficiency of production, such as by changing production processes to use fewer input materials to produce the same product amount, and reducing costs. These firms received similar support from bankers and consultants as in the other two groups. | Comparison group (150 firms): These firms received the program’s information on CBAM and had access to apply for loans, but they did not receive the discounted rate or training from bankers and consultants.",Index of employment | Wage levels | Other pollution,"Researchers worked with these SMEs starting in 2022 and used firm surveys and administrative data to assess changes in the firms’ production, pollution, employment, and wage outcomes. The final assessments collected detailed cost data to understand the comparative cost-effectiveness of the different training and assistance offerings.",Environment and natural resource management,Climate change mitigation,"Industry, trade, and services",General environmental protection,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Environmental,Turkey,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm/organisation | Individual,carbon emissions reductions | decarbonization | Small And Medium Enterprises (Smes) | Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM),,Climate Action,,https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/capacity-building-small-and-medium-enterprises-emissions-reductions-and-firm-growth,Direct financing of private sector actors|Advisory support,Income|Employment|Domestic business growth and market development|Environmental change and mitigation,146.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Special Evaluation Study on Poverty Impacts Evaluation of Road Projects in Bangladesh,"Kwon, Eunkyung",2012.0,Published report,,,,,,Urban and rural development,Rural infrastructure and service delivery,Transportation,Other social infrastructure and services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Bangladesh,South Asia,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International financial institution,International financial institution,"Out of the 4 projects, 2 projects 'explicitly targeted the rural poor areas for first time aiming at poverty reduction' p. 6",Community/village,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/evaluation-document/110950/files/eap-road-ban_6.pdf,Infrastructure development and financing,Income|Employment|Education,123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Formal Vocational Training Schools and Employment in Mongolia,"Field, Erica | Linden, Leigh | Shing-Yi Wang | Daniel Rubenson",2015.0,Ongoing study,"Does admission to a Vocational and Technical Education Training (TVET) school increase the wages and employability of poor Mongolians? This study will evaluate the admission to TVET schools on both academic and labor-market outcomes. We hypothesize that being admitted to a TVET school will cause students to have better labor market outcomes. We hypothesize that admission to TVET schools will increase their factual understanding of trades and familiarize the students with the tools actually used by employers. Employers should then find students more productive than they otherwise would, making it more likely that students will be able to find employment and increasing the wages that employers are willing to pay them. To identify these effects, we worked with a select set of TVET schools in Mongolia to conduct admissions lotteries in three admission years, 2010, 2011, and 2012. Baseline data was collected at time of admission application and follow-up data will be analyzed to assess the impact of TVET admission on labor market outcomes.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"Researchers partnered with the MCC to test the impact of admission to one of Mongolia’s formal vocational training programs on educational attainment, employment, and earnings.",Employment status | Income from non-farm employment,"Admission to one of Mongolia’s formal vocational training schools led to higher educational attainment and employment for applicants, especially for women, and increased earnings for women.",Private sector development,Youth employment,Education,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Mongolia,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,International aid agency,,Target group: Students,Individual,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/637,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Education,37.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Financially Incentivized Knowledge Assessments to Improve Provider Compliance With Treatment Guidelines: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial,"Fink, Günther",2022.0,Journal article,"Background:&nbsp;Despite increasing access to health care, under-5 mortality remains high in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. Interventions to improve quality of care have mostly focused on additional training for medical staff, but generally shown little impact. We will assess the impact of financially incentivized quarterly provider knowledge assessment on compliance with Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) protocols in Congo, DRC.Methods:&nbsp;Out of a total of 1738 facilities currently receiving results-based financing under an ongoing health financing program, 110 facilities were chosen for this study. All health care workers providing outpatient services to children under age 5 in these facilities will be included in the study. Facilities were randomized with equal probability to control and treatment. Treatment facilities will receive quarterly medical staff knowledge assessments using interactive vignettes. Performance on these vignettes will be rewarded through financial bonus payments to facilities. A baseline survey of health worker knowledge was conducted in 2018. An endline assessment is scheduled to start in the second half of 2021. The primary outcome of interest is health worker compliance with Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines. Compliance will be verified through direct observation of medical staff-patient interactions.Discussion:&nbsp;This is to our knowledge the first trial assessing whether linking health financing to health care worker performance on knowledge assessments can increase compliance with under-5 case management protocols.Trial registration:&nbsp;ClinicalTrials.gov&nbsp;NCT04634019&nbsp;. Registered on November 18, 2020.Keywords:&nbsp;Financial incentives; Health care worker knowledge; IMCI; Quality of care; Under-5 mortality; Vignettes.",Pay for performance,Pay for performance to improve health facility performance - The intervention is a quarterly payment to the health facilities linked to the performance of a randomly selected health care worker on a knowledge-based assessment performed each quarter (p 3),Health worker knowledge and skills,primary outcome of interest is health worker compliance with Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines,Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,"Congo, Dem. Rep.",Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,"All health care workers (medical doctors, nurses, and other clinical staff) providing outpatient care to children under age 5 in 110 randomly selected health facilities will be eligible for the study.",Firm/organisation,,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35313932/#full-view-affiliation-1,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",160.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of a Private Supplement to Public Health Care: The Mexico Diabetes Experiment,"Bronsoler, Ali | Gruber, Jonathan | Seira, Enrique",2021.0,Published working paper,"There are ongoing debates around the world over the value of private supplements to public health insurance systems. We investigate this issue in the context of one of the world’s deadliest diseases, diabetes, and one of the countries with the worst diabetes problems in the world, Mexico. We implement a novel deniers randomization approach to cost-effectively provide a causal estimate of enrollment in private supplement to the free public health system. Our final sample of more than 1000 diabetics randomized into a large price subsidy for enrollment in the private plan is well balanced. We estimate enormous impacts of the private supplement, with HbA1c blood sugar levels falling by a full point (relative to a control mean of 8.5%), and to increase the share of those treated who are under control by 69%. We show that this effect arises through both improved treatment compliance and health behaviors, and that diabetes complications fall even in the short run. The net costs of this intervention are at most one-third of the gross costs due to offsetting public sector savings, and the health benefits are many multiples of gross costs. But the returns to private care do not appear to reflect more productive delivery of care per visit, which is comparable in a separate quasi-experimental analysis of public insurance; rather, effects arise through more attachment to medical care in the private alternative.",Chronic disease management,"Our initial sample is individuals who undergo a free initial comprehensive diabetes evaluation at CdA, which we randomize into treatment and control groups and survey at baseline. After their evaluation, these individuals are offered the opportunity to enroll in CdA at full-price, and 60% do so. Among those who decline, an additional opportunity to enroll at 40% of the baseline price is presented to treatments but not controls. Among those offered this discount, 49% end up using the CdA service, compared to 21% enrollment for the control group that does not get this offer (but may receive subsequent marketing from CdA). This provides a powerful first stage to investigate the impact of CdA treatment in a cost-effective way. Pg 2-3",NCD access to treatment,Table 3: Effect on HbA1c,Human development and gender,Non-communicable diseases,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Medical product development,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Mexico,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,For-profit firm,,Individual,Private Supplement | Public health care | Diabetes | novel deniers randomization,,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.nber.org/papers/w28913,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",135.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Implementation of A Performance-Based Financing Scheme in Malawi and Resulting Externalities On the Quality of Care of Non-Incentivized Services,"Brenner, Stephan | Favaretti, Caterina | Allegri, Manuela De | Lohmann, Julia | Chinkhumba, Jobiba | Muula, Adamson S.",2021.0,Journal article,"Background: Countries in Africa progressively implement performance-based financing schemes to improve the quality of care provided by maternal, newborn and child health services. Beyond its direct effects on service provision, evidence suggests that performance-based financing can also generate positive externalities on service utilization, such as increased use of those services that reached higher quality standards after effective scheme implementation. Little, however, is known about externalities generated within non-incentivized health services, such as positive or negative effects on the quality of services within the continuum of maternal care. Methods: We explored whether a performance-based financing scheme in Malawi designed to improve the quality of childbirth service provision resulted positive or negative externalities on the quality of non-targeted antenatal care provision. This non-randomized controlled pre-post-test study followed the phased enrolment of facilities into a performance-based financing scheme across four districts over a two-year period. Effects of the scheme were assessed by various composite scores measuring facilities’ readiness to provide quality antenatal care, as well as the quality of screening, prevention, and education processes offered during observed antenatal care consultations. Results: Our study did not identify any statistically significant effects on the quality of ANC provision attributable to the implemented performance-based financing scheme. Our findings therefore suggest not only the absence of positive externalities, but also the absence of any negative externalities generated within antenatal care service provision as a result of the scheme implementation in Malawi.Conclusions: Prior research has shown that the Malawian performance-based financing scheme was sufficiently effective to improve the quality of incentivized childbirth service provision. Our findings further indicate that scheme implementation did not affect the quality of non-incentivized but clinically related antenatal care services. While no positive externalities could be identified, we also did not observe any negative externalities attributable to the scheme’s implementation. While performance-based incentives might be successful in improving targeted health care processes, they have limited potential in producing externalities – neither positive nor negative – on the provision quality of related non-incentivized services.",Performance-based financial incentives | Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs),"In April 2013, the Ministry of Health launched a PBF scheme, the RBF4MNH Initiative, in four districts (Balaka, Dedza, Mchinji, Ntcheu) to improve quality and utilization of facility-based childbirth [14, 15]. District selection was non-random and reflected the Ministry’s decision to first enroll districts with comparatively weaker maternal health indicators with respect to maternal and newborn service coverage and mortality outcomes. All districts are located in Malawi’s Central Region, except for Balaka, which is located in the Southern Region. In 2010, ANC use in these four was comparably high ranging from 90% in Mchinji to 95% in Dedza [11]. 
RBF4MNH implementation and related evidence The RBF4MNH scheme consisted of two components: (1) performance-based payments to facilities and district health management teams linked to defined delivery care quality targets (of note, no ANC-specific targets or incentives); and (2) an additional demand-side component with conditional cash transfers to pregnant women to the use of childbirth services (including a 48-h postpartum stay) at their respective PBF catchment facility (of note, enrolment of women into the demand component occurred during preceding ANC visits) [14, 15]. RBF4MNH implantation occurred in two phase.  Pg 3",Antenatal care,Table 1 Overview and definitions of outcome variables- ANC Readiness; Screening First Visit Cases; Screening Follow-up Cases; Prevention First Visit Cases; Prevention Follow-up Cases; and Information & Education. Pg 5,Human development and gender,Child health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Malawi,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International aid agency,,Firm/organisation,Performance-based financing | Antenatal care | Quality of care | Externalities | Stepped implementation,,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02340495/full,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",71.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Can a Private Sector Engagement Intervention that Prioritizes Pro-Poor Strategies Improve Healthcare Access and Quality? A Randomized Field Experiment in Kenya,"Boone, Claire E. | Gertler, Paul J. | Barasa, Grace Makana | Gruber, Joshua | Kwan, Ada",2023.0,Journal article,"Private sector engagement in health reform has been suggested to help reduce healthcare inequities in sub-Saharan Africa, where populations with the most need seek the least care. We study the effects of African Health Markets for Equity (AHME), a cluster randomized controlled trial carried out in Kenya from 2012 to 2020 at 199 private health clinics. AHME included four clinic-level interventions: social health insurance, social franchising, SafeCare quality-of-care certification programme and business support. This paper evaluates whether AHME increased the capacity of private health clinics to serve poor clients while maintaining or enhancing the quality of care provided. At endline, clinics that received AHME were 14.5 percentage points (pp) more likely to be empanelled with the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), served 51% more NHIF clients and served more clients from the middle three quintiles of the wealth distribution compared to control clinics. Comparing individuals living in households near AHME treatment and control clinics (N = 8241), AHME led to a 6.7-pp increase in the probability of holding any health insurance on average. We did not find any additional effect of AHME on insurance holding among poor households. We measured quality of care using a standardized patient (SP) experiment (N = 596 SP–provider interactions) where recruited and trained SPs were randomized to present as either ‘not poor’, and able to afford all services provided, or ‘poor’ by telling the provider they could only afford ∼300 Kenyan Shillings (US$3) in fees. We found that poor SPs received lower levels of both correct and unnecessary services, and AHME did not affect this. More work must be done to ensure that clients of all wealth levels receive high-quality care.",Social health insurance | Health manager training | Multi-institutional arrangements in health | Quality and safety systems of care,"This study documents the healthcare equity effects of AHME, a cluster randomized controlled trial that investigated whether the combination of social health insurance and management training could improve access to and quality of private health clinics in Kenya. ""AHME was a cluster randomized controlled trial that investigated whether the combination of social health insurance and management training could improve access to and quality of private health clinics in Kenya. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of AHME on the expansion of private health clinics’ capacity to serve poor clients while maintaining or enhancing the quality of care provided."" Pg 1007",Access to healthcare | Health insurance | Providers and service quality,"Clinics' client load and clinics' NIHF client load. Results in p. 1012, Table 3. | Participant enrolled in any insurance, public insurance or private insurance (p. 1012). Result in Table 2, p. 1012. 
Clinic is empanelled in the NIHF- Table 3, p. 1012 | We examine quality-of-care outcomes on three dimensions: an indicator for correct case management, an indicator for whether any unnecessary laboratory tests were prescribed, and an indicator for whether any nonefficacious medicines were prescribed (see the SPs section for details on correct and unnecessary/non-efficacious care) (p. 1012). Result in Table 4, p. 1014.",Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Socioeconomic status,Not specified,Charitable or private foundation,,Firm/organisation | Individual,Equity | Healthcare Utilization | public/private,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02607216/full,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Job Training and Matching to Increase Youth Employment in Egypt,"Elsayed, Ahmed | Osman, Adam | Hempel, Kevin",2018.0,Published report,"Globally, youth experience unemployment at higher rates than other age groups. Active Labor Market Programs (ALMPs) aim to support youth employment. These short-term programs vary widely in their design and delivery, and may provide business, vocational, or soft-skill training; coaching; counseling; job search assistance; job matching assistance; or capital—all with the goal of helping youth enter the labor market, either through nding wage employment or starting their own businesses.Evidence on the impact of ALMPs on youth labor market outcomes such as employment and income, or on non-labor market outcomes such as empowerment, is limited and mixed. Although previous research suggests that ALMPs do tend to improve labor market outcomes, these impacts are typically small—however impacts are usually larger in low- and middleincome countries than high-income countries. There is not yet a clear understanding of which type of program design works best.",Transferable skills training | Job placement schemes | Transferable skills training | Job placement schemes | Counselling for job seekers,"Researchers partnered with the NGO Alashanik Ya Baladi Association for Sustainable Development (AYB) to conduct a randomized evaluation to determine the impact of their ALMP on labor market and non-labor market outcomes among youth in Egypt. AYB randomly assigned 250 individuals to treatment group 1 (who received job matching and skills training), ...................... | Researchers partnered with the NGO Alashanik Ya Baladi Association for Sustainable Development (AYB) to conduct a randomized evaluation to determine the impact of their ALMP on labor market and non-labor market outcomes among youth in Egypt. AYB randomly assigned  ............. 241 individuals to treatment group 2 (who received job matching, skills training, and individual counseling), and 241 individuals to a comparison group (who received no services).",Employment hours | Index of household income,"Labor market outcomes: Researchers measured impacts of the intervention on employment, working hours, monthly income, and overall wealth. Employment increased among both treatment groups by 12 percentage points (a 34 percent increase) overall.",Human development and gender,Skills development,"Industry, trade, and services",Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,"Egypt, Arab Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,"Target group were youth aged 18-29 (in some cases up to 35), those who were out-of-school and out of work (unemployed or inactive) , with special focus on particularly disadvantaged groups in the labor market (e.g. poor, young women, low levels of education, disability, no prior work in the formal sector, etc.) and beneficiaries had to live in the poorest districts of Egypt as defined by Egypt’s Poverty Map (page 9)",Individual,Active Labor Market Programs (ALMPs) | Youth Unemployment | Labor Market Outcomes | Youth Employment | empowerment,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/job-training-and-matching-increase-youth-employment-egypt,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income|Social factors,107.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Effect of Performance-Based Financial Incentives on Improving Health Care Provision in Burundi: A Controlled Cohort Study,"Rudasingwa, Martin",2014.0,Journal article,"To strengthen the health care delivery, the Burundian Government in collaboration with international NGOs piloted performance-based financing (PBF) in 2006. The health facilities were assigned - by using a simple matching method - to begin PBF scheme or to continue with the traditional input-based funding. Our objective was to analyse the effect of that PBF scheme on the quality of health services between 2006 and 2008. We conducted the analysis in 16 health facilities with PBF scheme and 13 health facilities without PBF scheme. We analysed the PBF effect by using 58 composite quality indicators of eight health services: Care management, outpatient care, maternity care, prenatal care, family planning, laboratory services, medicines management and materials management. The differences in quality improvement in the two groups of health facilities were performed applying descriptive statistics, a paired non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test and a simple difference-in-difference approach at a significance level of 5%. We found an improvement of the quality of care in the PBF group and a significant deterioration in the non-PBF group in the same four health services: care management, outpatient care, maternity care, and prenatal care. The findings suggest a PBF effect of between 38 and 66 percentage points (p&lt;0.001) in the quality scores of care management, outpatient care, prenatal care, and maternal care. We found no PBF effect on clinical support services: laboratory services, medicines management, and material management. The PBF scheme in Burundi contributed to the improvement of the health services that were strongly under the control of medical personnel (physicians and nurses) in a short time of two years. The clinical support services that did not significantly improved were strongly under the control of laboratory technicians, pharmacists and non-medical personnel.",Performance-based financial incentives,"Performance based financning to strengthen health systems - To strengthen the health care delivery, the Burundian Government in collaboration with international NGOs piloted performance-based financing (PBF) in 2006 (p 15)",Quality of healthcare,Performance quality scores - Table 8. Difference in performance quality scores between PBF and non-PBF facilities from the difference-in-difference regression analysis (p 24),Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Burundi,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,,,District,,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25948432/,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",133.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Flexible Loan Contracts for Microentrepreneurs in Bangladesh,"Battaglia, Marianna | Selim Gulesci, Selim | Madestam, Andreas",2023.0,Published report,"Lack of access to credit and insurance markets can prevent small-scale rms in low- and middle-income countries from making protable investments. In Bangladesh, researchers partnered with BRAC to evaluate the impact of repayment exibility in loan contracts for microentrepreneurs. Repayment exibility beneted traditional micronance borrowers primarily through the provision of insurance, enabling riskier investments at lower default rates.",Access to microcredit,"In collaboration with BRAC, researchers conducted a randomized evaluation to measure the impact of repayment exibility in loan contracts. The exible loan contract oered by BRAC allowed borrowers to delay up to two repayments within their loan cycle through the use of repayment vouchers. On the day a payment was due, borrowers could present the voucher to postpone the repayment and extend the loan cycle. BRAC oered the option to borrow under the exible contract to Dabi and Progoti clients with good credit histories. Out of fty branches identied by BRAC, researchers randomly selected 25 to introduce the exible loan. The remaining 25 branches served as the comparison group where the new loan product was not introduced. Immediately following the launch of the exible loan in intervention branches, researchers collaborated with BRAC to implement an information campaign to ensure that information regarding the new loan reached eligible borrowers. Researchers surveyed participants between January and June 2015, prior to the launch of the exible loan product in mid-August 2015. They surveyed participants eight to ten months after the exible loan product was introduced (between May and July 2016), and again one year later. Researchers also received administrative records from BRAC on its borrowers, which contained data on borrowers’ repayment behavior.",Overall household income | Loan spent on financial investment | Credit worthiness,Outcome of interest: Earnings and income; Business investment; Credit balance/repayment,Finance,Credit infrastructure,Financial sector,Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Bangladesh,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,,Individual,Entrepreneurs | Small And Medium Enterprises | Business investment | Credit balance | Earnings,,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/flexible-loan-contracts-microentrepreneurs-bangladesh,Direct financing of private sector actors,Income|Investment levels,123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
How Effective Are Training and Mentorship Programs for Entrepreneurs at Promoting Entrepreneurial Activity? An Impact Evaluation,"Pereyra, Martín | Aboal, Diego | Rovira, Flavia",2021.0,Journal article,"In this paper, we analyze the impact of a government-sponsored program aimed at promoting entrepreneurial activity in Uruguay. The C-Emprendedor program provides training and mentorship to potential entrepreneurs throughout the process of development of a business. We contribute to the empirical literature on the effects of different entrepreneurial programs, and provide information for policymakers, by conducting a rigorous evaluation of a program designed to foster entrepreneurial activity. Using regression discontinuity methods, we assess the impact of the program on actions taken to create a business, investment, business creation, and employment. We find significant, although non-robust, effects on employment and the probability to take actions aimed at creating a business. No effects were found on investment and the rate of business creation. Our research provides important insights for the better design of public policies aimed at developing entrepreneurship skills.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Entrepreneurship training,"For selected entrepreneurs, the program provides training, technical assistance, and follow-up of the entrepreneur until the development of her business ideas. After completing each stage of the program, the management team of C-Emprendedor coordinates a meeting with the entrepreneur to evaluate what was done in the previous stage and decide, eventually, to move to the next stage. Usually, the support lasts between 1 and 2 years. The entrepreneurs do not receive any type of subsidy and/or aid from the program during or after the treatment ends. Pg 6-7",Employment hours | Sales | Business formalisation,"One would expect that a program such as C-Emprendedor would have a smaller impact on the outcome variables (employment, business creation, investments, sales, etc.) than programs that also ofer some sort of fnancing support. Pg 5",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Uruguay,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,,he C-Emprendedor program provides training and mentorship to potential entrepreneurs throughout the process of development of a business,Individual,Training and mentorship programs for entrepreneurs | Entrepreneurial activity | Impact evaluation,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43546-021-00102-4,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income|Investment levels,48.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Can Supply Chain Digital Innovation Policy Improve the Sustainable Development Performance of Manufacturing Companies?,"Chen, Ming | Tan,  Xin | Zhu, Jianhua | Dong, Rebecca Kechen",2025.0,Journal article,"As societal concerns around environmental protection, and corporate governance are increasing, entities like consumers, investors, and others are raising their expectations of companies’ corporate social responsibility. Companies that pursue sustainable development goals will receive more attention and support from these stakeholders. The pilot policy for supply chain innovation and application (SCIA) is a systemic experiment launched by the Chinese government that aims to facilitate the digitalization of supply chains and encourage companies to adopt innovative technological methods to optimize traditional supply chain management practices. Based on data from 508 manufacturing companies from 2013 to 2022, this research utilizes SCIA in the framework of a quasi-natural experiment, employing research methods DID, EM, PSM-DID, and SDID to evaluate the effect of the SCIA on SDP. Through empirical evidence, it concludes that the rollout or enforcement of the SCIA pilot policy significantly promotes SDP. SCIA impacts corporate sustainable development by increasing their intention to invest in innovation, ensuring the sustainability of corporate innovation, and reducing company cost expenditures. There is significant heterogeneity in the effectiveness of establishing pilot cities for the digitization and application of supply chain innovations: the pilot policy can significantly promote the SDP of state-owned enterprises; compared to small-scale companies, the SDP of large companies has been significantly improved due to the pilot policy; SCIA pilot policies have a greater impact on SDP of low agency cost companies than high agency cost companies; and companies located in cities with a high degree of digitalization are more favorable impacts from the pilot policy. Companies with weak monopoly power have a more significant improvement in SDP. The study enriches the research on the effectiveness of SCIA pilot policies and provides insights into how local governments can facilitate the enhancement of the SDP of manufacturing companies.",Supply chain integration,"Accordingly, this study focuses on the Supply Chain Innovation and Application (SCIA) initiative launched in April 2018. It selects a sample of 508 manufacturing companies from 2013 to 2022 and employs a difference-in-differences model to investigate the impact of supply chain digital innovation on companies’ sustainable development performance (SDP). The study explores the mechanisms through which SCIA influences corporate SDP and assesses whether variations exist across different firm types, considering their internal characteristics and external environmental factors. Specifically, companies are categorized based on ownership structure (private vs. state-owned enterprises), corporate governance quality, firm size, and the degree of marketization in their operating regions. This classification enables a comprehensive analysis of SDP disparities among different firm types.

While extensive research has examined corporate sustainable development and supply chain digital innovation at the macro-level, relatively few studies have investigated the micro-level impact of supply chain digital innovation on firm SDP (Centobelli et al. 2020; Cai and Choi, 2020; Khan et al. 2021). This study addresses this gap by focusing on manufacturing companies and evaluating the implications of supply chain digital innovation for their SDP. The key contributions of this study are as follows: (1) It shifts the research focus to the micro-level, assessing how supply chain digital innovation differentially affects the SDP of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). (2) From an SDP perspective, it provides a novel lens to assess the economic impact of the SCIA policy, supplementing existing literature that primarily focuses on firm productivity and valuation (Chen et al. 2023; Li, 2024; Nayal et al. 2022). By employing the entropy value method, this study systematically evaluates SCIA’s impact on production, financial, and environmental performance, thereby enriching the discourse on supply chain digital innovation and sustainability. (3) It examines whether companies’ willingness to invest in innovation, their innovation sustainability, and cost expenditure function as effective transmission mechanisms through which supply chain digital innovation enhances SDP. (4) By incorporating both internal and external determinants of SDP, this study deepens the understanding of how firm-specific and environmental factors shape the economic outcomes of supply chain digitalization. Specifically, it explores the roles of property rights, regional digitalization levels, firm size, and agency costs in mediating the relationship between supply chain digitalization and firm SDP, offering novel insights into the broader economic implications of supply chain digitalization at the firm level.",Sector growth,"Mechanism testing. Table 11 presents regression results assessing the mediating roles of innovation investment propensity, innovation sustainability, and cost reduction in the relationship between SCIA and companies’ sustainable development performance (SDP). Columns (1) and (2) examine the impact of SCIA on innovation investment propensity and its subsequent effect on SDP. Results from Column (1) show that SCIA significantly enhances companies’ willingness to invest in innovation at the 1% level, while Column (2) demonstrates that this increased investment positively influences SDP, validating innovation investment as a mediating mechanism. Companies that increase innovation investment in response to SCIA are better positioned to leverage digital technologies for sustainable growth (Marion and Fixson, 2021), thus supporting H2. Columns (3) and (4) explore the impact of SCIA on innovation sustainability and its effect on SDP. The findings confirm that SCIA significantly enhances innovation sustainability at the 1% level, which in turn leads to improved SDP. Higher innovation sustainability promotes continued investment in digital transformation, reducing the risk of premature termination due to sunk costs, resulting in more substantial SDP benefits for companies. These results validate H3. Column (5) incorporates company cost expenditures and reveals a significant negative relationship between SCIA and company costs, indicating that digital innovation effectively reduces cost burdens. Even after controlling for cost expenditure, the impact of SCIA on SDP remains significant, confirming that cost reduction serves as a mediating mechanism. By reducing costs, companies are better able to allocate resources, thereby improving financial and operational efficiency (Gao and Wan, 2023; Airout et al. 2023). This supports H4. Pg 11-2",Private sector development,Innovation and technology policy,"Industry, trade, and services",Trade Policies & Regulations,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Other,Government agency,Charitable or private foundation,,Firm/organisation,Supply Chain | Digital innovation | Sustainable Development | systemic experiment,,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,,Matchmaking,International trade|Domestic business growth and market development,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"PROTOCOL: Water, sanitation and hygiene for reducing childhood mortality in low and middleincome countries","Waddington, Hugh Sharma | Cairncross, Sandy",2021.0,Journal article,"Respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea are the two biggest killers of children in low income contexts. They are closely related to access to, and use of improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). However, there is no high quality systematic review that quantifies the effect of WASH improvements on childhood mortality. Existing systematic reviews of WASH improvements measure effects on morbidity, under the (often implicit) assumption that morbidity is closely correlated with mortality. This is at least partly because the impact evaluations on which they are based are only designed to detect changes in morbidity with statistical precision, whereas mortality is a relatively rare outcome. The proposed review will address this evidence synthesis gap, using the greater statistical power of meta-analysis to pool findings across studies.",WaSH infrastructure financing,"Page 3: ""Mechanisms for providing WASH technologies can be categorised into demand and supply side interventions. Demand side interventions include: behaviour change communication, such as health education and psychosocial triggering, for example, social marketing and communityled total sanitation (CLTS); subsidies and micro-loans for consumers; and legal measures proscribing open defaecation, discharge of contaminated water, or dumping of waste (e.g., Cairncross, 1992). """,Disease linked mortality,,Urban and rural development,Rural water and sanitation,"Water, sanitation, and waste management",Water and sanitation,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,Eligible participants are children aged under 20 in a L&MIC,,,Not applicable,Clean Water and Sanitation,,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050969/,Direct financing of private sector actors|Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",,Effectiveness,,,,,,,,,Not applicable,Meta-analysis,,,,,,,,
"The Sustainability and Scalability of Private Sector Sanitation Delivery in Urban Informal Settlement Schools: A Mixed Methods Follow Up of a Randomized Trial in Nairobi, Kenya","Snyder, Jedidiah S",2020.0,Journal article,"There are considerable challenges to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals’ target of universal access to basic sanitation in schools. Schools require safe, clean, and sex-segregated facilities for a large number of students. Robust and affordable solutions are needed to address the economic, spatial, social, institutional, and political factors which contribute to poor sanitary conditions in informal settlements. In 2015, we undertook a randomized controlled trial to assess the feasibility of private sector sanitation delivery (PSSD) in 20 primary schools, in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Our preliminary evaluation after one year of service delivery suggested that PSSD of urine-diverting dry latrines with routine waste collection and maintenance provided a feasible, lower-cost alternative to the government standard delivery (GSD) of cistern-flush toilets or ventilated improved pit latrines. We conducted a mixed-methods follow-up study to assess sanitation delivery over 3–4 years and investigate prevailing drivers and barriers that may influence the scalability of PSSD. The conditions of newly constructed and rehabilitated GSD facilities diminished quickly, reverting to the conditions of existing facilities, indicating lower sustainability compared to sanitation delivered from the private sector. Barriers in financial aspects related to the ongoing implementation of PSSD emerged, particularly among public schools, and few were able to pay for continued service. Our study demonstrates that the engagement of the private sector may lead to improvements in affordable, safely managed sanitation for schools and their students. Yet, to reach a sustained scale, additional guidance is needed on how to develop these partnerships, streamline procurement and contracting processes, and incorporate appropriate financing mechanisms.",,,,,Urban and rural development,Urban water and sanitation,"Water, sanitation, and waste management",Water and sanitation,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,urban informal settlement schools,Community/village,,Not applicable,Clean Water and Sanitation,,https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/15/5298,Service management and delivery PPP,Infrastructure,127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Improved Adherence to Test, Treat, and Track (T3) Malaria Strategy Among Over-The-Counter Medicine Sellers (Otcms) Through Interventions Implemented in Selected Rural Communities of Fanteakwa North District, Ghana","Soniran, Olajoju Temidayo",2022.0,Journal article,"Background:&nbsp;Prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria prevents a mild case from developing into severe disease and death. Unfortunately, parasitological testing of febrile children is greater in the public and formal private sector than in the informal private sector where many patients with malaria-like symptoms first seek treatment. This study was aimed at improving implementation of the T3 policy among OTCMS using some interventions that could be scaled-up easily at the national level.Methods:&nbsp;Interventions were evaluated using a two-arm, cluster randomized trial across 8 rural communities (4 clusters per arm), in two adjacent districts of Ghana. A total of 7 OTCMS in the intervention arm and 5 OTCMS in the control arm in the selected communities participated in the study. Five interventions were implemented in the intervention arm only. These were acquisition of subsidized malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits, training of OTCMS, supportive visits to OTCMS, community sensitization on malaria, and introduction of malaria surveillance tool. The primary outcome was the proportion of children under 10 years with fever or suspected to have malaria visiting OTCMS and getting tested (using RDT) before treatment. Secondary outcomes included OTCMS adherence to national malaria treatment guidelines and the recommended RDT retail price. Outcomes were measured using mystery client (an adult who pretends to be a real patient) surveys supplemented by a household survey. Proportions were compared using chi-square test or Fisher exact test.Results:&nbsp;Following deployment of interventions, mystery client survey showed that OTCMS' adherence to malaria protocol in the intervention arm increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the control arm. Household surveys in the intervention arm showed that caregivers self-treating their children or visiting drug vendors significantly decreased in favour of visits to OTCMS shops for treatment (p &lt; 0.001). End-line malaria testing rate was higher compared with the baseline rate, though not statistically significant (30.8% vs 10.5%; p = 0.1238). OTCMS in the intervention arm also adhered to the subsidized RDT retail price of GHc2.40.Conclusion:&nbsp;Interventions targeting OTCMS in rural communities have the potential of improving adherence to the T3 malaria policy and subsequently improving management of uncomplicated malaria in Ghana.Trial registration:&nbsp;ISRCTN registry ISRCTN77836926. Registered on 4 November 2019.",,,,,Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,Table 1 presents details of OTCMS service providers who participated and page 4 presents details of caregivers of children under 10 who were surveyed.,Household,,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36335323/,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Matching Small Firms with Apprentice Workers in Ghana,"Hardy, Morgan | McCasland, Jamie",,Published report,"Encouraging small rms to hire more young people is a key policy concern in sub-Saharan Africa, where youth unemployment is high. In Ghana, researchers evaluated the eects of a national apprenticeship training program on the rms that received apprentices through this program. The national program contrasted with existing systems of traditional apprenticeship by removing the fees paid by young workers to the small rms hosting their training. Firms that hired apprentices through the government program increased their prots as well as employment.",Job placement schemes,"Researchers evaluated the impact of apprentice placement on the prots and revenues of firms in the government program to shed light on labor market constraints faced by small firms in this context. This study took place in 32 districts across Ghana; these districts included the two largest cities in Ghana, Accra, and Kumasi, in addition to rural districts across the country. Researchers invited 2,360 participants in the NAP to attend matching meetings with firms.
Researchers worked with trade organizations and local governments in the 32 study districts to recruit firms in ve target industries (garment making, hair and beauty, welding, carpentry, and blocklaying) to attend the matching meetings. At these matching meetings, firms interested in hiring apprentices introduced their businesses in front of potential apprentices. After the meetings, each apprentice candidate made a list of firms that they were willing to join and train in.
Using the lists of firms produced by apprentices, researchers randomly assigned apprentices who listed at least two firms to one of the firms from their list, such that an apprentice would have an equal chance of being paired with any of the firms on their own list. For firms, apprentice placement ranged from receiving zero apprentices (comparison group firms) to receiving between one and ve apprentices (intervention group firms), depending on how they were listed by apprentice applicants. firms that received no interest from apprentices and firms that received interest from only one apprentice at the matching meetings (and therefore automatically hired the single apprentice who listed them) were dropped from this study. The randomized apprentice placement happened in October 2013 and January 2014, and researchers conducted two rounds of follow-up surveys over the course of two years. Pg 3-4",Profits and revenues,"Matching with apprentice workers through the NAP increased small rms’ size and prots. Firm size and take-up: Each assigned apprentice increased rms’ workforce by 0.58 workers, relative to the comparison group rms’ average workforce size (including apprentices and all other workers besides the rm owner) of 3.18. Implied program take-up was 47 percent, meaning that the rm accepted the apprentice placement and the apprentice then reported to their assigned jobs for 47 percent of the intervention group rms. While applicants did not have to pay the customary apprentice entry fee, they instead completed a long application process involving application documents, interviews, attending meetings, and also experienced many delays in the rollout of the program. Researchers interpreted this program characteristic, combined with the moderate take-up rate, to mean that apprentice candidates had eectively paid an entrance fee with time and eort rather than money. Apprentice candidates who scored higher on cognitive measures before the intervention tended to be more likely to follow through with the application process, suggesting that the process matched rms with more qualied apprentices.
Firm revenues and profits: With each additional apprentice placement, rm prots increased by 40 Ghana cedis (US$21). This amounted to around 10 percent of the average prots of sampled rms, which was at 401 Ghana cedis (US$206). Because other labor and capital inputs (such as other hiring or investment in equipment) did not change signicantly with the treatment, hiring apprentice workers likely drove the impacts on revenues and prots at the rms in the intervention group. Pg 4",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Target group: Job seekers; Small and medium enterprises; Youth,Individual,Small firms | Apprentice Workers | Job seekers | Small And Medium Enterprises | Youths,,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty,,https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/matching-small-firms-apprentice-workers-ghana,Technical and vocational training,Domestic business growth and market development,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Effect of Export Promotion Programs on Chilean Firms' Export Activity: A Longitudinal Study on Trade Shows and Trade Missions.,"Geldres-Weiss, Valeska V.",2018.0,Journal article,"This study examines the impact of government sponsored Export Promotion Programs, specifically trade fairs and trade missions as they seek to encourage a firm's export competitiveness. Adopting a longitudinal methodology combined with a Difference-in-Difference estimator, data from 641 Chilean exporters between 2011 and 2015 are analyzed to study the impact of using these two programs on firms' export variation rate. Results show that trade fairs favor firms' export sales growth, but not trade missions; while the former is an adequate instrument known internationally, the latter program was only useful for non-experienced exporters.",,"Export Promotion Programs: trade fairs and trade missions. ""Trade fairs are a marketing and information platform that enable firms to grow and expand internationally (Evers & Knight, 2008), and are an important promotional tool for marketing many products and services (Hansen, 2004)."" (page 4).
""Trade missions provide experiential knowledge about foreign countries and their aim is to encourage firms to enter or expand into foreign countries when their experience with a specific market is still limited"" (page 4).",,,Economic policy,Trade facilitation,"Industry, trade, and services",Trade Policies & Regulations,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth,Chile,Latin America and Caribbean,High income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm/organisation,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10496491.2018.1405519#references-Section,Matchmaking|Multi-stakeholder platforms,Domestic business growth and market development,62.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Green finance and ESG performance: A quasi-natural experiment on the influence of green financing pilot zones,"Ye, Xiaoyu",2025.0,Journal article,"Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance are major elements of green finance policies. It effectively aligns the financial incentives with the sustainable development goals. This study focuses on how green financing policies affect green innovation and business environmental performance. This study uses the difference-in-differences model to examine how green finance policy affects the ESG performance of enterprises. The results show that companies in economically better-developed pilot zones, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and those with fewer financial limitations drive more robust ESG performance based on the triple differences technique. The pilot program improves ESG performance despite tightening budgetary restrictions based on mechanism analysis. Thus, green finance policy positively impacts ESG performance, having better performance in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China. Policymakers should prioritize targeted green finance policies to boost ESG performance and support maximum environmental impacts.",,,,,Economic policy,Green growth,Public administration,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Corporate social responsibility,Multicomponent,Environmental,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm/organisation,,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Climate Action",,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0275531924004409,Direct financing of private sector actors|Blended finance,Environmental change and mitigation,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Cost-effectiveness of results-based financing, Zambia: a cluster randomized trial","Zeng, Wu",2018.0,Journal article,"ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost–effectiveness of results-based financing and input-based financing to increase use and quality of maternal and child health services in rural areas of Zambia.MethodsIn a cluster-randomized trial from April 2012 to June 2014, 30 districts were allocated to three groups: results-based financing (increased funding tied to performance on pre-agreed indicators), input-based financing (increased funding not tied to performance) or control (no additional funding), serving populations of 1.33, 1.26 and 1.40 million people, respectively. We assessed incremental financial costs for programme implementation and verification, consumables and supervision. We evaluated coverage and quality effectiveness of maternal and child health services before and after the trial, using data from household and facility surveys, and converted these to quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained.FindingsCoverage and quality of care increased significantly more in results-based financing than control districts: difference in differences for coverage were 12.8% for institutional deliveries, 8.2% postnatal care, 19.5% injectable contraceptives, 3.0% intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy and 6.1% to 29.4% vaccinations. In input-based financing districts, coverage increased significantly more versus the control for institutional deliveries (17.5%) and postnatal care (13.2%). Compared with control districts, 641 more lives were saved (lower–upper bounds: 580–700) in results-based financing districts and 362 lives (lower–upper bounds: 293–430) in input-based financing districts. The corresponding incremental cost–effectiveness ratios were 809&nbsp;United States dollars (US$) and US$&nbsp;413 per QALY gained, respectively.ConclusionCompared with the control, both results-based financing and input-based financing were cost–effective in Zambia.",,,,,Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Zambia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,,,Community/village,,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6239017/,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",64.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of Vocational Skills Training of Public Employment Services on Off-farm Employment: Evidence from Rural China,"Zeng, Xuanye",2024.0,Journal article,"The Chinses government invest vocational skills training of public employment service (VST-PES) for rural labor in recent years and aims to improve their off-farm employment participation and quality, but its effect is little known. This study aims to investigate the implementation of VST-PES in rural China and its effects on off-farm employment participation and quality among rural labor. Using the data of 4447 rural labors from a national representative sample covering 100 villages across 5 provinces of China collected in 2023, Probit/OLS regression, propensity score matching method, and Heckman two-step model are adopted. The results show that the VST-PES is poorly implemented in rural China, such as low coverage, short duration, lack of incentive, and mismatch between supply and demand. VST-PES had a positive effect on the off-farm employment participation, especially for females, but it had no effect on the off-farm employment quality. These findings suggest that the Chinese government should expand the coverage of VST-PES in rural areas, take VST-PES as an effective measure to narrow the gender gap in labor market and empower women, and pay high attention to its implementation effectiveness.",,,,,,,Education,,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,The sample consists of 52.6 percent of male rural labor. The average age of sample rural labor was 44.45 years old,,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4974833,Technical and vocational training,Employment,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vocational Training for Improved Employability and Job Expectations in the Dominican Republic,Paloma,2009.0,Published report,"Youth unemployment is an acute problem in Latin America. Researchers introduced a soft skills component into a vocational training program in the Dominican Republic to assess the interaction between job and soft skills training on labor market outcomes and expectations. Women experienced increased employment rates and wages in the short term. While these effects dissipated over time, women experienced sustained improvements in their level of life skills and optimism about the future. Men, on the other hand, experienced negative or no impacts on employment rates and wages in the short term, and no effects in the long term. The training programs also worsened men’s expectations in the long term.",Apprenticeship programmes | Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Apprenticeship programmes,"Eligible applicants randomly assigned to enroll in the first program variation received access to both hard and soft skills training and an internship. Those randomly assigned to the second program variation were offered only soft skills training and an internship. The remaining eligible applicants formed the comparison group, which did not receive the program.
The vocational, or hard skills, training module included 150 hours of training in an occupation such as sales, beauty salon assistantship, or carpentry. The soft skills component consisted of 75 hours focused on promoting qualities such as self-esteem, communication skills, conflict resolution, and life planning. After the in-classroom training phase, all participants were assigned to 240-hour internships at private companies, for which participants received a daily stipend of around US$2 and basic insurance. Private institutions, rather than employers, provided the classroom training and arranged for internships.",Employment status | Vocational skills,"Overall, the program had positive and lasting eects on skills acquisition and expectations for women. While the program made women more optimistic both one and three years later, it had negative impacts on men’s expectations in the long term. Female participants experienced increased employment rates, earnings, and job satisfaction one year later while men experienced negative or no impacts on employment. Three years after the end of the program, any impacts on employment outcomes had dissipated for both genders.",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Dominican Republic,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,Government agency,"Sample: 2,779 youth",Individual,Earnings and income | Employment | empowerment | Self-Esteem | SELF-efficacy | MENTAL health | Apprenticeships | On-The-Job Training | Vocational training (TVET) | Hard skills | Soft Skills,,Reduced Inequality | No Poverty | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/vocational-training-improved-employability-and-job-expectations-dominican-republic,Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",79.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of Active Labour Market Programmes on Youth An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,"Puerto, Susana | Curcio, Chiara | Bausch, Jonas | Stterau, Jonathan | Weber, Michael",2022.0,Published report,"Background The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected decent job opportunities and labour market outcomes for youth. The recession induced by the pandemic has impacted young people through job and income loss, greater barriers in the transition to work, and disruptions in learning, education, and training. Between 2019 and 2020, 34 million young workers lost their job, equivalent to a decline in global youth employment of 8.2 per cent, more than twice the employment loss of 3.6 per cent among adults. The recession did not only translate into greater unemployment but also massive labour force exit. In 2020, the number of youth not in employment, education, or training (NEET) reached a record high of 282 million. Young women shouldered the worst of the youth employment crisis, being 1.5 times less likely than young men to be employed and twice as likely as young men to have NEET status (ILO 2022). The jobs and learning losses resulting from the pandemic and the emerging effects of new and ongoing crises can have long-lasting negative repercussions for youth. Such economic shocks not only disrupt the labour market trajectory of young workers who lose their job early in their career, but also hamper the transition to employment for new labour force entrants. Past economic crises have shown that such short-term shocks often lead to long-term scarring effects among youth. Active labour market programmes (ALMPs) can support recovery efforts and improve labour market prospects of youth. ALMPs were promoted as an essential component of the COVID-19 recovery plans, with both new and existing programmes launched and repurposed. However, not many programmes targeted young people or were agile enough to address the uneven challenge felt by youth. Nonetheless, well-designed and wellimplemented ALMPs can help young people access jobs and thus prevent long-term scarring. Earlier evidence highlighted their positive effect on employment and earnings outcomes of young beneficiaries, and the important role of multipronged interventions in addressing the various needs and constraints faced by youth (Kluve et al. 2017 and 2019). Further research about the impact of youth-targeted ALMPs is therefore crucial to enhance their effectiveness and facilitate a sustainable and resilient recovery with and for young people. In a global context of tight fiscal space, evidence on what works in youth employment must underpin decision-making for immediate and targeted investments in youth. Understanding what types of ALMPs are effective, for whom, in which contexts, and how to increase their cost-effectiveness is central to an economic recovery that benefits young people and promotes a better future of work for all.",Life skills and employment training for conflict affected population | Entrepreneurship training | Job placement schemes | Employment incentives and wage subsidies | Labour-intensive public works,"Table 2. Interventions of interest for the updated systematic review Skills development - This includes skills training programmes offered outside the formal education system to enhance youth employability or facilitate the transition into employment. Employability skills range from job-specific technical skills to non-technical soft (or core) skills, such as self-management, teamwork and communication. Recent frameworks of core skills integrate basic digital skills and basic skills for green jobs (ILO 2021c). The review documented the specific skills provided by an intervention, for example, technical skills, digital skills, business skills, literacy or numeracy skills and a composite of behavioural, life or soft skills. The novelty in relation to Kluve et al. (2017 and 2019) is the inclusion of digital skills. Entrepreneurship promotion - Entrepreneurship promotion interventions aim to provide advisory services and to facilitate access to finance and markets for the development or growth of a youth-owned business. The review clustered interventions across the following services: business advisory and/or mentoring; business skills; access to markets and value chains; direct credit or facilitating access to credit; monetary or in-kind (start-up or growth) grants; and microfranchising initiatives or mechanisms.  Employment services - Employment services generally focus on facilitating matching and intermediation to support the transition of young people into employment through targeted services for jobseekers and employers. The offers to young jobseekers include job counselling, job-search assistance and/or mentoring services for activation (or reactivation) purposes, which are often complemented by job placement and technical or financial assistance. The basic idea for providing employment services to youth is that young workers have difficulty signalling their skills and credentials and/or lack the networks or knowledge to search effectively for vacancies and connect with employers. As a result, these programmes often focus on improving job-seeking skills and the efficiency of the matching process. The review distinguished between the services focused on counselling, on placement and on financial support for the job search.  Wage subsidies - Wage and hiring subsidies provide incentives to employers to hire first-time jobseekers for a given period by reducing labour costs. In return, they allow young workers to build up their work experience and acquire job-relevant skills. The review distinguished between the programmes that reduce employers social security contributions, those that reduce the labour or wage cost and those that provide direct payments (subsidies) to young people.  Public works - Public work programmes and labour-intensive public employment programmes offer direct, shortterm employment to young people in infrastructure, social development or community projects. They are often considered a solution in times of crises, when there is not enough labour demand and thus as a temporary safety net. In addition to delivering useful public assets and services, these programmes create employment for the unemployed, provide supplementary employment to the underemployed and generate income and therefore smooth or boost consumption patterns.",Employment status | Overall household income | Business ratings,"Employment probability Unemployment probability Participation rate Hours worked Unemployment duration Quality of employment (contract, fixed term, benefits) | Earnings or income Household income Consumption Salary or wage Profits Sales | Number of employees or jobs created Capital and investment Business creation Business survival",Human development and gender,Labor market institutions,"Industry, trade, and services",Other multisector,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Multi-country,,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,"To be included, studies must have investigated ALMPs that were designed to address employment constraints for young people. The review allowed for various youth definitions adopted by individual programmes, including national definitions, and broadly applied the age range of 15 to 35 years. PG 16",,"active labour market programmes | Youths | systematic review, | meta analysis",,Decent Work and Economic Growth,Low,https://www.iob-evaluatie.nl/binaries/iob-evaluatie/documenten/rapporten/2022/12/08/evaluatie-jeugdwerkloosheid-in-ontwikkelingslanden/Systematic+Review+The+impact+of+active+labour+market+programmes+on+youth.pdf,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income|Domestic business growth and market development,,Effectiveness,Low,Low,Low,Partially,Yes,Yes,No,yes,Not applicable,Meta-analysis,,,,No,No,yes,yes,yes
"Cross-Border E-Commerce and Urban Entrepreneurial
Vitality—A Quasi-Natural Experiment Evidence from China","Yuan, Qigang | Ji, Yongsheng | Zhang, Wei | Lei, Ting",2024.0,Journal article,"Cross-border e-commerce, as a new form of trade driven by digital technology, provides anopportunity to enhance the entrepreneurial vitality of cities. With the help of the comprehensive pilotarea for cross-border e-commerce, also called a “quasi-natural” experiment, and using 2010–2020panel data and Chinese business enterprise registration data for 278 cities in China, this paperexamined the impact of cross-border e-commerce on enterprise vitality. The study found that thepilot policy in the comprehensive pilot area promoted the entrepreneurial vitality to increase by about13.3%, and it remained stable after a series of tests. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the pilotpolicies in the comprehensive pilot areas have a stronger effect on the promotion of enterprise vitalityin the eastern and western regions. At the same time, the pilot policy has expanded the scope ofenterprise subjects and plays a more prominent enterprise incentive effect in small and medium-sizedcities, cities with low innovation, and small and medium-sized registered enterprises. In addition, thepilot policy stimulates the entrepreneurial vitality of the service industry, but has no significant impacton agriculture and manufacturing. In terms of the influence mechanism, the comprehensive pilot areamainly affects the entrepreneurial vitality by means of optimizing the business environment, reducingthe entry cost, promoting the synergistic agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services, andstimulating market demand. The further spatial spillover effect found that the comprehensive pilotarea not only improves the entrepreneurial vitality of the pilot cities, but also radiates the enterprisedevelopment of neighboring and surrounding cities with similar economic development.",ICT and e-commerce,"Cross-border e-commerce, as a product of the development of international trade
enabled by digital technology, has become a focus of extensive attention among scholars on
its trade effects. It is generally believed in existing research that cross-border e-commerce
promotes the scale of enterprises’ export, reduces their market portfolio risk, and improves
their quality of products [4–6] by reducing trade costs, especially reducing information
search and matching costs [7]. The policy of CECPA pilot is a new thing. Since its implementation,
as for whether it can enhance the cross-border e-commerce, scholars conducted
heated discussions on its policy effects. For example, Liu and Yang and Zhang et al.,
respectively, studied the promotion effects of the pilot policies of the comprehensive pilot
area for cross-border e-commerce on economic growth, industrial agglomeration, and
regional coordinated development [8,9]. Hu and Song and Yuan and Ji delved into the microenterprise perspective and explored the positive effects of the pilot policies of the
comprehensive pilot area on workers’ wages and employment [10,11]. Therefore, it is
evident that cross-border e-commerce has played an important role in stabilizing foreign
trade, employment, and promoting economic growth. However, there is little research on
how cross-border e-commerce policies affect entrepreneurship. (page 2 and 3)

The pilot policy of CECPA, through the construction of
digital platforms, has reduced the costs associated with information searches and the
development of overseas marketing networks, thus facilitating enterprise entry into the
international market. Simultaneously, preferential policies within CECPA, such as export
tax exemptions, alleviate financing constraints for enterprises and reduce the uncertainty
of exports, leading to the entry of low-productivity enterprises that were previously only
selling in the domestic participate in the international market. The reduction in fixed
costs not only drives highly productive nonexporting enterprises to enter the international
market but also increases the possibility of low-productivity enterprises entering the international
market, thereby lowering the “productivity” threshold for entrepreneurship and
expanding the scope of entrepreneurial entities, thus enhancing entrepreneurial vitality.
Furthermore, the construction of CECPA has reduced the risks of entrepreneurship, effectively
overcoming information asymmetry. It improves the operational efficiency of new
entrepreneurial enterprises in the region by sharing institutional innovation achievements
and the digital ecological environment infrastructure, thereby ensuring the success of
entrepreneurship (page 4)",Economic growth | Other outcome,"The benchmark regression results of this paper are shown in Table 2. In column (1),
the regression result without controlling for individual fixed effects, time fixed effects, and
control variables is presented. It is found that the estimated coefficient of DID is positive
at the 1% level, indicating that the pilot policy of CECPA has significantly improved the
entrepreneurial vitality in the city. Column (2) adds control variables based on column (1),
while column (3) controls for individual and time fixed effects but does not include control
variables. Column (4) adds control variables to column (3). From the regression results,
it can be seen that even after controlling for other factors that may affect regional entrepreneurial
vitality, the entrepreneurial effect of the pilot policy is still significant. The
estimated results in column (4) show that cities with pilot areas have seen a 13.3% increase
in the number of newly registered startups, indicating that cross-border e-commerce, as
a new trade model and business format, has brought new entrepreneurial opportunities
and significantly enhanced the entrepreneurial vitality of cities, thus validating Research
Hypothesis 1. Among other control variables, the level of economic development, foreign
investment, industrial structure upgrading, human capital, informatization, and urbanization
construction all have a promoting effect on regional entrepreneurial vitality. (page 9)

Spatial Spillover Effects
The regression results for the spatial spillover effects are shown in Table 12. The results
indicate that regardless of whether the economic distance matrix, spatial adjacency matrix,
or geographic distance matrix is used, the estimated coefficients of the DID and its spatial
lag term are all significantly positive. Additionally, the coefficient of the spatial lag term ρ
for urban entrepreneurial vitality is also significantly positive, indicating a positive spatial
spillover effect of the pilot policy of CECPA on entrepreneurial vitality. Furthermore, the
impact of the pilot policy on entrepreneurial vitality is decomposed into direct effects,
indirect effects, and total effects. The analysis shows that the coefficient of the direct effect
reflects the impact of the pilot policy of the comprehensive experimental area on local
entrepreneurial vitality, while the estimated coefficient of the indirect effect represents the
spillover effect of the pilot policy on the entrepreneurial vitality of surrounding cities.(page 19) | The benchmark regression results of this paper are shown in Table 2. In column (1),
the regression result without controlling for individual fixed effects, time fixed effects, and
control variables is presented. It is found that the estimated coefficient of DID is positive
at the 1% level, indicating that the pilot policy of CECPA has significantly improved the
entrepreneurial vitality in the city. Column (2) adds control variables based on column (1),
while column (3) controls for individual and time fixed effects but does not include control
variables. Column (4) adds control variables to column (3). From the regression results,
it can be seen that even after controlling for other factors that may affect regional entrepreneurial
vitality, the entrepreneurial effect of the pilot policy is still significant. The
estimated results in column (4) show that cities with pilot areas have seen a 13.3% increase
in the number of newly registered startups, indicating that cross-border e-commerce, as
a new trade model and business format, has brought new entrepreneurial opportunities
and significantly enhanced the entrepreneurial vitality of cities, thus validating Research
Hypothesis 1. Among other control variables, the level of economic development, foreign
investment, industrial structure upgrading, human capital, informatization, and urbanization
construction all have a promoting effect on regional entrepreneurial vitality. (page 9)",Private sector development,Innovation and technology policy,Information & communications technologies,Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,District,sustainable business models | cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot area | entrepreneurial vitality | Business Environment | Spatial spillover effects,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Decent Work and Economic Growth",,https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/5/1802,Matchmaking,Domestic business growth and market development|Economic growth,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
RESULTS-BASED FINANCING’S IMPACT ON HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH IN ZAMBIA,"Shen, Gordon | Nguyen, Ha T.H. | Das, Ashis Kumar | Sachingongu, Nkenda | Chansa, Collins | Friedman, Jed | Qamruddin, Jumana",2015.0,Published report,"Results-based financing (RBF) has been implemented in low- and middleincome countries with the aim of transforming health systems and achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on the impact of RBF-facility financing and provider incentives on performance related factors such as health workers satisfaction, motivation, productivity, and retention. This paper attempts to fill such gap by examining the relationship between RBF and health care practitioner outcomes through the case of Zambia. It uses a cluster randomized intervention/control design to evaluate before–after changes for three groups: one that received pay for performance, a counterfactual group that received additional financing not conditioned on performance, and another counterfactual group that received no enhanced financing. Mixed methods are employed. The quantitative portion comprises a baseline and a threeyear follow-up survey. The survey and sampling scheme were designed to allow for a rigorous impact evaluation of RBF and enhanced financing on several key performance indicators. The qualitative portion seeks to explain the pathways underlying the observed differences.&nbsp;Econometric analysis shows that RBF led to increased satisfaction and decreased attrition, but had rather modest effects on motivation and no effects on productivity. The enhanced financing group also experienced some positive effects on motivation. These results are rather different from the qualitative assessment, which reveals very strong motivation and increased workload among the intervention group. The qualitative evidence, however, also provides possible explanations for the lack of RBF significant impact on motivation and productivity, such as workers’ burnout, rigid supervision from the District Medical Office, and at times lack of true autonomy (which was intended to be part of the RBF intervention). Limitations in the survey instrument may have also contributed to some of the observed results.&nbsp;",Other intervention,"The government of Zambia, with the assistance of the World Bank, adopted RBF in April 2008 with the aim to link financing to results. Its RBF upholds four principles: to increase autonomy in health facility management and planning among service providers; to be accountable to the community by involving them in managing services; to improve reporting through the usage of instruments (i.e. business plans, contracts, external verification, investment fund) to plan for services; and to strengthen the health services by separating the functions of policy formulation, service delivery, and regulation. The conditions documented as favorable for the success of RBF are manifold, including strong leadership and management support, accurate information and reporting systems, and increased funding and training (Brenzel et al., 2009; Eldridge and Palmer, 2009; Canavan et al., 2008).
14. Zambia is a suitable context to test the implementation of a RBF program on workforce strengthening in these areas because rural health centers have the autonomy to plan and use the RBF revenue: up to 60% of their revenue can be shared among the staff as individual bonuses, and a minimum of 40% has to be invested in maintaining the working conditions of the facility itself. This RBF intervention was piloted among health centers in 10 rural districts in January 2012 (MOH, 2011). Secondary to the geographic balance was a focus on rural areas for two reasons. First, maternal and child health status is lower in rural than urban areas. Second, 72% of the poor in Zambia live in rural areas, and the rural poverty rate is reportedly 80%. The Zambia RBF pays the providers for service provision and quality of high priority maternal and child health services. The data reported at the health facility level are verified both in quantity by the District Community Medical Office (DCMO) and in quality by district hospitals before payment is made. (page 4 and 5)",Employee motivation | Employee satisfaction | Labour productivity,"We hypothesized that the RBF intervention would increase workers’ motivation. Enhanced financing, too, was expected to cause the same changes, albeit to a lesser degree, thanks to the expected improvements made to working conditions. Yet we did not find support for these hypotheses for any of the eight constructs with one exception: respondents in the intervention group reported, on average, 2.418 points higher on the personal well-being scale (p",Human development and gender,Health system strengthening,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Zambia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,,Individual,Results-Based Financing | Performance-Based Financing (PBF) | Human resources for health | ZAMBIA | Mixed Methods,Performance-/results-based financing,Good Health and Well-being,,https://gffklportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Zambia-RBFHRH-report.pdf,Payments by results,Productivity gains|Work-labor,64.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (Review),"Odendaal, William A. | Ward, Kim | Uneke, Jesse | Uro-Chukwu, Henry | Chitama, Dereck | Balakrishna, Yusentha | Kredo, Tamara",2018.0,Journal article,"BackgroundContracting out of governmental health services is a financing strategy that governs the way in which public sector funds are used to have services delivered by nongovernmental health service providers (NGPs). It represents a contract between the government and an NGP, detailing the mechanisms and conditions by which the latter should provide health care on behalf of the government. Contracting out is intended to improve the delivery and use of healthcare services. This Review updates a Cochrane Review first published in 2009.ObjectivesTo assess effects of contracting out governmental clinical health services to nongovernmental service provider/s, on (i) utilisation of clinical health services; (ii) improvement in population health outcomes; (iii) improvement in equity of utilisation of these services; (iv) costs and costeffectiveness of delivering the services; and (v) improvement in health systems performance.Search methodsWe searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, EconLit, ProQuest, and Global Health on 07 April 2017, along with two trials registers  ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform  on 17 November 2017.Selection criteriaIndividually randomised and clusterrandomised trials, controlled beforeafter studies, interrupted time series, and repeated measures studies, comparing governmentdelivered clinical health services versus those contracted out to NGPs, or comparing different models of nongovernmentaldelivered clinical health services.Data collection and analysisTwo authors independently screened all records, extracted data from the included studies and assessed the risk of bias. We calculated the net effect for all outcomes. A positive value favours the intervention whilst a negative value favours the control. Effect estimates are presented with 95% confidence intervals. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the certainty of the evidence and we prepared a Summary of Findings table.Main resultsWe included two studies, a clusterrandomised trial conducted in Cambodia, and a controlled beforeafter study conducted in Guatemala. Both studies reported that contracting out over 12 months probably makes little or no difference in (i) immunisation uptake of children 12 to 24 months old (moderatecertainty evidence), (ii) the number of women who had more than two antenatal care visits (moderatecertainty evidence), and (iii) female use of contraceptives (moderatecertainty evidence).The Cambodia trial reported that contracting out may make little or no difference in the mortality over 12 months of children younger than one year of age (net effect = 4.3%, intervention effect P = 0.36, clustered standard error (SE) = 3.0%; lowcertainty evidence), nor to the incidence of childhood diarrhoea (net effect = 16.2%, intervention effect P = 0.07, clustered SE = 19.0%; lowcertainty evidence). The Cambodia study found that contracting out probably reduces individual outofpocket spending over 12 months on curative care (net effect = $ 19.25 (2003 USD), intervention effect P = 0.01, clustered SE = $ 5.12; moderatecertainty evidence). The included studies did not report equity in the use of clinical health services and in adverse effects.Authors' conclusionsThis update confirms the findings of the original review. Contracting out probably reduces individual outofpocket spending on curative care (moderatecertainty evidence), but probably makes little or no difference in other health utilisation or service delivery outcomes (moderate to lowcertainty evidence). Therefore, contracting out programmes may be no better or worse than governmentprovided services, although additional rigorously designed studies may change this result. The literature provides many examples of contracting out programmes, which implies that this is a feasible response when governments fail to provide good clinical health care. Future contracting out programmes should be framed within a rigorous study design to allow valid and reliable measures of their effects. Such studies should include qualitative research that assesses the views of programme implementers and beneficiaries, and records implementation mechanisms. This approach may reveal enablers for, and barriers to, successful implementation of such programmes.",Contracting out health services,"""We defined the intervention - contracting out - as the provision of any clinical health service on behalf of the government by for-profit and/or not-for-profit, non-governmental providers."" (page 9)",Healthcare utilisation | Index of injuries & health outcomes | Index of healthcare utilisation | Index of health finance | Index of health systems | Index of healthcare access | Index of utilisation of health services | Medicine availability,"""Primary outcomes Utilisation of health services  Utilisation of clinical health services that are contracted out, with the unit of analysis being an individuals initial contact with a professional health worker during a given time period and/or the number of services an individual received from a healthcare professional in a given time period for those services contracted out (Andersen 2005 ; Bhandari 2006) Health outcomes  Measured as patient level mortality and morbidity"" (page 9) | Secondary outcomes Equity in utilisation of clinical health services Economic outcomes Health system performance Health service delivery Health workforce Health information Availability of selected essential medicines Health financing Adverse effects. (page 9 - 10)",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Coordination/Reforms | Work-Labor/Social,Guatemala | Cambodia,,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,Not specified,,Childhood Vaccination | Contracting-out services | Health Service Utilization | Antenatal Visit | Clinical health services,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Reduced Inequality,High,https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008133.pub2/full,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition|Costs",,,High,High,High,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,yes,,,2.0,,,Yes,Yes,yes,yes,yes
The Effect of a Charter School in Peru (Fe Y AlegrÍA) on School Achievement:Exploiting a School Lottery Selection as a Natural Experiment,"Lavado, P. | Cueto, S. | Yamada, G. | Wensjoe, M.",2019.0,Journal article,This study estimates the effect of one charter school (a public-private partnership) on mathematics and reading comprehension among second grade students in Peru between 2007 and 2012. The study uses an identification strategy to estimate the causal effect of a charter school. The strategy is based on a natural experiment of an admission lottery to determine which students would be accepted into second grade at the charter school. The results show that the charter school achieved substantial gains in the scores of the lottery winners that are equivalent to 0.4 standard deviations. We also find that this effect has increased over time.,Charter schools,"“This study focuses on a charter school, which is a partnership in which the government provides financing while the private sector delivers educational services to students.” (page 96)",Math test scores | Student reading achievement,“The main hypothesis of this study is that the charter school achieves educational gains in math and reading comprehension compared to comparable public or private schools” (page 97),Human development and gender,Access to education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Not specified,""" There are 543 students registered for those lotteries. The  list of winning students was sent to the Ministry of Education’s Quality Measurement  Unit. The Ministry returned an anonymous listing with the results of the math and  reading comprehension tests of second grade students (the Students Census  Evaluation). "" (page 99)",Individual,Peru | CHARTER schools | School Achievement | school lottery | Natural Experiment | Public-Private Partnership,Not applicable,Quality Education | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10800379.2019.12097352,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The impact of Loans on the Survival and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Colombia,"Gertler, Paul | Higgins, Sean | Montoya, Ana María | Parrado, Eric | Undurraga, Raimundo",2021.0,Published protocol,"Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) represent an important source of employment in many low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, finding the most effective measures to help SMEs respond and recover when faced with economic crises, like those triggered by COVID-19, is of high policy relevance. In Colombia, researchers are evaluating the economic impact of providing stimulus loans to SMEs, distributed via the government’s COVID-19 relief program (“Unidos por Colombia”), on SME survival, profits, and employment.",Access to microcredit,"“Concerned about the impact of the pandemic on the economy, and in particular on SMEs and  independent workers, the government of Colombia launched the program “Unidos por Colombia” in April 2020. The program, managed by the Fondo Nacional de Garantias, provides loans targeted to SME and self-employed workers. These funds can be used by SMEs to cover payroll expenses, purchase working capital, or pay self-employed workers.” (page 3)",Index of firm behaviour,"“The research team will use administrative bank data on card transactions, deposits, payroll, lending applications, and approvals to measure the impact of these credits on firm survival and recovery.” (page 3)",Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Market/Sector Growth,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Not specified,Firm/organisation,Small And Medium Enterprises | Microfinance Loans | Colombia | Stimulus loans | COVID-19,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://poverty-action.org/study/impact-loans-survival-and-performance-small-and-medium-enterprises-smes-colombia,Direct financing of private sector actors,Domestic business growth and market development,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Understanding and enhancing approaches to quality improvement in small and medium-sized private facilities in Tanzania,"Goodman, Catherine",2019.0,Published protocol,"The private healthcare sector is steadily growing in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), but there is considerable concern about the safety and quality of care. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of small and medium sized private clinics, but their regulation is often poor and relatively little is known about the effectiveness of studies trying to improve the quality of care they provide. This study has been designed to look at an innovative programme developed by the international NGO PharmAccess, which aims to improve the clinical standards of health facilities in low- and middle-income countries. The PharmAccess model seeks to improve the quality of care that facilities provide, as well as to shape the broader healthcare and finance markets and policy environment. Health facilities are assessed on a set of “SafeCare” structural quality standards, trained on quality improvement and business skills, and assisted in the development of a quality and business improvement plan. They receive regular mentoring visits and are also connected with the PharmAccess Medical Credit Fund, a social investment fund which facilitates access to bank loans to finance the prigramme. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the PharmAccess model on quality of care given in private health facilities in Tanzania.",,,,,Human development and gender,Health finance,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Tanzania,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,,,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN93644888,Technical and vocational training,"Food security, health, and nutrition",73.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of Vocational Training Interventions on Youth Labor Market Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis,"Stterau, Jonathan",2022.0,Journal article,"This paper synthesizes the empirical evidence of youth-targeted vocational training interventions on labor market outcomes. Our sample includes over 1,650 effect size estimates from 89 impact evaluations globally. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, vocational training has an economically meaningful impact&nbsp;on youth labor market outcomes (+0.105SD), twice that reported in previous reviews. Second, country income level does not predict effect size magnitude  implying that well-designed interventions can work irrespective of labor market challenges. Third, the time-profile and mechanism of successful trainings differ between High-income countries (HICs) and Lower-/Middle-income countries (L/MICs). In HICs, effect sizes increase over time and more intensive interventions yield larger impacts. In L/MICs, shorter interventions are associated with larger effect sizes but these are often short-lived. Our findings suggest that mechanisms of effective interventions differ: impacts result from a human-capital mechanism of training in HICs and from a signaling and screening mechanism in L/MIC.",,,,,Private sector development,Job creation,"Industry, trade, and services",Other social infrastructure and services,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Multi-country,,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,"We include training interventions targeted at youth, typically aged between 14 to 35 years. p.3",,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,Low,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4217580,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,,Effectiveness,Low,Low,Low,No,Yes,Partially,No,no,Not applicable,Meta-analysis,,,,No,No,yes,yes,yes
The Effects of Subsidized Trainings on Young Workers and Small Firms: Evidence from Uganda,"Alfonsi, Livia",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,Education,,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,youth aged 18-25 in Uganda,,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,,Technical and vocational training|Payments by results,Employment|Income|Domestic business growth and market development,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Effects of Public–Private Partnerships on Partnering Private Sector Firms,"Dao, Hong Nhung",2017.0,Published report,"Despite an increase in governments’ demand for private participation in infrastructure, Public– Private Partnerships (PPPs) have received low engagement from the private sector in the task of bridging infrastructure gaps in emerging markets. Previous literature in the field mainly focuses on the effects of PPPs from the governments’ perspective and it is inconclusive in its examination of the advantages and disadvantages of the private sector’s participation. This thesis addresses these issues by answering three main research questions: (i) Do PPPs benefit partnering private sector firms? (ii) Does higher reliance on the government in PPPs benefit partnering private sector firms? and (iii) Does the relationship between institutional quality and PPP projects benefit partnering private sector firms? Based on corporate finance and incomplete contract theories, PPPs, with their readily costless pledgeable government assets and government guarantee, are hypothesized to reduce capital constraints faced by private sector firms compared to their non-PPP counterparts. My study analyzes firm market valuation, investment–cash flow sensitivity, bank lending and their determinants for partnering private sector firms. My main findings are as follows: (i) PPP announcements create positive abnormal return for partnering private sector firms in China and India. In the long run, PPP involvement reduces investment–cash flow sensitivity in both countries’ private sector firms. Especially, PPP private sector firms with political connections can achieve better bank financing in both economies, and this situation is even more robust under the effects of the election event in India; (ii) high reliance on government through government equity participation, political connections and contract mechanisms are more beneficial in China compared to those in India in terms of reducing capital constraints. This aligns with the evidence of increasing overinvestment problems in PPP politically connected firms in India; and (iii) the benefits of lower capital constraints and increased firm value through PPP investments are more pronounced in mature economies with high institutional quality. To my best knowledge, the study is the first comprehensive study on the effects of PPPs on partnering private sector firms using the corporate finance dimension. It contributes to the extant debatable literature on the role of PPPs, reliance on governments, contract mechanisms and institutional quality on private sector firms. It provides insights on the possible benefits of these unique contractual agreements and attempts to answer the question of whether the intended purpose of reducing underinvestment in the private sector can be fulfilled through PPP contracts. It also contributes to the extant literature on corporate investment decisions and investment efficiency. Moreover, it sheds light on the extant debate on social lending objectives, political corruption views and the role of political connection and institutions. My study provides important guidance on the direction and viability of PPPs in China and India and is extensively applicable to other economies, depending on their PPP market maturity and institutional quality.",PPP in education,"For the investment–cash flow sensitivity analysis, I focused on both the year of the PPP announcement and the five-year post-PPP investment period. These short- and long-term analyses helped me understand the nature of firms that engage in PPPs and the consequent effects of PPP investment on their future investment–cash flow sensitivity relationship. For the years between 1988 and 2013, I obtained 169 firm–year observations for China and 215 firm– year observations for India. However, owing to the exclusion of overlapping PPP investments during the five-year periods, for the long-term post-PPP analysis, I was left with 50 firm–year observations for China and 55 firm–year observations for India.
In order to reduce the potential identification problem, I created a control group of competing non-PPP firms. Applying the propensity score matching, I obtained one-to-one matched firms (for the firms investing in PPPs), matched by firm size and industry (based on the sector level of the FTSE/Dow Jones Industrial Classification Benchmark [ICB] in Datastream). I applied the nearest-neighbour matching method to capture the bias in the estimated treatment effects when matching PPP firms and non-PPP firms. See Figure 3.1 for a summary of the data collection process mentioned earlier. Pg 53",Index of lending information,,Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,"Industry, trade, and services",Government and civil society,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,China,East Asia and Pacific | South Asia,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Public– Private Partnerships (PPPs) | government assets | Government guarantees | private sector firms,,Partnerships to achieve the Goal,,,Service management and delivery PPP,Infrastructure|Financial inclusion,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Demand-Driven Youth Training Programs: Experimental Evidence from Mongolia,"Alzúa, Maria Laura | Batbekh, Soyolmaa | Batchuluun, Altantsetseg | Dalkhjav, Bayarmaa | Galdo, José",2019.0,,,,,,,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Mongolia,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Table 1: Balancing Test Across Experimental Groups,Individual,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,37.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Export Promotion: Heterogeneous Programs and Heterogeneous Effects,"Martincus, Volpe | Carballo, Jerónimo",2010.0,Published report,"Export promotion agencies provide exporters with a broad range of services, going from counseling to sponsoring their participation in international trade missions and fairs. These services may have heterogeneous effects and thus contribute differently to achieve the goals of these organizations. Empirical evidence on their relative effectiveness is rather limited. This paper aims at filling this gap in the literature. We compare the impact of different public trade promotion programs on the extensive and intensive margin of firms¿ exports, both to each other and with respect to no participation in these activities, by applying multiple treatment matching difference-in- differences on highly disaggregated export data for the whole population of Colombian exporters over the period 2003-2006. We find that the use of programs combining different services is associated with better export performance, primarily along the country-extensive margin, than their basic individual components.",Trade facilitation services,"Colombia’s national export promotion agency, PROEXPORT, assists on average more than 2,500 firms active in international markets per year (p4)",Export activity,Total exports; - Table 6 (p37),Economic policy,Trade policy,"Industry, trade, and services",Trade Policies & Regulations,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm/organisation,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://publications.iadb.org/en/export-promotion-heterogeneous-programs-and-heterogeneous-effects,Matchmaking,International trade,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Capacity Building as a Route to Export Market Expansion: A Six-Country Experiment in the Western Balkans,"Cusolito, Ana P.",,,,,,,,,,"Industry, trade, and services",,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms,Albania,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,,,,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,,Advisory support,Domestic business growth and market development|Digitization|International trade|Productivity gains|Network building,52.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Evaluating the impact of contracting out basic health care services in the state of Sao Paulo, ~ Brazil","Greve, Jane | Coelho, Vera Schattan Ruas Pereira",2017.0,,"As a means of dealing with shortcomings in the coverage, quality and efficiency of the public health care sector, several municipalities in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, have started to contract ~ pre-certified non-profit or non-governmental organizations to take part in the delivery of health care services. This paper explores the impact of introducing these contracts in the primary health care sector. Using data on the 645 municipalities in the state of Sao Paulo and difference-in-differences methods, we estimate the effect of contracting out in the primary health care sector on various dimensions of mortality and health care use. The results show that implementation of the contracting out strategy significantly increases the number of primary health care appointments by approximately one appointment per user of the national health care system per year. Point estimates indicate a reducing effect on hospitalization for preventable diseases.",Other intervention,"This paper explores the impact of contracting out non-for profitorganizations
using data on the 645 municipalities in the state of
S~ao Paulo. As contracts with non-governmental organizations are
often made in an attempt to improve the delivery of health care, we examine the impact of contracting out on the number of primary
health care appointments per SUS user per year. Although an increase
in primary health care appointments might reflect an improvement
in the delivery of health care, it is uncertain whether this
increase reflects an efficient use of health care services.
We also evaluate the impact of contracting out primary health
care services on a number of health and health care indicators.
These include infant and child mortality, child hospitalization rate
for respiratory diseases, and hospitalization rate for preventable diseases.
Although infant and child mortality and child hospitalization
for respiratory diseases have declined significantly in Brazil in the
last three decades (Victora et al. 2011a; Victora et al. 2011b) these
health parameters remain important indicators for child health in
Brazil. (page 2)",Access to healthcare | Infant mortality | Rehospitalisation,"Our results show that introducing a contracting out strategy has
a large and significant impact on the number of primary health care
appointments. When we control for municipality fixed effects, point
estimates show that the number of primary health care appointments
per SUS user increases by approximately 1 appointment per
SUS user per year.12 Thus, the implementation of a contracting out
strategy seems to increase the delivery of health care services significantly.
However, the point estimate we find might be an overestimate
of the effect of introducing contracting out, because it
represents an average effect on the treated municipalities, a group
that selected themselves to contract out. Thus, implementing contracting
out across the entire state of S~ao Paulo may not benefit all
municipalities equally, and might have no effect on the health care
services of those municipalities that do not need to change their organization,
or do not have the capability to take advantage of the
increased flexibility that contracting out offers.
Although we find that contracting out has a positive effect on
PHC appointments, it is uncertain whether this effect constitutes an
effective use of the health care system. If it constitutes an effective
use of the health care use we should be able to see a significant improvement
in the health status of the population related to primary
care. Parameter estimates indicate that contracting out reduced child
mortality and hospitalization but we cannot reject that these parameter
estimates are zero. The impact on hospitalization for preventable
diseases also indicates a reduction with contracting out that
was statistically significant at the 10% level. The results on child
health and health care services are in line with previous literature,
which in general finds that contracting with non-state providers to
deliver primary health care brings rapid changes in the supply of
health care services and, in some cases, reduces child malnutrition. (page 9)",Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Municipal,BRAZIL | Child health | Difference In Differences | Primary Health Care,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Partnerships to achieve the Goal,,https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/32/7/923/3737530?login=false,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Protocol for the Evaluation of a Social Franchising Model to Improve Maternal Health in Uttar Pradesh, India","Pereira, Shreya K. | Kumar, Paresh | Dutt, Varun | Haldar, Kaveri | Penn-Kekana, Loveday | Santos, Andreia | Powell-Jackson, Timothy",2015.0,Journal article,"BackgroundSocial franchising is the fastest growing market-based approach to organising and improving the quality of care in the private sector of low- and middle-income countries, but there is limited evidence on its impact and cost-effectiveness. The “Sky” social franchise model was introduced in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh in late 2013.Methods/designDifference-in-difference methods will be used to estimate the impact of the social franchise programme on the quality and coverage of health services along the continuum of care for reproductive, maternal and newborn health. Comparison clusters will be selected to be as similar as possible to intervention clusters using nearest neighbour matching methods. Two rounds of data will be collected from a household survey of 3600 women with a birth in the last 2&nbsp;years and a survey of 450 health providers in the same localities. To capture the full range of effects, 59 study outcomes have been specified and then grouped into conceptually similar domains. Methods to account for multiple inferences will be used based on the pre-specified grouping of outcomes. A process evaluation will seek to understand the scale of the social franchise network, the extent to which various components of the programme are implemented and how impacts are achieved. An economic evaluation will measure the costs of setting up, maintaining and running the social franchise as well as the cost-effectiveness and financial sustainability of the programme.DiscussionThere is a dearth of evidence demonstrating whether market-based approaches such as social franchising can improve care in the private sector. This evaluation will provide rigorous evidence on whether an innovative model of social franchising can contribute to better population health in a low-income setting.",Multi-institutional arrangements in health | Health worker training,"The program is a collaboration of public and private sector health providers for maternal and child care. ""The programme provides clinical training to private and public sector health providers. The franchisor trains SkyCare in how to conduct mobile phone consultations. SkyHealth is trained to provide antenatal care, recognise and stabilise pregnancy complications, facilitate timely referrals and provide family planning methods and postpartum contraception counselling. Providers from franchised clinics receive training on national and international guidelines to provide emergency obstetric care, general family
planning and postpartum intrauterine devices. Public sector providers with the remit of dealing with emergency obstetric cases also receive clinical training in order to manage linkages and referrals from the private sector. Training in
the public sector extends to Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) working at the community level. An additional file details the training programme by type of provider [see Additional file 1]."" (p. 3 ). Table 1 Components of the social franchising programme pg 4",Antenatal care | Post-partum care | Nutrient supplementation during pregnancy | Neonatal tetanus protection | Intermittent Preventive Treatment | Births in hospitals | Use of modern birth attendants | Caesarean delivery | Out of pocket expenditure for health | Neonatal mortality | Breastfeeding | Modern contraceptive use,"Table 2 Antenatal outcomes of the impact evaluation by domain- ANC utilisation, ANC content of care, Received test results for syphilis received (%),
Abdominal examination during ANC (%), Received a drug for intestinal worms during pregnancy (%), Multiple birth pregnancy detected during ANC (%), 
ANC content of care score of six items (index 0 to 1), 3 indicators on ANC knowledge and preparedness. | Table 3 details other Intrapartum care outcomes of the impact evaluation by domain, such as recommended delivery care practices, harmful or ineffective care practices, delivery care practices frequently overused, disrespect, and abuse. 
Table 4 Postpartum and newborn outcomes of the impact evaluation by domain- Received postpartum care within 48 h of birth (%), Newborn received postnatal care within 48 h of birth (%), newborn care such as clean cord care, thermal care, baby registration and weighing. | Table 2, Received iron supplementation during pregnancy (%), Took iron supplementation during pregnancy for at least 100 days (%) | Table 2, Fully immunised with tetanus toxoid (%) | Table 2, Received a drug to prevent malaria (%) | Table 3, Gave birth in a health facility (%) | Table 3, Gave birth with a doctor, nurse or midwife (%) | Table 3, had a Caesearean section (%) | Table 3 Out-of-pocket spending on delivery care (NRS), Borrowed money to pay for delivery care (%), Household in debt to pay for delivery care (%), received JSY cash incentive (%) | Table 4, Neonatal mortality (per 1000 live births), One-day mortality (per 1000 live births), birth weight | Table 4, Immediate breastfeeding within 1 h of birth (%), Colostrum given to baby (%), Exclusive breastfeeding for 3 days (%) | Table 4, Modern contraceptive use at 3 months postpartum (%)",Human development and gender,Child health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,For-profit firm,Not specified,proportion of women giving birth in a health facility  pg 8,Not Specified,Social Franchising | Impact evaluation | India | study protocol,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://implementationscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13012-015-0269-2,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Apprenticeship-to-Work Transition Experimental Evidence from Ghana,"Hardy, Morgan | Mbiti, Isaac | McCasland, Jamie | Salcher. Isabelle",2019.0,Published report,"This paper examines the effects of a government-sponsored apprenticeship training program designed to address high levels of youth unemployment in Ghana. The study exploits randomized access to the program to examine the short-run effects of apprenticeship training on labor market outcomes. The results show that apprenticeships shift youth out of wage work and into self-employment. However, the loss of wage income is not offset by increases in self-employment profits in the short run. In addition, the study uses the randomized match between apprentices and training providers to examine the causal effect of characteristics of trainers on outcomes for apprentices. Participants who trained with the most experienced trainers or the most profitable ones had higher earnings. These increases more than offset the program’s negative treatment effect on earnings. This suggests that training programs can be made more effective through better recruitment of trainers.",Apprenticeship programmes,"The NAP was conceived by the Council for Technical and Vocational Education and
Training (COTVET) as a potential policy solution to address the growing numbers of
youth unable to progress to secondary school. Because youth who are unable to complete
secondary school are typically confined to low-productivity (and low-paying) jobs, the
program was designed to provide them with an alternative avenue to acquire skills. By
eliminating fee barriers, COTVET hoped the program would enable youth across Ghana
to access training opportunities.
The program was implemented in 78 districts across all 10 regions of Ghana to ensure
national equity.8 Because the Northern region of Ghana is disadvantaged and marginalized
relative to the southern part of the country, the NAP purposely provided relatively
more opportunities for youth in the north. The program was intended to target youth
between the ages of 15 and 30. But its decentralized implementation made it difficult
for COTVET to enforce these age limits. The NAP offered youth fee-free access to apprenticeship
training in masonry, welding, carpentry, garment making, and cosmetology
(hairdressing and beauty). The choice of these five trades was determined by COTVET.
To our knowledge, this choice was not in response to analysis or predictions of market
demand but instead reflected the presence of strong and active trade associations
in these fields. Further, COTVET tried to be sensitive to gender equity concerns by
including a mix of both female-dominated trades (garment making and cosmetology)
and male-dominated ones (masonry, welding, and carpentry). This program design adhered to the very strong patterns of occupational segregation in Ghana. Data from a
nationally representative survey show that female apprenticeships were limited almost
exclusively to garment making and cosmetology. In contrast, just over a third of male
apprenticeships were in construction trades (Ghana Statistical Service, 2014).
Participants were matched with a training provider, often referred to as a master
craftsperson (MCP). Participants would work in the MCP’s firm and obtain skills through
learning by doing in an unstructured environment similar to a traditional apprenticeship
program. The NAP training period was supposed to last one year, but in practice trainers
generally kept their apprentices for 18 months to almost 4 years, depending on the
district and trade. The length of training was ultimately decided by each trainer. Because
most trainers considered one year to be too short, they pushed back on COTVET’s
suggested duration. Since the program was decentralized, COTVET could not enforce
the one-year training term. The program was meant to pay trainers 150 GHS to train
an apprentice, an amount equivalent to the traditional apprenticeship entrance fee. As a
result of the government’s fiscal crisis, however, COTVET was unable to pay this fee. But
the research team was able to secure donor funds to pay 100 GHS to each participating
trainer. The program was also supposed to provide participants with a tool kit relevant
to their trade (for example, a sewing machine for garment makers). But most tool kits
were never delivered. While the program provided no subsidy to apprentices, firm owners
typically paid apprentices small wages or “chop money” (about 20 GHS a month in
our midline surveys of firm owners), which increased with seniority and varied with
firm productivity or revenues. Thus the program essentially functioned as a subsidized
version of a traditional apprenticeship with training timelines of around three years and
limited government monitoring or additional support. (page 7 and 8)",Labour participation | Wage levels,"Among male participants in construction trades there was no statistically
significant change in the probability of working in any sector, in the wage sector, in
self-employment, or in unpaid work. The treatment offer did lead to a 9 percentage point
(40 percent) reduction in farming compared with the control group (p-value < 0.05), although
this is not robust to multiple testing adjustments. In addition, the treatment offer
increased the probability that male participants in construction were in apprenticeship
training by 13 percentage points (100 percent) relative to the control group (p-value <
0.01). This is consistent with the first-stage results showing that the treatment offer did
not increase the probability of training completion for male participants in construction.
Among female participants in cosmetology we do not find a significant change in the
probability of working. The treatment offer reduced the probability of wage work by 5
percentage points (33 percent) relative to the control group (p-value < 0.01). But this was
offset by a 7 percentage point (22 percent) increase in self-employment compared with
the control group (p-value < 0.05). There was a marginally significant 2 percentage point
reduction in own farm work resulting from the treatment offer, but this is not robust to
multiple testing adjustments. We also do not find any changes in the probability of
apprenticeship or unpaid work.
Among female participants in garment making we do not find any statistically significant
changes in any measure of labor supply (on the extensive margin). Further, all
the coefficients are negative except for the estimated effect on working as an apprentice,
which is positive but insignificant.
Taken together, the broad patterns suggest that the treatment shifts youth from wage work toward self-employment. In some trades the (positive) offsetting transition into
self-employment is slower, leading to an overall reduction in labor market participation.
Even though our endline data were collected almost four years after the start of training,
the results on working in apprenticeship show that there is variance in the length of
training across trades. Cosmetologists are most able to move on from their apprenticeships,
followed by garment makers and then construction workers. This is consistent
with the training completion rates reported in Table 3. The results on the intensive margin
of labor supply or number of hours worked are generally in line with our extensive
margin estimates. For brevity, these results are reported in Appendix Table A.7.
We examine the impact of the program on earnings from the previous month (relative
to the survey date) in Table 5. We present results on all sources of income from the
previous month including total earnings (Column 1), income from wage jobs (Column
2), income (profits) from self-employment (Column 3), income (profits) from farming
(Column 4), and any income from apprenticeship (Column 5). All monthly earnings are
“unconditional on working,” where we assign zero income for those who did not report
working in a given sector in the previous month.
For the full sample we find that the treatment offer reduced total monthly labor earnings
by 11.5 GHS (13 percent) relative to the control group (p-value < 0.05). This was
driven primarily by the estimated 15 GHS (35 percent) reduction in wage earnings compared
with the control group (p-value < 0.01), a result consistent with the previously
documented labor supply shifts out of wage employment. We do not find any significant
changes in earnings from self-employment, farming, or apprenticeship. Without
any offsetting increases in earnings, total monthly earnings declined as a result of the
program offer.
The reduction in total earnings was more pronounced for male participants in construction
trades. Intention-to-treat estimates for this group show that total monthly
earnings fell by 47 GHS (24 percent) relative to the control group (p-value < 0.1). This
was driven by the 59 GHS (46 percent) reduction in wages compared with the control
group (p-value < 0.05). This reduction in wage earnings was not offset by any statistically
significant (or meaningful) increases in earnings from self-employment, farming,
or apprenticeship.
Among female participants in cosmetology we find a small and statistically insignificant
reduction in total monthly earnings. The estimated 11 GHS (33 percent) reduction
in monthly wage earnings compared with the control group (p-value < 0.05) was somewhat
offset by increases in earnings from self-employment and farming. Neither of the
intention-to-treat estimates on earnings from self-employment or farming is statistically significant, however.
The treatment offer reduced total monthly earnings among female participants in garment
making by almost 11 GHS (15 percent) compared with the control group, although
the p-value is just outside the threshold for marginal significance. The reduction in total
earnings was driven by noisy reductions in wage earnings and self-employment income.
Although the estimated coefficients on farming and apprenticeship income are positive,
the magnitudes are negligible and statistically insignificant. (page 16, 17 and 18)",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,"Industry, trade, and services",Other multisector,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,,District,apprenticeship | Youth Labor Markets | Skills | GHANA,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/835751557408824890,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Impact of Evaluation of the Vocational Training Institutes in the Punjab Province, Pakistan","Hussain, Saqib",2021.0,Thesis,"This study examines the impact of the Vocational Training Institutes (VTIs) on employment inthe Punjab province, Pakistan. I exploit the difference-in-difference and instrumental variablemethods using data from Global Data Lab, Pakistan Board of Statistics (PBS) and PunjabVocational Training Council (PVTC). I find an increase in the employment rate of Punjab provincein response to the implementation of the VTIs. The female employment increased significantly,but the male employment did not increase. I also find no increase in the high-level employmentas a falsification test. The results suggest that the vocational training program plays a crucial rolein improving labor market outcomes and gender gap in developing countries.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"The government of Punjab had launched Vocational Training Institutes (VTI) under the Punjab
Vocational Training Council (PVTC) in 1998 across the province. PVTC had been established with
the primary initiative towards an alliance between government and private partnerships. The
entire corporate financial needs are backed up by aid through Donations, Zakat, and Grant in
Aid, and Rs. 20 billion was allocated in the last 20 years from national and international
organizations given in Annexure 1. The basic aim of the establishment is to impart quality
knowledge and skill to deprived sectors of the entire Punjab Province by ensuring their job
placement and self-employment. Initially, Punjab Vocational Training Council (PVTC) has
constituted only two institutes and they have increased the number of institutes across the
province at a rapid rate and in 2017 the number of training centers was 326, however, currently,
208 institutes are working and providing the training to the youth. Under the shadow of the
Provincial Government of Punjab, the Vocational Training Institutes are working on a large-scale
network in all thirty-six districts of Punjab. (page 13)",Employment status,"Vocational training in a country or a specific region plays a vital role and has a significant impact
on the growth and development of that area. TVET has aligned the benefits of industry growth,
employment, and entrepreneurship. Therefore, the tiers of governments also take initiatives of
this kind in their governing areas. As we have seen that initially only two institutes were
incorporated and gradually it increased and in 2005, they get doubles. Therefore, the impact seen
in later years is logically attributable to the vocational training in Punjab. Also, there were more
courses as shown in Annexure 3 but currently, the working institutes are 208 and 65 different
trades. This is the experience gained by the board of VTI to include and exclude the courses
according to training need assessment (TNA). The government of Punjab, national and
international organizations invested a lot of money in Punjab vocational training program.
Moreover, Zakat has a major role in the incorporation of more institutes and training more
trainees. During the literature review of similar programs wit was identified that TVET has a
significant impact on employment (Tahir, 2018; Dey, 2019; Tripney, 2013), entrepreneurship
(Badawi, 2013; Ismail, 2019; Ogbaekirigwe, 2017), and GDP (Elizar-Del, 2016). This research is a
contribution to the series of TVET programs and impact evaluation research studies.
In this research study, a sharp change can be seen in 2008-09 including a sharp decrease in female
employment, a sharp decrease in lower-level male employment (treatment group - Punjab), a
sharp increase in lower-level male employment (control group), and sharp increase in upperlevel
male employment. There can be many reasons, identified through history, change in politics,
and literature. For instance, Benazir Bhutto (Former Ex-PM) returned to Pakistan after 8-Years
and during bidding for third-time elections, assassinated by a bomb blast. This event has
increased the insecurity of females in the market. The next winning party (PPP) from 2008 for the
government has a majority from Sindh which lies in the control group, therefore, there is a sharp
increase in lower-level male employment in the control group and a decrease in the treated group.
Moreover, PPP intended to increase the salaries of employees for their interests and clientelism.
According to the Ministry of Finance, the PPP Government has increased 20-25% salaries for
government employees previous before 2008 this average was 5-10% and the same after 2013.
This high change in government employees’ wages causes an increase in intention for the job
instead of business and ultimately there is a sharp increase in employment. The program has been expanded in 2005 with 113 institutes and the change captured in 2008 is the only effect of this
program because there was no other relevant program in the province. (page 44-45)",Human development and gender,Skills development,"Industry, trade, and services",Other multisector,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Pakistan,South Asia,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,,State/Provincial,Vocational Training | Employment | Skills | Punjab,Business training,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://archives.kdischool.ac.kr/handle/11125/42917,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Evaluating the Impact of Job Training Programs in Latin America: Evidence from IDB funded operations,"Ibarrarán, Pablo | Shady, David Rosas",2009.0,Journal article,"to help the labor market insertion of disadvantaged youth, and also as a way of providing skills to low-income groups to enable them to deal with the challenges of globalization. This paper summarizes the findings from the first rigorous set of evaluations to job training programs in Latin America that were made in the context of a project undertaken by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight at the Inter-American Development Bank. This research was complemented by two independent impact evaluations of similar training programs in Chile and Colombia. We report the results of two evaluations with an experimental design (the Dominican Republic and Colombia), one with a natural experiment (Panama) and four non-experimental evaluations (Argentina, Chile, Peru and Mexico). Overall, the results suggest that employment effects range from modest to meaningful –increasing the employment rate by about 0 to 5 percentage points—although higher and significant for some groups such, as women in Colombia and Panama –with impact of 6 to 12 percentage points in the employment rate. In most cases there is a larger and significant impact on job quality, measured by getting a formal job, having a contract and/or receiving health insurance as a benefit. Finally, we present an operational definition of the impact of training on “employability” in the context of a dynamic model with state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity, which we were able to apply in the evaluations of the Dominican Republic, Panama and Argentina.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"In the early 1990s, a new training model was introduced in Chile aimed precisely at a group of urban youth considered to be “at risk”. The Chilean authorities envisioned this model and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) contributed to its definition and implementation. Other countries in the region faced similar challenges, and given the attractiveness of Chile Joven, the model was replicated throughout the region, many times with the support of the IDB and ILO. The commonality of the model is based no only on its goal (to ease labor market insertion and improve the performance of groups that face difficulties in accessing the formal labor market) but also on its operational design. The mechanism to achieve the goal is to provide short-term semi-skill training in specific occupations demanded by the private sector. Three main features characterize the model. The first is the separation of the financing and the provision of training. The government selects training courses competitively, through a process where private and (in most cases) public training institutions can participate. The second is that the nature of the training is demand driven, i.e. the government does not set what the content of the courses should be.The third is that an initial classroom-training phase is followed by an internship in a firm to complement the training. Since the training programs are short, this intervention can be considered, for the most part, as a labor intermediation model (page 3 and 4)",Employment status,"Table 3 summarizes the findings from the impact evaluations. There are few general patterns. Overall the employment effects range from null in Argentina and the Dominican Republic to significant in Panama, with positive effects present in most countries. There is heterogeneity within countries, as the effects are higher and significant for some groups such as women in Colombia and Panama. Also, in Panama and the Dominican Republic there is significant regional variation. In most cases there is a larger and significant impact on job quality, measured by getting a formal job, having a contract and/or receiving health insurance as a benefit. (page 27 - Table 3)",Human development and gender,Skills development,"Industry, trade, and services",Other multisector,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Multi-country,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex | Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Sex | Age | Education | Place of residence,Government agency,International financial institution,,State/Provincial,Skill Development | Latin  America | Vocational Training | Emplyment,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19439340902918094,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Income Level of Fadama III Beneficiaries in Delta State as at Project Closure in December 2013,"Ike, Pius Chinwuba",2014.0,Journal article,"As the Fadama III project intervention ends by December 2013 in Delta state, it became necessary to conduct afollow up study on the income level of Fadama III beneficiaries after the project midterm review (MTR). TenFadama III beneficiary households as well as ten non-beneficiary households were sampled from twelveparticipating local government areas in the state. This gave a total of 240 respondents composed of 120beneficiaries and 120 non-beneficiaries. Data for the study were collected by the use of structured questionnaire.They were analysed using the Difference in Difference (DD) analytical tool to compare change in outcome ofprogram for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. Findings revealed that the current average level of income ofparticipants of Fadama III project as at project closure in December 2013 is N106,829.75. This represents anincome increase of N44,349.75 or 70.98% from the baseline income of N62,480.00 of Fadama III beneficiaries.On the other hand, the average income of Fadama III non beneficiaries grew to N85,997.22 from a baselineincome of N63,572.00. This represents an increase of about 35.28%. 82.5% of the participants were able togenerate an average income of N106,829.75, thus achieving an increase of 70.98% in income from participationin Fadama III project. This increase has surpassed the target of 75% of Fadama User households increasing theiraverage real income by at least 40% by 2013 as set by the World Bank. Hence, it can be concluded that theproject intervention in the State has impacted positively on the income of small scale farmers – both directproject beneficiaries and non project beneficiaries.",Improved inputs for agriculture | Other intervention,"Nigeria governments (Federal, State and Local) over the years have been fighting poverty through the pursuit of
policies/programmes that improves the productivity and income potentials of rural dwellers. In line with this, the
Nigerian government has in collaboration with the World Bank established the Fadama projects, of which Delta
State is participating in Fadama III. The Third National Fadama Development Project (NFDP-III) project is a
nationally implemented World Bank assisted agricultural intervention project aimed at improving livelihood and
incomes of rural users of land & water resources on a sustainable basis. The target beneficiaries in Delta state are
Fadama User Groups engaged in farm and non-farm activities domiciled in 200 communities, where 59,429 group
members are expected to be directly impacted upon (DSFCO, 2013).
The principal goal of the project which is to sustainably increase the income of beneficiaries is being achieved
through financing investment in productive assets and community infrastructure; strengthening the capacities of
States and Local Government to deliver efficient services and also promoting socially-inclusive and environmentally sustainable management of natural resources. The project design provides for statutory six
monthly Joint World Bank/FGN supervision Missions to assess project implementation progress. It also provides
for thematic missions, unscheduled spot checks and back stopping by the various levels of supervision (World
Bank, FGN, NFCO and Zonal Coordination office).
The Delta State Fadama Coordination Office has the responsibility of implementing the project in the State along
the project’s six (6) main components namely; Capacity Building Information and Communication Support,
Small Scale Community Infrastructure, Advisory services and input Support, Support to ADP and Adaptive
Research and On-Farm Demonstration, Productive Asset Acquisition for individual FUGs, Project Management,
Monitoring and Evaluation. (page 1 and 2)",Income from agriculture,"This represents an income increase of N44,349.75 or 70.98% from the baseline income of N62,480.00 of
Fadama III beneficiaries. As it is with the Double Difference estimator, when the estimated value of income
difference is positive and significant, it implied that there was an impact of the project intervention. Hence, this
change in income is attributed to the household participation in Fadama III project. This increase in income has
surpassed the 40% target set by the World Bank for Fadama User households.
On the other hand, the average income of Fadama III non beneficiaries grew to N85,997.22 from a baseline
income of N63,572.00. This represents an increase of about 35.28%. The improved increase in the real income of
the project participants from 11.6% during the midterm project review to 35.28% at project closure could be the
as a result of spillover effects of project implementation on the whole communities. (page 4)

A further analysis revealed that 82.5% of Fadama III user households were able to generate an average income of
N106,829.75. Hence, 82.5% of the respondents have been able to achieve an increase of 70.98% in income
(Table 3). The increase in income of 82.5% of direct project beneficiaries by 70.98% has surpassed the target of
75% of Fadama User households increasing their average real income by at least 40% by 2013 as set by the
World Bank. Hence, it can be concluded that there has been a positive impact of the programme intervention in
the state, particularly on the income of small scale farmers–both direct project beneficiaries and non project
beneficiaries. (page 5)

At midterm of Fadama III project, the average level of income of the participants was found to be N85,391.42
(DSFCO,2012). Between the project midterm at September 2011 to project closure at December 2013, the
average income level has increased to N106,829.75. This implies an increase of N21,438.33 or 25.11% from
midterm till project end. This noticeable increase in income between project midterm to closure could be
attributed to the following: improved efficiency in the use of resources for production by Fadama users, timely
provision of inputs to the participants by the project managers, increased rate of adoption of improved rate of
adoption of Technology by the project beneficiaries amongst others. (page 5)",Finance,Agricultural finance,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,Table 2. Distribution of Fadama III enterprise groups and non Fadama III enterprise groups according to income level as at Project Closure (December 2013),Individual,Fadama III | Difference In Differences | Income Level | Beneficiaries,Community driven development,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty | Sustainable Cities and Communities,,https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/view/34690,Direct financing of private sector actors|Advisory support|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Income,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Labour Market Effects of Digital Matching Platforms: Experimental Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa,"Jones, Sam | Sen, Kunal",2022.0,Published report,"Can digital labour market platforms reduce search frictions in formal or informal labourmarkets? We study this question using a randomized experiment embedded in a tracerstudy of the work transitions of graduates from technical and vocational colleges inMozambique. We implement an encouragement design, inviting graduates by SMS to joinestablished digital platforms: Biscate, a site to find freelancers for informal manual tasks;and Emprego, a conventional formal jobs website. In contrast to positive estimates of thecontribution of both platforms to job outcomes from naïve (per-treatment) estimates,both intent-to-treat and complier average treatment effects are consistently zero in thefull sample, while the impact on life satisfaction is negative. However, use of the informaljobs platform leads to better work outcomes for women, especially those with manualqualifications, for whom earnings rise by over 50%.",Job placement schemes | Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"We embed a randomized encouragement design
within a tracer survey and study two matching platforms addressing different segments
of the labour market. The first, called Biscate, attempts to match demand and supply of
freelancers for specific tasks and services (e.g., plumbing, catering). The platform is focused
on manual workers in the informal labour market and is designed such that clients search
for workers with a suitable profile in their location. The second, called Emprego, is a more
conventional platform allowing job-seekers to search and directly apply for formal jobs
posted by employers. (page 4)

Biscate, which means ‘odd job’ in Portuguese, is
a platform to match demand and supply of manual freelancers for specific tasks or services.
The platform allows individuals with practical/manual skills to advertise their availability
and thereby expand their customer base. Typically, prospective clients browse the platform
to find a contractor for a specific task, such as plumbing or manicure, for direct payment in
cash. The platform is accessed mainly via mobile phone on the Vodacom network using
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data, which is not reliant on smartphone technology;
it also has a dedicated smartphone application and website (www.biscate.co.mz). The
platform has around 50,000 registered workers, and since its launch in 2016 more than
30,000 customers have used the service and 120,000 worker contacts have been requested
through it.
Emprego, which means ‘job’ or ‘employment’ in Portuguese, is a more conventional formal
jobs website where employers post vacancies and can receive applications from registered
users. The platform is only accessible via the internet (www.emprego.co.mz), including via
a dedicated mobile application. Currently, the site is accessed by around 18,000 individuals
daily and over 1,400 organizations in Mozambique use it, encompassing private firms and
non-governmental agencies. (page 7)",Employment status,"our main finding is that there is no
systematic causal effect of the platforms on labour market outcomes on average. That is,
neither rates of employment, job quality, nor wage incomes altered as a result of platform
usage. This contrasts with strong positive estimates of per-treatment effects, suggesting
clear self-selection—individuals with better employment prospects are more likely to use
these platforms. However, we find evidence of a reduction in life satisfaction associated
with both platforms, possibly driven by higher job search and reservation wages.
Subgroup analysis revealed employment outcomes of female graduates did improve, but
only from usage of the platform for informal work (Biscate) and particularly among those
with manual TVET qualifications. The implication is that jobs platforms are unlikely to be a
general panacea for un(der)employment in low-income Africa, at least where the supply of
employment openings is limited. However, in specific market niches where search frictions
are particularly high, matching platforms can play a positive role. At the same time, care
must be taken to avoid unintended aspirations failures. (page 21)",Human development and gender,Labor market institutions,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,Mozambique,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,For-profit firm,Government agency,,Individual,digital labour platforms | technical and vocational education | Youth Unemployment | MOZAMBIQUE,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/15409/labour-market-effects-of-digital-matching-platforms-experimental-evidence-from-sub-saharan-africa,Technical and vocational training|Matchmaking,Employment|Income,121.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The persistent effects of youth savings reminders: Experimental evidence from text-message campaigns in Colombia,"Rodriguez, Catherine | Saavedra, Juan E.",2019.0,Journal article,"We report on a nationwide field experiment with a commercial bank in Colombia in which low-income youth (12 years old on average) who open new accounts are randomly assigned immediately after opening the account to control or to receive one of three twelve-month text-messaging campaigns: i) monthly savings reminders, ii) semimonthly reminders, iii) monthly action-oriented financial education messages. Relative to control, monthly and semimonthly reminders groups increase account balances during the campaign as a result of reduced withdrawals, potentially through savings shifts from home to bank accounts. After the campaign youth in both reminders groups continue to use the accounts but do not deplete balances. The financial education campaign had a smaller, not statistically significant, effect on account balances, but some short-term effect on reducing withdrawals, possibly through shifts from home savings.",Savings promotion | Financial awareness,"One group receives monthly savings reminders, a second group receives semi-monthly savings reminders, and a third group receives twelve financial education SMS messages (one per month) (see page 137)",Total savings,"The main outcome is the savings account balances:
Table 2- Tuticuenta net account balances during twelve-month text-message campaign. (page 140)
Table 3- Tuticuenta net account balances after twelve-month text-message campaign. (page 141)
Table 4- Cumulative net withdrawal amounts during text-message campaign. (page 143)
Table 5 - Cumulative deposit amounts during text-message campaign. (page 144)",Finance,Financial stability,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"""This paper provides experimental evidence on the effects of a mobile- based financial capability intervention targeted at increasing savings among low-income youth between 7 and 18 years old (12 years old on average)."" (page 136)",Individual,Financial Education | Reminders | Text-messages | youth | Savings | Colombia,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387818308204?via%3Dihub,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Financial inclusion,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Role of local Promoters in Helping Microentrepreneurs Engage in Digital Business Training,"Rodríguez‑Lesmes, Paul | Gutiérrez, Luis H. | Urueña‑Mejía, Juan Carlos | Ortiz, Felipe Andres | Rojas, Iván Darío Medina | Romero,  Mauricio",2025.0,Journal article,"Policymakers face the challenge of delivering business training programs that are high-quality, scalable, and cost-effective. This paper examines the impact of Expertienda, a free, smartphone-based business training application designed for Colombian microentrepreneurs. Using a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and leveraging local promoters from nearby universities, we evaluated the program’s uptake and its effects on business practices, financial inclusion, and formalization. The study involved 994 microentrepreneurs across 10 Colombian cities, with data collected through administrative records and follow-up surveys one year after the intervention. The intervention increased app take-up by 3.97 percentage points, with no evidence of spillover effects across geographical boundaries. However, usage data reveals that the program struggled to engage users, as evidenced by low levels of interaction with the course. Moreover, we found no significant impacts on financial inclusion, formalization, business practices, or other key business outcomes. A high and unexpected attrition rate limited our ability to detect small effects, which are likely given the low levels of interaction with the app. This study is among the first to evaluate a mobile-based training intervention aimed at established microentrepreneurs who lack direct connections to the implementing organisation, providing important insights for the design and implementation of scalable digital training solutions.",Entrepreneurship training,"Microbusiness owners receive a digital business training program through a smartphone application. ""Our research explores this approach by implementing a local-promoters-based strategy to install and register in Expertienda, a smartphone application delivering short, interactive business training lessons. The lessons cover key topics, including business management, customer service, financial health, and marketing and sales."" (page 207)",Index of business knowledge and skills | Business formalisation | Financial literacy,"The training was meant to improved business formalization, good business practices like proper record keeping, and financial inclusion measured by access to financial products like loans, insurance and electronic wallets. ""The intervention was designed to impact three key areas: business practices, formalization, and financial inclusion.""  (page 214) - see Table 2 Components of indicator variables (page 216) | The training was meant to improve business formalisation, good business practices like proper record keeping, and financial inclusion measured by access to financial products like loans, insurance and electronic wallets. ""The intervention was designed to impact three key areas: business practices, formalisation, and financial inclusion.""  (page 214) - see Table 2 Components of indicator variables (page 216)",Finance,Financial inclusion,Education,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,For-profit firm,International financial institution,Not specified,Individual,Financial inclusion | business practices | Formality | Digital training | Microbusiness,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40821-025-00293-y,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Financial inclusion|Domestic business growth and market development|Digital inclusion,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vocational Training with HIV Prevention for Ugandan Youth,"Rotheram-Borus, Mary Jane | Lightfoot, Marguerita | Kasirye, Rogers | Desmond, Katherine",2012.0,Journal article,"In a pilot study, young people in slums in Kampala, Uganda received an HIV prevention program (Street Smart) and were randomized to receive vocational training immediately (Immediate) or four months later (Delayed). Youth were monitored at recruitment, 4 months (85% retention), and 24 months (74% retention). Employment increased dramatically: Only 48% had ever been employed at recruitment, 86% were employed from months 21 to 24 post recruitment. Over two years, decreases were recorded in the number of sexual partners, mental health symptoms, delinquent acts, and drug use; condom use increased. Providing employment in low income countries, in conjunction with HIV prevention, may provide sustained support to young people to prevent HIV acquisition.","Awareness campaigns about STI/HIV transmission, prevention, and treatment. | Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)","The youth received traditional HIV prevention programs and vocational training. “. Street Smart directly tries to reduce sex, alcohol, and drug use transmission-related acts. Street Smart does not address youth’s economic challenges. Therefore, we added vocational training by local artisans in an apprenticeship model as part of the intervention. Thus, this pilot study examines the added value of vocational training provided to urban Ugandan youth, who have received Street Smart, a traditional HIV prevention program.” (page 1134)",Employment type | Employment status | Sexual behaviour | Delinquent behaviours | Alcohol and tobacco consumption | Mental health | Quality of life/Life satisfaction | Social connectedness,"The primary outcomes were length and type of employment and sexual risk behaviors, Secondary outcomes included recent delinquent behaviors, recent alcohol or marijuana use, mental health symptoms, Quality of life, Social support and Sociodemographic data on age, gender, and family status.
Table 1 Observed outcomes by study condition at baseline and 4-month follow-up, with test of intervention effect (page 1136)
Table 2 Observed outcomes at baseline and 2-year follow-up, among participants with 2-year follow-ups (n = 74) (page 1136).",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,"“Even though the United Nations’ definition of youth is 15–24 years, the youth in our study were aged 13–23 years” (page 1134)",Individual,Vocational Training | Ugandan youth | HIV/AIDS Prevention | apprenticeship model,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10461-011-0007-y,Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Social factors|Food security, health, and nutrition",113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"The Impact of Microfinance in the Development of Micro and Small Enterprise Owned by Women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","Sapa, Amarech Bekalo",2018.0,Thesis,"Poor people benefit from microfinance and positively improve their poverty and socioeconomic conditions. Microfinance support serves as development tool to redress the exclusion of the poor from the development process and outcomes in the mainstream intervention frameworks. As developing countries and poverty context are diverse and contextual, comprehensive knowledge about and empirical evidence on the impact ofmicrofinance is scant. Specifically, the impact of microfinance services on the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) owned by women is scant. The findings of available studies and policy practice reports on microfinance in Ethiopia are not holistic in terms of a theoretical lens and methodological pluralism. Available studies do not consider the impact of microfinance and non-financial services on women-owned MSEs at household, individual and enterprise levels thereby reducing the poverty context and holistic empowerment at these levels. This study used multiple theoretical and conceptual frameworks: Hulme’s (2000, p. 79 - 81) microfinance impact assessment tool, debates on survivalist and growth-orientation perspectives of MSEs (Harvie, 2003, p. 27; Snodgrass &amp; Biggs, 1996, p. 43; Hallberg, 2001, p. 19; Nichter &amp; Goldmark, 2005, p. 67), women empowerment continuum model of interpretation (Filmon, 2009, p. 87) and policy practice at the epicenter of governance and policy decisionmaking (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital). The assessment considered three elements of microfinance impact assessment, generating primary evidence from 120 micro and smallbusiness owners (women entrepreneurs) whose firms stayed two years and above in the market and as clients of selected microfinance institutions. The clients considered were those who accessed at least two loan cycles and above. The respondents were randomly selected from three randomly selected microfinance institutions and a survey questionnaire was administered. The data sets were analysed using multiple tests (non-parametric statistical tests such as Pearson Correlation, Paired-Sample, Chi-Square, Wilcoxon Rank and McNemar tests) as well as parametric tests were conducted using logit econometric model. These tests were conducted to determine statistical difference of microfinance services after program intervention and the contribution of total loans taken on expenditure and businesses investment. The results indicated both developmental or survivalist firms. The result also indicated the empowerment of the women (MSEs owners). A significant number of womenentrepreneurs owning MSEs improved their living house, cash savings, household income, child education, household health, household food and diet, business investment, and decision making status in their households. In terms of policy support, the study identified that there were specific affirmative interventions (as stipulated in the policy documents) to support women entrepreneurs owning MSEs in terms of targeted financial service, provision of working and selling premises, designing and implementing training and skill development programs, market networking and tax support on their products and sales. The study recommends that different institutions that work on women empowerment and women associations have todesign women focused affirmative policy and strategy interventions to scale-up the positive results (growth-orientation of the MSEs) and address the bottlenecks that limit women entrepreneurs who own MSEs from accessing services that can transform the survivalist MSEs to profitable and empowering businesses for women. The recommendations are proposed to link women empowerment with working policy support.&nbsp;",Access to microcredit,"The intervention studied is the provision of financial and non-financial microfinance services to support the development and empowerment of women-owned micro and small enterprises in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. “This study fills the policy and research gaps… and provides empirical evidence for comprehensive policy understanding on the impact of microfinance on MSEs owned by women in Addis Ababa.” (Page 5)",Index of household wealth or assets | Index of household income | Overall expenditures | Index of empowerment | Overall work time | Private investment,"The outcomes of interest in this study are improvements in household assets, income, and expenditure; women's decision-making power and reduced workload; business investment; and the effects of non-financial services and policy approaches on women-owned MSEs. “...measured by improvements in assets, income, consumption, increase in decision making power, reduction in workload and investment by women owning the observed MSEs.” (Page 6)",Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Ethiopia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,“The target sample population of the study was women-owning MSEs and those who had spent at least two years benefiting from the selected microfinance institutions operating in Addis Ababa.” (Page 43),Firm/organisation,microfinance | business development services | MSEs | women owners | survivalist and growth-oriented firms | Addis Ababa,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://uir.unisa.ac.za/items/a11cfaf3-0029-491a-9c78-292155569430,Direct financing of private sector actors,Financial inclusion|Domestic business growth and market development|Social factors|Investment levels|Work-labor,138.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Balancing The Scales? Evaluating The Impact of Results-Based Financing On Maternal Health Outcomes and Related Inequality of Opportunity In Zimbabwe,"Makate, Marshall",2024.0,Journal article,"This study evaluates the impact of results-based financing (RBF) on maternal health outcomes and the inequality of opportunity (IOP) in these outcomes in Zimbabwe. We employ a difference-in-differences approach that leverages the staggered implementation of the programme across 60 districts, exploiting temporal variation in the introduction of RBF and individual-level variation in birth timing. Our analysis uses nationally representative, pooled cross-sectional data from the 2005/2006, 2010/2011, and 2015 Zimbabwe demographic and health surveys. Employing the extended two-way fixed effects (ETWFE) estimator to address biases associated with staggered rollouts, we find significant positive effects of RBF on maternal health outcomes. The programme is associated with an increase in the number of prenatal care visits by 0.185 units (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01), first-trimester care by 7.7 percentage points (pp) (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01), facility births by 8.6 pp (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01), and professional delivery assistance by 3.4 pp (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01), while reducing C-section rates by 1.3 pp (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01). Additionally, RBF is associated with reductions in IOP in prenatal care visits, early prenatal care, facility births, and professional delivery assistance by 3.8, 1.3, 8.4, and 4.9 pp (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01), respectively. These findings underscore the potential of RBF to enhance maternal health outcomes and promote health equity. Integrating equity considerations into health system strengthening initiatives is essential. Policymakers should ensure that health interventions improve access and balance opportunities across various socio-economic and demographic groups. This evidence suggests that RBF schemes can improve access to and equity in healthcare services, particularly in low-income settings such as Zimbabwe.",Performance-based financial incentives,"Incentivizing healthcare providers to enhance service (2.3. Overview of results-based financing programme in Zimbabwe, Pg 4)",Antenatal care,Table 2 Estimation results for overall ATT by ETWFE for prenatal care and delivery services outcomes in Zimbabwe.  pg 7,Human development and gender,Reproductive and maternal health,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Zimbabwe,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,International financial institution,"This dataset, collating detailed health-related data for women aged 15–49 and their children born within five years preceding each survey including fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, nutrition, and socio-economic characteristics, is invaluable for analysing the impact of RBF on maternal health outcomes and IOP in such outcomes. Pg 4",Individual,Results-based financing | Maternal health | Inequality of opportunity | Staggered difference-in-differences | Extended two-way fixed effects | Quasi-Experimental | Zimbabwe,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953624007111?via%3Dihub,Payments by results,"Food security, health, and nutrition",114.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Improving Pneumonia Case-Management in Benin: A Randomized Trial of a Multi-Faceted Intervention To Support Health Worker Adherence to Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines,"Osterholt, Dawn M. | Rokwe, Alexander K | Deming, Michael S. | Faustin, Onikpo | Lama, Marcel",2009.0,Journal article,"BackgroundPneumonia is a leading cause of death among children under five years of age. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy can improve the quality of care for pneumonia and other common illnesses in developing countries, but adherence to these guidelines could be improved. We evaluated an intervention in Benin to support health worker adherence to the guidelines after training, focusing on pneumonia case management.MethodsWe conducted a randomized trial. After a health facility survey in 1999 to assess health care quality before Integrated Management of Childhood Illness training, health workers received training plus either study supports (job aids, non-financial incentives and supervision of workers and supervisors) or ""usual"" supports. Follow-up surveys were conducted in 2001, 2002 and 2004. Outcomes were indicators of health care quality for Integrated Management-defined pneumonia. Further analyses included a graphical pathway analysis and multivariable logistic regression modelling to identify factors influencing case-management quality.ResultsWe observed 301 consultations of children with non-severe pneumonia that were performed by 128 health workers in 88 public and private health facilities. Although outcomes improved in both intervention and control groups, we found no statistically significant difference between groups. However, training proceeded slowly, and low-quality care from untrained health workers diluted intervention effects. Per-protocol analyses suggested that health workers with training plus study supports performed better than those with training plus usual supports (20.4 and 19.2 percentage-point improvements for recommended treatment [p = 0.08] and ""recommended or adequate"" treatment [p = 0.01], respectively). Both groups tended to perform better than untrained health workers. Analyses of treatment errors revealed that incomplete assessment and difficulties processing clinical findings led to missed pneumonia diagnoses, and missed diagnoses led to inadequate treatment. Increased supervision frequency was associated with better care (odds ratio for recommended treatment = 2.1 [95% confidence interval: 1.1-3.9] per additional supervisory visit).ConclusionIntegrated Management of Childhood Illness training was useful, but insufficient, to achieve high-quality pneumonia case management. Our study supports led to additional improvements, although large gaps in performance still remained. A simple graphical pathway analysis can identify specific, common errors that health workers make in the case-management process; this information could be used to target quality improvement activities, such as supervision (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00510679).",Health worker training,"Health worker adherence to the guidelines after training - IMCI-trained health workers in the intervention area received a package of study supports: IMCI-specific supervision (we intended two contacts every three months), supervision workshops, supervision of supervisors, job aids (patient registers that replaced IMCI recording forms, and counseling guides [11]), and non-financial incentives (certificate of merit presented at a ceremony annually). Pg 4",Pneumonia,Recommended treatment prescribed and recommended or adequate treatment prescribed -,Human development and gender,Non-communicable diseases,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Benin,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International aid agency,Analyses were restricted to ill children 2-59 months old seen for an initial consultation ........ pg 5,Individual,PNEUMONIA treatment | Incomplete Documentation | Health Facility Survey | Pneumonia Case | Health Worker,,Good Health and Well-being,,https://human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1478-4491-7-77,Technical and vocational training,"Food security, health, and nutrition",112.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Credit Programs for the Poor and the Health Status of Children in Rural Bangladesh,"Pitt, Mark M. | Khandker, Shahidur R. | Chowdhury, Omar Haider | Millimet, Daniel L.",2003.0,Journal article,"The impact of participation in group-based credit programs, by gender of participant, on the health status of children by gender in rural Bangladesh is investigated. These credit programs are well suited to studies of how gender-specific resources alter intra-household allocations because they induce differential participation by gender. Women's credit is found to have a large and statistically significant impact on two of three measures of the healthiness of both boy and girl children. Credit provided to men has no statistically significant impact and the null hypothesis of equal credit effects by gender of participant is rejected.",Access to microcredit,Group-based credit program participation (separately for husbands and wives) Pg 87 - 88,Weight | Height | Mid-upper arm measures,"Child-specific outcomes:
TABLE 5 ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES OF THE IMPACT OF CREDIT ON BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ BODY MASS INDEX | Child-specific outcomes
TABLE 6 ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES OF THE IMPACT OF CREDIT ON BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ HEIGHT-FOR-AGE | Child-specific outcomes: 
TABLE 4 ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES OF THE IMPACT OF CREDIT ON BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ ARM CIRCUMFERENCE",Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Bangladesh,South Asia,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Not specified,International financial institution,,Individual,group-based credit program | gender | Health status | Credit Program,,No Poverty,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00063,Direct financing of private sector actors,"Food security, health, and nutrition",123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Missing Information: Why Don'T More Firms Seek Out Business Advice?,"Bruhn, Miriam | Piza, Caio",2022.0,Published working paper,"This paper tests whether providing more information on business practices can lead firms to seek out advice and improve their practices. The authors collaborated with a business advice provider in Brazil to implement a randomized experiment with 866 small firms. The treatment groups received different versions of an information sheet that benchmarked business practices to other firms and listed five practices to improve. Receiving any information sheet increased demand for business advice by 7 percentage points, relative to 21 percent in the control group in the first six months, suggesting that information matters for seeking out advice. However, the control group catches up over the next 12 months. The intervention did not affect business practices and performance outcomes, but it decreased the fraction of firms that report being happy with their performance.",Entrepreneurship training,"Our study sample consists of 866 small firms that participated in SEBRAE-PR’s Business-to-Business (NaN, short for Negocio-a-Negocio) program in 2018. During this program, a SEBRAE-PR agent applies a questionnaire on 29 business practices and later delivers a dense 6-page report with recommendations for change. Pg 2-3",Observed transferable skills,Number of SEBRAE services used - Appendix Table A2: Effect of the information intervention on number of SEBRAE services used pg 23,Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Not specified,The final sample includes 866 firms,Firm/organisation,business practices | Benchmarking | Business Training | Firm Growth,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/4e7487b4-a4a8-589a-a273-93309117bf78,Technical and vocational training,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Firms’ Sponsored Training and Productivity in Morocco,"Sekkat, Khalid",2011.0,Journal article,"Using a sample of around 500 large and small firms covering six industries in Morocco, the article investigates the relationship between a firm's training decision in 1999 and labour productivity in subsequent years. The analytical framework allows output to depend on unobserved-time-invariant firm characteristics and assumes that technical progress depends on training. Controlling for unobserved heterogeneity among firms and correcting for potential self-selection and endogeneity bias, the estimation shows that the intensity of training has a significant and positive impact on productivity in small and medium enterprises. The finding is robust to the introduction of various control variables.",Entrepreneurship training,"Workers Training - The CSF objective is to encourage firms to incorporate training into their development plans. They are contracts between the government, the firms and the workers that involve refunding to firms the expenses incurred in organizing training programs for employees. The CSF provide financial assistance for both the drafting and the implementation of training plans. They are managed on a tripartite basis (government, employers and employees) and in a decentralized way. In addition to a central tripartite committee at the national level, there are ten tripartite regional committees covering the entire country. The training can be provided by either public or private bodies. Pg 7-8",Labour productivity,"Firm productivity - Table 4: Impact of training on productivity pg 22
Table 7: Impact of training on productivity and firm size",Private sector development,Entrepreneurship,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Morocco,Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm/organisation,Diversification | ECONOMICS | Training | Productivity,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220388.2010.536218,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Productivity gains,85.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Microfinance and the Millennium Development Goals in Pakistan: Impact Assessment Using Propensity Score Matching,"Setboonsarng, Sununtar | Parpiev, Ziyodullo",2008.0,Published working paper,,Access to microcredit,Giving loans to the poor - Microfinance toward the achievement of MDGs - pg 1,Household expenditure on food | Crop production/management time use | Index of livestock holdings | Household agricultural income index | Index of household wealth or assets | Income from non-farm employment | Total savings | Index of education finance | Healthcare utilisation | Index of empowerment | Employment hours,"Household consumption
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method. | Agricultural production
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method. | Animal raising
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method | Income transfers from outside
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method | Household durable assets
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method | Non-agricultural enterprise
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method | Savings and credit
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method | Education
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method | Healthcare
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method | Empowerment
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method | Labor and child labor
Table 14: The Impact of Khushhali Bank Lending on the Well-Being of the Poor. Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Nearest-Neighbor Matching Method",Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,International financial institution,,Individual,Microfinance. | Millennium Development Goals (Mdgs) | Pakistan | Propensity Score-Matching Methods (PSM),,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Zero Hunger | No Poverty",,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238569352_Microfinance_and_the_Millennium_Development_Goals_in_Pakistan_Impact_Assessment_Using_Propensity_Score_Matching,Direct financing of private sector actors,"Income|Food security, health, and nutrition|Education|Employment|Social factors|Work-labor|Financial inclusion",144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Microcredit to women and its contribution to production and household food security,"Faith, Namayengo Mayanja Muyonga",2017.0,Thesis,"The contents of this dissertation are based on a quantitative and qualitative survey that was conducted to assess the contribution of microcredit access of women to production and household food security status, and the factors associated with enterprise performance and food security outcomes. In order to do so four main issues were addressed: (a) assessment of the borrowing context and the match or mismatch between lender and borrower goals and objectives; (b) the extent to which taking microcredit affected business input expenditures and performance of non-farm MEs; (c) the extent to which taking microcredit affected production input expenditures and outputs from farming activities; (d) the changes in household food security associated with microcredit.The study was conducted among female microcredit clients of BRAC, one of the largest micro lenders in Uganda. The overall study design was a panel approach, involving two waves of data collection. In one analytical approach, baseline data for a group of existing borrowers (Old borrowers=OB) and incoming borrowers (New borrowers=NB) before they received their first loan, was used in a quasi-experimental cross-sectional design to assess the effect of borrowing as the difference between the two groups using propensity score matching (PSM).In an alternative approach, two waves of data for the NB and a control group (CG) of women who never borrowed from BRAC or other MFI, was subjected to difference-in-difference analysis (DID), with Kernel matching, to assess differences between borrowers and non-borrowers.We found that BRAC reaches poor, less educated subsistence farmers who also run diverse non-farm microenterprises (MEs). The group-lending model BRAC uses is effective in ensuring loan repayment. However, much as BRAC gives out production loans, many women borrow to meet lump-sum monetary needs, in addition to investment in non-farm MEs. High costs of borrowing, limited loan amounts, the stress caused by weekly loan repayment and resolution of lump-sum cash needs were identified as reasons for women to stop borrowing. The diversion of loans to non-production activities, the size and types of businesses, and loan terms and processes were identified and factors that could diminish the contribution of microcredit to ME expansion and income increase.Assessment of the effect of borrowing on non-farm ME performance revealed that much as borrowers invested reasonable fractions of received loans into non-farm MEs leading to improvement in monetary worth, the borrowing context, loan repayment terms, type and size of microenterprises did favour higher profits.In regard to farm production, borrowing did not lead to extra recurrent crop and animal production expenditures. The prevailing subsistence nature of crop and animal production did not seem to favour extra investment. As such, borrowing did not improve household food availability, through own production.Assessment of the effect of borrowing on household food security revealed a decline in food security following the uptake of microcredit. The analysis reveals robustly lower dietary diversity among long-time borrowers than among new borrowers, and larger reductions in dietary diversity scores among new borrowers, after one year, compared to controls. The reduction in dietary diversity was traced to a reduction in animal-source food, fruit and sugar intake. This was partly explained by observation of an apparent shift from own production to reliance on food purchase by households, which is not accompanied by substantial increase in income.Overall, we found that taking microcredit did not lead to improved farm and non-farm production or food security among the rural women borrowers studied. This was mainly attributed to nature of activities the women engage in, the loan terms and processes, and the local context the women operate under.",Access to microcredit,The BRAC microfinance program targets poor women (aged 20–50 years) with stable businesses to enhance the performance of their self-employment activities (agricultural or nonfarm microenterprises) (p50),Profits and revenues | Index of trade activity | Wealth and assets | Employee retention,Profit - Table 3.7. Effects of microcredit on non-farm ME performance (PSM with Kernel matching) for all respondents in the study (p83) | Monthly expenses for trade - Table 3.7. Effects of microcredit on non-farm ME performance (PSM with Kernel matching) for all respondents in the study (p83) | Total ME Value - Table 3.7. Effects of microcredit on non-farm ME performance (PSM with Kernel matching) for all respondents in the study (p83) | number of employees - Table 3.7. Effects of microcredit on non-farm ME performance (PSM with Kernel matching) for all respondents in the study (p83),Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,"We expected these women to have comparable characteristics as women in the OB category (cf.Armendáriz & Morduch, 2010). The selection criteria are summarised in Table 2.1",Community/village,,Microfinance,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Zero Hunger,,https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/microcredit-to-women-and-its-contribution-to-production-and-house,Direct financing of private sector actors,Income|Employment|International trade|Domestic business growth and market development,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Entrepreneurship Training and Self-Employment among University Graduates Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Tunisia,"Premand, Patrick",2012.0,Published working paper,"In economies characterized by low labor demand and high rates of youth unemployment, entrepreneurship training has the potential to enable youth to gain skills and create their own jobs. This paper presents experimental evidence on a new entrepreneurship track that provides business training and personalized coaching to university students in Tunisia. Undergraduates in the final year of licence appliquée were given the opportunity to graduate with a business plan instead of following the standard curriculum. This paper relies on randomized assignment of the entrepreneurship track to identify impacts on labor market outcomes one year after graduation. The analysis finds that the entrepreneurship track was effective in increasing self-employment among applicants, but that the effects are small in absolute terms. In addition, the employment rate among participants remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from wage employment to self-employment. The evidence shows that the program fostered business skills, expanded networks, and affected a range of behavioral skills. Participation in the entrepreneurship track also heightened graduates' optimism toward the future shortly after the Tunisian revolution.",Entrepreneurship training,"In June 2009, the Ministry of Education and Higher Education passed a reform creating an entrepreneurship track where students would receive business training and coaching to develop a business plan. (p7)",Index of employment,Table 4: Impacts on Employment Outcomes (p34),Private sector development,Entrepreneurship,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,Tunisia,Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,Table 1: Characteristics of Students in Licence Appliquée and Entrepreneurship Track,Individual,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/7079/entrepreneurship-training-and-self-employment-among-university-graduates-evidence-from-a-randomized-trial-in-tunisia,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Technical and vocational training,Employment,81.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Long-Term Direct and Spillover Effects of Job Training: Experimental Evidence from Colombia,"Kugler, Adriana D. | Kugler, Maurice | Saaverdra, Juan | Prada, Luis Omar Herrera",2015.0,Published working paper,"We use administrative data to examine medium and long-term formal education and labor market impacts among participants and family members of a randomized vocational training program for disadvantaged youth in Colombia. In the Colombian program, vocational training and formal education are complementary investments: relative to non-participants, randomly selected participants are more likely to complete secondary school and to attend and persist in tertiary education eight years after random assignment. Complementarity is strongest among applicants with high baseline educational attainment. Training also has educational spillover effects on participants? family members, who are more likely to enroll in tertiary education. Between three and eight years after randomization, participants are more likely to enter and remain in formal employment, and have formal sector earnings that are at least 11 percent higher than those of non-participants.",Apprenticeship programmes | Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"The intervention is a randomized vocational training program called Youth in Action (YIA) in Colombia, which included classroom training and apprenticeships to improve employment and educational outcomes for disadvantaged youth. ""We study the long-term direct and spillover effects of Youth in Action (YIA), a vocational training program introduced in Colombia in the early 2000s."" (Page 6)",Secondary education attainment | Tertiary school enrolment | Index of tertiary education | Labour force participation,"The study focuses on formal education and labor market outcomes for participants and their family members, including secondary and tertiary education attainment, employment in the formal sector, job tenure, and earnings.
Table 3: Secondary School Completion (page 36); Table 4: University and College Enrollment (page 37); Table 6: Higher Education Retention (page 39); Table 10: Labor Market Outcomes (page 43); Table 12: Labor Market Outcomes of Relatives (page 45)",Private sector development,Job creation,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Not specified,Individual,Vocational Training | Youth Employment | Tertiary Education | Randomized controlled trial | Spillover Effects | Colombia,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/10859.html,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Technical and vocational training,Education|Employment,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Public–Private Partnerships and Regional Economic Development: Quasi-Natural Evidence from China,"Liu, Yongzheng | Deng, Huaicong | Zhang,  Kewei",2024.0,Journal article,"Focusing on public–private partnerships (PPPs) in China, this study investigates how collaboration between the public and private sectors in public service provision affects regional economic development. To identify the causal effect of PPPs, we employ a difference-in-differences approach that exploits the variation in the timing of cities’ introduction of PPPs and apply it to a nationwide administrative PPP project dataset. We find that PPP introduction is associated with an average increase of 2.9% in cities’ real GDP per capita. We provide evidence that the effects of PPPs tend to be driven by increased investment, employment, and human capital accumulation. Furthermore, our heterogeneity analyses highlight the importance of private sector incentives in shaping the effects of PPPs.",Infrastructure development and reconstruction,"The intervention evaluates the impact of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) on regional economic development in China using a quasi-natural experiment at the city level. “With the endorsement of national policies, local governments have gradually introduced PPPs for infrastructure construction. At the outset, in 2009, only a few city governments collaborated with the private sector to provide public goods and services. By 2015, however, the number had increased to 153 cities.” (Page 3)",Index of economic indicators | Other investment holdings | Index of employment | Hospital bed availability | Number of teachers,"The outcomes of interest are regional economic development indicators, specifically real GDP per capita, investment, employment, and human capital accumulation. “Specifically, we shed light on the effect of PPPs on investment, employment, and human capital accumulation in cities.” (Page 17)
Table 2: Effects of PPPs on Regional Economic Development (Page 27). Table 5: Mechanisms of Impact – includes investment, employment, hospital beds, and primary teachers (Page 30)",Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Not specified,State/Provincial,Public–Private Partnerships | Economic development | Public Service  Provision | China,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4852854,Infrastructure development and financing,Domestic business growth and market development|Investment levels|Economic growth,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Small Matching Grants for Women Entrepreneurs: Lessons from the Past Recession,"Srhoj, Stjepan | Škrinjarić, Bruno | Radas, Sonja",2022.0,Journal article,"During the economic slowdown caused by the financial crisis in 2008, grants for entrepreneurs were made available to support economic development. Whether such a policy instrument is effective for business development is a highly relevant question in the aftermath of the COVID-19. We evaluate the causal effects of small business development matching grants using a quasi-experimental approach. The grants were exclusively targeted to women entrepreneurs and provided during the recession after the financial crisis. Our findings demonstrate an increase in bank loans and a positive impact on turnover, value-added, capital, employment, and overall factor productivity for more experienced women entrepreneurs. As the grants are too small to have direct economic effects or indirect effects via the certification effect, they alleviate time and information constraints of women entrepreneurs. The cost-benefit analysis shows an increase in value-added that outweighs the scheme-related costs.",SME grants,"The intervention was a small business development matching grant scheme targeting women entrepreneurs in Croatia during the 2008–2012 recession to alleviate time and information constraints and support access to external finance.""The grants financed childcare costs, preparation of documentation for bank loans, and development of business plans."" (page 3)",Index of loan use | Index of firm behaviour | Index of employment | Total factor productivity,"The study examined firm survival, bank loans, and firm performance indicators including turnover, value-added, capital, employment, and productivity. ""Our findings demonstrate an increase in bank loans and a positive impact on turnover, value-added, capital, employment, and overall factor productivity for more experienced women entrepreneurs."" (page 1). Table 3 (Outcome variables used in the analysis) (page 19). Table 4 (Treatment effects) (page 28). Table 5 (Mediation results) (page 29). Table 6 (Heterogeneous treatment effects) (page 30). Table 7 (Quantification of treatment effects) (page 32)",Finance,"Micro, small and medium enterprise finance",Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Croatia,Europe and Central Asia,High income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"""The target group of the grant scheme consisted exclusively of women entrepreneurs in micro- and small enterprises."" (page 3)",Individual,Women entrepreneurship | Matching Grants | Firm Performance | Financial Access | Gender Gap | Quasi-Experimental Evaluation,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-021-00524-2,Direct financing of private sector actors,Financial inclusion|Domestic business growth and market development|Productivity gains|Employment,19.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Heterogeneous Effects of Skill Training on Rural Livelihoods around Four Biosphere Reserves in China,"Sun, Qi | Bai, Yunli | Fu, Chao | Xu, Xiangbo | Sun, Mingxing | Cheng, Baodong | Zhang, Linxiu",2022.0,Journal article,"The growing contradiction between protection and livelihood is a common challenge for most protected areas in developing countries. Skill training is an important way to increase household income and alleviate the dilemma between conservation and development. However, its effects on household income around protected areas have rarely been explored. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of skill training on the income of households around four Biosphere Reserves in China and explore its mechanism. Based on the information collected from 381 households through face-to-face interviews, this study adopted descriptive analysis and multiple regression to yield consistent results. The results showed that agricultural and off-farm skill training had no impact on the total household income. The results from the mechanism analysis found that participation in off-farm skill training had a significant and positive effect on the total income of the households outside protected areas and participation in agricultural training had a positive effect on agricultural income. The findings indicate that the local government and protected area administration should increase the publicity for skill training, enrich the types training, appropriately supply livelihood support projects that reconcile conservation and development, and strengthen the infrastructure development around protected areas to promote off-farm employment and the circulation and sale of agricultural products. However, the impacts of any associated intensification should be carefully monitored.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"The intervention is about providing agricultural and off-farm skill training to improve household income and reduce reliance on natural resources in areas around biosphere reserves.
“The MCB and local government have also implemented a variety of skill training programs in the villages, under themes such as understory planting for traditional Chinese medicine, tea processing, and bee-keeping, to improve the livelihood of villagers.” (Page 5)",Overall household income | Income from non-farm employment | Household agricultural income index,"The main outcomes of interest are household income (total, agricultural, and off-farm income) and how they are affected by participation in skill training. “Households who participated in skill training had obviously higher income than those who did not participate in any training.” (Page 11). Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the samples – includes “Total income,” “Per capita off-farm income,” and “Per capita agricultural income” (Page 8). Table 3–6 present regression results analyzing impacts on these income categories (Pages 12–16).",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,China,East Asia and Pacific,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Not specified,Individual,Skills training | Income | Protected Area | Agricultural | off-farm,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/18/11524,Technical and vocational training,Income,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Effects of User Fee Reductions on Enrollment Evidence from a quasi-experiment,"Barrera-Osorio, Felipe | Linden, Leigh L. | Urquiola, Miguel",2007.0,Published report,"This paper evaluates the impact of a fee reduction program launched by the city of Bogota in 2004. The program is targeted using a proxy-mean index (the SISBEN index), such that the probability that households benefit from the fee reduction is a discontinuous function of their SISBEN score. This allows us to implement a regression discontinuity design which, as we discuss below, can yield rigorous and credible estimates of this program’s effect. To our knowledge, Bogota is the first setting in which such a design has been applied to evaluate a feereduction program. Our results suggest that the program had a significant impact. We find that the fee reductions offered to individuals of Sisben levels 1 and 2 have a positive effect on enrollment in primary grades for students in Sisben 1, and in high school grades for Sisben 2. Specifically, the estimates suggest that Gratuidad raises the probability of enrollment for primaryaged Sisben 1 students by about 3 percent, and for high school-aged Sisben 2 students by about 6 percent. Importantly, these positive effects seem to be larger for at-risk students, and to not vary by gender. While there are groups for which we find no effect (e.g. students of age to attend high school grades in Sisben 1) the overall pattern of results suggests the program had a significant impact.&nbsp;",Reduce school fees,"The intervention is a school fee reduction program called Gratuidad, introduced in Bogotá in 2004, which aimed to improve school enrollment among low-income households by reducing or eliminating education-related fees based on a household’s poverty score (Sisben index). “The Gratuidad program addressed this situation by reducing the fees for complementary services, and, for grades 10 and 11, those for academic fees as well.” (page 5).",Primary school enrolment,"The main outcome of interest is school enrollment, particularly the effect of the fee reduction on the likelihood of children enrolling in public schools. “Specifically, the estimates suggest that Gratuidad raises the probability of enrollment for primary-aged Sisben 1 students by about 3 percent, and for high school-aged Sisben 2 students by about 6 percent.” (page 3). Table 7: Gratuidad and the probability of enrollment (page 28). Appendix Table: Effects of the program on the probability of enrollment (page 29).",Human development and gender,Education financing,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,“The Gratuidad program provides varying levels of fee reductions to children from households in the poorest (lowest) two Sisben categories…” (page 3),Individual,,Not applicable,Quality Education | Reduced Inequality,,https://leighlinden.com/Gratuidad%20Draft%202007-01.pdf,Payments by results,Education,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of Vocational Training on Labor Market Outcomes in the Philippines,"Vandenberg, Paul | Laranjo, Jade",2020.0,Published working paper,"The paper analyzes the labor market outcomes of graduates of post-secondary technical and&nbsp;vocational education and training (TVET) in the Philippines. Based on human capital theory, our&nbsp;guiding assumption is that investment in education is rewarded through higher wages and a greater&nbsp;likelihood of being employed. Using household data for 2015–2016, the results show significantly&nbsp;higher wages for TVET graduates relative to those who entered the job market with a secondary school&nbsp;education or below. However, individuals who both trained in TVET and pursued tertiary (university)&nbsp;education tend to have a lower wage than those with secondary school education or below. This&nbsp;counterintuitive result is explained by the tendency for such dual-level individuals to complete the&nbsp;lowest level of TVET. Another result is that TVET graduates are more likely to be employed than both&nbsp;those who only studied at secondary school or below and those who studied at the tertiary level. The&nbsp;results are generated from a linear regression model that corrects for sample selection into&nbsp;employment and from the use of propensity score matching which addresses selection into TVET.&nbsp;",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),The intervention assessed is post-secondary Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in the Philippines and its effect on employment and wages. “This paper examines the labor market outcomes of post-secondary TVET in the Philippines. The outcome is defined as both the level of wages or salary (wage effect) and ability to secure a job (employment effect).” (page 1),Employment status | Wage levels,"The outcomes of interest are the impact of TVET on (i) employment (employment effect) and (ii) monthly wages (wage effect). “The objective is to test the correlation between TVET and outcomes in the labor market. There are two outcomes of interest: the wage effect and employment effect.” (page 5). Table 3: Share of Persons Employed in the Sample (page 10). Table 4: Determinants of Wage (page 11). Table 7: Differences in Log Monthly Wage using Propensity Score Matching – p. 13. Table 8: Employment Probability, Marginal Effects (page 14–15)",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Philippines,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Not specified,Not specified,Individual,TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) | Labor Markets | Skills training | Philippines | Gender | Employment,Not applicable,Quality Education | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.adb.org/publications/vocational-training-labor-market-outcomes-philippines,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,105.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Long Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: 9-Year Evidence From Uganda’s Youth Opportunities Program,"Blattman, Christopher | Fiala, Nathan | Martinez, Sabastian",2018.0,Published working paper,"In 2008, Uganda gave 400 USD per person to thousands of young people to help them start skilled trades, work more, and raise incomes. Four years on, an experimental evaluation found grants raised work by 17 percent and earnings by 38 percent (Blattman, Fiala, Martinez 2014). After nine years, we find these gains have dissipated. Grantees' investment leveled off; controls eventually increased their incomes through business and casual labor; and so both groups converged in employment, earnings, and consumption levels. We see little effect on mortality, fertility, or family health and education. However, grants had lasting impacts on durable asset stocks and skilled work.",SME grants,"YOP invited groups of young adults, aged roughly 16 to 35, to apply for cash grants in order to start a skilled trade such as metal fabrication, carpentry or tailoring. , …………………………………… YOP was targeted to young people with at least some education and prospects for starting a skilled trade. However, most YOP group members can not be considered well off, even by international standards. Pg 9-10",Skills developed | Index of household income | Index of employment | Index of child health | Mental health | Political engagement,"Vocational skills gained, returned to school, and hours of training received - Table 4: Program impacts on skills and capital investments after 2- and 4-years, pg 23 | Income family index composed; Monthly net earnings (i.e. business profits plus wages), Nondurable consumption, and Durable assets. - Table 6: Program impacts on Income and Savings after 4 and 9 years Pg 25 | Impacts on employment and time spent in skilled work - Table 7: Program impacts on employment after 4 and 9 years pg 29 | Table 11: 9-year program impacts on child mortality and fertility  pg 33 | Table 10: 9-year program impacts on respondent’s own physical and mental health pg 34 | Table 12: 9-year program impacts on political behavior",Private sector development,Youth employment,Social protection,Banking & Financial Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing with private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex,Non-profit organization,Government agency,"YOP invited groups of young adults, aged roughly 16 to 35, to apply for cash grants in order to start a skilled trade such as metal fabrication, carpentry or tailoring. Pg 9",Cohort,start-up grants | POVERTY | youth | Grants,,No Poverty,,https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aeri.20190224,Blended finance,"Education|Employment|Income|Food security, health, and nutrition",113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Do Gender and Business Trainings Affect Business Outcomes? Experimental Evidence from Vietnam,"Bulte, Erwin | Lensink, Robert | Vu, Nhung",2016.0,Journal article,"We use a randomized control trial to evaluate the impact of a business training for female clients of a microfinance institution in northern Vietnam, and we consider the impact on (i) business knowledge, (ii) practices, and (ii) outcomes, as well as (iv) firm entry and exit decisions. In addition, we vary the nature of the intervention by inviting husbands to participate in the trainings for a subsample of our respondents. To gauge both short-term and medium-term effects, we combine data from two separate postintervention surveys. We find evidence of economically substantive impacts on knowledge, practices, and outcomes, and on the extensive margin (entry and exit). We also document that it takes time for the “downstream” outcomes of the trainings to materialize; although we find evidence of medium-term effects, no such evidence exists for the short term. Inviting husbands to participate in the trainings does not affect any of our knowledge or practice measures, but we document weak evidence for differential impact on (agricultural) sales and profits.",Transferable skills training,"Gender and business (G&B) training  - The trainings provided through TYM fund are based on the Gender and Entrepreneurship Together (GET) Ahead for Women in Enterprise Training Package and Resource Kit, designed by the International Labour Organization (ILO). Pg 4",Business knowledge | Profits and revenues | Starting a business,"Measures of business knowledge -Table 3 Training and Business Knowledge Pg 9
Adoption of key business practices - Table 4 Training and Business Practices | Training on Nonfarm and Farming Outcomes 
sales and profits. - Table 5 Training and Total Outcomes Pg 11; Table 6 Training and Business Outcomes, pg 12
Table 7 Training and Agricultural Outcomes | Training on Business Entry and Survival
Table 8 Training and Business Entry and Exit, Pg 14",Human development and gender,Skills development,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Vietnam,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,In this paper we evaluate the impact of a gender and business training provided to female clients of the Tao Yeu May (TYM) Fund,Individual,microfinance | finance-plus | evaluation of training interventions,Not applicable,No Poverty,,https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2472,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Income|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",38.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Evaluation Synthesis - Private Sector Engagement,"Habbel, Valarie | Orth, Magdalena | Richter, Johanna",2021.0,Published report,"Cooperation between development policy actors and the private sector is becoming increasingly important, among other reasons because the development community anticipates that it will mobilise additional resources for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Until now, however, the only research on whether the goals of such cooperation have been achieved has taken the form of evaluations and academic studies on individual projects and instruments. This evaluation synthesis attempts to fill this gap by systematically analysing the available evidence on private sector engagement within German and international development cooperation. Overall, the evaluations and studies included in the analysis report mainly positive effects on investors and donors, intermediaries, partner countries and target groups. However, various analyses, including an assessment of the quality of the evaluations, suggest that a positive-results bias is present. The evaluation synthesis puts forward recommendations on defining indicators, on measuring and assessing impacts and additionality, on knowledge management, and on considering the transaction costs involved in cooperating with private sector actors",Financing opportunities | Investment guarantees,,Business knowledge,,Private sector development,Investment and business climate,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,,,SR,srr,Value chain development|Promotion of responsible business practices,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms | Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,,,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,Low,,Direct financing of private sector actors|Infrastructure development and financing|Service management and delivery PPP|Co-location model,"Network building|Mobilization|Coordination and policy dialogues|Costs|Economic growth|Domestic business growth and market development|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Productivity gains|Social factors",,Effectiveness,Low,Low,Low,No,Yes,No,Partially,no,Narrative synthesis,Narrative/thematic synthesis,,,,No,No,yes,yes,yes
"The Impact of Private Schools, School Chains and PPPs in Developing Countries","Crawfurd, Lee | Hares, Susannah | Todd, Rory",2024.0,,"The private school sector has expanded with almost no public intervention to educate half of primary school children in many urban centers in Africa and Asia. Simple comparisons of test scores would suggest that these private schools may provide better quality than public schools, but how much of this difference is due to selection effects is unclear. Much donor and policymaker attention has proceeded on the basis that private schools do perform better, and focused on models of public subsidy to expand access, and investment in networks or chains to encourage expansion.We review the evidence of the effects of private schools on learning, and how that effect translates to public-private partnerships (PPPs). We also study the effects of private school chains. We conduct a systematic review for eligible studies, with transparent search criteria. The search resulted in over 100 studies on low-cost private schools and PPPs, with a large majority being on low-cost private schools. Our meta-analysis shows moderately strong effects from private schooling, although the limited number of experimental studies find much smaller effects than quasi-experimental studies. This advantage, though, is not nearly enough to help most children reach important learning goals. Turning to policy goals, we find that the private school advantage has not translated to public private partnerships, which have shown limited value in improving quality. They can however represent a lower-cost means of increasing access to school. We also find that private school chains perform little better than individual private schools and have little scope for achieving meaningful scale.",,,,,,,Education,,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Ecuador | Guatemala | Honduras | Paraguay | Haiti | Cambodia | Senegal | Zambia | Kenya | Tanzania,,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,the SR refers to children in school throughout the review,,,,Quality Education,Low,,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,,,Low,Low,Low,No,Yes,,No,no,,,,,,No,No,no,no,no
Social franchising in healthcare: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of implementation and outcomes,"Rahman, Hafizur Md | Perkins, Janet | Usmani, Nasimul Ghani",2025.0,,"Introduction The growing prominence of socialfranchising in healthcare underscores the need to analyseits implementation and impacts; however, substantialresearch gaps remain. Therefore, we aimed to conduct asystematic review and narrative synthesis of evidence toanalyse the social franchise models, implementation andoutcomes.Methods We conducted a systematic literature searchin February 2024 on Medline, Embase, PubMed, Web ofScience, CINAHL and Scopus using terms related to socialfranchising in healthcare. We conducted a qualitativenarrative synthesis of study findings into five thematicareas: client impact and utilisation, healthcare outcomes,financial sustainability, innovative technologies andawareness activities.Results From 4184 search results, 47 studies wereincluded in the analysis. We identified 29 social franchisesacross 25 countries. Social franchises were mostly presentin Africa, Asia and Central America. Most franchisesfocused on sexual, reproductive and maternal health(n=18) and family planning (FP) (n=25), and most includedtraining (n=21), service provision (n=17) and financialsupport (n=12). Franchising improved client volumes,satisfaction and contraceptive continuation rates andincreased access to healthcare. Vouchers and subsidisedservices reduced the financial burden among clients.Telemedicine and call centres enhanced healthcaredelivery, and community outreach and marketing increasedawareness and modern contraceptive use. However,franchises struggled to reach poorer populations due tohigh fees and competition from public services. It often didnot improve FP, reproductive healthcare and child nutritionand had limited branding and promotional activities.Additionally, heavy reliance on donor funding threatenedlong- term sustainability.Conclusion Social franchising presents a potentialstrategy for expanding healthcare access and improvingservice delivery, though outcomes regarding theeffectiveness of social franchising vary across regions.More research is needed to evaluate digital technologyuse and the long-term impact, equity and sustainability ofsocial franchising.",Social License to Operate (SLO),"Social franchises often provide subsidised services to achieve a lower out-of-pocket cost for clients, alongside a distinctive brand name or logo that unifies all service delivery sites.7 In this network, the franchiser plays a pivotal role in conceptualising a social framework, ensuring network coherence and promoting uniformity among franchisees.8 9 While franchisees benefit from using the proven model and brand name to achieve social goals, they must adhere to quality standards, share sales and service data and, in some cases, pay franchise fees",Access to healthcare,"Social franchises employed various interventions, primarily focusing on training and capacity building, service provision and increasing access to care, as identified in other systematic reviews.10 64 By addressing supply and demand-side barriers, they enhanced both the availability of health services and individuals ability to access them. However, there was comparably limited emphasis on promotion, demand creation, quality assurance and monitoring within these franchises.",Human development and gender,Health system strengthening,Health,Health,,,SR,srr,Value chain development,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,,systematic literature search | Social Franchising | Systematic review | Narrative Synthesis,,Good Health and Well-being,Low,https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/2/e017101,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",,Effectiveness,Low,Low,Low,No,,No,No,yes,Narrative synthesis,Narrative/thematic synthesis,,,,No,No,no,yes,yes
Availability and Prescription Practice of Anti-malaria Drugs in the Private Health Sector in Yemen,"Ghouth, Abdulla Salim Bin",2013.0,Journal article,"Introduction: Although the government of Yemen changed the national policy for treating malaria in November 2005 from chloroquine to combination drugs in the form of artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as first line and lumefantrine + artemether as second line treatment for uncomplicated malaria, clinicians in public and private health facilities continued to prescribe chloroquine because their knowledge about the new treatment policy was poor.Methodology: A non-randomized trial of pre- and post-evaluation of the training and reporting interventions about prescription behaviors and availability of anti-malaria drugs among clinicians and pharmacists in the private sector in three governorates in Yemen&nbsp;was conducted.Results: Adherence of clinicians in the private sector to the new national guidelines for anti-malaria drugs improved from 21% in pre-intervention period to 38% after the intervention for artesunate + SP being prescribed as the first-line treatment.&nbsp;Prescription of lumefantrine + artemether as the second-line anti-malaria treatment was also improved from 18% before the intervention to 22% post-intervention. Unfortunately the combination of halofantrine + SP continued to be frequently prescribed by clinicians in Sana'a city (18%). Artesunate + SP and quinine are increasing their marketing significantly from 8% in the pre-intervention period to 22% post-intervention (P-value 0.001).Conclusions: The study provides evidence of usefulness of the training intervention on the national guidelines for malaria treatment. Additionally, the involvement of private health-care providers in reporting procedures will promote the rational prescription and availability of anti-malaria drugs.",Health worker training,"The intervention involved training private healthcare providers and engaging them in monthly reporting to improve adherence to national malaria treatment guidelines.
“The intervention was comprised of two components: the first was a one-day training course, and the second was the involvement of the participants in reporting their prescription practices following the training.” (page 406)",Malaria prophylaxis usage | Medicine availability,"The outcomes measured were prescription practices, drug availability, and marketing patterns of anti-malaria drugs in the private sector. “The outcome variables were as follows: 1) prescription of anti-malaria drugs among clinicians... 2) availability of anti-malaria drugs... 3) marketing of anti-malaria drugs...” (page 407). Table 1 (Availability): (Page 408). Table 2 (Marketing): (Page 408). Table 3 (Prescription for uncomplicated malaria): (Page 408). Table 4 (Prescription in pregnancy): (Page 409). Table 5 (Prescription for severe malaria): (Page 409).",Human development and gender,Malaria control,Health,Health,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,"Yemen, Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International aid agency,Not specified,Individual,MALARIA | Surveillance | Private | Yemen,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Reduced Inequality,,https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/23669430,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",159.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
How Entrepreneurs Achieve Purpose Beyond Profit: The Case of Women Entrepreneurs in Nigeria,"Barkema, Harry G. | Bindi, Uta K. | Tanveer, Lamees",2024.0,Journal article,"This paper investigates how entrepreneurs achieve a sense of purpose or, more precisely,&nbsp;eudaimonic well-being—the experience of a good and meaningful life. We explore this in the context of women entrepreneurs participating in a business training program in Nigeria. Specifically, we conduct mixed-methods research, starting with an inductive qualitative Study 1 of what eudaimonic well-being means for these entrepreneurs. We find that, in the context of their enterprises, eudaimonic well-being implies opportunities to experience self-cultivation, mastery, social recognition, and to benefit others in the community. Unexpectedly, the women in our study also experience eudaimonic well-being related to their households. These initial insights inform theory in Study 2 on how enterprise-related learning (i.e., acquiring and assimilating knowledge regarding the enterprise) and household-related learning (acquiring and assimilating knowledge regarding the household) influence their eudaimonic well-being, itself driven by strong social ties with other women entrepreneurs in the training program. Hypotheses testing through a quantitative study of 484 women entrepreneurs in Nigeria over time corroborates the theory. Our research provides a contextualized perspective of “purpose” in entrepreneurship and how to achieve it: by developing strong social ties, enabling enterprise- and household-related learning, women entrepreneurs in our context initiate greater eudaimonic well-being, beyond improving firm performance.",Entrepreneurship training,The intervention is a six-week business training program aimed at improving firm performance and entrepreneurial well-being. “They participated in a six-week business training facilitated by an enterprise development center affiliated with a prominent university in Lagos.” (page 1043),Individual economic well-being | Index of firm behaviour,"The outcomes are the entrepreneurs’ eudaimonic well-being (EEWB) and firm performance. “Entrepreneurs’ experience of EEWB in our study was particularly salient in opportunities for self-cultivation, mastery, to benefit others in the community, and social recognition.” (page 1055)
Table 3 (page 1057): “Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations of Main Study Variables”. Table 5 (page 1061): Descriptives for firm performance and EEWB. Table 6 (page 1063): “Bootstrapping Results for Test of Indirect Effects…”",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Interrupted time series analysis,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Measures effects on an inequality outcome,Sex,For-profit firm,Charitable or private foundation,"The target population is Nigerian women opportunity entrepreneurs.  “Our findings, situated in a business training setting in Nigeria, indicate how these entrepreneurs were able to shape their EEWB.” (page 1062)",Individual,Eudaimonic Well-Being | Women entrepreneurs | Entrepreneurial Learning | social ties | Household-Enterprise Interface | Gender Equity,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Good Health and Well-being,,https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.2021.15341,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Domestic business growth and market development|Social factors,148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Agribusiness Empowerment Interventions on Youth Livelihoods: Insight from Africa,"Adeyanju, Dolapo | Mburu, John | Gituro, Wainaina | Chumo, Chepchumba | Mignouna, Djana | Mulinganya, Noel",2023.0,Journal article,"This study generates evidence to understand the impact of agribusiness empowerment programmes on youth livelihoods in developing countries based on the ENABLE-TAAT programme implemented in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda. A multistage sampling technique was used in obtaining primary agribusiness-level data from a sample of 1435 young agripreneurs from the study countries. An Endogenous Treatment Effect Regression (ETER) model was used to assess the impact of programme participation on youth livelihoods (income and food security). Results show that participation significantly increased youth's agripreneurship income by 7% and improved food security by 75% for the pooled analysis. The country disaggregation results show that participation led to a 54% and 37% increase in the income of participants in Nigeria and Uganda, respectively. Also, positive and significant impacts were obtained for food security in the two East African countries. These findings suggest policy interventions or programmes focusing on youth agribusiness empowerment, particularly those that target young actors along different agricultural value chains. The study also suggests interventions geared towards mitigating constraints to credit access and productive resources by young agripreneurs to ease barriers to working capital and business innovation.",Entrepreneurship training | Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"The ENABLE-TAAT programme aims to engage youth in agribusiness through training, mentorship, and technical support to improve livelihoods. ""The programme provided an intensive 6-week training, mentorship, and technical assistance and facilitated the creation and expansion of youth-led agribusiness enterprises along the TAAT value chains"" (Page 3).",Income from agriculture | Food security index,"The primary outcomes are agribusiness income and food security among youth. “This study focused on two outcome measures, agribusiness income and food security...” (Page 4). Table 3: Food consumption of youths in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda (Page 5). Table 4: Impact of the ENABLE-TAAT programme on youths’ income and food security (Page 6). Table 5: Factors influencing Youth Agripreneurship Income (Page 7). Table 6: Factors influencing youth food consumption (Page 8).",Human development and gender,Skills development,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex | Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Sex | Socioeconomic status | Place of residence,Non-profit organization,International financial institution,"“The ENABLE-TAAT programme was initiated to involve youth, aged 18–35 years, in the process of agricultural transformation” (Page 3).",Individual,Youth Unemployment | Agribusiness programme | Youth livelihood | Young agripreneur | Food security,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(23)08499-2?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405844023084992%3Fshowall%3Dtrue,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Technical and vocational training,"Income|Food security, health, and nutrition",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Credit and Training on Enterprise Performance: Evidence from Urban Ethiopia,"Araar, Abdelkrim | Awel, Yesuf | Boka, Jonse | Girma, Hiywot | Shafi, Ajebush | Yitbarek, Eleni | Zerihum, Mulatu",2019.0,Published working paper,"This study evaluates the impact of business-development-support programs (credit, training, and a combination of both) on the performance of micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia. Using 2015 Ethiopian urban survey data and employing endogenous-switching regressions for multiple treatments, we document a positive and significant effect of credit, training, and a combination of training and credit on MSEs. Our results highlight the heterogeneity in treatment effects between women- and men-owned MSEs: women-owned businesses do not benefit from access to treatments. Our results suggest that improving the performance of MSEs requires fine-tuned interventions that meet the specific needs of men and women who own small businesses rather than one-size-fits-all programs.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Access to microcredit,"The intervention assessed the impact of credit, training, and their combination on the performance of micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) in urban Ethiopia. “We examined the impact of the two main government interventions; namely, credit and training.” (page 12)",Profits and revenues,The main outcome of interest is the monthly sales revenue of MSEs. “Tables 4.3 and 4.4 present the estimated treatment effects for all MSEs in our sample. The ATE shows the difference in revenue...” (page 16). Table 4.3 – ATE of Multiple Treatments-All (page 16). Table 4.4 – ATT Estimates of Multiple Treatments-All (page 17). Table 4.5 – ATE of Multiple Treatments by Gender (page 18),Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,Ethiopia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,Not specified,Firm/organisation,Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) | Credit Access | Business Training | Enterprise Performance | Endogenous Switching Regression | Gender Heterogeneity,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3410577,Direct financing of private sector actors|Technical and vocational training,Income,138.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Impact of Ministry of Health Interventions on Private Medicine Retailer Knowledge and Practices on Anti-Malarial Treatment in Kenya,"Abuya, Timothy | Fegan, Greg | Rowa, Yvone | Karisa, Baya | Ochola, Sam | Mutemi, Wilfred | Marsh, Vicki",2009.0,Journal article,"Small-scale interventions on training medicine retailers on malaria treatment improve over-the-counter medicine use, but there is little evidence on effectiveness when scaled up. This study evaluated the impact of Ministry of Health (MoH) training programs on the knowledge and practices of medicine retailers in three districts in Kenya. A cluster randomized trial was planned across 10 administrative divisions. Findings indicated that 30.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.3, 39.0) and 5.2% (95% CI: 2.1, 10.3) of program and control retailers, respectively, sold MoH amodiaquine with correct advice on use to surrogate clients (OR = 8.8; 95% CI: 2.9, 26.9;&nbsp;P&nbsp;&lt; 0.001). Similarly, 61.8% (95% CI: 54.2, 69.1) and 6.3% (95% CI: 2.7, 12.1) of program and control retailers, respectively, reported correct knowledge on dosing with amodiaquine (OR = 29.8; 95% CI: 8.2, 108.8). Large-scale retailer training programs within the national malaria control framework led to significant improvements in retailers’ practices across three districts.",Health worker training | Community engagement & health promotion,"The intervention involved training private medicine retailers (PMRs) and disseminating public information to improve the use of over-the-counter (OTC) antimalarial drugs in Kenya. “Following the DoMC guidelines, all three districts aimed to implement programs with two core components: workshop-based training of all PMRs selling AM medicines and widespread public information campaigns on the use of OTC AMs.” (page 906)",Health worker knowledge and skills,"Outcomes include retailers’ knowledge and practices related to antimalarial medicine use, particularly amodiaquine (AQ), focusing on correct advice, proper dosing, and identification of symptoms. “Overall, 30.7%... of all medicine sales through intervention PMRs... included the MoH-recommended AM with correct advice on its use.” (page 908)",Human development and gender,Skills development,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International aid agency,Not specified,Individual,MALARIA | Private Medicine Retailers (PMRs) | training; | Amodiaquine | Home Management of Malaria (HMM) | Kenya.,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/80/6/article-p905.xml,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Investing in Technical & Vocational Education and Training: Does It Yield Large Economic Returns in Brazil?,"Almeida, Rita | Anazawa, Leandro | Filho,  Naercio Menezes | Vasconcellos, Ligia",2015.0,Published working paper,"Technical education and training has been dramatically expanding in Brazil recently. However, there remains no evidence on the cost effectiveness of this alternative track to a more general education. This paper quantifies the wage returns of completing technical and vocational education and training compared with the returns of completing the general education track, for individuals with similar observable characteristics. Exploring data from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey, the paper profiles the students taking up this track and quantifies the impact of different types of technical and vocational education and training courses on individuals' hourly wages. After controlling for selection on observables with propensity score matching, the analysis shows positive and statistically significant wage premiums for students completing technical school at the upper secondary level (on average 9.7 percent) and for those completing short-term training courses (2.2 percent on average). The paper also documents significant heterogeneity of impacts depending on the courses and the profile of students. For realistic unitary costs of providing technical and vocational education and training, the evidence suggests technical education is a cost-effective modality. The courses offered by the publically financed and privately managed ""Sistema S,"" together with courses in the manufacturing area have the highest positive impacts",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),The intervention evaluates the wage returns and labor market impact of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Brazil compared to general education. “This paper analyzes the individual wage returns from completing a TVET course compared with a more general education. We also analyze the heterogeneity of these impacts and the probability of entering the labor market or tertiary education for individuals with a technical-vocational education background compared to those with a more general education.” (page 2),Wage levels | Employment status,The key outcomes are hourly wage levels and probabilities of labor market entry or transition to tertiary education. “Our main objective is to examine the effect of completing a certain type of technical-vocational education course on the wages of individuals…” (page 8). Table 9: Wage premia using OLS (page 23). Table 10: Wage premia using propensity-score matching (page 24). Table 13: Likelihood of working (page 37). Table 14: Likelihood of being economically active (page 38). Table 15: Entry into higher education (page 39).,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex | Socioeconomic status,Government agency,Non-profit organization,Individuals aged 14 and older who were working during the reference week of the 2007 PNAD survey. “We restrict the attention to the group of individuals aged fourteen or older who worked during the reference week.” (page 11),Individual,Technical education | Wage premium | Labor Markets | Vocational Training | Propensity Score Matching (PSM) | Brazil,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Reduced Inequality,,https://www.econbiz.de/Record/-/10012246283,Technical and vocational training,Income|Employment,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Effectiveness and Equity of Public-Private Partnerships in Education: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of 17 Countries,"Baum, Donald R.",2018.0,Journal article,"I estimate achievement effects of education public-private partnerships (PPPs) in 17 countries on the 2009 PISA assessment. Enrollment in PPP schools is tied to student wealth and prior academic ability. PPP students outperform their public peers on half of all outcomes. After accounting for selection, the PPP performance advantage remains on one-quarter of outcomes. However, nearly all of these performance differences are accounted for by school-level peer group effects. PPP schools are outperforming their public counterparts not through any advantages in productive efficiency but through sorting of more capable students.",PPP in education,"The study evaluates the academic outcomes and equity implications of publicly funded private schools across 17 countries. “This study provides a quasi-experimental evaluation of delivery-based PPPs (i.e., partnerships that combine public finance with private provision)…” (page 3).",Math test scores | Student reading achievement | Science test scores,"The outcomes are student achievement in mathematics, reading, and science using PISA scores. “The dependent variables of interest in this study are student math, reading, and science scores” (page 7).",Human development and gender,Private sector delivery of education,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Financing of private sector actors,Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,Multi-continent,,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Socioeconomic status | Education,Government agency,Government agency,"""This study uses student achievement data from the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the global initiative that aims to assess the preparedness of 15-year-olds to meet the needs of today’s knowledge-based economies” (p. 7).",Individual,Public-private partnerships | Vouchers | school choice | Peer Effects | PISA,Not applicable,Quality Education | Reduced Inequality,,https://epaa.asu.edu/index.php/epaa/article/view/3436,Direct financing of private sector actors,Education,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of an Adolescent Girls Employment Program: The EPAG Project in Liberia,"Adoho, Franck | Chakravarty, Shubha | Korkoyah, Dala T. Jr. | Lundberg, Mattias | Tasneem, Afia",2014.0,Published working paper,"This paper presents findings from the impact evaluation of the Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG) project in Liberia. The EPAG project was launched by the Liberian Ministry of Gender and Development in 2009 with the goal of increasing the employment and income of 2,500 young Liberian women by providing livelihood and life skills training and facilitating their transition to productive work. The analysis in this paper is based on data collected during two rounds of quantitative surveys in 2010 and 2011, the second of which was conducted six months after the classroom-based phase of the training program ended. Strong impacts are found on the employment and earnings outcomes of program participants, relative to a control group of non-participants. The EPAG program increased employment by 47 percent and earnings by 80 percent. In addition, the impact evaluation documents positive effects on a variety of empowerment measures, including access to money, self-confidence, and anxiety about circumstances and the future. The evaluation finds no net impact on fertility or sexual behavior. At the household level, there is evidence of improved food security and shifting attitudes toward gender norms. These results reinforce the highly positive feedback received from focus group discussions with program participants. Finally, preliminary cost-benefit analysis indicates that the budgetary cost of the EPAG business development training for young women is equivalent to the value of three years of the increase in income among program beneficiaries. These preliminary results provide strong evidence for further investment and research into young women's livelihood programs in Liberia.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),The intervention provided adolescent girls with six months of classroom-based job or business skills training followed by six months of support for labor market entry. “EPAG was designed to alleviate the barriers to entering the labor market faced by young women… The program combined six months of classroom-based technical and life skills training… followed by six months of follow-up support…” (page 3).,Employment status | Wage levels | Total savings | Empowerment | Adolescent fertility,"The outcomes include employment, earnings, savings, empowerment, fertility, and household-level spillovers. “The outcomes of interest for this impact evaluation fall into three categories: … employment, earnings, and savings… empowerment… [and] spillover effects” (page 3). Employment: Table 3 (page 34). Earnings: Table 4 (page 37). Savings and loans: Table 5 (page 39). Empowerment: Table 6a (page 40). Fertility: Table 7 (page 42). Household spillovers: Tables 8 & 9 (pages 43–44).",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Social protection,Other social infrastructure and services,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Liberia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Charitable or private foundation,"“The EPAG program was targeted to young women who: i) were age 16 to 27, ii) possessed basic literacy and numeracy skills, iii) were not enrolled in school… and iv) resided in one of nine target communities in and around Monrovia” (page 6).",Individual,Adolescents | Gender | Vocational Training | Youth Employment | Sub-Saharan Africa,Not applicable,Gender Equality | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/13784e9b-00e6-587c-8f4e-d2f3893d6ed9,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income|Financial inclusion|Social factors,70.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Skills to Pay the Bills: Returns to On-the-job Soft Skills Training,"Adhvaryu, Achyuta | Kala, Namrata | Nyshadham, Anant",2018.0,Published working paper,"We evaluate the causal impacts of on-the-job soft skills training on the productivity, wages, and retention of female garment workers in India. The program increased women’s extraversion and communication, and spurred technical skill upgrading. Treated workers were 20 percent more productive than controls post-program. Wages rise very modestly with treatment (by 0.5 percent), with no differential turnover, suggesting that although soft skills raise workers’ marginal products, labor market frictions are large enough to create a substantial wedge between productivity and wages. Consistent with this, the net return to the firm was large: 258 percent eight months after program completion.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"The intervention was a randomized evaluation of an on-the-job soft skills training program (P.A.C.E.) aimed at female garment workers, covering communication, time management, problem-solving, and financial literacy. “The initiative, which is named Personal Advancement and Career Enhancement (P.A.C.E.), aims to empower female garment workers via training in a broad variety of life skills, including modules on communication, time management, financial literacy, successful task execution, and problem-solving.” (page 2)",Total factor productivity | Wage levels | Self-perception | Employee retention,"The study assessed outcomes such as productivity, wages, retention, task complexity, and self-assessment. “We assessed the impacts of soft skills training on 1) direct and indirect measures of the stock of these skills; and 2) administrative data on retention, productivity, wages, task complexity, and other workplace outcomes.” (Page 2)",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,India,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,For-profit firm,For-profit firm,“We enrolled female garment workers in a lottery for the chance to take part in the P.A.C.E. program…” (page 2),Individual,Soft Skills | Productivity | female workers | RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial) | Garment Industry | Workplace Training,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://www.nber.org/papers/w24313,Technical and vocational training,Productivity gains|Income|Social factors|Work-labor,115.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Training Disadvantaged Youth in Latin America: Evidence from a Randomized Trial,"Attanasio, Orazio | Kugler, Adriana | Meghir, Costas",2008.0,Published working paper,"Youth unemployment in Latin America is exceptionally high, as much as 50% among the poor. Vocational training may be the best chance to help unemployed young people at the bottom of the income distribution. This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized training program for disadvantaged youth introduced in Colombia in 2005 on the employment and earnings of trainees. This is one of a couple of randomized training trials conducted in developing countries and, thus, offers a unique opportunity to examine the causal impact of training in a developing country context. We use originally collected data on individuals randomly offered and not offered training. We find that the program raises earnings and employment for both men and women, with larger effects on women. Women offered training earn about 18% more than those not offered training, while men offered training earn about 8% more than men not offered training. Much of the earnings increases for both men and women are related to increased employment in formal sector jobs following training. The benefits of training are greater when individuals spend more time doing on-the-job training, while hours of training in the classroom have no impact on the returns to training. Cost-benefit analysis of these results suggests that the program generates a large net gain, especially for women.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"The intervention offered vocational training, including classroom and on-the-job components, to disadvantaged urban youth in Colombia. “The third, ‘Jóvenes en Acción,’ which is the program evaluated in this study, provided training to young people living in urban areas.” (page 9)",Employment status | Wage levels | Overall work time | Employment type,"The key outcomes include employment status, wages, hours and days worked, and access to formal sector jobs. “The results show that the program had substantial effects on both women and men... wage and salaried earnings, the probability of employment, days and hours worked, the probability of having a formal job, and the probability of having a job with a written contract…” (page 33)",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Colombia,Latin America and Caribbean,Lower middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex | Age | Socioeconomic status,Not specified,International financial institution,"Unemployed urban youth aged 18–25 in the lowest two income strata.  “The program was targeted to young people between the ages of 18 and 25, who were unemployed and who were placed in the two lowest deciles of the income distribution.” (page 9)",Individual,Vocational Training | Youth Unemployment | Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Formal Employment | Earnings Impact | On-The-Job Training,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://www.nber.org/papers/w13931,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income|Work-labor,140.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Contracting Out Schools at Scale: Evidence from Pakistan,"Crawfurd, Lee | Alam, Abdullah",2023.0,Journal article,"Can governments contract out the management of schools to private operators at scale? This paper estimates the effect of a school reform in Punjab, Pakistan, in which 4,276 poorly performing public primary schools (around 10 percent of the total) were contracted out to private operators in a single school year. These schools remain free to students and the private operator receives a perstudent subsidy equivalent to less than half of spending in government schools. Using a difference-in-difference framework we estimate that enrolment in converted schools increased by over 60 percent. Converted schools see a slight decline in overall average test scores, but this may be a composition effect rather than a treatment effect. Schools with the same number or fewer students as in the previous year saw no change in average test scores.",School-based management,"Management of public schools by private actors - In December 2015 the Punjab government announced that it would transfer management of 5,000 failing government schools (12 percent of all primary schools) to private operators. Pg 557",Overall student enrolment | Teacher performance - student attainment,Enrolment - Table 4. Effect of treatment on enrolment by grade | Student performance in education - Table 8. Effects on test scores.,Public sector management,Public assets and investment management,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,School going children attending schools.,Firm/organisation,CHARTER schools | Differencein-difference (DID) | PAKISTAN | PPPs | Public-private partnerships,,Quality Education,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09645292.2022.2113859#abstract,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Entering new country and product markets: does export promotion help?,"Volpe Martincus, Christian | Carballo, Jerónimo",2010.0,,"Entering new export markets is primarily a discrete choice. Even though several empirical papers have used modeling strategies consistent with this fact, no study has examined the effects of public policies aimed at affecting this decision within this setting. In this paper we assess the impact of trade promotion activities on export outcomes using trade support and highly disaggregated export data for the entire population of exporters of Uruguay, a small developing country, over the period 2000–2007 to estimate a binary outcome model that allows for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that trade supporting activities have helped firms reach new destination countries and introduce new differentiated products",Trade facilitation services,intervention consists of tailored export support services delivered by URUGUAY XXI aimed at helping firms expand exports to new countries and products by addressing trade information constraints.,Export activity,We examine the impact of export promotion assistance by URUGUAY XXI on the probability of adding a new destination country; the probability of adding a new OECD country; the probability of adding a new export product; and the probability of adding a new differentiated export product,Private sector development,Global value chains,"Industry, trade, and services",Trade Policies & Regulations,Quasi-experimental,Regression discontinuity design,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,Uruguay,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,Firm/organisation,"Export promotion, Firm exports, Latin America, Uruguay",Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10290-010-0062-x#citeas,Matchmaking,International trade|Domestic business growth and market development,48.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Who Benefits From Job Training Programmes? Evidence From a High-dosage Programme in Brazil,"Mata, Daniel Da | Oliveira, Rodrigo | Silva, Diana",2025.0,Journal article,"Using admission lotteries and registry data linking labour market outcomes, we study the effect of a vocational training programme focused on disadvantaged individuals in Brazil. The intensive programme is an 18-month classroom training coupled with a 6-month on-the-job training provided by government-sponsored training centres.When assessing the impacts on 15,000 winners and 200,000 non-winners who graduated in different business cycle moments, we show that female students fare better than their male counterparts. Results are driven by courses in services and those located in faster-growing local labour markets. Investigating outcomes beyond employment and earnings, we do not find an impact on entrepreneurship or university admission.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"Vocational training. - To tackle undesirable labor market outcomes, Bahia’s state government has been sponsoring post-secondary training programs for disadvantaged individuals. One chief initiative is PROSUB (“Programa Subsequente” in Portuguese), a vocational training program that public school students are eligible for after finishing the high school degree (i.e., completing 11 years of schooling). Pg 3",Index of employment | Total earnings due to higher education,Table A.6: Baseline estimates: Effects on Employment | Table A.13: Effects on Earnings,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Brazil,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Not specified,,Male and female as applicants in the programme - Table 1. Sample description: Applicants of the PROSUB lotteries.,Individual,Job training programs | Employment | Entrepreneurship,,Zero Hunger | No Poverty,,https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/who-benefits-job-training-programmes,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,130.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Tackling Women's Unemployment: Evidence from an Online Freelancing Experiment in Bangladesh,"Das, Narayan | Arman, Md. Raied | Bhattacharjee, Anindita | Gomes, Mohima | Mahmood, Sakib",2024.0,Journal article,"In developing countries, cultural barriers often limit women’s movement outside the household. With the additional burden of childcare requiring flexible working hours and a muted demand for female employment in local markets, women’s labor force participation has persistently lagged in these countries. Providing remote work, flexible hours, and linkages to the global market, online freelancing offers a promising avenue to mitigate female unemployment. In this paper, we experimentally measure the effects of online freelancing training on females. Results indicate that a year after the intervention, women in treatment are 19% more likely to be employed, with a corresponding increase in income by 40% and hours worked by 29%. Welfare, as proxied by food expenditure, increases by 29%. Even though more than a half the participants were students, the program does not reduce school enrollment. The benefit-cost ratio of the intervention is estimated at 6.55, suggesting considerable benefits compared to costs.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"The intervention was an online freelancing training program for young Bangladeshi women.
“The program's overarching objective was to train young, inexperienced women on freelancing, help them secure jobs online, and test the viability and effectiveness of such a training program.” (page 8)",Employment status | Wage levels | Overall work time | Domestic food expenditure | Total savings | Index of loan use,"The main outcomes were employment, earnings, hours worked, food expenditure, savings, and loans.“We find a 19% (10 pp.) increase in employment...hours worked by 29%...increase in monthly earnings by 40%...” (page 13). Table 3 (Employment, hours, earnings) (page 30). Table 4 (Household expenditure) (page 31). Table 10 (Savings and loan) (page 37).",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Bangladesh,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex,For-profit firm,Charitable or private foundation,"Bangladeshi women aged 18–35 years, mostly students and unemployed. “The WSDFM program targeted Bangladeshi women aged between 18-35 years...A large proportion of the selected women were students (55%) at baseline.” (page 7)",Individual,Training | labor | Employment | Freelancing | online,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4843957,Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Income|Work-labor|Digital inclusion|Food security, health, and nutrition|Financial inclusion",123.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Is it worthwhile to Finish? Job-Training Programmes and Low Completion Rate: the Case of Projoven-Peru,"de Crombrugghe, Denis | Peña, Henry Espinoza | Heijke, Hans",2008.0,Published report,"From 1996 to 2007, less than 60% of the participants of the youth job-training programme Projoven-Peru have completed the training. This paper aims to estimate the impact of Projoven’s sixth public call on trainees’ wages and employment accounting for the presence of dropouts with partial treatment. Particularly, as Projoven is based on a two-step sequence design, formal classroom training and on-the-job training, we estimate the effects of completing each of the two phases of the programme. This paper proposes a differences-in-differences fixed effects approach. In the case of wages, we correct for selection into work. Additionally, we control for the pre-programme earnings dip by creating a new control group using propensity score matching with replacement. Our findings suggest that completing classroom training raises trainees’ wages and employment likelihood. Additionally, the effect on wages is higher for the most economically disadvantaged trainees. Finally, completing Projoven’s on-the-job training has additional effects, on wages and employment, only for the trainees with no work experience prior to the training.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),Projoven is a government-run youth job-training program in Peru designed to facilitate the entry of economically disadvantaged youth into the formal labor market through formal classroom and on-the-job training. “Projoven provides funding for basic or semi-skilled training in particular occupations…[and] to place them in on-the-job training internships.” (page 4),Wage levels | Employment status,"The outcomes of interest are wages and employment likelihood, evaluated for both program completers and partial completers. “This study proposes a difference-in-difference approach to estimate the effect of Projoven on trainees’ wages and employment likelihood.” (page 4). Table 3 (page 11): Estimated effects on employment and wages. Table 7 (page 28): Difference-in-Differences estimators on wages. Table 8 (page 30): DiD estimators of employment effects.",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Peru,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis (other than sex),Socioeconomic status,Government agency,International financial institution,Economically disadvantaged youth aged 16–24. “The official goal of the programme is to facilitate the initiation of economically disadvantaged youngsters (16–24 years old) into the formal labour market.” (page 3),Individual,youth job-training programme | Projoven | Dropout | partial treatment | Differences-In-Differences | Sample Selection,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Income,96.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Double for Nothing? experimental Evidence on an Unconditional Teacher Salary Increase in Indonesia,"de Ree, Joppe | Muralidharan, Karthik | Pradhan, Menno | Rogers, Halsey",2017.0,Journal article,"How does a large unconditional increase in salary affect the performance of incumbent employees in the public sector? We present experimental evidence on this question in the context of a policy change in Indonesia that led to a permanent doubling of teacher base salaries. Using a large-scale randomized experiment across a representative sample of Indonesian schools that accelerated this pay increase for teachers in treated schools, we find that the large pay increase significantly improved teachers' satisfaction with their income, reduced the incidence of teachers holding outside jobs, and reduced self-reported financial stress. Nevertheless, after two and three years, the increase in pay led to no improvement in student learning outcomes. The effects are precisely estimated, and we can rule out even modest positive impacts on test scores. Our results suggest that unconditional pay increases are unlikely to be an effective policy option for improving the effort and productivity of incumbent employees in public-sector settings.",Teacher education and certification,"The intervention is about accelerating access to a teacher certification process that doubled salaries for eligible teachers. ""Our experiment successfully accelerated access to the certification process and doubling of pay for eligible teachers in treatment schools"" (page 2).",Teacher satisfaction | Index of employment | Math test scores | Language test scores | Science test scores,"The outcomes are teacher welfare (income satisfaction, financial stress, second job incidence), teacher effort, and student learning outcomes. ""Teachers in treated schools had higher income, were more likely to be satisfied with their income, and were less likely to report financial stress... [but] we find no difference in student test scores in language, mathematics, or science"" (page 3).",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Indonesia,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Not specified,Individual,Teacher Certification | Unconditional Salary Increase | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Student Learning Outcomes | Teacher Effort | Indonesia,Not applicable,Quality Education | Reduced Inequality,,https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/133/2/993/4622956,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Education|Income|Employment|Work-labor,49.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Process of Impact of Entrepreneurship Education and Training on Entrepreneurship Perception and Intention Study of Educational System of Iran,"Farashah, Ali Dehghanpour",2013.0,Journal article,"PurposeConventional wisdom as well as many studies confirm that entrepreneurship education increases entrepreneurial intention but there is a lack of research on some aspects including conceptual and theoretical development, mechanism of the effect of education and study of regional variations. The paper studies the process of impact of entrepreneurship education and training (EET) on attitudes toward entrepreneurship, perception of social norms, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical data from 601 individuals from Iran is utilized to evaluate the model. The data are reported by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Binary logistics regression is used to evaluate the effects of variables.FindingsResults show that completion of one entrepreneurship course increases the likelihood of having entrepreneurial intention by 1.3 times. Wald criteria demonstrate that fear of failure, desirability of entrepreneurial career, entrepreneurs’ status in society, self-efficacy and education and training are significant predictors of entrepreneurial intention. Perceived opportunity is not a strong but a moderate predictor.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the country-level focus of research, the paper's results may lack generalizability. The paper makes no rigid claim of causality. The causality is likely to be bi-directional.Practical implicationsThe findings have wider implications for a theory of entrepreneurial intention and also for the practice of teaching entrepreneurship. Higher efficiency of informal training than formal training, failing entrepreneurship education to provide necessary knowledge and skills for nascent entrepreneurs, and not considering the effect of macro socioeconomic conditions call for an immediate pedagogical redesign of EET in Iran.Originality/valueThe paper summarizes learning processes and teaching models of entrepreneurship education, matches them with educational theories and makes argument on the mechanism of the effects of education. Then, utilizing empirical data, the paper shows the effectiveness of entrepreneurship training and education initiatives in Iran and propose areas for improvement in the national level based on the summarized educational theories and teaching models.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Entrepreneurship training,"The intervention involves diverse forms of entrepreneurship education and training (EET) in Iran aimed at enhancing entrepreneurial attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions. “Entrepreneurship education increases perception of desirability of entrepreneurship… and also increases the perception of the feasibility… by increasing self-efficacy” (page 880).",Self-perception | Individual beliefs and attitudes,"The outcomes include entrepreneurial intention, perceived opportunity, fear of failure, desirability of an entrepreneurial career, social status of entrepreneurs, and self-efficacy. “Completion of one entrepreneurship course increases the likelihood of having entrepreneurial intention by 1.3 times… predictors of entrepreneurial intention: fear of failure, desirability of entrepreneurial career, entrepreneurs’ status… self-efficacy and education and training” (page 877).",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,"Iran, Islamic Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,“The data used in this research were obtained from the GEM survey of the total national adult population of Iranians in 2008” (page 876).,Individual,Iran. | Entrepreneurship education | Entrepreneurial intention | Entrepreneurship training,Not applicable,Quality Education,,https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/et-04-2013-0053/full/html,Technical and vocational training,"Social factors|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",142.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Can an Online Job Training Program Increase Digital Skills and Employment Outcomes for Young People in El Salvador?,"Fazio, Maria Victoria | Novella, Rafael",2023.0,Ongoing study,"In collaboration with the Inter-American Development Bank, Wisar.pro, and the Ministry of Economy of El Salvador, researchers are conducting a randomized evaluation to measure the impact of an online job training program on digital skills development and employment outcomes for young people. IPA provided technical assistance in the follow-up phone survey data collection activities.",Transferable skills training,"Online digital training program on skills development and labor market outcomes for young people. ""The program, called E-Lancers, offered a 12-week intensive training program covering topics such as profile creation in online platforms, proposal preparation, project management, client interviews, and an English course.""",Observed transferable skills | Index of employment,The outcome is Skill development | The outcomes are labor market outcomes,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,El Salvador,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,"In El Salvador, young people aged 16 to 29 contend with low labor market participation and a 13.4 percent unemployment rate",Not Specified,Online Job Training | Digital Skills | Employment Outcomes | Young People | El Salvador,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://poverty-action.org/can-online-job-training-program-increase-digital-skills-and-employment-outcomes-young-people-el,Technical and vocational training,Employment|Digital inclusion,104.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Increasing Employment and Earnings through a Skills Development Program for Youth in Côte d'Ivoire,"Bertrand, Marianne | Crépon, Bruno | Marguerie, Alicia | Premand, Patrick",2016.0,Published report,"Despite the popularity of public work programs as a way to address youth under-employment, rigorous evidence on their overall effectiveness remains thin. Researchers partnered with the Côte d'Ivoire government to measure the short- and long-term impacts of a public works program, along with complementary trainings on basic entrepreneurship and job search skills. In the short term, the program led to a shift toward wage jobs (as opposed to self-employment), higher earnings and savings, and improved well-being. However, most of these effects dissipated in the long-run.",Apprenticeship programmes | Transferable skills training,Apprenticeships and on-the-job training; Business skills training; Information; Training; Targeting Employment,Self-employment earnings due to higher education | Index of employment | Empowerment,"Earnings and income; Employment; Empowerment; Self-employment;
Self-esteem/self-efficacy",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Côte d'Ivoire,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,International financial institution,"The project provided access to temporary employment and helped develop skills for unemployed or underemployed youth aged 18 to 30 in 16 urban areas across the country. Between 2012 and 2015, 12,666 youth benefitted from this program.",Individual,Employment | Earnings | Skills Development | Youths,,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Zero Hunger,,https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/increasing-employment-and-earnings-through-skills-development-program-youth-cote-divoire,Technical and vocational training,Income|Employment,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Assessment of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Models in Health Systems in Least Developed, Low Income and Lower-Middle-Income Countries and Territories : A Protocol for a Systematic Review.","Naznin, Baby",2022.0,Journal article,"Background: Private sectors play a significant role in health provision along with the public sector in both developed and developing countries. Given the limited resources of the public sector, public-private partnerships (PPPs) are considered as a good solution to address the growing public health challenges. But inadequate assessment of various health-related PPPs has resulted in a failure to gather knowledge and evidence that would facilitate the establishment of effective partnerships, sustain, and systematize them over time, as well as determine the role of PPPs in health system strengthening, particularly in terms of urban health provision. The objective of this research is to systematically review the effectiveness of PPPs on the utilization of urban health provision to achieve health outcomes in the urban contexts of least developed, low income, and lower-middle-income countries and territories. Methods: This systematic review will follow PRISMA-P guidelines for reporting. Relevant databases-EMBASE, MEDLINE, Health Management Information Consortium, Social Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation Index, Emerging Sources, CENTRAL, i.e., Database of disability and inclusion information resources, and WHO Library Databasewill be searched for published articles in the urban context. Reference lists of relevant systematic reviews and commentaries and citations of key included studies will be checked for additional studies. Two reviewers will independently screen the studies in covidence following the exclusion and inclusion criteria. Data will be thematically analysed and narratively synthesized. Discussion: This review will comprehensively assess and appraise all the existing PPP models for urban health provision in the least developed, low income, and lower-middle-income countries and territories. The findings of the review will help to understand the modalities of the existing health related PPPs in urban areas, their functionalities, and their contribution in achieving health outcomes. Protocol registration: This protocol is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO (ID-CRD42021289509, 23 November 2021).&nbsp;",Standardised service delivery | Healthcare infrastructure improvement,"Urban health provision in the context of PPPs (i.e., primary/secondary/ tertiary healthcare provision, or diagnostic service provision, or provision of primary/secondary/tertiary prevention services) in any healthcare or nonhealthcare setting (p4)",,,Human development and gender,Health service delivery,Health,Health,,,SR,srr,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Market/Sector Growth | Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,"All urban populations in least developed, low income and lower middleincome countries and territories.",,Urban healthcare | Disease | Public-private partnership models | Territories,Not applicable,Good Health and Well-being,,https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/191230/,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition|Productivity gains",,Effectiveness,,,,,,,,,Not applicable,Meta-analysis,,,,,,,,
Closing the Gender Gap: Differential Impacts of Public and Private School Subsidies on Educational Outcomes in Uganda,"Lauterbach, Simon",2024.0,Published working paper,"How can low-income countries expand access to secondary education? In 2007, Uganda subsidized tuition fees in public and strategically-located private secondary schools. Using novel administrative and household data, I find that the reduction in schooling fees had minimal effects on educational outcomes in public schools, probably due to limited capacity to accept more students. However, the subsidies significantly improved educational outcomes for female students attending private schools, especially when these schools were within 5 kilometers walking distance. I provide new insights into how a non-targeted fee-reduction policy can produce large, heterogeneous effects, in particular with respect to gender and school location.",PPP in education,"Uganda's Universal Secondary Education (USE) policy is set to eliminate tuition and registration fees in public schools and select private schools through Public-Private Partnership.
(p1) ""I study the impact of Uganda’s Universal Secondary Education (USE) policy, which eliminated tuition and registration fees in public schools, and in selected private schools if no government school was available within a five kilometer walk of primary schools. For each enrolled student, the government paid a subsidy to public schools and, through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) agreement, to private schools contingent on schools not charging any additional tuition or registration fees to students.""",Secondary school attendance | Completed years of school,"Likelihood of attending secondary school: ""Attending Secondary Education"" (p18, table 1) | Completing lower or upper secondary education, and the increase in total years of schooling: ""Completing Lower Secondary Education"", ""Completing Lower Secondary Education"", ""Years of Schooling"" (p18, table 1)",Human development and gender,Education financing,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex,Government agency,Government agency,(p9) Figure 1 shows the age ranges from 10-19 years,Cohort | District | Household | Individual,Uganda | Secondary School | Public-Private Partnership | School Subsidy,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,Quality Education,,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4685132,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Creating Employment through Export Promotion (CETEP), Kosovo","Hanitzsch, Marco | Xhabali, Teuta Purrini",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,"Industry, trade, and services",,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Supply chain monitoring,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Kosovo,Europe and Central Asia |  |  |  |,Upper middle income,Yes,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Sex,,,"(p8) ""Target group(s) Population of Kosovo; micro, small and medium-sized enterprises""",,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty | Zero Hunger | Reduced Inequality | Gender Equality,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Employment|International trade|Economic growth,63.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Global Leadership Academy III (GLAC III), Global","Brunner, Markus | Schemmann, Katja",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,Health,Health,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Medical product development,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms,Germany,Europe and Central Asia | Sub-Saharan Africa | Latin America and Caribbean | Middle East and North Africa | South Asia,,,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,Government agency,"(p7) ""Target group(s) International cooperation actors, that is, personnel of multi- and bilateral organisations, non-governmental organisations, private foundations and academic institutions (departments that deal with the development of innovative methods and instruments for implementing Agenda 2030); participants of dialogue processes""",,,,Partnerships to achieve the Goal | Good Health and Well-being,,,Matchmaking|Multi-stakeholder platforms|Service management and delivery PPP,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Network building",20.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Regional Economic Development IV, Cambodia","Jacoby, Klaus-Peter | Phim, Runsinarith",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development|Promotion of responsible business practices,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Cambodia,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,No,,Disability,Government agency,Not specified,"(p7) ""Final (and, in part, directly addressed) target groups were small farmers, the landless, not regularly employed workers and jobseekers, poor and vulnerable households, as well as micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the provinces of Siem Reap, Preah Vihear, Banteay Meanchey and Oddar Meanchey. Special attention was given to households with disabled family members and women-headed households. Intermediary target groups were technical and managerial staff of subnational administrations (SNAs) at provincial, district and village levels, associations of farmers and rural MSMEs, self-help groups, local non-governmental organisations and private service providers.""",,,,Partnerships to achieve the Goal | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,,Technical and vocational training|Multi-stakeholder platforms|Matchmaking,Employment|Income|Social factors,87.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Capacity Building for Private Sector Development in Myanmar,"Forbes, Simone Macbeth",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth,Myanmar,East Asia and Pacific,Lower middle income,Yes,,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,"(p8) ""Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and small producers, export-oriented small and medium enterprises (SMEs), villagers targeted by entrepreneurial community-based tourism organisations in Shan State""",,,,Partnerships to achieve the Goal,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Technical and vocational training|Multi-stakeholder platforms|Matchmaking,Domestic business growth and market development|Productivity gains,153.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Demand Oriented Vocational Training in the Palestinian Territories,"Horn, Dr Steffen",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,Education,Education,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,West Bank and Gaza,Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,Yes,Equity sensitive research process,Conflict-affected | Sex,International aid agency,Not specified,"(p11) ""In Gaza, the refugee camps, the C Areas and East Jerusalem, approx. 1,500 TVET teachers are working in 245 TVET institutions. Currently, the available initial and inservice training offers for teachers are neither adapted to their needs nor to the regionally very different teaching and learning situations which need to reflect different student abilities and needs as well as different socio-economic frame conditions. Due to the difficult political situation in the Palestinian Territories, teachers are also confronted with psycho-social support tasks and tasks in conflict prevention. The high structural unemployment of young women represents a great challenge, in particular in Gaza, East Jerusalem, the C Areas and the refugee camps.""",,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty | Quality Education | Peace and Justice Strong Institutions | Gender Equality,,,Technical and vocational training,"Employment|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",145.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Pro-Poor Growth and Promotion of Employment in Nigeria (SEDIN), Nigeria","de Jong, Niek | Ayanwale, Adeolu",2023.0,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,"Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development|Promotion of responsible business practices,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,Nigeria,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Socioeconomic status | Conflict-affected,Government agency,Government agency,"(p11) ""Over 133 million Nigerians are living below the absolute poverty line (3.20 purchasing power parity [PPP] dollars per day). Over half of this number are youths who are either unemployed or underemployed (World Bank, 2020)."" (p12) ""Conflicts are another cause of migration. There are multiple, overlaying, intertwining conflicts in Nigeria, with regional and historical dynamics. An acknowledged key threat to national security is the Boko Haram insurgency. According to estimates, ‘at least 1,200 people died and nearly 200,000 were displaced in the northeast in 2018’ (Human Rights Watch, 2019: 431). The conflict leads to socio-economic fragility, increased food insecurity and severe malnutrition.""",,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth | Gender Equality | No Poverty | Partnerships to achieve the Goal | Quality Education,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Infrastructure development and financing|Technical and vocational training,"Productivity gains|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Domestic business growth and market development|Employment",148.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"PAFSME: Promotion of Access to Finance for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Egypt","Müller, Renate",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms,"Egypt, Arab Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"(p8) ""Direct target groups are managerial and technical staff in the financial sector (traditional banking sector and non-banking financial sector). Indirect target groups (final beneficiaries) are SMEs and their employees.""",,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Direct financing of private sector actors,"Employment|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Establishing standards and political reforms|Certification|Network building",107.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Sustainable Economic Development: Private Sector Development, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan","Witt, Dr Matthias",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,,,"Industry, trade, and services",,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Georgia,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,"(p11-12) ""The activities under output A focus on strengthening the capacities for improving the sustainable growth of employment-relevant sectors. 12 A relevant activity implemented by the GIZ project team together with selected ministries is providing advice on relevant government guidelines (e.g. supporting the development of sectoral strategies for employmentrelevant sectors and providing support to regulations governing dual vocational training with the private sector) (R04) to improve the framework conditions for promoting MSMEs (R07). This will foster the implementation of instruments to promote sustainable economic development of the selected sectors in the South Caucasus (output A) and contribute to improving the preconditions for sustainable economic development in the selected employment-relevant sectors (outcome). Another impactful activity has been the development of best-practice examples of business promotion (R5) so that MSMEs will increase their awareness of the existing cooperation mechanisms (e.g. clusters, business associations and business networks) and make use of them (R3). This will lead to trainers having better skills in delivering training to MSMEs (R2) and to promotion agencies providing improved services for MSMEs in terms of product innovation and competitiveness (R1). At the same time, it will contribute to the implementation of instruments to promote the sustainable economic development of the selected sectors in the South Caucasus (output A) and to the achievement of the module objective. Output B aims to improve the labour market relevance of selected training courses offered by private and (mainly) public actors in a gender-sensitive way. Under output B, a key activity is the provision of support to respective national ministries of education and their subordinate institutions, local governments and authorities, including to vocational training institutions on the development and implementation of dual-like VET programmes in close cooperation with the private sector (R17). Through dialogue and other exchange format events (R20), VET institutions will be able to take into account the demands of the private sector (R19) to establish new dual(-like) training and further training courses (R17) and thereby increase the labour market relevance of selected training courses (output B). This will lead to the improvement of the preconditions for sustainable economic development in the selected employment-relevant sectors (outcome). Additionally, the involvement of the private sector in TVET policy issues (R9) will lead to the improvement of regulations for vocational training (R11). This, in turn, will improve the qualifications of in-company trainers in terms of didactics and subject-related topics (R6) and will lead to the improvement of the preconditions for sustainable economic development in the selected employment-relevant sectors (outcome). At the same time, the improvement of regulations for vocational training (R11) will qualify teaching and management personnel in VET schools to implement the new regulations and lead to the establishment of new dual and dual-like training courses (R17). Output C aims to ensure that regional and international experiences relating to MSMEs in the inclusive and green economy and dual-oriented vocational training in the selected employment-relevant sectors are taken into account by public and private actors in their activities. Regional exchange formats focus on the topics of promoting MSMEs in the green economy and introducing dual-oriented vocational training approaches. Relevant activities are the organisation and implementation of regional exchange formats (e.g. academies, regional academies, Knowledge and Innovation (KI) Hubs, workshops, study trips) (R20) and regional training sessions to promote dialogue, joint learning and exchange (R10). This will lead to participants considering regional and international experiences in the fields of green and inclusive MSME promotion and dual-oriented TVET (output C), which will lead to an improvement in the preconditions for sustainable economic development in the selected employment-relevant sectors (outcome).""",,,,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,,Technical and vocational training,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",109.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Central Project evaluation Sustainable Energy programme Mexico,Carsten R. Vonnoh | Carolina de la Lastra,2019.0,,,Environmental regulation | Energy efficient construction | Behavioural change and public awareness campaign,Regulatory framework for energy efficiency and use of renewable energy,Knowledge and understanding - energy and extractives | Index of renewable energy promotion,"competence
standards in RE and
RE subjects,
according to national
standards of
professional
associations and
national social
housing institutes. | Increase in selected
RE systems.",Environment and natural resource management,Energy efficiency,Energy and extractives,Energy,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Coordination/Reforms | Energy/Extractives,Mexico,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,Entire country is target,,,,"Sustainable Cities and Communities | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Affordable and Clean Energy",,,Multi-stakeholder platforms|Direct financing of private sector actors,Coordination and policy dialogues|Establishing standards and political reforms|Energy use and nature of extractives|Participation and inclusion in energy and extractives initiatives,135.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Central Project Evaluation Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme Uganda,Carsten Vonnoh | Benjamin Kachero | David Arndt,2019.0,,,Energy efficient construction | Capacity building in energy | Government or private actor performance in the energy and extractives sector,"""1. Strengthening of planning, monitoring and evaluation capacities
Support was rendered towards ensuring that the sector planning, monitoring and evaluation processes of the
MEMD were compliant with the International Quality Standard ISO 900.2008. In line with this, PREEEP was
working to implement a Quality Management System (QMS) for MEMD. Furthermore, PREEEP supports policy
development regarding energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) as well as the revision of the Energy
Policy of Uganda of 2002. One of the sub-goals of the project was for gender and HIV/AIDS aspects to be
more firmly anchored in the state planning and implementation processes of Uganda’s energy sector.
2. Decentralisation
Activities of previous two phases were geared towards integrating energy programmes and issues into
Uganda’s five-year strategic plans, annual action plans and budgets of local governments in 17 pilot districts in
Lango and West Nile. These efforts resulted in individual districts raising awareness of renewable energy and
energy efficiency and collecting district- and region-specific energy data. The focus of Phase IV was to
strengthen the capacity of MEMD in coordinating the mainstreaming of energy at district level and preparing for
a nationwide roll-out"" (p.13)",Attitudes and beliefs - energy & extractives | Channels for negotiation and engagement in energy and extractives,"""increase the pre-conditions for improved energy use in medium- and large-scale companies."" (p.13)",Environment and natural resource management,Energy policies and reform,Energy and extractives,Energy,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Coordination/Reforms | Energy/Extractives,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Sex | HIV/AIDS,Government agency,Government agency,,,,,Affordable and Clean Energy,,,Multi-stakeholder platforms|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Coordination and policy dialogues|Establishing standards and political reforms|Energy use and nature of extractives,113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Central Project Evaluation Supporting Institutional Structures to promote Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in the Caribbean Region,Josef Seitz | Joseph Khan,,,,Private sector involvement in the energy and extractives sector | Capacity building in energy,,Channels for negotiation and engagement in energy and extractives | Private sector accountability in energy and extractives firms,,Environment and natural resource management,Energy efficiency,Energy and extractives,Energy,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms,Multi-country,Latin America and Caribbean,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Non-profit organization,International aid agency,,,,,"Affordable and Clean Energy | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Climate Action",,,Multi-stakeholder platforms|Feasibility studies,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer|Network building|Coordination and policy dialogues",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Central project evaluation Emerging Market Sustainability Dialogues
(EMSD III)",Lennart Raetzell | Jonas Richter | David Arens,2022.0,,,Intergroup dialogues | Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in energy,sustainability dialogues between various actors and multiple stakeholders,Knowledge and understanding - energy and extractives,"Knowledge from emerging economies on sustainability solutions is increasingly brought into
global, regional and national transformation processes and policy forums.",Private sector development,Investment and business climate,Energy and extractives,Business & Other Services,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Structured dialogue,Market/Sector Growth,Multi-country,Multi-continent,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,For-profit firm,Government agency,,,,,Partnerships to achieve the Goal,,,Multi-stakeholder platforms,"Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Central project evaluation Life Skills and Training for Refugees and Host Communities, Kenya",Dr Marie-Carin von Gumppenberg | George Cottina,2023.0,,,Life skills and employment training for conflict affected population,provided skills training for refugees,Skills developed,ICT skills,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Refugees in donor countries,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Work-Labor/Social,Kenya,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Displaced populations,Non-profit organization,International aid agency,refugees,,,,No Poverty | Peace and Justice Strong Institutions | Reduced Inequality | Quality Education,,,Technical and vocational training,Digital inclusion,127.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Central project evaluation Support to Vocational Education and Training (VET)
in the field of Green Economy, Republic of Moldova",Ralf Lange | Sorin Hadarca,,,,Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"Green skills and sustainable development training. dual VET system in Moldova (legal
basis, policy, company engagement, steering structures in private sector",Labour participation,Output 4 labour market placement of graduates,Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Moldova,Europe and Central Asia,Upper middle income,No,Measures effects on an inequality outcome,Sex,For-profit firm,International aid agency,,,,,Quality Education | Gender Equality | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,,Technical and vocational training,Employment,66.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Central project evaluation SME Sector Development Programme, Sri Lanka",Dieter Zürcher | Semini Satarasinghe,2024.0,,,Access to output markets for farmer-based organisations,"""facilitating trade for Sri Lankan SMEs through improved availability of digital processes""",Current account (balance of trade),Trade promotion through digital platforms,Economic policy,Structural transformation and economic diversification,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development,Matchmaking and consulting,Market/Sector Growth,Sri Lanka,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Measures effects on an inequality outcome,Sex,Charitable or private foundation,Government agency,,,,,"Decent Work and Economic Growth | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,,Matchmaking,International trade,97.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Évaluation centrale de projet Innovation, développement économique régional et emploi (IDEE), Tunisie",Roman Troxler | Lassaad Ben Romdhane,2022.0,,,Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"""to offer business creation support services relevant to the Tunisian diaspora through
several incubators (they were finally concentrated in a single international incubator)."" (p.11)",Employee training,"""“The selected higher education and research establishments offer support services in terms of strengthening
employability and technology transfer adapted to the needs of businesses”"" (p.15)",,,"Industry, trade, and services",Business & Other Services,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth,Tunisia,Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Sex,Government agency,,,,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty | Peace and Justice Strong Institutions | Reduced Inequality | Gender Equality,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Matchmaking,"Digitization|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",81.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Central Project Evaluation Employment Promotion in Egypt (EPP),Dr Judith Abdel-Massih-Thiemann | Dr Thomas Döhne | Dr Bahaa Saleh | Dr Heba Youssef,2021.0,,,Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"""EPP for its part should focus on improving labour supply, labour-market policy as well as matching labour
demand to supply. The objective was to prepare technical and vocational education students and
unemployed youths in Egypt more effectively for the demands of the labour market, building on the results
of the predecessor project EPP I. Therefore, EPP planned activities in four areas of intervention (in
reference to the outputs) arranged in five so-called components."" (p.13)",Vocational skills,"""students are better prepared for the demands of the labour market and to
the impact of improved institutionalised and individual capacities for sustainable and employment-oriented
economic growth"" (p.19)",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income,"Egypt, Arab Rep.",Middle East and North Africa,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Sex,International aid agency,Government agency,,,,,Quality Education | Decent Work and Economic Growth | No Poverty | Gender Equality,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Technical and vocational training|Matchmaking,Employment,107.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Central project evaluation University and Hospital Partnerships (HKP) in Africa,Franziska Lammers | Matias Krämer | Justine Garrigue | Julian Klauke,2024.0,,,Health information transfer | Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | Technical assistance - services,"""The technical cooperation measure University and Hospital Partnerships (HKP) in Africa (PN 2018.2015.8)
supports partnership projects between German and Sub-Saharan African universities and hospitals that aim to
enhance their health services through innovative IT solutions. developing eHealth solutions to tackle locally iden-
tified deficiencies in diagnosis, treatment, patient care or hospital management. The project is therefore in line
with the Global Health Strategy of the Federal German Government. Digitalisation, among other areas, plays a
central role in the implementation of its goals."" (p.11)",Access to healthcare,"""Access to eHealth expertise is improved for health and IT professionals."" (p.12)",Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,Health,Health,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Work-Labor/Social,Multi-country,Sub-Saharan Africa,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,,,,Good Health and Well-being,,,Matchmaking|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Food security, health, and nutrition|Digital inclusion",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Central Project Evaluation Sustainable Economic Development in Ghana,Emmanuel Ofori-Bah | William Acquah,2020.0,,,Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"""Financial system development (FSD): ‘The use of financial services by low-income households and
MSMEs has increased.’
• Technical vocational education and training (TVET): ‘In selected sectors job-seeking youth, apprentices,
workers and owners of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are increasingly trained
needs-based.’
• Migration and employment promotion (MEP): ‘Disadvantaged groups (including returning migrants) in
three regions have improved their preconditions for taking up employment or becoming self-employed.’""",Business knowledge,"""At national level, the project was to support the review of
the TVET regulatory framework (TVET Service Act, Assessment and Certification Act, COTVET Act) with the
aim that COTVET is strengthened in policy and steering competence (R1). The Technical Examination Unit
was to be supported in the development and implementation of new assessment and certification mechanisms
for competency-based TVET with the aims that a national CBT awarding body is accredited (R5) and joint
mechanisms for assessment, testing and certification with involvement of external assessors are implemented
(R6). Furthermore, the project supported a TVET image campaign with the goal that the awareness of young
women and men on TVET and employment opportunities is increased (R11). A key assumption was that
COTVET has the necessary financial and human resources to fulfil its core functions""",Human development and gender,Skills development,Education,Education,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,,,,,Quality Education | Gender Equality | Decent Work and Economic Growth,,,Technical and vocational training,Certification|Employment,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Central project evaluation Inclusive Business Action Network (iBAN),David Arens | Jonas Richter | Lennart Raetzell,2021.0,,,Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"""The project adopted a partnership approach in its activities. First, partnerships with leading international
development organisations were encouraged to create synergies with other IB initiatives. These included
collaborations with the project’s advisory board, development finance institutions and additional initiatives in the
IB network. Second, iBAN worked with implementing partners, such as training and capacity building provid-
ers to offer quality learning opportunities to IB companies. Partnerships were also central in implementation
activities to work towards changing the policy environment. "" (p.10)",Management practices and skills,"""deepening the technical know-how and managerial skills of high-ranking managers in IB
companies. It was therefore the second output for which companies were a direct target group. Unlike Output
A, the focus was on individual level. The achievement was measured by outcome indicator 2: ‘thirty senior
professionals applied lessons from participation in iBAN’s learning programmes in their respective company
(including mentoring programme and webinars).’ At output level, this output was assessed by the following two
indicators.
• A structured curriculum was piloted for senior professionals (B1).
• Five peer mentoring relationships were established between senior professionals in iBAN-targeted
companies (B2)."" (p.12)",Finance,Financial inclusion,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms,Multi-country,South Asia | East Asia and Pacific | Sub-Saharan Africa,,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Other,Non-profit organization,Government agency,,,,,No Poverty | Zero Hunger | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Partnerships to achieve the Goal,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Matchmaking,"Network building|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Central project evaluation Market Oriented Agriculture Programme (MOAP), Ghana",Christian Carlos Keil | William Agyekum Acquah,2023.0,,,Agricultural commercialisation,"""the project used a multi-level, multi-actor approach based on the ValueLinks approach, a
methodology for systematic value chain development (VCD) designed by GIZ. Four selected value chains
(VCs) – pineapple, mango, citrus and vegetables – were promoted starting from market requirements, mainly
for export, and extending to production standards and techniques. The capacity development strategy entailed competency-based training at the individual level, organisational development and institutional strengthening in
public and private organisations and associations, cooperation within the sector and between VC actors, and
enhancement of the political framework conditions."" (p.12)",Other crop quality,""" ‘quality production in the agricultural sector is improved’""  and ""inclusive business models and service provision in the value chain links"" (p.14)",Finance,Agricultural finance,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry",Business & Other Services,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development,Multicomponent,Market/Sector Growth | Coordination/Reforms,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,,,,,,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,,Multi-stakeholder platforms|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Establishing standards and political reforms|Network building|Training, knowledge, and technology transfer",61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Central project evaluation Promotion of the African Cashew Value Chain III
(ComCashew)",Stefan Silvestrini | Janis Wicke,2023.0,,,Agricultural commercialisation,"(1) supporting farmers through the development and distribution of improved planting material and through
training and advice in good agricultural practices (GAP);
(2) advising processors of raw cashew nuts (RCN) and by-products on enhancing process efficiency;
(3) increasing business contacts and facilitating greater exchange between all stakeholders along the supply
chain;
(4) supporting the national and regional framework by advising the ministries of agriculture and trade and
intensifying regional exchange between all stakeholders.""(p.12) ""In the production component (component A), project activities focussed on training farmers and trainers in good
agricultural practices (GAP). The training was provided by the agricultural departments of the respective
governments and their extension officers with advise from ComCashew. In Benin and Burkina Faso, there are
highly organised national FBOs, which also became leading providers of GAP training. In Benin, Burkina Faso,
Cote d’Ivoire and Mozambique, ComCashew also partnered with NGOs to provide GAP training. In addition,
some processing companies also started training farmers within the framework of MF projects. In phases 1 and
2 of the project, the most important cashew-producing regions were selected on the basis of the number of
farmers and total production. At present, all major production regions in the six partner countries are covered.3
Moreover, in those countries where FBOs are not the main providers of GAP training, they provided the project
with lists of farmers and training sites and formulated expressions of needs.""  (p14)",Other crop yield | Knowledge of processes,"""The implementation partners for these tasks are public research institutes (research and
development) and the departments of agriculture (distribution to farmers). Outputs that correspond to the
activities of component A refer to trained farmers (O.A1) and the area of scion gardens producing improved
planting material (O.A2). Activities are based on the underlying hypothesis (HA) that farmers who adopt GAP
and have access to higher yielding planting material are more likely to increase their yield in terms of kg/ha and
improve their kernel quality, thereby become more productive and efficient, which is the target of the
component at outcome level (Outcome A). A higher yield may also correspond to an increasing income.
Moreover, it is assumed that GAP are more labour intensive, which implies that the adoption of GAP by
farmers results in additional working hours, which may result in the creation of additional jobs.""(p.14) | ""Component B focussed on cashew processing, the process of obtaining cashew kernels, which can be sold to
consumers, from raw cashew nuts as harvested from the tree. It involves the following steps: cooking/roasting,
shelling, drying, peeling, sorting/grading and packing (in that order). The degree of mechanisation varies
greatly among processing companies in African countries. While a few larger companies have a high level of
mechanisation, in many small factories, most of this work is still done by hand. Within the processing
component (B), the project trained management staff in processing companies and provided technical
assistance and business development services (including training on how to access finance) to processors.
Training and advice for processors was provided directly by either project staff or external consultants and
trainers directly engaged by ComCashew. The outputs of these activities resulted in processing companies and
their staff receiving training and technical assistance in food safety, business plan development, access to
finance and other processing-related topics. Another output of component B was the training materials
provided to processors (O.B2). These activities were based on the underlying hypothesis (HB) that processors
who have received training and have access to capital and know-how are likely to organise their business more
efficiently, which may lead to decreasing costs per ton of cashew nuts processed and an increasing total
amount of cashew nuts processed. This could make the processing sector more competitive (outcome B),
thereby contributing to the overall project module objective. This could also result in the expansion of
processing facilities, which would in turn generate new job opportunities and income."" (p.14)",,,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development|Supply chain monitoring,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Coordination/Reforms,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Heterogeneity analysis (other than sub-group),Sex,Government agency,International aid agency,,,,,Climate Action | No Poverty | Zero Hunger | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Gender Equality,,,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement|Matchmaking|Advisory support|Consultations and co-creation,Income|Employment|Network building,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Central project evaluation Sport for Development in Africa (S4DA),David Arens | Lennart Raetzell,2024.0,,,Educational programming,"""improving the competencies and social skills of children and young people
through sport. The concept of S4D was used as a tool for sustainable development, in particular to improve ed-
ucation, employment opportunities, health, gender equality and/or peaceful coexistence."" (p.3)",Individual economic well-being,"""children and young people will benefit in the long run from expanded
or improved offers in the fields of education, employment/economy, health, gender equality and peaceful coex-
istence through sport – while the private sector similarly benefits as young people have improved social skills
relevant to the labour market and preparing them for the world of work"" (p.6)",,,Education,Education,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Multicomponent,Jobs and Income | Work-Labor/Social,Namibia,Sub-Saharan Africa,Upper middle income,No,Equity sensitive analytical framework,Sex,Government agency,Government agency,,,,,Good Health and Well-being | Quality Education | Gender Equality | Decent Work and Economic Growth | Sustainable Cities and Communities,,,Direct financing of private sector actors|Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,"Education|Employment|Food security, health, and nutrition",50.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
An Innovation Platform for Institutional Change in Ghana’s Cocoa Sector,"Adu-Acheampong, Richard",2017.0,Journal article,"Innovation&nbsp;as a policy goal, normative practice, and a conceptual framing of purposeful human activity, has received increasing attention. The question of what kinds of purposeful innovation might benefit smallholders in developing countries has been raised. This issue presents and analyses the work of Innovation Platforms (IPs) established by the COS-SIS (Convergence of Sciences–Strengthening Innovation Systems) programme in nine agro-enterprise domains in West Africa, drawing on Theory Guided Process Inquiry data recorded through 2011-end 2013. Six papers synthesise individual IP experiences, complemented by a cross-case analysis of external influences on the IPs and their responses, a reflection on how well the IPs in Mali dealt with local conflicts, and an analysis of how the work of the IPs in Ghana led to changes in university curricula and in the researching practices of three leading agricultural institutes. An analysis of thirteen case studies from Kenya, Benin, and South Africa supported by the JOLISAA (Joint learning in and about Innovation Systems in African Agriculture) programme, adds further insights. Five general lessons are drawn, expressed as propositions that can be further tested against others’ experiences: (i) IPs can bring about significant socio-technical and institutional changes at a range of levels, and in a wide variety of agro-enterprise domains and contexts; (ii) the IPs are not isolated from nor independent of the networks of influence in which they are embedded; thus they cannot be treated as the sole causal agents of the changes accomplished; (iii) research that tracks the IPs’ work and performance provides evidence that enables the members to learn from experience and adjust activities in the light of effects; (iv) there is no blueprint for what an IP is nor a recipe for the processes by which such changes are brought about; the form, activities, and changes co-evolve with whatever is happening in the wider context; (v) field-based diagnosis of opportunity, evidence-based information-sharing and experimental exploration of pathways of change establish the legitimacy and influence of IPs.",Networks for innovation,"A national-level innovation platform, comprising key public and private actors in the cocoa sector, was established in 2010 to analyse and act to address this concern. The members’ initial inquiries revealed that: farmers indirectly were paying for the national mass spraying and Hi-Tech input programmes, both provided free at the point of delivery (p1)",Index of agricultural input prices,"The IP conducted further inquiries for instance into the pricing, distribution and use of fertilisers, and into the rules and actual practices for calculating, registering, and paying out farmers’ bonuses, showing both to have become costly, nontransparent and compromised measures (p5)",Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Qualitative,Process tracing,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Structured dialogue,Market/Sector Growth,Ghana,Sub-Saharan Africa,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,,,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Zero Hunger",,https://www.cahiersagricultures.fr/articles/cagri/full_html/2016/06/cagri160103/cagri160103.html,Multi-stakeholder platforms,Productivity gains,61.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Improving Scaling Performance in Research for Development: Learning from a Realist Evaluation of the Scaling Readiness Approach,"Damtew, Elias",2023.0,Journal article,"Complexity-sensitive decision support approaches (CSDSA) have gained prominence in the research for development (R4D) sector. However, limited attention has been given to critically examining the underlying causal assumptions of CSDSAs and their overall effectiveness in navigating complexity and achieving desired outcomes. Scaling Readiness has emerged as a novel CSDSA that is increasingly applied in R4D programs in low- and middle-income countries to improve the scaling of innovation. This study offers theory-based explanations on the extent to which Scaling Readiness supports evidence-based design, implementation and monitoring of scaling strategies in two R4D interventions. The contribution of Scaling Readiness is influenced by various contextual factors, including pre-existing partnerships and established institutional intervention project and performance management practices. The findings underscore the significance of investing in broader institutional impact culture growth. This includes critical evaluation of how funding, incentive, and performance mechanisms enable or constrain evidence-based decision-making and adaptive management at intervention and organizational level&nbsp;towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals.",Agricultural research and development,"Two CGIAR-RTB-program funded scaling projects1  employed the Scaling Readiness approach to guide their overall scaling activities and decisions. Scaling approach for fash drying of cassava starch and four at small scale was a two-year project launched in Colombia, DR Congo and Nigeria, with the objective to increase energy efciency of small-scale cassava processing thereby reduce production costs of cassava starch and four, two main industrial products of cassava (p1396)",Knowledge of recommended agricultural product marketing practices,Scaling readiness,Human development and gender,Food security,"Agriculture, fishing, and forestry","Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing",Qualitative,Realist evaluation,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Market/Sector Growth,Multi-country,Multi-continent,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,,,,,,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Zero Hunger",,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41287-023-00586-w,Capacity strengthening to enhance private sector engagement,Productivity gains,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Public-Private Partnerships in Education: Evaluating the Education Management Organisations Programme in Sindh, Pakistan","Rind, Gul",2022.0,Journal article,"The focus of this study was to investigate public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education, in this instance by evaluating the Educational Management Organisations (EMOs) Program in Sindh, Pakistan. The study was guided by the research questions that were intended to evaluate to what extent, how, in what way, and for whom the PPP mode of education through EMOs improves access to education, ensures quality and equity in education, and sustainability in the context of Sindh, Pakistan. We chose the realist evaluation as a methodological approach, applied New Public Management as a theoretical framework to answer the research questions, and adopted a mixed methods research design. The findings indicate that PPPs through EMOs have some advantages in terms of better governance of schools through autonomy and decentralization. The schools' accountability, monitoring, and evaluation have somehow improved. However, the broader impact of EMO reform still does not reflect in increasing access, overall quality, and ensuring equity.",PPP in education,"""In 2015,	the	Government	of Sindh	launched the	EMO program with the	World Bank,	ADB, and USAID's support to ensure educaitonal accessibiltiy and equity""",Overall student enrolment,"Expected	Outcomes
Increase	enrolments	
Ensure	equity	
Quality	education	
Innovation",Human development and gender,Access to education,Education,,Qualitative,Realist evaluation,IE Qualitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Pakistan,South Asia,Lower middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,"""Table 3 Students	Enrollment	and	Attendance""",,,,Quality Education,,https://riseprogramme.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Public-Private%20Partnerships%20in%20Education.pdf,Service management and delivery PPP,Education,144.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
How Equitable is Social Franchising? Case Studies of Three Maternal Healthcare Franchises in Uganda and India,"Haemmerli, Manon",,,,Other intervention,,Other outcome,,Human development and gender,Health system strengthening,Health,Health,Experimental,Randomised controlled trial,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Work-Labor/Social,Uganda,Sub-Saharan Africa | South Asia,Low income,No,Equity sensitive research process,Sex,Not specified,Non-profit organization,"""We aimed to survey a total of 760 women in each of the three study settings. The sample size was estimated to allow detection of a difference of 50% between two equally sized groups (e.g. wealthiest and poorest) for a proportion of 50%, with power of 80%, significance level of 5% and an estimated design effect of two to account for clustering at facility level."" (p414)",Country | Firm/organisation,,,Good Health and Well-being,,,Service management and delivery PPP,"Food security, health, and nutrition",113.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Internship Programs and Access to Employment: An Application to the National Convention between the State and Private Sector Employers in Senegal,"Kane, Abou | Ndoye, Mamadou Laye | Dogbe, Amen Komlan",2020.0,Journal article,"We examine the impact of internship programs on access to employment in Senegal. We use primary data collected in 2018 on 1,838 applicants (beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries) to the National State-Private Sector Employer Agreement (“Convention nationale État-employeurs”), which is an agreement signed between the government and employers to share the costs of hiring young people for internships. The impact evaluation is carried out using the marginal treatment effect approach to correct selection bias induced by observable and unobservable characteristics. The results show that the internship programs increase the chances of accessing regular and stable employment, regardless of gender. The impact is much more favorable for women, as the proportion of female program beneficiaries who moved into regular employment is 41.1 percentage points higher than for female non-beneficiaries. This figure is 19.2 percentage points higher when comparing male beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. The results also reveal that in the male and female control groups, there are still suitable profiles that need to be supported for better professional integration.",Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET),"An internship and apprenticeship programme enacted by the government of Senegal. (p50) ""...interns receive a monthly allowance paid entirely by the company where the internship is carried out. In return, companies prepare statements summarizing the interns hosted as well as the total allowances paid to them and the State is responsible for reimbursing 50% of the compensation paid.""",Index of employment | Employment type,"Access to employment (p71, t4) | Regular employment (p72, fig.1)",Human development and gender,Active labor market programs,Education,Education,Quasi-experimental,Instrumental variable estimation,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,"Capacity development of private, public, or hybrid sector actors",Jobs and Income,Senegal,Sub-Saharan Africa,Low income,No,Sub-group analysis by sex,Sex,Government agency,Not specified,,Household,Impact evaluation | public employment policy | regular employment | Marginal treatment effect | Senegal,Not applicable,Decent Work and Economic Growth,,https://shs.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-du-developpement-2020-4-page-47?lang=fr,Technical and vocational training,Employment,69.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Effects of Multilateral Support on Infrastructure PPP Contract Cancellation,"Marcelo, Darwin | House, Schuyler",2016.0,Published working paper,"This paper examines the relationship between multilateral support and contract cancellation in long-term infrastructure public-private partnerships. The analysis draws on a large data set and employs a multi-level econometric model to define propensity scores and matching estimators to compare rates of cancellation between projects with multilateral support and a comparison group of public-private partnership projects without multilateral support. The results suggest that multilateral support has a positive effect on the survival of long-term public-private partnership infrastructure contracts. Whereas observed the data suggest that multilateral support has no effect on cancellation rates, a quasi-experimental approach shows that the cancellation rate for projects with multilateral (6 percent) would have been about 48 percent higher without support from multilateral development organizations.&nbsp;",Civil works and service contracts,"Public-Private Partnership infrastructure contracts that were cancelled were analysed. (p4) ""The project outcome analyzed in this paper –cancellation rate– is based only on PPP projects in that are currently classified as operational, concluded, or canceled; and have reached financial closure between 1990 and 2010 (i.e., PPPs that have survived five or more years)""",Funding process,"Projects receiving Multilateral Support (MLS) vs Projects not receiving MLS - (p6) ""the comparison group consists of PPP projects without MLS, but with the same likelihood of getting funding from multilateral banks as the treatment group (projects with MLS).""",Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,Public administration,"Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Coordination/Reforms,Multi-country,Multi-continent,,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Not specified,Not specified,,Firm/organisation | Country,Public– Private Partnerships (PPPs) | Infrastucture | Contract Cancellation | Quasi-Experimental,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Partnerships to achieve the Goal",,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2811973,Infrastructure development and financing,Signaling effects,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Private Sector Participation and Performance of County Water Utilities in China,"Li, Li",2018.0,Journal article,"In the early 1990s, China opened its urban water sector to private investors to secure the country's growing urban water demand. In Chinese counties which accommodated around 195 million urban population in 2012, private sector participation (PSP) has progressed slowly but steadily among the county-level water utilities. Using a panel data set extracted from the annual surveys conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (1998–2006), we exploit the changes in the PSP status of water utilities and apply a fixed-effects model to identify the causal effects of PSP on 12 performance indicators. We find that utilities with private investment enjoyed significant performance improvement in three areas: output, financial performance and profitability, and efficiency. Using supplementary data from population censuses and statistical yearbooks, we find that water quality is slightly lowered under PSP, while no significant effect is detected for the other service outcomes. The findings suggest that a greater role of PSP in the urban water supply sector of Chinese counties could be promoted.",Private sector involvement in WaSH,"This study elaborates on private sector participation in county level water utilities supply in China. (p33) ""In 2006, Shenzhen Water Facility Investment acquired the 28-year water service franchise via TOT (Transfer-Operate-Transfer) in Anji, Zhejiang Province. BOT and TOT approaches dominate China's wastewater sector in China according to the 2005 survey by the Ministry of Construction, but only a few water supply projects adopted these approaches""",Private investment | Employment status | Sales | Value added products | Index of firm behaviour | Profits and revenues | Total factor productivity,"Water utility performance (p40, t4) - Investment | Water utility performance (p40, t4) - Employment | Water utility performance (p40, t4) - Sales | Water utility performance (p40, t4) - Value added | Water utility performance (p40, t4) - Liability ratio, Managerial expense ratio, Financial expense ratio, Profit-sales ratio, Tax-sales ratio, Subsidy-sales ratio | Water utility performance (p40, t4) - Average revenue product of labor | Water utility performance (p40, t4) - TFP",Urban and rural development,Urban water and sanitation,"Water, sanitation, and waste management",Water and sanitation,Quasi-experimental,Fixed effects (incl. DiD),IE Quantitative,ier,Not applicable,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,China,East Asia and Pacific,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,State/Provincial,WATER utilities | Private sector participation | county | China,Not applicable,Clean Water and Sanitation | Partnerships to achieve the Goal,,https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-6902-8_4,Infrastructure development and financing,Investment levels|Employment|Domestic business growth and market development,98.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The Impact of an Associative Strategy (the PROFO program) on Small and Medium Enterprises in Chile,"Benavente, José Miguel | Crespi, Gustavo",2000.0,Published working paper,"The main objective of this article is to determine if associative strategies followed in Chile have had any impact on the enhancement of productive performance of Chilean SMEs firms. In order to do that, the estimate of the impact is approached using the benchmark given by Social Experiment but within the context of a `nonexperimental' evaluation design. We conclude that these kinds of policies have been effective in increasing the productivity of the participating firms, and have also been efficient since they have achieved high social profits.",Other intervention,"Chilean government programme to assist Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to operate more efficiently by providing support through a public manager. (p4-5) ""Formally, a PROFO is an associative entity with a legal constitution that brings together small and medium firms from the same industrial branches and regions for a limited period of 3 years at most. A manager hired by the members is in charge of administration and public and private resources are used to finance operation costs. Responsibility for coordination and evaluation falls on the National Agency for Development (CORFO). CORFO is responsible for regulating the general framework that sets forth the program and to approve and assign the financial resources. Intermediate operators are put in charge of field operations. Some of those are public organisms such as the Service of Technical Cooperation (SERCOTEC) others are private associations (for example the Association of Manufacturing Exporters -ASEXMA-, or the Textile Institute). CORFO works as a support agency, and it does not have any direct participation in execution. The administration of the program has been decentralised over time. In the beginning SERCOTEC was the institution that ran the first PROFOs, due to their direct contact with the SMEs. However, starting in 1994, it was determined that the execution of the program could be transferred to private operators properly authorised by CORFO. The objective of this decision was to accelerate diffusion and to lower administration costs. An interesting innovation has been to consider union associations as possible operating agents""",Total factor productivity,"(p26-27, t 7-8) Average Growth in TFP",Private sector development,"Micro, small and medium enterprise development","Industry, trade, and services","Industry, Mining, Construction",Quasi-experimental,Statistical matching,IE Quantitative,ier,Promotion of responsible business practices,Public-private partnerships (PPPs),Market/Sector Growth,Chile,Latin America and Caribbean,Upper middle income,No,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm/organisation,Program Evaluation | associative strategies | Small and micro enterprises (SMEs) | Innovation | non-experimental design,Cost-benefit/effectiveness analysis,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | Decent Work and Economic Growth",,https://ideas.repec.org/p/sru/ssewps/88.html,Co-location model,Productivity gains,62.0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Structured Funds - A Balancing Act between Financial Sustainability and Development Impact,"Orth, Magdalena | Habbel, Valarie | Richter, Johanna | Roggemann, Hanne",2020.0,Published report,"It is estimated that up to 4.5 trillion US dollars in global investment are needed every year to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Innovative financing approaches that aim to increase the involvement of private actors in development finance are therefore increasing in importance. One of these approaches is structured funds. They include different risk categories, in order to meet the needs of different investors. Official donors assume the highest risk category, thus reducing the risk for private investors. So far, only little is known about the development impact of this financing approach, which needs to balance its objectives of financial sustainability and development impact. Against this backdrop, this evaluation examines the alignment of this financing approach with the objectives of German development cooperation, its potential for mobilising private capital, its financial sustainability, and its effects on financial intermediaries (FIs) and the extent to which sub-borrowers are reached. For this purpose a theory-based approach was selected that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. Based on its findings, the evaluation makes recommendations concerning financial sustainability, political management, donor coordination, mobilising private capital and managing development impact.",SME investment funds,"Structured funds from BMZ, KfW and other German institutions have been provided each year to SMEs. This is a portfolio of such interventions.",Profits and revenues | Access to institutional credit,"(p23, fig. 1) ""Profit and turnover of MSMEs increase"" | (p23, fig. 1) ""Access to financial market in general improves""",Private sector development,Public-private partnerships,Financial sector,Banking & Financial Services,Qualitative,Contribution analysis,IE Qualitative,ier,Value chain development|Promotion of responsible business practices,Financing with private sector actors,Jobs and Income | Market/Sector Growth,,Sub-Saharan Africa,,,Does not address gender or equity,Not applicable,Government agency,Government agency,,Firm/organisation,,Not applicable,"Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure",,https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/71320/ssoar-2020-orth_et_al-Structured_Funds_A_balancing_act.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2020-orth_et_al-Structured_Funds_A_balancing_act.pdf,Blended finance,Financial inclusion|Domestic business growth and market development,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,