experiment_data.py

"""
Structured experiment data extracted from experiments.xlsx
75 activities across Chapters 1-10 (NCERT Class 10 Science)
"""

EXPERIMENTS = [
    # ── Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions ─────────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 1, "title": "Activity 1.1: Burning a Magnesium Ribbon",
     "materials": "Magnesium ribbon, sandpaper, bunsen burner/tongs/hot plate, watch glass",
     "steps": "Clean magnesium ribbon with sandpaper. Hold magnesium ribbon with tongs and heat over flame. Place burning ribbon on watch glass to observe product.",
     "safety": "Do not touch burning magnesium directly. Do not look directly at the flame; magnesium is very bright.",
     "outcome": "A white powder is formed, which is magnesium oxide.", "page": 7},

    {"chapter": 1, "title": "Activity 1.2: Appearance of Copper Sulphate Solution and Iron Nail",
     "materials": "Two test tubes, copper sulphate solution, iron nails",
     "steps": "Take 10 ml copper sulphate solution in test tube. Place a clean iron nail in the solution and keep undisturbed for half an hour. Record observations.",
     "safety": "Copper sulphate solution can be harmful. Handle chemicals carefully.",
     "outcome": "Surface of iron nail acquires a reddish brown coating; blue color of solution fades.", "page": 8},

    {"chapter": 1, "title": "Activity 1.3: Reaction of Lead Nitrate with Potassium Iodide",
     "materials": "Lead nitrate solution, potassium iodide solution, two test tubes",
     "steps": "Take lead nitrate in one test tube and potassium iodide in another. Mix the two solutions. Note the color and nature of the precipitate formed.",
     "safety": "Lead compounds are poisonous. Avoid skin contact.",
     "outcome": "A yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed.", "page": 8},

    {"chapter": 1, "title": "Activity 1.4: Testing for Hydrogen Gas in Zinc + HCl Reaction",
     "materials": "Zinc granules, dilute hydrochloric acid, test tube, matchstick",
     "steps": "Place zinc granules in a test tube. Add dilute hydrochloric acid. Bring a burning matchstick near the mouth of the test tube.",
     "safety": "Hydrochloric acid is corrosive. Wear gloves and safety glasses.",
     "outcome": "Gas produced burns with a 'pop' sound, indicating hydrogen gas.", "page": 11},

    {"chapter": 1, "title": "Activity 1.5: Testing CO2 with Lime Water",
     "materials": "Calcium carbonate (marble chips), dilute hydrochloric acid, test tube, delivery tube, lime water",
     "steps": "Place marble chips in test tube. Add dilute HCl. Pass released gas through lime water using delivery tube.",
     "safety": "Handle acids carefully.",
     "outcome": "Lime water turns milky, confirming CO2 presence.", "page": 12},

    {"chapter": 1, "title": "Activity 1.6: Thermal Decomposition of Ferrous Sulphate",
     "materials": "Ferrous sulphate crystals, dry test tube, burner/tongs",
     "steps": "Take ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry test tube. Heat over a burner and observe changes.",
     "safety": "Heated crystals may release gases. Do not inhale fumes.",
     "outcome": "Crystals change color from green to brown and white fumes are released.", "page": 14},

    {"chapter": 1, "title": "Activity 1.7: Electrolysis of Water",
     "materials": "Beaker, water, dropper, dilute sulphuric acid, carbon electrodes, 6V battery, test tubes",
     "steps": "Add few drops sulphuric acid to water to improve conductivity. Set up the apparatus as shown. Pass electric current and observe gas formation at each electrode.",
     "safety": "Electric current is involved. Handle apparatus safely.",
     "outcome": "Oxygen gas is collected at anode; hydrogen at cathode; gas volume ratio is 1:2.", "page": 15},

    {"chapter": 1, "title": "Activity 1.8: Action of Heat on Sodium Carbonate",
     "materials": "Sodium carbonate crystals, test tube, burner",
     "steps": "Take sodium carbonate crystals in test tube and heat. Observe changes.",
     "safety": "Do not touch hot test tube.",
     "outcome": "No change is observed; sodium carbonate is thermally stable.", "page": 15},

    # ── Chapter 2: Acids, Bases & Salts ───────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 2, "title": "Activity 2.1: How do acids and bases react with indicators?",
     "materials": "Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide solution, phenolphthalein solution, methyl orange solution",
     "steps": "Take dilute HCl in a test tube. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein - note the colour. Repeat using methyl orange. Do the same tests using dilute NaOH.",
     "safety": "Handle acids and bases carefully. Avoid skin contact.",
     "outcome": "Acid turns methyl orange red, phenolphthalein colourless. Base turns methyl orange yellow, phenolphthalein pink.", "page": 19},

    {"chapter": 2, "title": "Activity 2.2: Reaction of acids with metals",
     "materials": "Dilute HCl, zinc granules, test tube, cork, delivery tube, soap solution, matchstick",
     "steps": "Add zinc granules to test tube. Pour dilute HCl and close with cork fitted with delivery tube. Collect gas in soap solution - bring burning matchstick near bubbles.",
     "safety": "Acid is corrosive. Do not inhale gas.",
     "outcome": "Hydrogen gas evolves and burns with a pop sound.", "page": 20},

    {"chapter": 2, "title": "Activity 2.3: Reaction of metal carbonates with acids",
     "materials": "Marble chips (CaCO3), dilute HCl, delivery tube, lime water, test tube",
     "steps": "Add marble chips to test tube. Pour dilute HCl over it. Pass produced gas into lime water.",
     "safety": "Handle acids carefully.",
     "outcome": "Lime water turns milky showing CO2 formation.", "page": 21},

    {"chapter": 2, "title": "Activity 2.4: Acids in water",
     "materials": "Beaker, dilute H2SO4, glass rod, water, beaker",
     "steps": "Take water in a beaker. Add concentrated H2SO4 slowly along glass rod. Touch beaker - feel temperature change.",
     "safety": "Always add acid to water, not reverse.",
     "outcome": "Beaker becomes warm - heat produced.", "page": 22},

    {"chapter": 2, "title": "Activity 2.5: What is responsible for acidic behaviour?",
     "materials": "Beakers, dilute HCl, glucose solution, bulb, battery, connecting wires",
     "steps": "Set up electric circuit with bulb and battery. Place electrodes in beaker containing dilute HCl - observe bulb. Repeat with glucose solution.",
     "safety": "Avoid electric shock - use low voltage.",
     "outcome": "Bulb glows in acid solution (ions present), does not glow in glucose.", "page": 23},

    {"chapter": 2, "title": "Activity 2.6: Reaction of a base with acid (neutralisation)",
     "materials": "Dilute NaOH, dilute HCl, phenolphthalein, beaker",
     "steps": "Take dilute NaOH in beaker, add phenolphthalein (pink). Add dilute HCl dropwise till pink disappears.",
     "safety": "Handle acids/bases with care.",
     "outcome": "Pink colour disappears - neutralisation occurs.", "page": 24},

    {"chapter": 2, "title": "Activity 2.7: Strength of acid/base depends on H+/OH- concentration",
     "materials": "Beaker, dilute acid/base samples, universal indicator, pH chart",
     "steps": "Put drop of universal indicator in each solution. Compare colour with pH chart.",
     "safety": "Handle chemicals carefully.",
     "outcome": "Different acids/bases show different pH values.", "page": 25},

    {"chapter": 2, "title": "Activity 2.8: Crystallisation of salts",
     "materials": "Beaker, China dish, tripod stand, wire gauze, burner, copper sulphate solution",
     "steps": "Heat copper sulphate solution in china dish. Allow to cool - crystals form.",
     "safety": "Avoid overheating; do not touch hot dish.",
     "outcome": "Blue copper sulphate crystals obtained.", "page": 30},

    # ── Chapter 3: Metals & Non-metals ────────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 3, "title": "Activity 3.1: Reaction of metals with oxygen",
     "materials": "Magnesium ribbon, burner, crucible tongs",
     "steps": "Clean magnesium ribbon. Hold with tongs, burn over flame. Collect white ash formed.",
     "safety": "Do not look directly at bright flame. Wear safety goggles.",
     "outcome": "Bright white flame, white powder of magnesium oxide formed.", "page": 36},

    {"chapter": 3, "title": "Activity 3.2: Reaction of metals with water",
     "materials": "Samples of sodium, calcium, beaker, water, forceps",
     "steps": "Place small piece of sodium in water. Observe movement and reaction. Repeat with calcium.",
     "safety": "Handle sodium with forceps; it is highly reactive.",
     "outcome": "Sodium floats, moves vigorously; hydrogen gas evolves. Calcium sinks and bubbles of hydrogen form.", "page": 37},

    {"chapter": 3, "title": "Activity 3.3: Reaction of metals with dilute acids",
     "materials": "Zinc granules, dilute HCl, test tube, matchstick",
     "steps": "Add dilute HCl to zinc in test tube. Bring burning matchstick near mouth.",
     "safety": "Acid is corrosive - wear gloves.",
     "outcome": "Pop sound heard due to hydrogen gas burning.", "page": 38},

    {"chapter": 3, "title": "Activity 3.4: Displacement reaction of metals",
     "materials": "Iron nails, copper sulphate solution, beaker",
     "steps": "Place clean iron nails in copper sulphate solution. Leave for 30 mins.",
     "safety": "Copper sulphate harmful - avoid skin contact.",
     "outcome": "Iron nail surface coated with brown deposit; blue colour of solution fades.", "page": 39},

    {"chapter": 3, "title": "Activity 3.5: Reaction of non-metals with oxygen",
     "materials": "Sulphur powder, deflagrating spoon, burner, gas jar",
     "steps": "Burn sulphur in spoon, introduce into gas jar. Smell gas formed.",
     "safety": "Do not inhale fumes directly.",
     "outcome": "Sulphur burns with blue flame; pungent smelling gas (SO2) formed.", "page": 41},

    {"chapter": 3, "title": "Activity 3.6: Reaction of acidic/basic oxides with water",
     "materials": "Quicklime (CaO), water, beaker, glass rod",
     "steps": "Add CaO to water slowly. Stir and observe temperature change.",
     "safety": "Reaction is exothermic - handle with care.",
     "outcome": "Slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) forms; heat evolved.", "page": 42},

    {"chapter": 3, "title": "Activity 3.7: Properties of ionic compounds",
     "materials": "Samples of NaCl, beaker, water, conductivity tester, burner",
     "steps": "Test solubility in water. Test conductivity of aqueous solution. Heat solid NaCl and test conductivity.",
     "safety": "Handle electrical equipment safely.",
     "outcome": "Ionic compounds soluble in water; aqueous solution conducts electricity; solid form does not.", "page": 46},

    # ── Chapter 4: Carbon Compounds ────────────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 4, "title": "Activity 4.1: Formation of a carbon compound by burning carbon in air",
     "materials": "China dish, charcoal powder, beaker, water",
     "steps": "Take small amount of charcoal powder in a china dish. Burn the charcoal. Cover the dish with an inverted beaker containing a little water at the bottom. Test the water with blue litmus paper.",
     "safety": "Avoid inhaling fumes. Handle burning charcoal carefully.",
     "outcome": "Blue litmus turns red, indicating formation of an acidic oxide (CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid).", "page": 53},

    {"chapter": 4, "title": "Activity 4.2: Reaction of acid with metal carbonate",
     "materials": "Test tube, marble chips (calcium carbonate), dilute HCl, delivery tube, lime water",
     "steps": "Place marble chips in a test tube. Add dilute HCl through a delivery tube leading into lime water. Observe lime water turning milky.",
     "safety": "Handle acids with care.",
     "outcome": "CO2 gas produced reacts with lime water producing white precipitate of CaCO3.", "page": 54},

    {"chapter": 4, "title": "Activity 4.3: Formation of soap",
     "materials": "Vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide solution, common salt, beaker, heat source",
     "steps": "Take vegetable oil in a beaker. Add sodium hydroxide solution. Heat the mixture with stirring until reaction is complete. Add common salt to precipitate soap. Filter and collect the soap.",
     "safety": "NaOH is caustic - wear gloves and goggles.",
     "outcome": "Soap separates as a solid precipitate from the mixture.", "page": 61},

    {"chapter": 4, "title": "Activity 4.4: Cleansing action of soap",
     "materials": "Two test tubes, distilled water, soap solution, oily cloth pieces",
     "steps": "Prepare two test tubes with distilled water. Add soap solution to both. To one, add a piece of oily cloth. Shake and observe cleaning effect.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Soap emulsifies oil, aiding removal from cloth surface.", "page": 62},

    # ── Chapter 5: Periodic Classification ────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 5, "title": "Activity 5.1: Observing properties of metals and non-metals",
     "materials": "Samples of sulphur, coal, copper, aluminium, iron, knife, hammer",
     "steps": "Observe physical state and colour of given samples. Try cutting with knife (sulphur, coal). Hammer metals to observe malleability.",
     "safety": "Handle knife and hammer with care.",
     "outcome": "Metals are lustrous, malleable; non-metals dull, brittle.", "page": 75},

    {"chapter": 5, "title": "Activity 5.2: Electrical conductivity of metals and non-metals",
     "materials": "Samples from Activity 5.1, circuit with battery, bulb",
     "steps": "Place sample between battery and bulb connection. Observe whether bulb glows.",
     "safety": "Avoid short circuits.",
     "outcome": "Metals conduct electricity - bulb glows; non-metals do not.", "page": 76},

    {"chapter": 5, "title": "Activity 5.3: Reaction of elements with oxygen",
     "materials": "Magnesium ribbon, sulphur powder, deflagrating spoon, burner",
     "steps": "Burn small strip of magnesium ribbon in air. Burn sulphur in deflagrating spoon in air. Note nature of oxide formed.",
     "safety": "Do not inhale fumes; wear goggles.",
     "outcome": "Magnesium oxide is basic; sulphur dioxide forms acidic solution.", "page": 77},

    {"chapter": 5, "title": "Activity 5.4: Reaction of oxides with water and indicators",
     "materials": "Oxides from Activity 5.3, water, red/blue litmus",
     "steps": "Dissolve oxides in water. Test solutions with litmus.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Magnesium oxide turns red litmus blue; sulphur dioxide turns blue litmus red.", "page": 78},

    {"chapter": 5, "title": "Activity 5.5: Arranging elements in order of atomic mass",
     "materials": "Flash cards of element names & atomic masses",
     "steps": "Write element name and atomic mass on cards. Arrange in increasing order. Group elements with similar properties.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals (periodicity).", "page": 80},

    # ── Chapter 6: Life Processes ──────────────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.1: Demonstration of carbon dioxide given out during respiration",
     "materials": "Germinating seeds, conical flask, cork with delivery tube, test tube with lime water",
     "steps": "Place germinating seeds in a conical flask. Fit the flask with a cork and delivery tube leading to a test tube containing clear lime water. Observe any change in lime water over time.",
     "safety": "Do not inhale lime water vapours.",
     "outcome": "Lime water turns milky indicating carbon dioxide release during respiration.", "page": 95},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.2: Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to observe stomata",
     "materials": "Fresh leaf, forceps, needle, microscope slide, cover slip, glycerine, microscope",
     "steps": "Peel the lower surface of the leaf. Place peel in glycerine on a slide. Cover with cover slip avoiding air bubbles. Observe under microscope.",
     "safety": "Handle sharp instruments carefully.",
     "outcome": "Stomata with guard cells are visible under microscope.", "page": 98},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.3: Experiment to show that light is essential for photosynthesis",
     "materials": "Healthy potted plant, black paper, clips, iodine solution",
     "steps": "Keep plant in dark for 24 hours. Cover part of a leaf with black paper and expose plant to sunlight for a few hours. Pluck leaf, boil in water, then in alcohol to remove chlorophyll. Rinse in warm water, add iodine solution.",
     "safety": "Handle boiling alcohol away from flame.",
     "outcome": "Covered portion of leaf does not turn blue-black; uncovered does, showing light is necessary.", "page": 99},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.4: Experiment to show that CO2 is essential for photosynthesis",
     "materials": "Healthy potted plant, potassium hydroxide solution, wide-mouthed bottle, split cork, iodine solution",
     "steps": "Keep plant in dark for 24 hours. Insert a leaf inside bottle containing KOH to absorb CO2. Expose the bottle to sunlight. Test the leaf with iodine.",
     "safety": "Avoid contact with KOH.",
     "outcome": "Leaf inside bottle does not turn blue-black; CO2 needed for photosynthesis.", "page": 100},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.5: To test the presence of starch in a leaf",
     "materials": "Leaf, beaker of boiling water, test tube with alcohol, iodine solution",
     "steps": "Boil leaf in water. Boil in alcohol using water bath. Dip in warm water. Add iodine solution.",
     "safety": "Do not heat alcohol directly over flame.",
     "outcome": "Blue-black color indicates starch presence.", "page": 101},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.6: Observing human cheek cells",
     "materials": "Toothpick, microscope slide, cover slip, methylene blue stain, glycerine, microscope",
     "steps": "Gently scrape inner cheek with toothpick. Spread on slide with drop of glycerine. Stain with methylene blue. Cover and observe.",
     "safety": "Dispose toothpick safely.",
     "outcome": "Cells with nucleus and cell membrane visible.", "page": 105},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.7: Observing onion peel cells",
     "materials": "Onion bulb, forceps, slide, cover slip, iodine solution, microscope",
     "steps": "Peel inner layer of onion. Place in water on slide. Add iodine. Cover and observe.",
     "safety": "Handle glassware carefully.",
     "outcome": "Rectangular cells with prominent nucleus visible.", "page": 106},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.8: Demonstration of peristalsis using rubber tubing",
     "materials": "Rubber tube, water, marbles",
     "steps": "Fill rubber tube partly with water. Insert marble. Squeeze tube behind marble to push it forward.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Movement of marble simulates peristaltic movement of food.", "page": 112},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.9: Demonstration of action of saliva on starch",
     "materials": "Beaker, droppers, water, starch solution, saliva, iodine solution",
     "steps": "Prepare starch solution. Add saliva and keep for some time. Test with iodine.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Starch partially digested; iodine test less intense.", "page": 113},

    {"chapter": 6, "title": "Activity 6.10: Demonstrating role of diaphragm in breathing",
     "materials": "Bell jar, balloon, rubber sheet",
     "steps": "Fix balloon inside bell jar to act as lungs. Rubber sheet at base represents diaphragm. Pull down sheet - balloon inflates; push up - deflates.",
     "safety": "Handle glass jar with care.",
     "outcome": "Demonstrates diaphragm's role in inhalation & exhalation.", "page": 118},

    # ── Chapter 7: Control & Coordination ─────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 7, "title": "Activity 7.1: Effect of stimulus on the tendril",
     "materials": "Potted plant with tendrils, soft thread",
     "steps": "Gently touch or tie a soft thread to the side of a growing tendril. Observe the direction of its growth over a few hours or days.",
     "safety": "Do not damage the tendril during tying.",
     "outcome": "Tendril coils towards the side of contact, showing thigmotropism.", "page": 128},

    {"chapter": 7, "title": "Activity 7.2: Response of roots to gravity",
     "materials": "Two germinating bean seeds, moist sawdust, jar",
     "steps": "Place germinating seeds in a jar filled with moist sawdust, with radicle in horizontal position. Keep in a warm place. Observe radicle growth direction after 2-3 days.",
     "safety": "Maintain moisture but prevent fungal growth.",
     "outcome": "Roots bend downwards in response to gravity, showing positive geotropism.", "page": 129},

    {"chapter": 7, "title": "Activity 7.3: Phototropic curvature of shoots",
     "materials": "Potted seedling, cardboard box with a small hole, light source",
     "steps": "Place the potted seedling inside a box with only one small hole on one side. Place box so that sunlight enters through the hole. Observe curvature of shoot after a few days.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Shoot bends towards light source, showing positive phototropism.", "page": 130},

    {"chapter": 7, "title": "Activity 7.4: Effect of unilateral light on growth",
     "materials": "Young plant in pot, black paper, clips",
     "steps": "Cover tip of plant shoot with black paper. Allow plant to receive light from one side. Compare growth with uncovered control plant.",
     "safety": "Handle plant gently to avoid damage.",
     "outcome": "Covered tip does not bend towards light; uncovered one does.", "page": 131},

    {"chapter": 7, "title": "Activity 7.5: Taste discrimination on tongue",
     "materials": "Dilute sugar solution, salt solution, lemon juice, bitter gourd extract, dropper, cotton swab",
     "steps": "Close eyes and protrude tongue. Place drops of different solutions on different regions using cotton swab. Record the taste sensation.",
     "safety": "Ensure solutions are safe and non-allergic.",
     "outcome": "Different tastes sensed at different regions of tongue.", "page": 136},

    {"chapter": 7, "title": "Activity 7.6: Reflex action demonstration",
     "materials": "Scale or ruler",
     "steps": "Hold ruler vertically between thumb and finger gap of a student. Without warning, drop the ruler. Student catches it quickly. Measure distance fallen before catch.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Quick catch occurs without thinking, showing reflex action.", "page": 138},

    {"chapter": 7, "title": "Activity 7.7: Observation of animal response to stimuli",
     "materials": "Pet earthworm or cockroach, brush",
     "steps": "Gently touch the animal with brush on different body parts. Record movements.",
     "safety": "Handle organism carefully and release unharmed.",
     "outcome": "Animal moves away from stimulus, showing sensitivity.", "page": 140},

    {"chapter": 7, "title": "Activity 7.8: Effect of plant hormones on growth",
     "materials": "Two sets of similar plants, plant hormone solution (IAA), water, beakers",
     "steps": "Apply IAA solution to one set of plants and water to other (control). Keep under same light and water conditions. Observe changes over time.",
     "safety": "Use correct hormone concentration.",
     "outcome": "Plants receiving hormone show enhanced growth compared to control.", "page": 144},

    # ── Chapter 8: Reproduction ────────────────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 8, "title": "Activity 8.1: Binary fission in Amoeba",
     "materials": "Glass slides, cover slips, dropper, needle, compound microscope, culture of Amoeba",
     "steps": "Place a drop of culture medium containing Amoeba on a clean slide. Cover gently with cover slip. Observe under microscope for splitting of nucleus and cytoplasm.",
     "safety": "Handle glassware and microscope with care.",
     "outcome": "Amoeba divides into two identical daughter cells by binary fission.", "page": 150},

    {"chapter": 8, "title": "Activity 8.2: Budding in yeast",
     "materials": "Yeast culture, sugar solution, glass slide, cover slip, dropper, microscope",
     "steps": "Place a drop of yeast culture on slide. Add drop of sugar solution. Cover and observe under microscope for bud formation.",
     "safety": "Clean slides after use.",
     "outcome": "Small outgrowth (bud) appears which detaches to form new yeast cell.", "page": 151},

    {"chapter": 8, "title": "Activity 8.3: Spore formation in Rhizopus",
     "materials": "Rhizopus culture on moist bread, glass slide, needle, microscope",
     "steps": "With needle, take sporangia from Rhizopus culture. Place on slide, cover with slip. Observe under microscope.",
     "safety": "Rhizopus spores may cause allergy - avoid inhalation.",
     "outcome": "Sporangia release spores that can grow into new hyphae.", "page": 152},

    {"chapter": 8, "title": "Activity 8.4: Vegetative propagation through stem cutting",
     "materials": "Healthy rose/hibiscus plant stems, knife, rooting hormone, pots, soil",
     "steps": "Cut healthy stem below a node. Dip in rooting hormone. Plant in moist soil and water daily.",
     "safety": "Handle knives carefully.",
     "outcome": "After days, new roots develop and stem grows into new plant.", "page": 154},

    {"chapter": 8, "title": "Activity 8.5: Observation of embryo in seeds",
     "materials": "Soaked gram seeds, scalpel, magnifying lens",
     "steps": "Soak gram seeds overnight. Remove seed coat carefully. Split seed and observe internal parts.",
     "safety": "Use scalpel with care.",
     "outcome": "Visible embryo consists of radicle and plumule.", "page": 160},

    {"chapter": 8, "title": "Activity 8.6: Structure of flower",
     "materials": "Fresh Hibiscus flower, blade, hand lens",
     "steps": "Observe external parts - sepals, petals, stamens, pistil. Cut longitudinal section to observe ovary and ovules.",
     "safety": "Handle blade carefully.",
     "outcome": "Flower has male (stamens) and female (carpels) parts.", "page": 162},

    {"chapter": 8, "title": "Activity 8.7: Pollination process",
     "materials": "China rose flowers, brush",
     "steps": "Dust pollen from anther onto stigma using brush. Tag and observe after a few days.",
     "safety": "Avoid damaging flower parts.",
     "outcome": "Pollen germinates on stigma leading to fertilisation.", "page": 165},

    {"chapter": 8, "title": "Activity 8.8: Germination of seeds",
     "materials": "Gram seeds, beaker, wet cotton/water",
     "steps": "Place soaked gram seeds on moist cotton. Keep in warm place. Observe sprouting.",
     "safety": "Keep moisture optimal - avoid waterlogging.",
     "outcome": "Radicle and plumule emerge during germination.", "page": 168},

    # ── Chapter 9: Heredity & Evolution ───────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 9, "title": "Activity 9.1: Study of variations in pea plants",
     "materials": "Pea pods from different plants, ruler, notebook",
     "steps": "Collect pea pods from several pea plants. Count the number of seeds in each pod and record. Note differences among pods collected.",
     "safety": "Pea pods may be wet - handle gently.",
     "outcome": "Variation exists in number of seeds per pod - a sign of genetic diversity.", "page": 178},

    {"chapter": 9, "title": "Activity 9.2: Inheritance of traits in family",
     "materials": "Family photographs, notebook",
     "steps": "Observe physical traits (e.g. hairline, dimples, attached/detached earlobes) in family members. Record similarities and differences across generations.",
     "safety": "Respect privacy and family comfort.",
     "outcome": "Traits such as earlobe attachment, hairline, dimples may be inherited or vary within family.", "page": 179},

    {"chapter": 9, "title": "Activity 9.3: Model of Mendel's laws using coloured beads",
     "materials": "Coloured beads, string, notebook",
     "steps": "Use beads of two colours to represent two genes. Combine beads in pairs for parental and offspring genotypes to demonstrate segregation and independent assortment.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Shows theoretical inheritance pattern per Mendel's laws.", "page": 181},

    {"chapter": 9, "title": "Activity 9.4: Evolution by natural selection (model with paper moths)",
     "materials": "Two sets of paper moth models (light/dark), photographs of trees (clean/polluted background), chart",
     "steps": "Scatter moth models on different backgrounds (clean bark, polluted bark). Count visible moths of each type. Discuss how background affects survival of differently colored moths.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Dark moths survive better on polluted bark; light moths on clean bark. Demonstrates natural selection.", "page": 188},

    {"chapter": 9, "title": "Activity 9.5: Importance of fossils",
     "materials": "Pictures/models of fossils, chart, notebook",
     "steps": "Observe various fossil images/models. Note their structure and compare with living species.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Fossils show similarities and differences, proving evolution over time.", "page": 190},

    {"chapter": 9, "title": "Activity 9.6: Creating a family trait pedigree chart",
     "materials": "Notebook, pencil, family records",
     "steps": "Choose a trait and trace its appearance in your family over generations. Draw a pedigree chart showing inheritance pattern.",
     "safety": "Ensure correct representation of relationships.",
     "outcome": "Pedigree chart shows how traits pass through generations.", "page": 192},

    {"chapter": 9, "title": "Activity 9.7: Investigating acquired and inherited traits",
     "materials": "Notebook, observation of traits in peers/classmates",
     "steps": "Note traits that can change during lifetime (acquired, e.g. haircut, pierced ear) and traits present since birth (inherited, e.g. tongue rolling ability).",
     "safety": "Respect privacy during observations.",
     "outcome": "Distinguishes between inherited and acquired traits.", "page": 193},

    {"chapter": 9, "title": "Activity 9.8: Simulating Darwin's finches (model/drawing)",
     "materials": "Paper cutouts/drawings of finch beaks, models of seeds/insects",
     "steps": "Create finch beak shapes of different types. Test which beak shape is best suited to pick up seeds/insects. Infer how finch beak evolution relates to available food.",
     "safety": "No special hazards.",
     "outcome": "Different beak shapes suitable for different foods. Models adaptive evolution.", "page": 195},

    # ── Chapter 10: Light ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.1: Verification of laws of reflection of light by a plane mirror",
     "materials": "Drawing board, white sheet, protractor, plane mirror, pins, scale",
     "steps": "Fix white sheet on drawing board. Draw a straight line MM to represent mirror. Place mirror along MM using holder. Fix two pins vertically on one side of mirror to represent incident ray. View their images from the other side and fix two more pins in straight line with the images. Join pin points and measure angles of incidence and reflection.",
     "safety": "Pins are sharp - handle carefully.",
     "outcome": "Measured angles of incidence and reflection are equal, verifying laws of reflection.", "page": 208},

    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.2: Refraction of light through a glass slab",
     "materials": "Drawing board, white sheet, protractor, glass slab, pins, scale",
     "steps": "Fix white sheet on board. Place glass slab on sheet and outline it. Stick two pins vertically to represent incident ray. View images on other side and fix two pins in line with them. Remove slab, join points to trace refracted and emergent rays. Measure angles of incidence, refraction, deviation.",
     "safety": "Pins are sharp - handle with care.",
     "outcome": "Light bends towards normal on entering glass and away on emerging; emergent ray parallel to incident ray.", "page": 213},

    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.3: Image formation by a concave mirror for different object positions",
     "materials": "Concave mirror, holder, screen, measuring scale, candle",
     "steps": "Place concave mirror on stand. Keep candle at various distances from mirror (beyond C, at C, between C and F, at F, between F and P). Adjust screen to obtain sharp image each time. Note nature, position, size of image.",
     "safety": "Fire hazard - be careful with candle flame.",
     "outcome": "Image nature, size and position change with object distance according to mirror formula.", "page": 217},

    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.4: Image formation by a convex mirror",
     "materials": "Convex mirror, holder, screen, candle, scale",
     "steps": "Place convex mirror on stand. Keep candle in front. Try to get image on screen far behind mirror. Note nature, position, size.",
     "safety": "Fire hazard - candle precautions.",
     "outcome": "Image is always virtual, erect, diminished, located behind mirror.", "page": 220},

    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.5: Image formation by concave lens",
     "materials": "Concave lens, holder, screen, candle, scale",
     "steps": "Place concave lens on stand. Keep candle at various positions. Try focusing image on screen. Observe nature, size, position.",
     "safety": "Flame precaution.",
     "outcome": "Image is erect, virtual, diminished in all positions.", "page": 226},

    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.6: Image formation by convex lens",
     "materials": "Convex lens, holder, screen, candle, scale",
     "steps": "Place convex lens on stand. Keep candle at various positions (beyond 2F, at 2F, between F and 2F, at F, between lens and F). Adjust screen for clear image. Record observations.",
     "safety": "Handle glass lens gently.",
     "outcome": "Image may be real/inverted or virtual/erect depending on position.", "page": 227},

    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.7: Determining focal length of a convex lens",
     "materials": "Convex lens, holder, white screen, distant object",
     "steps": "Place convex lens facing a distant object. Move screen behind lens to obtain sharp image. Measure distance between lens and screen - this is approximate focal length.",
     "safety": "Lens fragile - handle with care.",
     "outcome": "Measured distance is focal length of convex lens.", "page": 229},

    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.8: Refraction through a prism",
     "materials": "Drawing board, white sheet, protractor, glass prism, pins, scale",
     "steps": "Fix paper on board. Outline prism and mark vertices. Fix two pins to mark incident ray. View images through prism and fix two more pins in line. Remove prism, draw refracted and emergent rays. Measure angle of deviation.",
     "safety": "Pins are sharp - caution.",
     "outcome": "Light ray bends twice in prism, deviates from original path.", "page": 234},

    {"chapter": 10, "title": "Activity 10.9: Spectrum of white light using prism",
     "materials": "Glass prism, holder, white screen, white light source (sunlight through slit)",
     "steps": "Place prism in sunlight beam through a narrow slit. Place white screen to catch emerging light. Observe formation of spectrum.",
     "safety": "Avoid looking directly at sun.",
     "outcome": "White light disperses into seven colours (VIBGYOR).", "page": 236},
]