records/1768.json

{"dataset": "monaco_dev", "qid": "1768", "ex_num": 1768, "question": "Who was the first Caliph of each Caliphate and what was their position before ascending the throne?", "answers": [["Abu Bakr", "senior companion of Muhammad"], ["Mu'awiya I", "Governor of Syria"], ["Selim I", "Prince-Governor of Trebizond Sanjak"], ["as-Saffah", "head of a branch of the Banu Hāshim tribe from Arabia"]], "docs": [{"id": "4jGguzuLJYiN9gHGnuSPHjaGpTworSJFE1MaXcrZt7tHhGpnGB1f8Dxnj6Nug87qsDAaZa8JCKEu3vUSKhsbbiQz__0__list__0", "title": "Caliphate", "section": "Notable caliphs", "sub_question_text": "What were all the major political Caliphates throughout history? [list]", "text": "  * Rashidun Caliphate\n  * Umayyad Caliphate\n  * Abbasid Caliphate\n  * Ottoman Caliphate"}, {"id": "4jGguzuLJYiN9gHGnuSPHjaGpTworSJFE1MaXcrZt7tHhGpnGB1f8Dxnj6Nug87qsDAaZa8JCKEu3vUSKhsbbiQz__0__list__0", "title": "Caliphate", "section": "Notable caliphs", "sub_question_text": "What were all the major political Caliphates throughout history? [list]", "text": "  * Rashidun Caliphate\n  * Umayyad Caliphate\n  * Abbasid Caliphate\n  * Ottoman Caliphate"}, {"id": "4jGguzuLJYiN9gHGnuSPHjaGpTworSJFE1MaXcrZt7tHhGpnGB1f8Dxnj6Nug87qsDAaZa8JCKEu3vUSKhsbbiQz__0__list__0", "title": "Caliphate", "section": "Notable caliphs", "sub_question_text": "What were all the major political Caliphates throughout history? [list]", "text": "  * Rashidun Caliphate\n  * Umayyad Caliphate\n  * Abbasid Caliphate\n  * Ottoman Caliphate"}, {"id": "3Eqzr2RDoBXEoZEsQAPVAGorSFpyWkASoYH3y2cP4DctpWsrfr4V2k52CDHQgmSLFFR18E9B8P4GznwLBgLbqxex__0__infobox__0", "title": "Rashidun Caliphate", "section": "Rashidun Caliphate", "sub_question_text": "Who was the first Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate?", "text": "\n## Rashidun Caliphateٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ (Arabic) al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah\n\n### 632–661\nThe Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent under Uthman, c. 654\nCapital :\n  * Medina (632–656)\n  * Kufa (656–661)\nOfficial languages : Arabic\nCommon languages : Various regional languages\nReligion : Islam\nCaliph : \n• 632–634 : Abu Bakr (first)\n• 634–644 : Umar\n• 644–656 : Uthman\n• 656–661 : Ali\nHistory : \n• Succession to Muhammad : 632\n• Conquest of Persia : 633–654\n• Ascension of Umar : 634\n• Assassination of Umar and Ascension of Uthman : 644\n• Assassination of Uthman and ascension of Ali : 656\n• Assassination of Ali : 661\n• First Fitna (internal conflict) ends after Hasan ibn Ali's abdication : 661\n\n## Area\n655 : 6,400,000 km2 (2,500,000 sq mi)\nCurrency : * Dirham\n| 0 | 1 |\n|:---|:---|\n| Preceded by | Succeeded by |\n| ``` | 1 | |:---| | State of Medina | | Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty | | Sasanian Empire | | Ghassanids | ``` | ``` | 0 | |:---| | Umayyad Caliphate | ``` |"}, {"id": "4AY38ETkpRG3s6GDcHdQToBhCZXAU5dYsNSRdJSiT2zMQEFLCQhYRM6tNMBpLVZ4qJt59pfSQGiFDXf78CXS4JL5__0__infobox__0", "title": "Umayyad Caliphate", "section": "Umayyad Caliphate", "sub_question_text": "Who was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate?", "text": "\n## Umayyad Caliphateٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة (Arabic) Al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya\n\n### 661–750\nThe Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph Umar II, c. 720\nStatus : Empire\nCapital :\n  * Damascus (661–744)\n  * Harran (744–750)\nOfficial languages : Arabic\nCommon languages :\n  * Middle Persian\n  * Coptic\n  * Medieval Greek\n  * Latin (official in certain regions until 700)\n  * various regional languages\nReligion : Islam\nGovernment : Hereditary caliphate\nCaliph : \n• 661–680 : Mu'awiya I (first)\n• 744–750 : Marwan II (last)\nHistory : \n• Hasan–Muawiya treaty : 661\n• Abbasid Revolution : 750\n\n## Area\n720 : 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi)\nCurrency :\n  * Dinar (gold coin)\n  * Dirham (silver coin)\n  * Fals (copper coin)\n| 0 | 1 |\n|:---|:---|\n| Preceded by | Succeeded by |\n| ``` | 1 | |:---| | Rashidun Caliphate | | Exarchate of Africa | | Visigothic Kingdom | | Kingdom of the Aurès | | Kingdom of Altava | | Brahman dynasty of Sindh | | Hephthalite Empire | | Gupta Empire | ``` | ``` | 0 | |:---| | Abbasid Caliphate | | Emirate of Córdoba | | Barghawata | | Emirate of Nekor | | Emirate of Tlemcen | | Bavand dynasty | | Bagratid Armenia | ``` |"}, {"id": "2JoKwBueHJ3utL1Fry5mmDniGstSnVPVhqJbBKZ2bP9SbmX2FEMGjtxHaFy3XnA8RFMX2AFBQmgYqoWgnAf5zrT2__0__infobox__0", "title": "Abbasid Caliphate", "section": "Abbasid Caliphate", "sub_question_text": "Who was the first Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate?", "text": "\n## Abbasid Caliphateالْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة (Arabic) Al-Khilāfa al-ʿAbbāsiyya\n\n### * 750–1258 * 1261–1517\nImage : Flag of Abbasids\nThe Abbasid Caliphate in c. 850\nStatus : Empire\nCapital :\n  * Kufa   \n(750–762)[nb 2]\n\n  * Baghdad   \n(762–836, 892–1258)\n\n  * Samarra   \n(836–892)\n\n  * Cairo   \n(1261–1517)[nb 3]\nCommon languages : Classical Arabic (central administration); various regional languages\nReligion : Islam\nDemonym(s) : Abbasid\nGovernment : Hereditary caliphate\nCaliph : \n• 750–754 : as-Saffah (first)\n• 1242–1258 : al-Musta'sim (last caliph in Baghdad)\n• 1261–1262 : Al-Mustansir II (first caliph in Cairo)\n• 1508–1517 : Al-Mutawakkil III (last caliph in Cairo)\nHistory : \n• Abbasid Revolution : 750\n• Decline of Abbasids : 861\n• Death of al-Radi and beginning of Later Abbasid era (940–1258) : 940\n• Mongol Siege of Baghdad : 1258\n• Reestablished in Cairo : 1261\n• Caliphal title handover : 1517\nCurrency :\n  * Dinar (gold coin)\n  * Dirham (silver coin)\n  * Fals (copper coin)\n| 0 | 1 |\n|:---|:---|\n| Preceded by | Succeeded by |\n| ``` | 1 | |:---| | Umayyad Caliphate | | Dabuyid dynasty | ``` | ``` | 0 | |:---| | Saffarid dynasty | | Sajid dynasty | | Fatimid Caliphate | | Ziyarid dynasty | | Buyid dynasty | | Mongol Empire | | Qarmatians | | Habbari dynasty | | Emirate of Multan | ``` |"}, {"id": "3JBaKcZNSVShRoJfkqu6T3GtPLURystoqKQYU5gAu33yUEW6xSHicQBvU8i3KaasHw13fs1624Lbcscb4uEdVoDD__0__infobox__0", "title": "Ottoman Caliphate", "section": "Ottoman Caliphate", "sub_question_text": "Who was the first Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate?", "text": "\n## Office of the caliphateخلافت مقامى Hilâfet makamı\n\n### 1517–1924\nImage : Flag of Ottoman Caliphate\nThe Ottoman Empire in 1566The Ottoman Empire in 1683The Ottoman Empire in\n1739The Ottoman Empire in 1914\nCapital : Constantinople\nWorking languages :\nOttoman Turkish (dynastic)  \nArabic (religious)\nReligion : Sunni Islam\nGovernment :\nHereditary caliphate under an empire (1517–1922)  \nElective caliphate under a parliament (1922–1924)\nCaliph : \n• 1517–1520 : Selim I (first)\n• 1922–1924 : Abdülmecid II (last)\n\n## Established\n• Al-Mutawakkil III allegedly surrenders his title over to Selim I : 1517\n• Abolition of the Caliphate : 1924\n| 0 |\n|:---|\n| Preceded by |\n| ``` | 1 | |:---| | Abbasid caliphs of Cairo | ``` |"}, {"id": "2tnCY6ZroeR8Aa568s8QQJc85oM6XnJGbDHsqhwHRCeJdx641rp3aX5gzVY64bkCXpRLLQANrvEATYxMvfhiL6aT__0__paragraph__0", "title": "Abu Bakr", "section": "Abu Bakr", "sub_question_text": "What was the position of Abu Bakr prior to ascending the throne of the Rashidun Caliphate?", "text": "Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, romanized: ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa; c. 573 – 23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr (Arabic: أبو بكر, romanized: ʾAbū Bakr), was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634. A close companion and father- in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr is referred to with the honorific title al-Ṣiddīq (الصِّدِّيق, lit. the Veracious) by Sunni Muslims."}, {"id": "58MQctRhbUzAu1huW7FD2ciQGMhLtFQfS5iYsRPSZWCvzuyH644VnSuo1iASnvtkR1iVCQSofE7xg41FUBuT1cYK__0__infobox__0", "title": "Mu'awiya I", "section": "Mu'awiya I", "sub_question_text": "What was the position of Mu'awiya I prior to ascending the throne of the Umayyad Caliphate?", "text": "\n## Mu'awiya Iمعاوية\n\n### * Amir al-Mu'minin * Khalifat Allah\nImage : The obverse of a silver-colored coin inscribed in Middle Persian with the name of a sovereign Muslim ruler and Muslim religious formulas on either side of a figural depiction of an ancient Iranian ruler\nCaption : Sasanian-style silver dirham minted in Mu'awiya's name, c. 674\n\n## 1st Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate\nReign : January 661 – April 680\nPredecessor :\n  * Dynasty established\n  * Hasan ibn Ali (as caliph)\nSuccessor : Yazid I\n\n## Governor of Syria\nIn Office : 639–661\nPredecessor : Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan\nSuccessor : Post discontinued\nBorn :\nc. 597–605  \nMecca, Hejaz, Arabia\nDied :\nApril 680 (aged c. 75–83)  \nDamascus, Umayyad Caliphate\nBurial : Bab al-Saghir, Damascus\nSpouse :\n  * Katwa bint Qurayza al-Nawfaliyya\n  * Fakhita bint Qurayza al-Nawfaliyya\n  * Maysun bint Bahdal al-Kalbiyya\n  * Na'ila bint Umara al-Kalbiyya\nIssue :\n  * Yazid\n  * Abd Allah\n  * Ramla\n| Names | Names.1 |\n|:---|:---|\n| Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān(معاوية ابن أبي سفيان) ||\nHouse : Sufyanid\nDynasty : Umayyad\nFather : Abu Sufyan ibn Harb\nMother : Hind bint Utba\nReligion : Islam"}, {"id": "5NuzDpJz4edJv5Rs4ToEfezKhUrqBGTBRKHXUUoyUXJozh7m4DrPNrF73W5K5wkgx79ec5uKa9YqAhE7iqhY3TS4__2__paragraph__0", "title": "Al-Saffah", "section": "Family origins and earlier history", "sub_question_text": "What was the position of as-Saffah prior to ascending the throne of the Abbasid Caliphate?", "text": "As-Saffāḥ, born in Humeima (modern-day Jordan), was head of one branch of the Banu Hāshim from Arabia, a subclan of the Quraysh tribe who traced its lineage to Hāshim, a great-grandfather of Muhammad via 'Abbās, an uncle of Muhammad, hence the title \"Abbasid\" for his descendants' caliphate. This indirect link to Muhammad's larger clan formed sufficient basis for as- Saffah's claim to the title caliph."}]}