{"dataset": "monaco_dev", "qid": "139", "ex_num": 139, "question": "Which of the animals mentioned in the Jungle Book do not eat meat?", "answers": ["(Steller's) sea cow", "porcupine", "Indian elephant"], "docs": [{"id": "63R31C7g8E2oyU67afz3532EVKF5F46pWkzJay9GsUp6ty9Zh8isWWbAJwJ8jnGvzKT5GZNhJkpqVNQjpA68roFs__8__list__0", "title": "The Jungle Book", "section": "Characters", "sub_question_text": "which animals are mentioned in The Jungle Book?", "text": "  * Akela * – a wolf\n  * Bagheera * – a black panther\n  * Baloo * – a bear\n  * Bandar-log *  [ e ] – a tribe of monkeys\n  * Chil * – a kite , in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, \"battle\")\n  * Chuchundra * – a muskrat\n  * Darzee *  [ f ] – a tailorbird\n  * Father Wolf – the father wolf who raised Mowgli as his own cub\n  * Grey brother – one of Mother and Father Wolf's cubs\n  * Hathi * – an Indian elephant\n  * Ikki * – a porcupine\n  * Kaa * – a python\n  * Karait * – a krait\n  * Kotick ^ – a white seal\n  * Mang * – a bat\n  * Mor * – an Indian peafowl\n  * Mowgli – main character of the Mowgli stories, the young jungle boy\n  * Nag * – a male cobra\n  * Nagaina * – a female cobra, Nag's mate\n  * Raksha  [ g ] – the Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub\n  * Rikki-Tikki-Tavi – a mongoose\n  * Sea Catch ^ – a seal and Kotick's father\n  * Sea Cow – a (Steller's) sea cow\n  * Sea Vitch ^ – a walrus\n  * Shere Khan * – a tiger\n  * Tabaqui * – a jackal"}, {"id": "63R31C7g8E2oyU67afz3532EVKF5F46pWkzJay9GsUp6ty9Zh8isWWbAJwJ8jnGvzKT5GZNhJkpqVNQjpA68roFs__8__list__0", "title": "The Jungle Book", "section": "Characters", "sub_question_text": "which animals are mentioned in The Jungle Book?", "text": "  * Akela * – a wolf\n  * Bagheera * – a black panther\n  * Baloo * – a bear\n  * Bandar-log *  [ e ] – a tribe of monkeys\n  * Chil * – a kite , in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, \"battle\")\n  * Chuchundra * – a muskrat\n  * Darzee *  [ f ] – a tailorbird\n  * Father Wolf – the father wolf who raised Mowgli as his own cub\n  * Grey brother – one of Mother and Father Wolf's cubs\n  * Hathi * – an Indian elephant\n  * Ikki * – a porcupine\n  * Kaa * – a python\n  * Karait * – a krait\n  * Kotick ^ – a white seal\n  * Mang * – a bat\n  * Mor * – an Indian peafowl\n  * Mowgli – main character of the Mowgli stories, the young jungle boy\n  * Nag * – a male cobra\n  * Nagaina * – a female cobra, Nag's mate\n  * Raksha  [ g ] – the Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub\n  * Rikki-Tikki-Tavi – a mongoose\n  * Sea Catch ^ – a seal and Kotick's father\n  * Sea Cow – a (Steller's) sea cow\n  * Sea Vitch ^ – a walrus\n  * Shere Khan * – a tiger\n  * Tabaqui * – a jackal"}, {"id": "5yfZV3rUK66ZzmM2HXHTGmz5h87iRXb5Q6s5kRWSVjQGirFWHCYLnSGHNsiWqR1TtrMRXc5G6SJ36AFrgPk16e4z__0__paragraph__0", "title": "Mongoose", "section": "Mongoose", "sub_question_text": "does mongoose eat meat?", "text": "A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family has two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, whereas the Mungotinae comprises 11 species native to Africa. The Herpestidae originated about 21.8 ± 3.6 million years ago in the Early Miocene and genetically diverged into two main lineages between 19.1 and 18.5 ± 3.5 million years ago."}, {"id": "5TSYEiMt8jp66yxT8NAg8zrBGQpBEx8Aajf4FfDNEtWmey4RjyX6uhqsMSbT6m4c9fxkCdfYJpjY3qfgkkc8wUbD__0__paragraph__0", "title": "Pinniped", "section": "Pinniped", "sub_question_text": "does seal eat meat?", "text": "Pinnipeds (pronounced /ˈpɪnɪˌpɛdz/), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals. They comprise the extant families Odobenidae (whose only living member is the walrus), Otariidae (the eared seals: sea lions and fur seals), and Phocidae (the earless seals, or true seals), with 34 extant species and more than 50 extinct species described from fossils. While seals were historically thought to have descended from two ancestral lines, molecular evidence supports them as a monophyletic group (descended from one ancestor). Pinnipeds belong to the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora; their closest living relatives are musteloids (weasels, raccoons, skunks and red pandas), having diverged about 50 million years ago."}, {"id": "2imwQnjLmUU84uLWQzViQZi6hr9NJCyjZq2eCjYz8EbNLXjV5aMzxyrXBt66k6bbzjz5iWj1ssbWPLXSXt9jDAQF__0__paragraph__3", "title": "Muskrat", "section": "Muskrat", "sub_question_text": "does muskrat eat meat?", "text": "Adult muskrats weigh 0.6–2 kg (1+1⁄4–4+1⁄2 lb), with a body length (excluding the tail) of 20–35 cm (8–14 in). They are covered with short, thick fur of medium to dark brown color. Their long tails, covered with scales rather than hair, are laterally compressed and generate a small amount of thrust, with their webbed hind feet being the main means of propulsion, and the unique tail mainly important in directional stability. Muskrats spend most of their time in the water and can swim underwater for 12 to 17 minutes. They live in families of a male and female pair and their young. They build nests to protect themselves from the cold and predators, often burrowed into the bank with an underwater entrance. Muskrats feed mostly on cattail and other aquatic vegetation but also eat small animals."}, {"id": "5dvmYnsVVAdef7p51fgVsLmmVhuNFQRZvN9aFYrXZN7zfkNkgPd4oTUPUSQP6ie37iQrG7qf8hryhrPU1xsv7Gs3__0__paragraph__0", "title": "Bear", "section": "Bear", "sub_question_text": "does bear eat meat?", "text": "Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae (/ˈɜːrsɪdiː, -daɪ/). They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents of North America, South America, and Eurasia. Common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws, and short tails."}, {"id": "HwskbzybDsTWYdWwiTb1VuZhbSDtFY2YxvyN7wzRbTwZK2VCP358eF4Z82uFn8FnLyhMXM8HkazTgjA79Wu2unN__10__paragraph__0", "title": "Wolf", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does wolf eat meat?", "text": "Wolves occur across Eurasia and North America. However, deliberate human persecution because of livestock predation and fear of attacks on humans has reduced the wolf's range to about one-third of its historic range; the wolf is now extirpated (locally extinct) from much of its range in Western Europe, the United States and Mexico, and completely in the British Isles and Japan. In modern times, the wolf occurs mostly in wilderness and remote areas. The wolf can be found between sea level and 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Wolves live in forests, inland wetlands, shrublands, grasslands (including Arctic tundra), pastures, deserts, and rocky peaks on mountains. Habitat use by wolves depends on the abundance of prey, snow conditions, livestock densities, road densities, human presence and topography."}, {"id": "HwskbzybDsTWYdWwiTb1VuZhbSDtFY2YxvyN7wzRbTwZK2VCP358eF4Z82uFn8FnLyhMXM8HkazTgjA79Wu2unN__11__paragraph__0", "title": "Wolf", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does wolf eat meat?", "text": "Like all land mammals that are pack hunters, the wolf feeds predominantly on ungulates that can be divided into large size 240–650 kg (530–1,430 lb) and medium size 23–130 kg (51–287 lb), and have a body mass similar to that of the combined mass of the pack members. The wolf specializes in preying on the vulnerable individuals of large prey, with a pack of 15 able to bring down an adult moose. The variation in diet between wolves living on different continents is based on the variety of hoofed mammals and of available smaller and domesticated prey."}, {"id": "HwskbzybDsTWYdWwiTb1VuZhbSDtFY2YxvyN7wzRbTwZK2VCP358eF4Z82uFn8FnLyhMXM8HkazTgjA79Wu2unN__11__paragraph__1", "title": "Wolf", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does wolf eat meat?", "text": "In North America, the wolf's diet is dominated by wild large hoofed mammals (ungulates) and medium-sized mammals. In Asia and Europe, their diet is dominated by wild medium-sized hoofed mammals and domestic species. The wolf depends on wild species, and if these are not readily available, as in Asia, the wolf is more reliant on domestic species. Across Eurasia, wolves prey mostly on moose, red deer, roe deer and wild boar. In North America, important range-wide prey are elk, moose, caribou, white-tailed deer and mule deer. Prior to their extirpation from North America, wild horses were among the most frequently consumed prey of North American wolves. Wolves can digest their meal in a few hours and can feed several times in one day, making quick use of large quantities of meat. A well-fed wolf stores fat under the skin, around the heart, intestines, kidneys, and bone marrow, particularly during the autumn and winter."}, {"id": "HwskbzybDsTWYdWwiTb1VuZhbSDtFY2YxvyN7wzRbTwZK2VCP358eF4Z82uFn8FnLyhMXM8HkazTgjA79Wu2unN__11__paragraph__2", "title": "Wolf", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does wolf eat meat?", "text": "Nonetheless, wolves are not fussy eaters. Smaller-sized animals that may supplement their diet include rodents, hares, insectivores and smaller carnivores. They frequently eat waterfowl and their eggs. When such foods are insufficient, they prey on lizards, snakes, frogs, and large insects when available. Wolves in some areas may consume fish and even marine life. Wolves also consume some plant material. In Europe, they eat apples, pears, figs, melons, berries and cherries. In North America, wolves eat blueberries and raspberries. They also eat grass, which may provide some vitamins, but is most likely used mainly to induce vomiting to rid themselves of intestinal parasites or long guard hairs. They are known to eat the berries of mountain- ash, lily of the valley, bilberries, cowberries, European black nightshade, grain crops, and the shoots of reeds."}, {"id": "HwskbzybDsTWYdWwiTb1VuZhbSDtFY2YxvyN7wzRbTwZK2VCP358eF4Z82uFn8FnLyhMXM8HkazTgjA79Wu2unN__11__paragraph__3", "title": "Wolf", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does wolf eat meat?", "text": "In times of scarcity, wolves will readily eat carrion. In Eurasian areas with dense human activity, many wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage. As prey in North America continue to occupy suitable habitats with low human density, North American wolves eat livestock and garbage only in dire circumstances. Cannibalism is not uncommon in wolves during harsh winters, when packs often attack weak or injured wolves and may eat the bodies of dead pack members."}, {"id": "HwskbzybDsTWYdWwiTb1VuZhbSDtFY2YxvyN7wzRbTwZK2VCP358eF4Z82uFn8FnLyhMXM8HkazTgjA79Wu2unN__25__paragraph__0", "title": "Wolf", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does wolf eat meat?", "text": "Aesop featured wolves in several of his fables, playing on the concerns of Ancient Greece's settled, sheep-herding world. His most famous is the fable of \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf\", which is directed at those who knowingly raise false alarms, and from which the idiomatic phrase \"to cry wolf\" is derived. Some of his other fables concentrate on maintaining the trust between shepherds and guard dogs in their vigilance against wolves, as well as anxieties over the close relationship between wolves and dogs. Although Aesop used wolves to warn, criticize and moralize about human behaviour, his portrayals added to the wolf's image as a deceitful and dangerous animal. The Bible uses an image of a wolf lying with a lamb in a utopian vision of the future. In the New Testament, Jesus is said to have used wolves as illustrations of the dangers his followers, whom he represents as sheep, would face should they follow him."}, {"id": "HwskbzybDsTWYdWwiTb1VuZhbSDtFY2YxvyN7wzRbTwZK2VCP358eF4Z82uFn8FnLyhMXM8HkazTgjA79Wu2unN__25__paragraph__1", "title": "Wolf", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does wolf eat meat?", "text": "Isengrim the wolf, a character first appearing in the 12th-century Latin poem Ysengrimus, is a major character in the Reynard Cycle, where he stands for the low nobility, whilst his adversary, Reynard the fox, represents the peasant hero. Isengrim is forever the victim of Reynard's wit and cruelty, often dying at the end of each story. The tale of \"Little Red Riding Hood\", first written in 1697 by Charles Perrault, is considered to have further contributed to the wolf's negative reputation in the Western world. The Big Bad Wolf is portrayed as a villain capable of imitating human speech and disguising itself with human clothing. The character has been interpreted as an allegorical sexual predator. Villainous wolf characters also appear in The Three Little Pigs and \"The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats\". The hunting of wolves, and their attacks on humans and livestock, feature prominently in Russian literature, and are included in the works of Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Ivan Bunin, Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneyev, and others. Tolstoy's War and Peace and Chekhov's Peasants both feature scenes in which wolves are hunted with hounds and Borzois. The musical Peter and the Wolf involves a wolf being captured for eating a duck, but is spared and sent to a zoo."}, {"id": "HwskbzybDsTWYdWwiTb1VuZhbSDtFY2YxvyN7wzRbTwZK2VCP358eF4Z82uFn8FnLyhMXM8HkazTgjA79Wu2unN__25__paragraph__2", "title": "Wolf", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does wolf eat meat?", "text": "Wolves are among the central characters of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. His portrayal of wolves has been praised posthumously by wolf biologists for his depiction of them: rather than being villainous or gluttonous, as was common in wolf portrayals at the time of the book's publication, they are shown as living in amiable family groups and drawing on the experience of infirm but experienced elder pack members. Farley Mowat's largely fictional 1963 memoir Never Cry Wolf is widely considered to be the most popular book on wolves, having been adapted into a Hollywood film and taught in several schools decades after its publication. Although credited with having changed popular perceptions on wolves by portraying them as loving, cooperative and noble, it has been criticized for its idealization of wolves and its factual inaccuracies."}, {"id": "49roibyXDMowcAH73sQfxqi5ZiYX7KJTRvDQ9Tk53ufNUF7GtBjjYth9bSEXQWqNaZUj4Mhxc4gZ6gaCaDRpzYsN__13__paragraph__1", "title": "Walrus", "section": "Ecology", "sub_question_text": "does walrus eat meat?", "text": "The walrus has a diverse and opportunistic diet, feeding on more than 60 genera of marine organisms, including shrimp, crabs, priapulids, spoon worms, tube worms, soft corals, tunicates, sea cucumbers, various mollusks (such as snails, octopuses, and squid), some types of slow-moving fish, and even parts of other pinnipeds. However, it prefers benthic bivalve mollusks, especially clams, for which it forages by grazing along the sea bottom, searching and identifying prey with its sensitive vibrissae and clearing the murky bottoms with jets of water and active flipper movements. The walrus sucks the meat out by sealing its powerful lips to the organism and withdrawing its piston-like tongue rapidly into its mouth, creating a vacuum. The walrus palate is uniquely vaulted, enabling effective suction; researchers measured pressures in the oral cavity as low as -87.9 kPa in air, and -118.8 kPa underwater. Walruses at the Tierpark Hagenbeck were easily able to suck the five-pound metal plug out of the bottom of their pool, at a water depth of 1.1 metres. The diet of the Pacific walrus consist almost exclusively of benthic invertebrates (97 percent)."}, {"id": "2UsLpZNXmDifVWu63hNZFzF12AmAB1DbZjMeJgLF7aJR94AVbsM1qfwuf1kRPEw7KScHwF4C3yC5bKo5zEjYivow__5__paragraph__1", "title": "Pythonidae", "section": "Feeding", "sub_question_text": "does python eat meat?", "text": "Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a domestic cat, but larger food items are known; some large Asian species have been known to take down adult deer, and the Central African rock python (Python sebae) has been known to eat antelope. The reticulated python is the only python species known to sometimes eat humans in its natural habitat in Sulawesi, Indonesia. All prey is swallowed whole, and may take several days or even weeks to fully digest."}, {"id": "5mLY1j2SePkfGMwP9ezKDCxEaeRdcqRA88nUahUomXws3qfFihk52rBGxnxj965MLAKKxHBL5J7NpQcQokwGrnq4__0__paragraph__2", "title": "Indian peafowl", "section": "Indian peafowl", "sub_question_text": "does Indian peafowl eat meat?", "text": "Despite the length and size of the covert feathers, the peacock is still capable of flight. The peafowl lives mainly on the ground in open forests or on cultivable lands where it forages for berries and grains, and also preys on snakes, lizards and small rodents. It makes loud calls, which makes it easier to detect, and are often used to indicate the presence of a predator in the forest areas. It forages on the ground in small groups and usually escapes on foot through undergrowth and avoids flying, though it flies into tall trees to roost."}, {"id": "4yLuaU9ASss6pqKiHJXXmHpBYzVQ43XdT2VR4yVKYVGAAXm8U5VcADrTXtWXVaj8d9m737cXVRvLsfPAnZp1HQrb__0__paragraph__1", "title": "Jackal", "section": "Jackal", "sub_question_text": "does jackal eat meat?", "text": "While they do not form a monophyletic clade, all jackals are opportunistic omnivores, predators of small to medium-sized animals and proficient scavengers. Their long legs and curved canine teeth are adapted for hunting small mammals, birds, and reptiles, and their large feet and fused leg bones give them a physique well-suited for long-distance running, capable of maintaining speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph) for extended periods of time. Jackals are crepuscular, most active at dawn and dusk."}, {"id": "4XKnu7Vq5ySS2AZWZw2w8nf21YfzQGSfVYrSAJpZgmWeNMUMRWsTf29MpBiBkySRmSvaoFGak1NcZtjCSVDhHFm6__12__paragraph__0", "title": "Leopard", "section": "Behaviour and ecology", "sub_question_text": "does black panther eat meat?", "text": "The leopard is a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey with a body mass ranging from 10–40 kg (22–88 lb). Prey species in this weight range tend to occur in dense habitat and to form small herds. Species that prefer open areas and have well-developed anti-predator strategies are less preferred. More than 100 prey species have been recorded. The most preferred species are ungulates, such as impala, bushbuck, common duiker and chital. Primates preyed upon include white-eyelid mangabeys, guenons and gray langurs. Leopards also kill smaller carnivores like black-backed jackal, bat-eared fox, genet and cheetah. In urban environments, domestic dogs provide an important food source. The largest prey killed by a leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (2,000 lb). A study in Wolong National Nature Reserve in southern China demonstrated variation in the leopard's diet over time; over the course of seven years, the vegetative cover receded, and leopards opportunistically shifted from primarily consuming tufted deer to pursuing bamboo rats and other smaller prey."}, {"id": "kUVbW6HN2XaaKakkYPtDFXe6dQKefMAvrKzTQTCTqzJYzBXx7PJ3D83FFB4XYKkZ8NS4kRfdSsLHGeajnFMBwiK__9__paragraph__0", "title": "King cobra", "section": "Diet", "sub_question_text": "does cobra eat meat?", "text": "The king cobra is an apex predator and dominant over all other snakes except large pythons. Its diet consists primarily of other snakes and lizards, including Indian cobra, banded krait, rat snake, pythons, green whip snake, keelback, banded wolf snake and Blyth's reticulated snake. It also hunts Malabar pit viper and hump-nosed pit viper by following their odour trails. In Singapore, one was observed swallowing a clouded monitor. When food is scarce, it also feeds on other small vertebrates, such as birds, and lizards. In some cases, the cobra constricts its prey using its muscular body, though this is uncommon. After a large meal, it may go for many months without another one because of its slow metabolic rate."}, {"id": "54za1ci4oM1gdbv14p7idfSncTht9ea4rL1HjAUwcRKD1s7hoeKLvS1Ee2vdj2R1us9sopxskty7tqmmSYBPZ9bC__3__paragraph__1", "title": "Monkey", "section": "Description", "sub_question_text": "does monkeys eat meat?", "text": "Monkeys range in size from the pygmy marmoset, which can be as small as 117 mm (4+5⁄8 in) with a 172 mm (6+3⁄4 in) tail and just over 100 g (3+1⁄2 oz) in weight, to the male mandrill, almost 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long and weighing up to 36 kg (79 lb). Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others live on the savanna; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders)."}, {"id": "5s6Z9QPQeQuMZe6G743hZhoq38xy2QV1WLrY3FMknTc2bCY5Taf5WxETpz3XBgc8fuqR7eS6UcAHpndahJVvc2mX__3__paragraph__0", "title": "Vampire bat", "section": "Evolution", "sub_question_text": "does bat eat meat?", "text": "Vampire bats are in a diverse family of bats that consume many food sources, including nectar, pollen, insects, fruit and meat. The three species of vampire bats are the only mammals that have evolved to feed exclusively on blood (hematophagy) as micropredators, a strategy within parasitism. Hematophagy is uncommon due to the number of challenges to overcome for success: a large volume of liquid potentially overwhelming the kidneys and bladder, the risk of iron poisoning, and coping with excess protein. There are multiple hypotheses for how vampire bats evolved."}]}