from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr from datetime import datetime # This is a Pydantic model that will be used to represent a User # fetched from the database. It helps with type hinting and validation. class User(BaseModel): id: int username: str email: EmailStr xp: int class Config: # This 'orm_mode' tells Pydantic to read the data even if it # is not a dict, but an ORM model (or any other arbitrary object # with attributes). This is what allows it to work with the # database cursor's results. from_attributes = True