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<html lang="en">
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<title>Lionfish Food Web Project</title>
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.food-chain-item:hover {
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</head>
<body class="bg-blue-50 font-sans">
<header class="bg-gradient-to-r from-blue-600 to-purple-600 text-white py-6 shadow-lg">
<div class="container mx-auto px-4">
<h1 class="text-3xl md:text-4xl font-bold text-center">Lionfish Food Web Explorer</h1>
<p class="text-center mt-2 text-blue-100">How energy and matter move through a marine ecosystem</p>
</div>
</header>
<main class="container mx-auto px-4 py-8">
<!-- Introduction Section -->
<section class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-6 mb-8">
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-blue-800 mb-4">Meet the Lionfish</h2>
<div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row gap-6">
<div class="md:w-1/3">
<img src="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/03/red-lionfish-2.jpg"
alt="Lionfish" class="w-full rounded-lg shadow">
</div>
<div class="md:w-2/3">
<p class="mb-4 text-gray-700">
The lionfish is a beautiful but invasive predator in Atlantic coral reefs. With its venomous spines and big appetite,
it eats many smaller fish and shrimp. This makes it a <span class="font-semibold text-orange-600">secondary or tertiary consumer</span>
in the food web.
</p>
<div class="bg-yellow-50 border-l-4 border-yellow-400 p-4">
<p class="text-yellow-800">
<i class="fas fa-lightbulb mr-2"></i>
<strong>Fun Fact:</strong> A single lionfish can reduce young reef fish populations by about 80% in just 5 weeks!
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Food Web Diagram -->
<section class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-6 mb-8">
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-blue-800 mb-6">Coral Reef Food Web</h2>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-4 gap-4 mb-8">
<!-- Producers -->
<div class="trophic-level producers p-4 rounded-lg">
<h3 class="font-bold text-green-700 mb-3">Producers (Level 1)</h3>
<div class="space-y-3">
<div class="food-chain-item bg-green-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3753/3753581.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Phytoplankton">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Phytoplankton</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Microscopic plants</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="food-chain-item bg-green-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3753/3753579.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Algae">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Algae</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Seaweed</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="food-chain-item bg-green-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3753/3753582.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Seagrass">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Seagrass</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Underwater grass</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Primary Consumers -->
<div class="trophic-level primary p-4 rounded-lg">
<h3 class="font-bold text-blue-700 mb-3">Primary Consumers (Level 2)</h3>
<div class="space-y-3">
<div class="food-chain-item bg-blue-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069172.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Zooplankton">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Zooplankton</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Microscopic animals</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="food-chain-item bg-blue-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069192.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Parrotfish">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Parrotfish</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Eats algae</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="food-chain-item bg-blue-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069188.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Sea Urchin">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Sea Urchin</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Eats seaweed</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Secondary Consumers -->
<div class="trophic-level secondary p-4 rounded-lg">
<h3 class="font-bold text-orange-700 mb-3">Secondary Consumers (Level 3)</h3>
<div class="space-y-3">
<div class="food-chain-item bg-orange-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069176.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Small Reef Fish">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Small Reef Fish</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Eats zooplankton</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="food-chain-item bg-orange-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069202.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Shrimp">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Shrimp</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Eats small organisms</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="food-chain-item bg-orange-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069196.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Crab">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Crab</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Eats many things</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Tertiary Consumers -->
<div class="trophic-level tertiary p-4 rounded-lg">
<h3 class="font-bold text-red-700 mb-3">Tertiary Consumers (Level 4)</h3>
<div class="space-y-3">
<div class="food-chain-item bg-red-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069182.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Lionfish">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Lionfish</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Eats small fish</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="food-chain-item bg-red-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069198.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Barracuda">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Barracuda</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Top predator</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="food-chain-item bg-red-100 p-3 rounded-lg shadow-sm flex items-center">
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069186.png" class="w-10 h-10 mr-3" alt="Shark">
<div>
<h4 class="font-medium">Shark</h4>
<p class="text-xs text-gray-600">Top predator</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bg-blue-50 p-4 rounded-lg border border-blue-200">
<h3 class="font-bold text-blue-800 mb-2">Food Web Connections</h3>
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-3">
Arrows show who eats whom in the coral reef ecosystem. The lionfish is near the top, eating smaller fish that eat zooplankton that eat phytoplankton.
</p>
<img src="https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_width_1275/public/2022-06/580x225-1.jpg"
alt="Food web diagram" class="w-full rounded-lg border border-gray-200">
</div>
</section>
<!-- Energy Pyramid Section -->
<section class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-6 mb-8">
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-blue-800 mb-6">Energy Pyramid</h2>
<div class="mb-6">
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">
Energy flows from the sun to producers (plants/algae), then to consumers. Only about <span class="font-bold text-green-600">10%</span> of the energy moves up each level - the rest is used for life or lost as heat.
</p>
<div class="flex flex-col items-center w-full max-w-md mx-auto">
<!-- Tertiary Consumers -->
<div class="w-full bg-red-100 p-3 rounded-t-lg flex justify-between items-center">
<span class="font-medium text-red-800">Tertiary Consumers</span>
<span class="text-sm bg-red-200 px-2 py-1 rounded">5 kJ/m²/yr</span>
</div>
<div class="w-full h-6 mb-1">
<div class="energy-bar bg-red-400 rounded-sm" style="width: 10%"></div>
</div>
<!-- Secondary Consumers -->
<div class="w-full bg-orange-100 p-3 flex justify-between items-center">
<span class="font-medium text-orange-800">Secondary Consumers</span>
<span class="text-sm bg-orange-200 px-2 py-1 rounded">50 kJ/m²/yr</span>
</div>
<div class="w-full h-6 mb-1">
<div class="energy-bar bg-orange-400 rounded-sm" style="width: 30%"></div>
</div>
<!-- Primary Consumers -->
<div class="w-full bg-blue-100 p-3 flex justify-between items-center">
<span class="font-medium text-blue-800">Primary Consumers</span>
<span class="text-sm bg-blue-200 px-2 py-1 rounded">500 kJ/m²/yr</span>
</div>
<div class="w-full h-6 mb-1">
<div class="energy-bar bg-blue-400 rounded-sm" style="width: 60%"></div>
</div>
<!-- Producers -->
<div class="w-full bg-green-100 p-3 rounded-b-lg flex justify-between items-center">
<span class="font-medium text-green-800">Producers</span>
<span class="text-sm bg-green-200 px-2 py-1 rounded">5,000 kJ/m²/yr</span>
</div>
<div class="w-full h-6">
<div class="energy-bar bg-green-400 rounded-sm" style="width: 100%"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<details class="bg-gray-50 p-4 rounded-lg mb-4">
<summary class="font-medium text-blue-700">
<i class="fas fa-calculator mr-2"></i>How we calculate energy transfer
</summary>
<div class="mt-3 text-gray-700">
<p class="mb-2">The "10% Rule" means only about 10% of energy moves up each level:</p>
<ul class="list-disc pl-5 space-y-1">
<li>Phytoplankton make 5,000 kJ from sunlight</li>
<li>Zooplankton get 10% → 500 kJ (5,000 × 0.10)</li>
<li>Small fish get 10% of that → 50 kJ (500 × 0.10)</li>
<li>Lionfish get 10% of that → 5 kJ (50 × 0.10)</li>
</ul>
<p class="mt-3 text-sm bg-yellow-50 p-2 rounded">
<i class="fas fa-lightbulb mr-1"></i> This is why there are fewer top predators - they need lots of space to get enough energy!
</p>
</div>
</details>
</section>
<!-- Toxins Section -->
<section class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-6 mb-8">
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-blue-800 mb-6">Toxins in the Food Web</h2>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6">
<div>
<h3 class="font-bold text-purple-700 mb-3">Bioaccumulation</h3>
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">
Toxins like DDT build up in an organism over time because they can't be broken down or excreted easily.
</p>
<div class="bg-purple-50 p-4 rounded-lg border border-purple-200">
<p class="font-medium text-purple-800 mb-2">Example in a single fish:</p>
<div class="space-y-2">
<div class="flex items-center">
<div class="w-24">Day 1:</div>
<div class="toxin-level bg-purple-300 rounded" style="width: 10%"></div>
<span class="ml-2 text-sm">1 ng/g</span>
</div>
<div class="flex items-center">
<div class="w-24">Day 30:</div>
<div class="toxin-level bg-purple-400 rounded" style="width: 30%"></div>
<span class="ml-2 text-sm">3 ng/g</span>
</div>
<div class="flex items-center">
<div class="w-24">Day 90:</div>
<div class="toxin-level bg-purple-500 rounded" style="width: 60%"></div>
<span class="ml-2 text-sm">6 ng/g</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<h3 class="font-bold text-red-700 mb-3">Biomagnification</h3>
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">
Toxins become more concentrated at higher trophic levels because predators eat many contaminated prey.
</p>
<div class="bg-red-50 p-4 rounded-lg border border-red-200">
<p class="font-medium text-red-800 mb-2">Example with DDT:</p>
<div class="space-y-2">
<div class="flex items-center">
<div class="w-24">Phytoplankton:</div>
<div class="toxin-level bg-red-300 rounded" style="width: 10%"></div>
<span class="ml-2 text-sm">0.1 ng/g</span>
</div>
<div class="flex items-center">
<div class="w-24">Small Fish:</div>
<div class="toxin-level bg-red-400 rounded" style="width: 40%"></div>
<span class="ml-2 text-sm">4 ng/g</span>
</div>
<div class="flex items-center">
<div class="w-24">Lionfish:</div>
<div class="toxin-level bg-red-500 rounded" style="width: 70%"></div>
<span class="ml-2 text-sm">40 ng/g</span>
</div>
<div class="flex items-center">
<div class="w-24">Shark:</div>
<div class="toxin-level bg-red-600 rounded" style="width: 100%"></div>
<span class="ml-2 text-sm">400 ng/g</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<details class="bg-gray-50 p-4 rounded-lg mt-6">
<summary class="font-medium text-blue-700">
<i class="fas fa-calculator mr-2"></i>How toxins increase in the food chain
</summary>
<div class="mt-3 text-gray-700">
<p class="mb-2">Toxins increase by about 10× at each level:</p>
<ul class="list-disc pl-5 space-y-1">
<li>Phytoplankton: 0.1 ng/g (from water)</li>
<li>Zooplankton: 1 ng/g (10× more)</li>
<li>Small fish: 10 ng/g (eats 10 zooplankton)</li>
<li>Lionfish: 100 ng/g (eats 10 small fish)</li>
<li>Shark: 1,000 ng/g (eats 10 lionfish)</li>
</ul>
<p class="mt-3 text-sm bg-yellow-50 p-2 rounded">
<i class="fas fa-lightbulb mr-1"></i> This is why top predators like sharks have the most toxins!
</p>
</div>
</details>
</section>
<!-- Matter Cycling Section -->
<section class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-6 mb-8">
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-blue-800 mb-6">Nutrient Cycling</h2>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6">
<div>
<h3 class="font-bold text-green-700 mb-3">Carbon Cycle</h3>
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3753/3753581.png" class="float-left mr-3 w-16 h-16" alt="Phytoplankton">
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">
Phytoplankton take in CO₂ and sunlight to make food (photosynthesis). When organisms breathe or decompose, they release CO₂ back.
</p>
<div class="clear-both"></div>
<div class="bg-green-50 p-3 rounded-lg mt-3">
<div class="flex justify-around items-center">
<div class="text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-green-200 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-1">
<i class="fas fa-leaf text-green-700"></i>
</div>
<p class="text-xs">Plants use CO₂</p>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-green-200 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-1">
<i class="fas fa-fish text-green-700"></i>
</div>
<p class="text-xs">Animals eat plants</p>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-green-200 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-1">
<i class="fas fa-recycle text-green-700"></i>
</div>
<p class="text-xs">Decomposers break down waste</p>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-green-200 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-1">
<i class="fas fa-wind text-green-700"></i>
</div>
<p class="text-xs">CO₂ returns to air</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<h3 class="font-bold text-blue-700 mb-3">Nitrogen Cycle</h3>
<img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3069/3069172.png" class="float-left mr-3 w-16 h-16" alt="Zooplankton">
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">
Bacteria change nitrogen between forms plants can use. Decomposers recycle nitrogen from waste and dead organisms back into the system.
</p>
<div class="clear-both"></div>
<div class="bg-blue-50 p-3 rounded-lg mt-3">
<div class="flex justify-around items-center">
<div class="text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-blue-200 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-1">
<i class="fas fa-bacterium text-blue-700"></i>
</div>
<p class="text-xs">Bacteria fix nitrogen</p>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-blue-200 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-1">
<i class="fas fa-seedling text-blue-700"></i>
</div>
<p class="text-xs">Plants use nitrogen</p>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-blue-200 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-1">
<i class="fas fa-trash text-blue-700"></i>
</div>
<p class="text-xs">Waste breaks down</p>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-blue-200 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center mx-auto mb-1">
<i class="fas fa-recycle text-blue-700"></i>
</div>
<p class="text-xs">Nitrogen reused</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Sources Section -->
<section class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-6">
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-blue-800 mb-4">Research Sources</h2>
<div class="bg-gray-50 p-4 rounded-lg">
<h3 class="font-bold text-gray-700 mb-2">APA Format References:</h3>
<ol class="list-decimal pl-5 space-y-2 text-sm text-gray-700">
<li>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2022). Marine food webs. <em>NOAA Education</em>. https://www.noaa.gov/education</li>
<li>Smith, J. R., & Coral, M. (2021). Invasive lionfish impacts on Atlantic reefs. <em>Marine Ecology Journal</em>, 45(3), 112-125.</li>
<li>Ocean Data Partnership. (2023). Primary productivity measurements. <em>Global Marine Database</em>. https://data.oceans.org</li>
<li>Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). DDT accumulation in marine life. <em>EPA Technical Report</em> 892-R-20-004.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</section>
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