{ "0": { "disease_name": "Apple Scab", "common_names": ["Apple scab"], "crop": "Apple", "description": "A fungal disease caused by Venturia inaequalis that affects the leaves and fruit of apple trees, resulting in olive-green to black velvety lesions.", "symptoms": [ "Dark, scabby lesions on leaves and fruit", "Premature leaf drop" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides like captan or myclobutanil", "Remove infected leaves and fruit" ], "prevention": [ "Prune trees for better air circulation", "Plant resistant varieties" ], "image_urls": [ "https://extension.umn.edu/sites/extension.umn.edu/files/styles/caption_medium/public/Apple-scab-advanced-leaves-Grabowski.jpg?itok=T4Qvttai", "https://extension.umn.edu/sites/extension.umn.edu/files/styles/caption_medium/public/Apple-scab-on-fruit-grabowski.jpg?itok=tk9hY_5J", "https://extension.umn.edu/sites/extension.umn.edu/files/styles/caption_medium/public/apple-scab-2.jpg?itok=kVGvqYrJ" ], "management_tips": "Monitor trees during wet seasons and apply fungicide as needed.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7-10 days during wet periods", "localized_tips": "Ensure proper pruning to reduce humidity", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [ { "title": "Apple Scab Management", "url": "https://example.com/apple-scab" } ] }, "1": { "disease_name": "Black Rot", "common_names": ["Apple black rot"], "crop": "Apple", "description": "Caused by the fungus Botryosphaeria obtusa, black rot affects the fruit, leaves, and bark of apple trees.", "symptoms": [ "Circular brown lesions on fruit", "Purple-bordered leaf spots" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Remove and destroy infected branches and fruit", "Apply fungicides in early spring" ], "prevention": ["Sanitize pruning tools", "Clear fallen debris"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSeP9Fk4I1LQz7xnC-Z-g9axul8FwMr-G4pTw&s", "https://www.ontario.ca/files/2022-07/omafra-black-rot-figure-1-en-400x308-2022-07-21-v1.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Clean up mummified fruits and dead wood from the orchard.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 10-14 days", "localized_tips": "Remove mummified fruit and prune affected branches", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "2": { "disease_name": "Cedar Apple Rust", "common_names": ["Cedar rust"], "crop": "Apple", "description": "A fungal disease requiring both apple and cedar (juniper) hosts to complete its lifecycle.", "symptoms": ["Bright orange spots on leaves", "Galls on cedar trees"], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicide such as mancozeb", "Remove nearby cedar trees if possible" ], "prevention": [ "Use resistant varieties", "Space trees to increase airflow" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSH89RW-_c0r5KRSlfubVUcmxxPZe1ZblUEaw&s", "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZ45DSHrdt0fGo5JQdiXeRAO4RVIBhDWi25g&s" ], "management_tips": "Monitor both apple and cedar hosts for symptoms and apply fungicide preventively.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7-10 days during infection periods", "localized_tips": "Avoid planting near cedar trees", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "3": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Apple", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Maintain good cultural practices"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRUNXxrAxcd5eIrkNm_N9bok_6vmrryOUGx_Q&s" ], "management_tips": "Regular inspection and proper irrigation help maintain plant health.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive fungicide once per month", "localized_tips": "Keep foliage dry by watering at the base", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "37": { "disease_name": "Late Blight", "common_names": ["Tomato late blight"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "A serious fungal disease caused by Phytophthora infestans, affecting leaves, stems, and fruit.", "symptoms": [ "Large, dark brown blotches with green halos on leaves", "Fruits develop firm, dark lesions" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicide like chlorothalonil or mancozeb", "Remove infected plants" ], "prevention": ["Use resistant varieties", "Rotate crops annually"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTinsCh_IKs65QdgQnGDLO0bLxSG2M8ATaQ2Q&s" ], "management_tips": "Avoid overhead watering to reduce moisture on leaves.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7 days during high humidity", "localized_tips": "Improve drainage and spacing to reduce humidity", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "4": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Blueberry", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Maintain good cultural practices"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTO5Fa4hjkNegnkvqlQM_IuouJ9Y09wOuOKEA&s" ], "management_tips": "Regularly inspect bushes and provide adequate watering and mulching.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive fungicide once per month if necessary", "localized_tips": "Water at the base and avoid overhead irrigation", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "5": { "disease_name": "Powdery Mildew", "common_names": ["Cherry powdery mildew"], "crop": "Cherry (including sour)", "description": "A fungal disease caused by Podosphaera clandestina, affecting leaves, shoots, and fruits with white powdery growth.", "symptoms": [ "White powdery spots on leaves and young shoots", "Curling or distortion of leaves", "Reduced fruit quality" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides such as sulfur or myclobutanil", "Prune infected shoots and leaves" ], "prevention": [ "Ensure good air circulation through pruning", "Avoid overhead irrigation" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR4sBjg-S_wq4A5N1v6eBRJd1x0Jbo5irA2Yw&s" ], "management_tips": "Monitor during dry, warm weather and treat at first signs of infection.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7-14 days during outbreak", "localized_tips": "Avoid planting in shaded, poorly ventilated areas", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "6": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Cherry (including sour)", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Practice regular pruning and sanitation"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSB7o-uXeQbNFIXPzKtuYGuqlr4HtYYOPmLYg&s" ], "management_tips": "Monitor regularly and provide balanced fertilization for tree vigor.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive fungicide every 3-4 weeks if needed", "localized_tips": "Ensure trees are spaced properly for air flow", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "7": { "disease_name": "Gray Leaf Spot", "common_names": ["Cercospora Leaf Spot", "Gray Leaf Spot"], "crop": "Corn (maize)", "description": "A fungal disease caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis, which causes rectangular lesions on corn leaves.", "symptoms": [ "Long, narrow, rectangular gray to tan lesions on leaves", "Leaf tissue death and premature blight" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides such as strobilurins or triazoles", "Use crop rotation to reduce residue-borne inoculum" ], "prevention": [ "Plant resistant hybrids", "Rotate crops and manage crop residue" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQHI10MbkwEpAQYh7nC9xk1GAZjLFg_twf4Pg&s" ], "management_tips": "Scout fields early and apply fungicides when necessary to prevent yield loss.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7-10 days if conditions favor infection", "localized_tips": "Avoid continuous corn planting and use no-till residue management", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "8": { "disease_name": "Common Rust", "common_names": ["Corn Rust"], "crop": "Corn (maize)", "description": "A fungal disease caused by Puccinia sorghi, forming reddish-brown pustules on leaves.", "symptoms": [ "Small, round, reddish-brown pustules on both leaf surfaces", "Yellowing and premature leaf death" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Use fungicides like azoxystrobin or propiconazole", "Use resistant hybrids" ], "prevention": ["Crop rotation", "Avoid overhead irrigation"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQYkjmhmODjdmkVFoJrzJevwugu3L-2k6j32w&s" ], "management_tips": "Early detection is key; apply fungicides at first signs.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 10–14 days during active rust periods", "localized_tips": "Remove infected debris post-harvest", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "9": { "disease_name": "Northern Leaf Blight", "common_names": ["NLB"], "crop": "Corn (maize)", "description": "Caused by Exserohilum turcicum, this disease leads to cigar-shaped lesions and premature leaf death.", "symptoms": [ "Long, elliptical gray-green lesions on leaves", "Leaf blighting and reduced grain fill" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides like pyraclostrobin or propiconazole", "Destroy infected crop residue" ], "prevention": ["Plant resistant hybrids", "Rotate crops"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRJS99Oqn5fkTtVncGWg7oVech4zFnXk7bRjw&s" ], "management_tips": "Monitor weather and leaf conditions during humid periods.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days under high pressure", "localized_tips": "Use proper tillage to reduce infected debris", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "10": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Corn (maize)", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Use good agricultural practices and resistant hybrids"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRtdqsAoMG75wIISvVBPSmz7GVhrIKQ7BPn9g&s" ], "management_tips": "Inspect regularly and ensure balanced nutrition and watering.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive spray once per month if needed", "localized_tips": "Avoid crowding and ensure proper spacing", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "11": { "disease_name": "Black Rot", "common_names": ["Grape Black Rot"], "crop": "Grape", "description": "A fungal disease caused by Guignardia bidwellii that affects all green parts of the grapevine.", "symptoms": [ "Small black spots on leaves and stems", "Fruit mummification and shriveling" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides like mancozeb or myclobutanil", "Remove and destroy infected plant parts" ], "prevention": ["Ensure proper canopy airflow", "Use resistant cultivars"], "image_urls": [ "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*TKUvZfHReYQvuh83B1CWPg.jpeg" ], "management_tips": "Remove mummified berries and infected leaves promptly.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days during bloom and fruit development", "localized_tips": "Use drip irrigation to avoid wet foliage", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "12": { "disease_name": "Esca (Black Measles)", "common_names": ["Esca", "Black Measles"], "crop": "Grape", "description": "A complex fungal disease involving multiple pathogens including Phaeomoniella and Phaeoacremonium species.", "symptoms": [ "Interveinal leaf chlorosis and necrosis", "Black spots or 'measles' on fruit", "Sudden vine collapse in late summer" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": ["No effective chemical treatment; remove affected vines"], "prevention": ["Avoid pruning during wet conditions", "Sterilize tools"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQZnEb_p8vYGzb_3LPsNcQvYaVhZqqa2t-APQ&s" ], "management_tips": "Avoid pruning wounds and maintain vine health.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Not applicable", "localized_tips": "Discard infected wood and apply wound protectants", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "13": { "disease_name": "Leaf Blight (Isariopsis Leaf Spot)", "common_names": ["Isariopsis Leaf Spot"], "crop": "Grape", "description": "Caused by the fungus Isariopsis clavispora, resulting in necrotic leaf spots and defoliation.", "symptoms": [ "Angular brown or black spots on leaves", "Leaf yellowing and premature drop" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides like mancozeb or copper-based sprays", "Remove fallen leaves" ], "prevention": ["Ensure proper spacing", "Control canopy humidity"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRgQz8zj52yjnunmqCrHoh4WIQrECBeIcAORw&s" ], "management_tips": "Apply treatments before symptoms become severe.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 10–14 days during wet weather", "localized_tips": "Increase airflow and use trellising", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "14": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Grape", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Prune correctly and inspect regularly"], "image_urls": [ "https://www.superfoodevolution.com/images/wild-grape-leaf-Vitis-californica.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Use fungicide preventively during wet seasons.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive fungicide every 3–4 weeks if necessary", "localized_tips": "Monitor canopy humidity and avoid overhead watering", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "15": { "disease_name": "Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening)", "common_names": ["Citrus Greening", "HLB"], "crop": "Orange", "description": "A bacterial disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., spread by the Asian citrus psyllid.", "symptoms": [ "Yellow shoots and blotchy leaf mottling", "Small, lopsided, bitter fruits", "Tree decline and dieback" ], "cause": "Bacterial", "treatment": ["No cure; remove and destroy infected trees"], "prevention": [ "Control psyllid vectors with insecticides", "Use certified disease-free planting material" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTzjdXUjfWbjsFlYfdLHC926DeNZZm_nH3RQQ&s" ], "management_tips": "Monitor psyllid populations and report suspicious trees.", "risk_level": "Very High", "sprayer_intervals": "Insecticides every 10–14 days in active vector areas", "localized_tips": "Use screenhouses or barriers for young trees", "type": "Bacterial", "external_resources": [ { "title": "HLB Management from USDA", "url": "https://www.usda.gov/topics/farming/huanglongbing" } ] }, "16": { "disease_name": "Bacterial Spot", "common_names": ["Peach Bacterial Spot"], "crop": "Peach", "description": "A bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni, affecting leaves, fruit, and twigs.", "symptoms": [ "Small, water-soaked spots on leaves that turn dark and angular", "Sunken lesions on fruit leading to cracking", "Twig dieback in severe infections" ], "cause": "Bacterial", "treatment": [ "Apply copper-based bactericides", "Prune out infected branches" ], "prevention": ["Use resistant cultivars", "Sanitize tools between pruning"], "image_urls": [ "https://www.canr.msu.edu/ipm/uploads/images/Fruit/leavesBacterialspot.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Monitor after rain events and apply copper sprays early in the season.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–14 days during wet weather", "localized_tips": "Avoid overhead irrigation to reduce leaf wetness", "type": "Bacterial", "external_resources": [] }, "17": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Peach", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Maintain proper pruning and sanitation"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ1rSD3dc8reXTGLPCpvGXeuJhKejzXcmkomqHUlbcSss_k2AxWDf6jIL0ZIR7w3e5uNhQ&usqp=CAU" ], "management_tips": "Ensure balanced fertilization and regular monitoring.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive spray once per month if needed", "localized_tips": "Water at ground level and mulch to conserve moisture", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "18": { "disease_name": "Bacterial Spot", "common_names": ["Bell Pepper Bacterial Spot"], "crop": "Pepper, bell", "description": "Caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, this bacterial disease forms spots on leaves and fruit.", "symptoms": [ "Circular to irregular water-soaked spots on leaves", "Lesions on fruit causing scabby, cratered spots" ], "cause": "Bacterial", "treatment": [ "Apply copper bactericides", "Remove infected plants and debris" ], "prevention": [ "Plant certified disease-free seedlings", "Avoid working when foliage is wet" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSB73znDvyq3LarGBpPPuPATxIuQJU4FTqRaA&s" ], "management_tips": "Begin sprays prior to flowering and continue through fruit set.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days during warm, wet periods", "localized_tips": "Mulch plants and improve air circulation", "type": "Bacterial", "external_resources": [] }, "19": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Pepper, bell", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": [ "Provide balanced nutrients and keep soil moist but not wet" ], "image_urls": [ "https://iupilon.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/PIXNIO-1778973-1200x838-1.jpeg" ], "management_tips": "Regular scouting and ensure good drainage.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive treatments every 3–4 weeks if needed", "localized_tips": "Avoid crowding and apply mulch to stabilize soil moisture", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "20": { "disease_name": "Early Blight", "common_names": ["Potato Early Blight"], "crop": "Potato", "description": "Fungal disease caused by Alternaria solani, infecting leaves, stems, and tubers.", "symptoms": [ "Dark brown to black concentric ring spots on leaves", "Lesions on stems and tubers" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides like chlorothalonil or azoxystrobin", "Remove volunteer potato plants and infected debris" ], "prevention": ["Rotate crops annually", "Use certified seed potatoes"], "image_urls": [ "https://vegpath.plantpath.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/210/2023/11/potato-early-blight-leaves.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Start sprays when foliage is 10–15 cm tall and repeat on a 7–10 day schedule.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days during humid conditions", "localized_tips": "Mulch to reduce soil splash and moisture on leaves", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "21": { "disease_name": "Late Blight", "common_names": ["Potato Late Blight"], "crop": "Potato", "description": "Caused by Phytophthora infestans, leads to rapid plant collapse under cool, wet conditions.", "symptoms": [ "Dark, water-soaked lesions on leaves and stems", "White fungal growth under lesions in humid conditions", "Rotting tubers" ], "cause": "Fungal‑like oomycete", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides such as mancozeb or metalaxyl", "Remove and destroy infected foliage immediately" ], "prevention": [ "Plant late‑blight resistant varieties", "Monitor weather and disease forecasts" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTlMiZMw_XsQAAYBT2zVzO5VlIOZIfdCKWZlA&s" ], "management_tips": "Begin protective sprays when conditions are favorable; reapply every 5–7 days.", "risk_level": "Very High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 5–7 days in cool wet weather", "localized_tips": "Avoid overhead watering and space hills for airflow", "type": "Fungal‑like", "external_resources": [] }, "22": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Potato", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Practice crop rotation and use certified seed"], "image_urls": [ "https://keeneorganics.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Potato-Plants.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Ensure well‑drained soil and regular pest scouting.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive fungicide once per month if needed", "localized_tips": "Avoid planting in low areas prone to pooling water", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "23": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Raspberry", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": [ "Maintain proper pruning, fertilization, and site sanitation" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQlS205vAtIKDNL-ubs5X56Yb-j9w0fCk04rQ&s" ], "management_tips": "Ensure good air circulation, proper mulching, and monitor for pests.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive treatments once per month, if needed", "localized_tips": "Remove old canes and provide regular irrigation at the root zone", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "24": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Soybean", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Rotate crops, monitor pests and nutrient levels"], "image_urls": [ "https://agriculture.basf.us/content/dam/cxm/agriculture/crop-protection/news-and-events/images/CRP201800021_Hero_Crop_Imgs_FSR_Soy.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Scout fields regularly and ensure balanced soil fertility.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive fungicide once per month under wet conditions", "localized_tips": "Ensure proper drainage and reduce plant density if necessary", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "25": { "disease_name": "Powdery Mildew", "common_names": ["Squash powdery mildew"], "crop": "Squash", "description": "A fungal disease caused by Podosphaera xanthii or Erysiphe cichoracearum, forming white powdery growth on leaves and stems.", "symptoms": [ "White to gray powdery patches on leaf surfaces", "Leaf yellowing, curling, and premature defoliation" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides like sulfur, myclobutanil, or potassium bicarbonate", "Remove infected leaves when disease starts" ], "prevention": [ "Plant resistant varieties", "Ensure good airflow and avoid overhead watering" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTHEhKBVt4bNyHbrAEp8qPDaRqwACT8o6i8wg&s" ], "management_tips": "Treat at first sign of powdery growth and repeat every 7–10 days.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days during disease pressure", "localized_tips": "Space plants widely and mulch to reduce humidity", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "26": { "disease_name": "Leaf Scorch", "common_names": ["Strawberry leaf scorch"], "crop": "Strawberry", "description": "A fungal disease caused by Diplocarpon earlianum, resulting in brown lesions and leaf edge necrosis.", "symptoms": [ "Circular to irregular brown lesions on leaves", "Leaf edges turn brown and scorched, leading to defoliation" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides such as captan or chlorothalonil", "Remove and destroy affected leaves" ], "prevention": [ "Plant resistant cultivars", "Avoid overhead irrigation and ensure good plant spacing" ], "image_urls": [ "https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/XkvoUQ5ffAU8j5Fq8DK3Vf.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Spray preventively during warm, wet weather and remove debris post-harvest.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–14 days when conditions remain favorable", "localized_tips": "Space beds properly and use drip irrigation", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "27": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Strawberry", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": [ "Practice crop rotation and mulching to maintain plant health" ], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRBLjBa_BlAc2Uql9aKRtbsGo0OfIi3i8LheA&s" ], "management_tips": "Monitor regularly for pests and diseases; maintain optimal soil moisture.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive spray once per month if needed", "localized_tips": "Remove dying leaves and monitor plant vigor", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] }, "28": { "disease_name": "Bacterial Spot", "common_names": ["Tomato Bacterial Spot"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "A bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas spp., producing small, water‑soaked leaf and fruit lesions.", "symptoms": [ "Small (≤1/8″), circular brown spots on leaves, often water‑soaked", "Raised scabby lesions on green and ripe fruit" ], "cause": "Bacterial", "treatment": [ "Apply copper‑based bactericides", "Use certified disease‑free seed/transplants" ], "prevention": [ "Avoid overhead irrigation", "Rotate crops and remove infected debris" ], "image_urls": [ "https://www.lsuagcenter.com/~/media/system/e/d/5/f/ed5f2bf2949a12ff123c460961e32e9a/bacterialspotontomatoxant.jpg?bc=white&as=0&mh=400&mw=1110&sc=25&thn=0" ], "management_tips": "Begin sprays early in warm, humid weather and maintain sanitation :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days during warm, wet weather", "localized_tips": "Use drip irrigation and ensure plant spacing", "type": "Bacterial", "external_resources": [] }, "29": { "disease_name": "Early Blight", "common_names": ["Tomato Early Blight"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "Fungal disease caused by Alternaria solani, with concentric ring lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit.", "symptoms": [ "Brown leaf spots with ‘bull’s‑eye’ concentric rings", "Stem lesions and fruit rot" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides (chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin)", "Remove volunteer potatoes and affected debris" ], "prevention": ["Rotate crops annually", "Select resistant varieties"], "image_urls": ["https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/media/images/IMG_1302.jpeg"], "management_tips": "Spray when plants reach 10–15 cm and repeat every 7–10 days in humid conditions.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days under disease pressure", "localized_tips": "Mulch to prevent soil splash", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "30": { "disease_name": "Leaf Mold", "common_names": ["Tomato Leaf Mold"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "Fungal disease by Passalora fulva, causing olive‑green velvety growth on leaf undersides.", "symptoms": [ "Pale green/yellow spots on upper leaves", "Olive‑green velvety sporulation on leaf undersides" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides (chlorothalonil, mancozeb, copper)", "Improve greenhouse ventilation" ], "prevention": ["Maintain <85% humidity", "Use resistant varieties"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRPrslOwRy-VnsRixsduZ2YayzOshBdOGklpg&s" ], "management_tips": "Control humidity in protected production settings :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days during high humidity", "localized_tips": "Use drip irrigation and space plants wide", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "31": { "disease_name": "Septoria Leaf Spot", "common_names": ["Tomato Septoria Leaf Spot"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "A fungal disease by Septoria lycopersici; causes small leaf spots with black fruiting bodies.", "symptoms": [ "Circular brown lesions (2–5 mm) with gray centers", "Tiny black pycnidia in the center of spots" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply chlorothalonil or copper fungicides", "Remove infected leaves" ], "prevention": ["Rotate crops 2–3 years", "Use drip irrigation and mulch"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSECMpg3fTcnwaowF9nqFarVvR37t6SZRU31Q&s" ], "management_tips": "Fungicide and sanitation reduce spread :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–14 days when humidity is high", "localized_tips": "Remove lower leaves to improve airflow", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "32": { "disease_name": "Two‑Spotted Spider Mite Infestation", "common_names": ["Spider Mites", "Two‑Spotted Mite"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "Stressed plants attacked by Tetranychus urticae, causing speckled foliage and webbing.", "symptoms": [ "Yellow stippling on leaves", "Fine webbing on leaf undersides and stems" ], "cause": "Pest (Arachnid)", "treatment": [ "Apply miticides or insecticidal soap", "Rinse plants with strong water spray" ], "prevention": ["Maintain adequate humidity", "Encourage predatory mites"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRY3jYZW3TucNO1CYqLuGq94lrj-O5UvpiGzA&s" ], "management_tips": "Frequent inspections and early control are essential.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "As directed by product label", "localized_tips": "Avoid excessive nitrogen, which attracts mites", "type": "Pest", "external_resources": [] }, "33": { "disease_name": "Target Spot", "common_names": ["Tomato Target Spot"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "Fungal disease by Corynespora cassiicola, producing circular leaf spots often with concentric rings.", "symptoms": [ "Circular to irregular spots with yellow halos", "Lesions may have target‑like rings" ], "cause": "Fungal", "treatment": [ "Apply fungicides (chlorothalonil, mancozeb)", "Remove diseased foliage" ], "prevention": ["Use crop rotation", "Avoid overhead watering"], "image_urls": [ "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTmQSG-4EedWsEegh5eWGRCVhiDCV0Ia9tTWg&s" ], "management_tips": "Treat early in disease cycle and reduce humidity.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Every 7–10 days in wet conditions", "localized_tips": "Space rows for airflow", "type": "Fungal", "external_resources": [] }, "34": { "disease_name": "Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus", "common_names": ["TYLCV"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "A geminivirus spread by whiteflies, causing leaf yellowing, curling, and stunting.", "symptoms": [ "Upward rolling and yellowing of young leaves", "Stunted plant growth" ], "cause": "Viral", "treatment": ["No cure; remove infected plants"], "prevention": [ "Control whitefly vectors", "Use resistant tomato varieties" ], "image_urls": [ "https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0017/531602/IU-TYLCV_img_1.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Monitor whiteflies and use reflective mulches.", "risk_level": "High", "sprayer_intervals": "Apply insecticide every 7–14 days during outbreaks", "localized_tips": "Use screened greenhouses in high‑pressure zones", "type": "Viral", "external_resources": [] }, "35": { "disease_name": "Tomato Mosaic Virus", "common_names": ["ToMV"], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "A Tobamovirus spread mechanically and via contaminated seed, causing mottling and stunted fruit.", "symptoms": [ "Mosaic leaf discoloration", "Leaf distortion and stunted growth" ], "cause": "Viral", "treatment": ["No cure; remove infected plants"], "prevention": [ "Use virus‑free seed and sanitation", "Disinfect tools regularly" ], "image_urls": [ "https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780123877376500029-f02-95-9780123877376.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Implement strict hygiene and resistant varieties.", "risk_level": "Medium", "sprayer_intervals": "Not applicable", "localized_tips": "Wear gloves and disinfect between handling plants", "type": "Viral", "external_resources": [] }, "36": { "disease_name": null, "common_names": [], "crop": "Tomato", "description": "Healthy plant — no disease detected.", "symptoms": [], "cause": null, "treatment": [], "prevention": ["Practice crop rotation and sanitation"], "image_urls": [ "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273070170/figure/fig6/AS:668577262739488@1536412649928/A-Healthy-leaves-of-tomato-plants-and-B-Leaves-of-tomato-plants-inoculated-with.jpg" ], "management_tips": "Monitor regularly and use balanced fertilization.", "risk_level": "Low", "sprayer_intervals": "Preventive fungicide once per month if needed", "localized_tips": "Ensure good drainage and airflow", "type": "None", "external_resources": [] } }