README.md

---
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: summarization
widget:
  - text: "summarize: Paste a press release here…"
  - text: "classify_populism: Paste a press release here…"
---

# Overall Summary:
I developed a transformer-based model that analyzes political press releases to both summarize content and detect populist rhetoric. I generated true lables using GPT-4o on a dataset of 10,000 releases from 12 European countries, I engineered prompts to label where populist framing occurs—such as “people vs. elites” or anti-institutional language—and to generate concise explanations of why certain phrases qualify as populist. The final model, built on a fine-tuned BART architecture, allows users to quickly identify when populism is present in political discourse and understand the reasoning behind that classification.

# Populism Detection & Summarization

This checkpoint is a BART-based, LoRA-fine-tuned model that does two things:

Summarizes party press releases (and, when relevant, explains where populist framing appears), and

Classifies whether the text contains populist language (Is_Populist ∈ {0,1}).

Weights here are the merged LoRA result—no adapters required.

The model was trained on ~10k official party press releases from 12 countries (Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Spain, UK, Austria, Poland, Ireland, France) that were labeled and summarized via a Palantir AIP Ontology step using GPT-4o.

## Model Details

Pretrained Model: facebook/bart-base (seq2seq) fine-tuned with LoRA and then merged.
Instruction Framing: Two prefixes:

Summarize: summarize: <original_text>

Classify: classify_populism: <original_text> → model outputs 0 or 1 (or you can argmax over first decoder step logits for tokens “0” vs “1”).

Tokenization: BART’s subword tokenizer (Byte-Pair Encoding).

Input Processing: Text is truncated to 1024 tokens; summaries capped at 128 tokens.

Output Generation (summarization): beam search (typically 5 beams), mild length penalty, and no-repeat bigrams to reduce redundancy.

Key Parameters:

Max Input Length: 1024 tokens — fits long releases while controlling memory.

Max Target Length: 128 tokens — concise summaries with good coverage.

Beam Search: ~5 beams — balances quality and speed.

Classification Decoding: read the first generated token (0/1) or take first-step logits for a deterministic argmax.

Generation Process (high level)

Input Tokenization: Convert text to subwords and build the encoder input.

Beam Search (summarize): Explore multiple candidate sequences, pick the most probable.

Output Decoding: Map token IDs back to text, skipping special tokens.

Model Hub: tdickson17/Populism_detection

Repository: https://github.com/tcdickson/Populism.git

## Training Details

Data Collection:
Press releases were scraped from official party websites to capture formal statements and policy messaging. A Palantir AIP Ontology step (powered by GPT-4o) produced:

Is_Populist (binary) — whether the text exhibits populist framing (e.g., “people vs. elites,” anti-institutional rhetoric).

Summaries/Explanations — concise abstracts; when populism is present, the text explains where/how it appears.

Preprocessing:
HTML/boilerplate removal, normalization, and formatting into pairs:

Input: original release text (title optional at inference)

Targets: (a) abstract summary/explanation, (b) binary label

Training Objective:
Supervised fine-tuning for joint tasks:

Abstractive summarization (seq2seq cross-entropy)

Binary classification (decoded 0/1 via the same seq2seq head)

Training Strategy:

Base: facebook/bart-base

Method: LoRA on attention/FFN blocks (r=16, α=32, dropout=0.05), then merged into base.

Decoding: beam search for summaries; argmax or short generation for labels.

Evaluation signals: ROUGE for summaries; Accuracy/Precision/Recall/F1 for classification.

This setup lets one checkpoint handle both analysis (populism flag) and explanation (summary) with simple instruction prefixes.

## Usage:

There are 2 ways to use this model. 

First:

You can run the [test_model.ipynb](test_model.ipynb) file.

Second:

install dependency (Bash): 

```pip install -U torch transformers```

then run:

```import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM

MODEL_ID = "tdickson17/Populism_detection"
device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"

tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(MODEL_ID)
model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(MODEL_ID).to(device).eval()

MAX_SRC, MAX_SUM = 1024, 128
DEC_START = model.config.decoder_start_token_id
ID0 = tok("0", add_special_tokens=False)["input_ids"][0]
ID1 = tok("1", add_special_tokens=False)["input_ids"][0]

THRESHOLD = 0.5  # raise for higher precision, lower for higher recall
POSITIVE_MSG = "This text DOES contain populist sentiment.\n"
NEGATIVE_MSG = "Populist sentiment is NOT detected in this text.\n"

GEN_SUM = dict(
    do_sample=False, num_beams=5,
    max_new_tokens=MAX_SUM, min_new_tokens=16,
    length_penalty=1.1, no_repeat_ngram_size=3
)

@torch.no_grad()
def summarize(text: str) -> str:
    enc = tok("summarize: " + text, return_tensors="pt",
              truncation=True, max_length=MAX_SRC).to(device)
    out = model.generate(**enc, **GEN_SUM)
    s = tok.decode(out[0], skip_special_tokens=True).strip()
    if s.lower().startswith("summarize:"):
        s = s.split(":", 1)[1].strip()
    return s

@torch.no_grad()
def classify_populism_prob(text: str) -> float:
    enc = tok("classify_populism: " + text, return_tensors="pt",
              truncation=True, max_length=MAX_SRC).to(device)
    dec_inp = torch.tensor([[DEC_START]], device=device)
    logits = model(**enc, decoder_input_ids=dec_inp, use_cache=False).logits[:, -1, :]

    two = torch.stack([logits[:, ID0], logits[:, ID1]], dim=-1)
    p1 = torch.softmax(two, dim=-1)[0, 1].item()
    return p1

def classify_populism_label(text: str, threshold: float = THRESHOLD, include_probability: bool = True) -> str:
    p1 = classify_populism_prob(text)
    msg = POSITIVE_MSG if p1 >= threshold else NEGATIVE_MSG
    return f"{msg} Confidence={p1:.3f}%" if include_probability else msg

# Example
text = """<Insert Text here>"""
print(classify_populism_label(text))
print("\nSummary:\n", summarize(text))
```



## Citation:

```@article{dickson2024going,
  title={Going against the grain: Climate change as a wedge issue for the radical right},
  author={Dickson, Zachary P and Hobolt, Sara B},
  journal={Comparative Political Studies},
  year={2024},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}
```