# AICL Example: Repository Pattern Data Layer
# Implements a comprehensive Repository pattern data access layer with abstract data access,
# specification-based queries, unit of work for transactions, multi-level caching, and connection management.

# Level 1: Architecture
Goal: Build a repository pattern data access layer that abstracts persistence details,
    supports specification-based composable queries, manages transactions via unit of work,
    provides multi-level caching, and ensures data consistency across operations.

Constraint: Domain layer must never reference infrastructure persistence directly.
Constraint: All queries must be expressed as specification objects, not raw query strings.
Constraint: Each unit of work scope must correspond to exactly one transaction.
Constraint: Cache invalidation must occur within the same transaction as the write.
Constraint: Repository interfaces must be defined in the domain layer; implementations in infrastructure.

Risk: Cache returns stale data after write
Recovery: Invalidate cache entries within write transaction; use write-through for critical entities

Risk: Unit of work rollback leaves cache in inconsistent state
Recovery: Enroll cache in transaction participation; rollback cache operations on transaction abort

Risk: Specification composition creates N+1 query problem
Recovery: Detect eager-load annotations; auto-join related entities via specification visitor

Risk: Connection pool exhaustion under high concurrency
Recovery: Queue requests with timeout; scale pool dynamically based on wait-time metrics

Risk: Optimistic concurrency conflict on high-contention entities
Recovery: Retry with exponential backoff up to 3 times; escalate to pessimistic lock if threshold exceeded

Risk: Repository abstraction leaks persistence details through error types
Recovery: Translate all infrastructure exceptions to domain-specific error types at repository boundary

Layer: Domain
    SubLayer: RepositoryInterface
    SubLayer: Specification
    SubLayer: AggregateRoot
Layer: Application
    SubLayer: UnitOfWork
    SubLayer: TransactionManager
    SubLayer: SpecificationComposer
Layer: Infrastructure
    SubLayer: RepositoryImplementation
    SubLayer: CacheLayer
    SubLayer: ConnectionPool

Validation: Repository method must accept and return domain types only
Validation: Specification must be serializable for cache key generation
Validation: Unit of work must not span multiple database connections
Validation: Cache TTL must be less than or equal to source data freshness requirement
Validation: Connection pool size must match concurrent transaction limit
Validation: All repository write operations must participate in active unit of work

# Level 2: Entities
Entity Repository
    repositoryId: string
    aggregateType: string
    connectionString: string
    cacheEnabled: boolean
    cacheTtl: integer
    batchSize: integer
    readOnly: boolean
    maxRetryCount: integer

Entity Specification
    specificationId: string
    criteria: dict
    orderBy: list
    pageNumber: integer
    pageSize: integer
    includes: list
    cacheable: boolean
    cacheKey: string

Entity UnitOfWork
    unitOfWorkId: string
    transactionId: string
    state: string
    operations: list
    enrolledRepositories: list
    startedAt: datetime
    isolationLevel: string
    timeout: integer

Entity CacheEntry
    cacheKey: string
    value: any
    createdAt: datetime
    expiresAt: datetime
    region: string
    sizeBytes: integer
    hitCount: integer
    version: integer

Entity AggregateRoot
    aggregateId: string
    aggregateType: string
    version: integer
    createdAt: datetime
    modifiedAt: datetime
    createdBy: string
    modifiedBy: string
    isDirty: boolean

Entity QueryResult
    queryId: string
    items: list
    totalCount: integer
    pageNumber: integer
    pageSize: integer
    hasMore: boolean
    executionTime: integer
    cacheHit: boolean

# Level 3: Behaviors
Behavior FindBySpecification
    Input:
        repository: Repository
        specification: Specification
    Output:
        result: QueryResult
    Action:
        Generate cache key from specification hash
        Check L1 in-process cache for hit
        Check L2 distributed cache for hit
        If cache miss, translate specification to query
        Execute query against persistence store
        Hydrate domain entities from result set
        Populate both cache layers with results
        Return paginated query result with metadata

Behavior AddAggregate
    Input:
        repository: Repository
        aggregate: AggregateRoot
        unitOfWork: UnitOfWork
    Output:
        persisted: AggregateRoot
    Action:
        Validate aggregate invariants
        Enroll repository in unit of work if not already
        Add insert operation to unit of work change set
        Mark aggregate as persisted in identity map
        Invalidate cache entries for affected specifications
        Return aggregate with generated ID

Behavior UpdateAggregate
    Input:
        repository: Repository
        aggregate: AggregateRoot
        unitOfWork: UnitOfWork
    Output:
        updated: AggregateRoot
    Action:
        Check optimistic concurrency version match
        Add update operation to unit of work change set
        Increment aggregate version
        Invalidate cache for this aggregate and related queries
        Mark aggregate as clean in identity map
        Return updated aggregate

Behavior CommitUnitOfWork
    Input:
        unitOfWork: UnitOfWork
    Output:
        commitResult: string
    Action:
        Validate all enrolled repositories are in consistent state
        Begin database transaction if not already active
        Execute all operations in change set in order
        Flush all cache invalidations
        Commit transaction
        Update identity map with final state
        Notify change trackers
        Return commit acknowledgment

Behavior ComposeSpecification
    Input:
        left: Specification
        right: Specification
        compositionType: string
    Output:
        composed: Specification
    Action:
        Merge criteria based on composition type (AND, OR, NOT)
        Combine includes and deduplicate
        Resolve ordering conflicts with priority rules
        Recalculate cache key from merged specification
        Validate composed specification is satisfiable
        Return composed specification

Behavior InvalidateCache
    Input:
        region: string
        keys: list
        propagation: string
    Output:
        invalidated: integer
    Action:
        Remove entries from L1 in-process cache
        Remove entries from L2 distributed cache
        If propagation is immediate, block until L2 confirms
        If propagation is eventual, queue invalidation for async processing
        Track invalidated count for metrics
        Return count of invalidated entries

# Level 4: Conditions
Condition: ConcurrencyConflict
    When aggregate version at persist differs from loaded version
    Then raise concurrency exception with current version; suggest reload and retry strategy

Condition: CacheStampede
    When multiple concurrent requests cache-miss for the same key
    Then allow only one request to compute; others wait and share the computed result

Condition: TransactionTimeout
    When unit of work exceeds configured timeout duration
    Then rollback transaction, release locks, and invalidate any partially committed cache

# Level 5: Events
Event: OnCacheMiss
    On specification query results not found in either cache layer
    Action: Increment miss metric, trigger cache warm for related specifications

Event: OnTransactionCommitted
    On unit of work successfully committed to persistence store
    Action: Finalize cache invalidations, release identity map locks, emit domain events

Event: OnSpecificationExecuted
    On specification translated and executed against persistence
    Action: Log query performance, update slow-query metrics, suggest indexes if threshold exceeded

Event: OnConcurrencyRetry
    On optimistic concurrency conflict triggering automatic retry
    Action: Increment retry metric, log contention hot-spot, alert if retry count exceeds threshold

# Level 6: Concurrency
Parallel:
    L1 and L2 cache lookups executed concurrently
    Multiple repository read operations within same unit of work
    Cache invalidation propagation to distributed nodes
    Connection pool health monitoring and scaling
    Specification compilation and cache key generation

# Level 7: Optimization
Optimize: Query execution performance
    Priority: Compile specifications to parameterized queries; reuse execution plans; batch reads

Optimize: Cache hit ratio
    Priority: Pre-warm caches for top-accessed specifications; adjust TTL based on access frequency

# Level 8: Learning
Learn: Optimal cache TTL per entity type
    Goal: Maximize cache hit ratio while minimizing staleness for each aggregate type
    Adapt: Per-entity-type cache TTL values
    Based: Cache hit ratio, access frequency, and data mutation rate over sliding 1-hour window

Learn: Query plan optimization
    Goal: Identify slow specifications and suggest index improvements
    Adapt: Database index recommendations and specification rewrite hints
    Based: Query execution time distribution and full table scan detection

# Level 9: Security
Security:
    Encrypt: Database connection strings using vault-managed secrets with automatic rotation
    Encrypt: Cached PII fields using envelope encryption before storage in distributed cache
    Protect: Repository against SQL injection via parameterized query compilation from specifications
    Protect: Cache data from unauthorized access with per-region ACL and tenant isolation
    Protect: Unit of work operations from tampering via audit trail of all change set modifications

# Level 10: Native
CSharp
{
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public interface ISpecification<T>
{
    Expression<Func<T, bool>> ToExpression();
    List<string> Includes { get; }
    bool IsCacheable { get; }
    string CacheKey { get; }
}

public class AndSpecification<T> : ISpecification<T>
{
    private readonly ISpecification<T> _left;
    private readonly ISpecification<T> _right;

    public AndSpecification(ISpecification<T> left, ISpecification<T> right)
    {
        _left = left;
        _right = right;
        Includes = new List<string>(_left.Includes);
        foreach (var inc in _right.Includes)
            if (!Includes.Contains(inc)) Includes.Add(inc);
    }

    public Expression<Func<T, bool>> ToExpression()
    {
        var leftExpr = _left.ToExpression();
        var rightExpr = _right.ToExpression();
        var param = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T));
        var body = Expression.AndAlso(
            Expression.Invoke(leftExpr, param),
            Expression.Invoke(rightExpr, param)
        );
        return Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>>(body, param);
    }

    public List<string> Includes { get; }
    public bool IsCacheable => _left.IsCacheable && _right.IsCacheable;
    public string CacheKey => $"{_left.CacheKey}&{_right.CacheKey}";
}

public interface IRepository<T> where T : class
{
    Task<T?> FindByIdAsync(Guid id);
    Task<QueryResult<T>> FindBySpecificationAsync(ISpecification<T> spec);
    Task AddAsync(T aggregate, IUnitOfWork uow);
    Task UpdateAsync(T aggregate, IUnitOfWork uow);
    Task DeleteAsync(T aggregate, IUnitOfWork uow);
}

public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable
{
    string UnitOfWorkId { get; }
    Task CommitAsync();
    Task RollbackAsync();
    void Enroll(string repositoryId);
}

public class QueryResult<T>
{
    public List<T> Items { get; set; } = new();
    public int TotalCount { get; set; }
    public int PageNumber { get; set; }
    public int PageSize { get; set; }
    public bool HasMore { get; set; }
    public long ExecutionTimeMs { get; set; }
    public bool CacheHit { get; set; }
}

public class CacheEntry<T>
{
    public string CacheKey { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    public T? Value { get; set; }
    public DateTime ExpiresAt { get; set; }
    public int HitCount { get; set; }
    public int Version { get; set; }
}

public class TwoLevelCache<T>
{
    private readonly Dictionary<string, CacheEntry<T>> _l1 = new();
    private readonly Dictionary<string, CacheEntry<T>> _l2 = new();
    private readonly object _lock = new();

    public bool TryGet(string key, out T? value)
    {
        lock (_lock)
        {
            if (_l1.TryGetValue(key, out var entry) && entry.ExpiresAt > DateTime.UtcNow)
            {
                entry.HitCount++;
                value = entry.Value;
                return true;
            }
            if (_l2.TryGetValue(key, out entry) && entry.ExpiresAt > DateTime.UtcNow)
            {
                entry.HitCount++;
                _l1[key] = entry;
                value = entry.Value;
                return true;
            }
        }
        value = default;
        return false;
    }

    public void Set(string key, T value, TimeSpan ttl)
    {
        lock (_lock)
        {
            var entry = new CacheEntry<T>
            {
                CacheKey = key, Value = value,
                ExpiresAt = DateTime.UtcNow.Add(ttl), Version = 1
            };
            _l1[key] = entry;
            _l2[key] = entry;
        }
    }

    public void Invalidate(string key)
    {
        lock (_lock) { _l1.Remove(key); _l2.Remove(key); }
    }

    public void InvalidateRegion(string prefix)
    {
        lock (_lock)
        {
            var keys = _l1.Keys.Where(k => k.StartsWith(prefix)).ToList();
            foreach (var k in keys) { _l1.Remove(k); _l2.Remove(k); }
        }
    }
}
}