---
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet
---

# Covenant72B

**Covenant72B** is the largest permissionless collaboratively trained language
model trained entirely from scratch at the 72 billion parameter scale.

It is being trained with 20+ globally distributed participants coordinated via
decentralized infrastructure on the Bittensor blockchain.

**Checkpoint-Two** marks the second release, corresponding to **420 billion
tokens processed**. Model files are available in the [Checkpoint-Two
branch](https://huggingface.co/tplr/Covenant72B/tree/Checkpoint-Two). Future
checkpoints will be updated here.

![Checkpoint Two](assets/checkpoint-two.webp)

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## Training Details

| Property | Value |
|-----------|--------|
| **Model size** | 72B |
| **Architecture** | LLaMA-style |
| **Target token budget** | 1.2T (420B for current checkpoint) |
| **Compute participants** | 20+ |
| **Minimal compute per participant** | 8×B200 or equivalent |
| **Dataset** | DCLM-baseline |
| **Optimizer** | SparseLoCo (communication-efficient optimizer) |

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## Performance on Benchmarks  
_All results are 0-shot acc-norm (%) unless noted._

| Model | Compute Environment / Permissions | Size | Tokens | ARC-C | ARC-E | PIQA | OpenBookQA | HellaSwag | Winogrande (acc) | MMLU (acc) |
|:------|:----------------------------------|------:|--------:|------:|------:|------:|------------:|-----------:|-------------:|------:|
| **Intellect-1** | Internet / Whitelist | 10B | 1T | 44.8 | 71.6 | 77.7 | 43.6 | 70.5 | 63.1 | 32.7 |
| **Psyche Consilience-7Y9** | Internet / Whitelist | 40B | 1.2T | 31.1 | 55.8 | 76.1 | 34.8 | 63.7 | 57.0 | 24.2 |
| **Covenant72B (Checkpoint-Two)** | Internet / Permissionless | 72B | **420B** | **53.84** | **77.74** | **80.58** | **44.60** | **77.08** | **71.43** | **47.49** |
| **LLM360 K2 ckpt_108** | Centralized Cluster | 65B | 420B | 45.73 | 70.54 | 80.90 | 43.20 | 78.23 | 71.90 | 50.01 |
| **LLM360 K2 Stage 1** | Centralized Cluster | 65B | 1.4T | 53.84 | 75.93 | 82.48 | 48.00 | 82.81 | 76.64 | 63.90 |
| **LLaMA-2-7B** | Centralized Cluster | 7B | 2T | 45.90 | 74.58 | 75.92 | 44.20 | 75.92 | 68.90 | 40.86 |
| **LLaMA-2-70B** | Centralized Cluster | 70B | 2T | 57.59 | 80.77 | 82.92 | 48.60 | 83.86 | 77.58 | 65.56 |

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For more details, refer to [Checkpoint One on Templar Research](https://templarresearch.substack.com/p/checkpoint-one).