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README.md
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---
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language:
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- en
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- hi
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tags:
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- hate-speech
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- text-classification
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- bilstm
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- glove
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- multilingual
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- transfer-learning
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- hinglish
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- sequential-learning
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datasets:
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- tuklu/nprism
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license: mit
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model-index:
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- name: hate-speech-multilingual-bilstm-v2
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results:
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- task:
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type: text-classification
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name: Hate Speech Detection
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dataset:
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name: nprism
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type: tuklu/nprism
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metrics:
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- type: f1
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value: 0.6566
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name: F1 Score (Full Phase — Full Test)
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- type: accuracy
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value: 0.6866
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name: Accuracy (Full Phase — Full Test)
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- type: roc_auc
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value: 0.7556
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name: ROC-AUC (Full Phase — Full Test)
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---
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# Multilingual Hate Speech Detection — GloVe + BiLSTM (v2)
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**Task:** Binary text classification (Hate / Non-Hate)
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**Languages:** English, Hindi, Hinglish (Hindi-English code-mixed)
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**Architecture:** Bidirectional LSTM with frozen GloVe embeddings
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**Strategy:** Hinglish → Hindi → English → Full (50 epochs per phase, 200 total)
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---
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## Table of Contents
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1. [What This Experiment Does](#1-what-this-experiment-does)
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2. [The Dataset](#2-the-dataset)
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3. [Model Architecture](#3-model-architecture)
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4. [Training Strategy](#4-training-strategy)
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5. [Results](#5-results)
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6. [Figures](#6-figures)
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7. [How to Use](#7-how-to-use)
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---
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## 1. What This Experiment Does
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This is **v2** of the SASC sequential transfer learning experiment.
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While v1 tested all 6 possible language orderings with 8 epochs per phase, **v2 focuses on a single fixed strategy** — `Hinglish → Hindi → English → Full` — but trains for **50 epochs per phase (200 total)**. This deeper training reveals how well knowledge accumulates across languages when starting from the hardest (most data-scarce, code-mixed) language first.
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After every phase the model is evaluated on **all three individual language test sets as well as the full test set**, giving a 4×4 cross-evaluation matrix.
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---
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## 2. The Dataset
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Dataset: [tuklu/nprism](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tuklu/nprism)
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| Split | Samples |
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|---|---|
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| Train | 17,704 |
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| Validation | 2,950 |
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| Test | 8,852 |
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| **Total** | **29,505** |
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| Language | Count | % |
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|---|---|---|
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| English | 14,994 | 50.8% |
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| Hindi | 9,738 | 33.0% |
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| Hinglish | 4,774 | 16.2% |
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| Label | Count | % |
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|---|---|---|
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| Non-Hate (0) | 15,799 | 53.5% |
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| Hate (1) | 13,707 | 46.5% |
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---
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## 3. Model Architecture
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```
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Embedding (GloVe 300d, frozen, vocab=50k, maxlen=100)
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↓
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Bidirectional LSTM (128 units)
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↓
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Dropout (0.5)
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↓
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Dense (64, ReLU)
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↓
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Dense (1, Sigmoid)
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```
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- **Optimizer:** Adam
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- **Loss:** Binary Crossentropy
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- **Batch size:** 32 (language phases), 64 (full phase)
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---
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## 4. Training Strategy
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| Phase | Data | Epochs | Batch Size |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| 1 — Hinglish | Hinglish train subset | 50 | 32 |
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| 2 — Hindi | Hindi train subset | 50 | 32 |
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| 3 — English | English train subset | 50 | 32 |
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| 4 — Full | Full shuffled train | 50 | 64 |
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The same model weights carry forward through all 4 phases — no reset between languages.
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---
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## 5. Results
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Full cross-evaluation table (Phase × Eval Language):
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| Phase | Eval On | Accuracy | Balanced Acc | Precision | Recall | Specificity | F1 | ROC-AUC |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| hinglish | english | 0.5171 | 0.5125 | 0.5738 | 0.0916 | 0.9334 | 0.1580 | 0.5620 |
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| hinglish | hindi | 0.4493 | 0.5000 | 0.4493 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.6200 | 0.5234 |
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| hinglish | hinglish | 0.6688 | 0.6378 | 0.6058 | 0.4848 | 0.7908 | 0.5386 | 0.6579 |
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| hinglish | full | 0.5190 | 0.5133 | 0.4803 | 0.4331 | 0.5935 | 0.4555 | 0.5243 |
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| hindi | english | 0.4711 | 0.4744 | 0.4789 | 0.7878 | 0.1611 | 0.5957 | 0.4292 |
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| hindi | hindi | 0.5834 | 0.5730 | 0.5420 | 0.4705 | 0.6756 | 0.5037 | 0.5949 |
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| hindi | hinglish | 0.5409 | 0.4885 | 0.3761 | 0.2299 | 0.7470 | 0.2854 | 0.4771 |
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| hindi | full | 0.5190 | 0.5251 | 0.4859 | 0.6111 | 0.4390 | 0.5414 | 0.5255 |
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| english | english | 0.7721 | 0.7726 | 0.7453 | 0.8190 | 0.7262 | 0.7804 | 0.8458 |
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| english | hindi | 0.5424 | 0.5399 | 0.4912 | 0.5150 | 0.5648 | 0.5028 | 0.5377 |
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| english | hinglish | 0.4115 | 0.4938 | 0.3955 | 0.9002 | 0.0875 | 0.5495 | 0.4572 |
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| english | full | 0.6395 | 0.6458 | 0.5901 | 0.7337 | 0.5578 | 0.6541 | 0.6913 |
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| **Full** | **english** | **0.7747** | **0.7746** | **0.7747** | **0.7678** | **0.7815** | **0.7712** | **0.8476** |
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| **Full** | **hindi** | **0.5748** | **0.5676** | **0.5286** | **0.4958** | **0.6393** | **0.5117** | **0.5941** |
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| **Full** | **hinglish** | **0.6326** | **0.6101** | **0.5426** | **0.4991** | **0.7210** | **0.5200** | **0.6161** |
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| **Full** | **full** | **0.6866** | **0.6839** | **0.6687** | **0.6449** | **0.7228** | **0.6566** | **0.7556** |
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### Key Observations
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- **English phase is the turning point**: F1 on full test jumps from 0.541 → 0.654 after seeing English data, reflecting GloVe's English-centric embeddings.
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- **Starting from Hinglish** forces the model to generalise from noisy code-mixed text first — the model reaches Hinglish F1=0.539 on the Hinglish test after just the Hinglish phase.
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- **Final Full phase** improves balanced accuracy and specificity across all languages, reaching AUC=0.756 on the full test set.
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- Hindi remains the hardest language to generalise to (F1=0.512 after Full phase), consistent with GloVe having limited Hindi coverage.
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---
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## 6. Figures
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Training curves and evaluation plots for every phase × language combination are in the `figures/hinglish_to_hindi_to_english/` directory.
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**Training curves (Accuracy & Loss):**
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- `Phase_hinglish_curves.png`
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- `Phase_hindi_curves.png`
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- `Phase_english_curves.png`
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- `Phase_Full_curves.png`
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**Per-phase evaluation (CM / ROC / PR / F1 curve) for each language + full:**
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- `Phase_{phase}_eval_{lang}_cm.png`
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- `Phase_{phase}_eval_{lang}_roc.png`
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- `Phase_{phase}_eval_{lang}_pr.png`
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- `Phase_{phase}_eval_{lang}_f1.png`
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---
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## 7. How to Use
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```python
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import numpy as np
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import json
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from tensorflow.keras.models import load_model
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from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences
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# Load model
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model = load_model("hinglish_hindi_english_full.h5")
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# Load tokenizer
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with open("tokenizer.json") as f:
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from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.text import tokenizer_from_json
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tokenizer = tokenizer_from_json(json.load(f) if isinstance(json.load(open("tokenizer.json")), str) else open("tokenizer.json").read())
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# Predict
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texts = ["your text here"]
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seqs = pad_sequences(tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(texts), maxlen=100)
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prob = model.predict(seqs)[0][0]
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label = "Hate" if prob > 0.5 else "Non-Hate"
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print(f"{label} ({prob:.4f})")
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```
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---
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## Related
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- **v1 (all 6 strategies, 8 epochs):** [tuklu/SASC](https://huggingface.co/tuklu/SASC)
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- **Dataset:** [tuklu/nprism](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tuklu/nprism)
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