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README.md
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inference:
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parameters:
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max_new_tokens: 200
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extra_gated_heading: "Access
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extra_gated_prompt: "To access
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extra_gated_button_content: "Acknowledge license"
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license: other
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license_name: gemma-terms-of-use
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license_link: https://ai.google.dev/gemma/terms
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---
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This model card corresponds to the 2B instruct version of the Gemma model. You can also visit the model card of the [2B base model](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-2b), [7B base model](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-7b), and [7B instruct model](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-7b-it).
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* [Responsible Generative AI Toolkit](https://ai.google.dev/responsible)
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* [Gemma on Kaggle](https://www.kaggle.com/models/google/gemma)
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* [Gemma on Vertex Model Garden](https://console.cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/publishers/google/model-garden/335?version=gemma-2b-it-gg-hf)
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**Terms of Use**:
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**Authors**:
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## Model Information
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### Description
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built from the same research and technology used to create the Gemini models.
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They are text-to-text, decoder-only large language models, available in English,
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with open weights, pre-trained variants, and instruction-tuned variants.
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models are well-suited for a variety of text generation tasks, including
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question answering, summarization, and reasoning. Their relatively small size
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makes it possible to deploy them in environments with limited resources such as
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```python
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt")
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# pip install accelerate
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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# pip install accelerate
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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# pip install accelerate
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_8bit=True)
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True)
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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import transformers
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import torch
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model_id = "
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dtype = torch.bfloat16
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
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* **Output:** Generated English-language text in response to the input, such
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as an answer to a question, or a summary of a document.
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## Model Data
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Data used for model training and how the data was processed.
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### Training Dataset
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These models were trained on a dataset of text data that includes a wide variety
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of sources, totaling 6 trillion tokens. Here are the key components:
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* Web Documents: A diverse collection of web text ensures the model is exposed
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to a broad range of linguistic styles, topics, and vocabulary. Primarily
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English-language content.
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* Code: Exposing the model to code helps it to learn the syntax and patterns of
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programming languages, which improves its ability to generate code or
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understand code-related questions.
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* Mathematics: Training on mathematical text helps the model learn logical
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reasoning, symbolic representation, and to address mathematical queries.
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The combination of these diverse data sources is crucial for training a powerful
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language model that can handle a wide variety of different tasks and text
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formats.
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### Data Preprocessing
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Here are the key data cleaning and filtering methods applied to the training
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data:
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* CSAM Filtering: Rigorous CSAM (Child Sexual Abuse Material) filtering was
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applied at multiple stages in the data preparation process to ensure the
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exclusion of harmful and illegal content
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* Sensitive Data Filtering: As part of making Gemma pre-trained models safe and
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reliable, automated techniques were used to filter out certain personal
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information and other sensitive data from training sets.
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* Additional methods: Filtering based on content quality and safely in line with
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[our policies](https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/documents/2023_Google_AI_Principles_Progress_Update.pdf#page=11).
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## Implementation Information
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Details about the model internals.
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### Hardware
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Gemma was trained using the latest generation of
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[Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)](https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/intro-to-tpu) hardware (TPUv5e).
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Training large language models requires significant computational power. TPUs,
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designed specifically for matrix operations common in machine learning, offer
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several advantages in this domain:
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* Performance: TPUs are specifically designed to handle the massive computations
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involved in training LLMs. They can speed up training considerably compared to
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CPUs.
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* Memory: TPUs often come with large amounts of high-bandwidth memory, allowing
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for the handling of large models and batch sizes during training. This can
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lead to better model quality.
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* Scalability: TPU Pods (large clusters of TPUs) provide a scalable solution for
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handling the growing complexity of large foundation models. You can distribute
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training across multiple TPU devices for faster and more efficient processing.
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* Cost-effectiveness: In many scenarios, TPUs can provide a more cost-effective
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solution for training large models compared to CPU-based infrastructure,
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especially when considering the time and resources saved due to faster
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training.
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* These advantages are aligned with
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[Google's commitments to operate sustainably](https://sustainability.google/operating-sustainably/).
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### Software
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Training was done using [JAX](https://github.com/google/jax) and [ML Pathways](https://blog.google/technology/ai/introducing-pathways-next-generation-ai-architecture/ml-pathways).
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JAX allows researchers to take advantage of the latest generation of hardware,
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including TPUs, for faster and more efficient training of large models.
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ML Pathways is Google's latest effort to build artificially intelligent systems
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capable of generalizing across multiple tasks. This is specially suitable for
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[foundation models](https://ai.google/discover/foundation-models/), including large language models like
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these ones.
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Together, JAX and ML Pathways are used as described in the
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[paper about the Gemini family of models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11805); "the 'single
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controller' programming model of Jax and Pathways allows a single Python
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process to orchestrate the entire training run, dramatically simplifying the
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development workflow."
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## Evaluation
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Model evaluation metrics and results.
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### Benchmark Results
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These models were evaluated against a large collection of different datasets and
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metrics to cover different aspects of text generation:
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| Benchmark | Metric | 2B Params | 7B Params |
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| [MMLU](https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300) | 5-shot, top-1 | 42.3 | 64.3 |
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| [HellaSwag](https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07830) | 0-shot |71.4 | 81.2 |
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| [PIQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11641) | 0-shot | 77.3 | 81.2 |
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| [SocialIQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09728) | 0-shot | 59.7 | 51.8 |
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| [BooIQ](https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10044) | 0-shot | 69.4 | 83.2 |
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| [WinoGrande](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10641) | partial score | 65.4 | 72.3 |
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| [CommonsenseQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00937) | 7-shot | 65.3 | 71.3 |
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| [OpenBookQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.02789) | | 47.8 | 52.8 |
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| [ARC-e](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547) | | 73.2 | 81.5 |
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| [ARC-c](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547) | | 42.1 | 53.2 |
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| [TriviaQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03551) | 5-shot | 53.2 | 63.4 |
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| [Natural Questions](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions) | 5-shot | - | 23 |
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| [HumanEval](https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374) | pass@1 | 22.0 | 32.3 |
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| [MBPP](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.07732) | 3-shot | 29.2 | 44.4 |
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| [GSM8K](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.14168) | maj@1 | 17.7 | 46.4 |
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| [MATH](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.07732) | 4-shot | 11.8 | 24.3 |
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| [AGIEval](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.06364) | | 24.2 | 41.7 |
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| [BIG-Bench](https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.04615) | | 35.2 | 55.1 |
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| ------------------------------ | ------------- | ----------- | --------- |
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| **Average** | | **54.0** | **56.4** |
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## Ethics and Safety
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Ethics and safety evaluation approach and results.
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### Evaluation Approach
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Our evaluation methods include structured evaluations and internal red-teaming
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testing of relevant content policies. Red-teaming was conducted by a number of
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different teams, each with different goals and human evaluation metrics. These
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models were evaluated against a number of different categories relevant to
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ethics and safety, including:
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* Text-to-Text Content Safety: Human evaluation on prompts covering safety
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policies including child sexual abuse and exploitation, harassment, violence
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and gore, and hate speech.
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* Text-to-Text Representational Harms: Benchmark against relevant academic
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datasets such as [WinoBias](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06876) and [BBQ Dataset](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08193v2).
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* Memorization: Automated evaluation of memorization of training data, including
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the risk of personally identifiable information exposure.
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* Large-scale harm: Tests for "dangerous capabilities," such as chemical,
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biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) risks.
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### Evaluation Results
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The results of ethics and safety evaluations are within acceptable thresholds
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for meeting [internal policies](https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/documents/2023_Google_AI_Principles_Progress_Update.pdf#page=11) for categories such as child
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safety, content safety, representational harms, memorization, large-scale harms.
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On top of robust internal evaluations, the results of well known safety
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benchmarks like BBQ, BOLD, Winogender, Winobias, RealToxicity, and TruthfulQA
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are shown here.
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| Benchmark | Metric | 2B Params | 7B Params |
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| [RealToxicity](https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.11462) | average | 6.86 | 7.90 |
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| [BOLD](https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.11718) | | 45.57 | 49.08 |
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| [CrowS-Pairs](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.154/) | top-1 | 45.82 | 51.33 |
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| [BBQ Ambig](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08193v2) | 1-shot, top-1 | 62.58 | 92.54 |
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| [BBQ Disambig](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08193v2) | top-1 | 54.62 | 71.99 |
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| [Winogender](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.09301) | top-1 | 51.25 | 54.17 |
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| [TruthfulQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07958) | | 44.84 | 31.81 |
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| [Winobias 1_2](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06876) | | 56.12 | 59.09 |
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| [Winobias 2_2](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06876) | | 91.10 | 92.23 |
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| [Toxigen](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.09509) | | 29.77 | 39.59 |
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| ------------------------------ | ------------- | ----------- | --------- |
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## Usage and Limitations
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reported in this card.
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* Misinformation and Misuse
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* LLMs can be misused to generate text that is false, misleading, or harmful.
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* Guidelines are provided for responsible use with the model, see the
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[Responsible Generative AI Toolkit](http://ai.google.dev/gemma/responsible).
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* Transparency and Accountability:
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* This model card summarizes details on the models' architecture,
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capabilities, limitations, and evaluation processes.
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* Misuse for malicious purposes: Technical limitations and developer and
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end-user education can help mitigate against malicious applications of LLMs.
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Educational resources and reporting mechanisms for users to flag misuse are
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provided.
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[Gemma Prohibited Use Policy](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/prohibited_use_policy).
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* Privacy violations: Models were trained on data filtered for removal of PII
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(Personally Identifiable Information). Developers are encouraged to adhere to
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privacy regulations with privacy-preserving techniques.
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inference:
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parameters:
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max_new_tokens: 200
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extra_gated_heading: "Access Resonance on Hugging Face"
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extra_gated_prompt: "To access Resonance on Hugging Face, you’re required to review and agree to Resonance’s usage license. To do this, please ensure you’re logged-in to Hugging Face and click below. Requests are processed immediately."
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extra_gated_button_content: "Acknowledge license"
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license: other
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# Resonance Model Card
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This model card corresponds to the 2B instruct version of the Resonance model.
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**Terms of Use**:
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**Authors**: AI Reseaerch Lab, NUST
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## Model Information
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### Description
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Resonance is a family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open models.
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They are text-to-text, decoder-only large language models, available in English,
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with open weights, pre-trained variants, and instruction-tuned variants. Resonance
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models are well-suited for a variety of text generation tasks, including
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question answering, summarization, and reasoning. Their relatively small size
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makes it possible to deploy them in environments with limited resources such as
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```python
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it")
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it")
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt")
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# pip install accelerate
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it")
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it", device_map="auto")
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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# pip install accelerate
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it")
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.float16)
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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# pip install accelerate
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
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| 106 |
+
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it")
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+
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_8bit=True)
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+
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it")
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+
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it", quantization_config=quantization_config)
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input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True)
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+
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it")
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+
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("usmanxia/resonance-2b-it", quantization_config=quantization_config)
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| 147 |
input_text = "Write me a poem about Machine Learning."
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| 148 |
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
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| 178 |
import transformers
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| 179 |
import torch
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| 181 |
+
model_id = "usmanxia/resonance-it"
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dtype = torch.bfloat16
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| 183 |
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| 184 |
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
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| 223 |
* **Output:** Generated English-language text in response to the input, such
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as an answer to a question, or a summary of a document.
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| 226 |
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| 227 |
## Usage and Limitations
|
| 228 |
|
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|
| 288 |
reported in this card.
|
| 289 |
* Misinformation and Misuse
|
| 290 |
* LLMs can be misused to generate text that is false, misleading, or harmful.
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|
| 291 |
* Transparency and Accountability:
|
| 292 |
* This model card summarizes details on the models' architecture,
|
| 293 |
capabilities, limitations, and evaluation processes.
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|
| 307 |
* Misuse for malicious purposes: Technical limitations and developer and
|
| 308 |
end-user education can help mitigate against malicious applications of LLMs.
|
| 309 |
Educational resources and reporting mechanisms for users to flag misuse are
|
| 310 |
+
provided.
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|
| 311 |
* Privacy violations: Models were trained on data filtered for removal of PII
|
| 312 |
(Personally Identifiable Information). Developers are encouraged to adhere to
|
| 313 |
privacy regulations with privacy-preserving techniques.
|