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- README.md +307 -136
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ace_128d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ace_128d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ace_32d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ace_32d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ace_64d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ace_64d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/subword_markov/ace_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ace_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ace_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ace_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ace_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ace_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ace_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ace_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ace_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ace_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ace_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ace_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ace_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ace_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ace_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ace_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ace_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ace_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ace_tokenizer_64k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ace_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ace_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ace_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/ace_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
- models/vocabulary/ace_vocabulary_metadata.json +10 -9
- models/word_markov/ace_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ace_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ace_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ace_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ace_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ace_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ace_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ace_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ace_2gram_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ace_2gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ace_3gram_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ace_3gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ace_4gram_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ace_4gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
- visualizations/embedding_norms.png +0 -0
- visualizations/embedding_similarity.png +2 -2
- visualizations/markov_branching.png +0 -0
- visualizations/markov_contexts.png +0 -0
README.md
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value:
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generated:
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---
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# ACE - Wikilangs Models
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### Models & Assets
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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- N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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- Language Vocabulary
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- Language Statistics
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### Analysis and Evaluation
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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- [6.
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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### Results
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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| **8k** |
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| **16k** | 4.
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| **32k** | 4.
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| **64k** | 4.
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### Tokenization Examples
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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**Sample 1:** `
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...`
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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| 16k | `▁
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| 32k | `▁
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| 64k | `▁
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**Sample 2:** `
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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| 32k | `▁
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| 64k | `▁
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**Sample 3:** `Nè
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Kawan:Longkib, Subulussalam`
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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| 32k | `▁
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| 64k | `▁
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.
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- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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### Results
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| N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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| **2-gram** |
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| **2-gram** |
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| **3-gram** |
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| **3-gram** | 1,
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| **4-gram** |
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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**2-grams:**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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**3-grams:**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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| 1 | `gunong nyoe bak` | 5,541 |
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**4-grams:**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with
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- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~
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- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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---
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### Results
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| Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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### Generated Text Samples
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Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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**Context Size 1:**
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1.
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**Context Size 2:**
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1. `
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**Context Size 3:**
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1. `gunong nyoe bak laman geonames data gunong nyoe bak
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2. `
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**Context Size 4:**
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with
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- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (
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- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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---
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Vocabulary Size |
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| Total Tokens |
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| Mean Frequency |
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| Median Frequency | 3 |
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| Frequency Std Dev |
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### Most Common Words
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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|------|------|-----------|
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### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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### Zipf's Law Analysis
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| Metric | Value |
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| Zipf Coefficient | 1.
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| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.
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| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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### Coverage Analysis
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| Top N Words | Coverage |
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|-------------|----------|
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| Top 10,000 | 97.
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### Key Findings
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- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.
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- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover
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---
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## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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### Model Comparison
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.
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- **Recommendation:**
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---
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| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
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|-----------|-------------|-----------|
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| Tokenizer | **
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| N-gram | **
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| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (
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| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
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---
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## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
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author = {Kamali, Omar},
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title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
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year = {2025},
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url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
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institution = {Omneity Labs}
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}
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- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
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- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
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- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
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---
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*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
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*Report Date:
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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| 26 |
+
value: 4.925
|
| 27 |
- name: best_isotropy
|
| 28 |
type: isotropy
|
| 29 |
+
value: 0.5172
|
| 30 |
- name: vocabulary_size
|
| 31 |
type: vocab
|
| 32 |
+
value: 0
|
| 33 |
+
generated: 2026-01-03
|
| 34 |
---
|
| 35 |
|
| 36 |
# ACE - Wikilangs Models
|
|
|
|
| 44 |
### Models & Assets
|
| 45 |
|
| 46 |
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 47 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 48 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 49 |
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 50 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 51 |
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 52 |
- Language Statistics
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |

|
| 55 |
|
| 56 |
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 60 |
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 61 |
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 62 |
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 63 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6-morphological-analysis)
|
| 64 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 65 |
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 66 |
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 67 |
|
|
|
|
| 70 |
|
| 71 |

|
| 72 |
|
| 73 |
+

|
| 74 |
+
|
| 75 |
+

|
| 76 |
+
|
| 77 |
+

|
| 78 |
+
|
| 79 |
### Results
|
| 80 |
|
| 81 |
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 82 |
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 83 |
+
| **8k** | 4.119x | 4.13 | 0.2682% | 125,632 |
|
| 84 |
+
| **16k** | 4.488x | 4.50 | 0.2923% | 115,301 |
|
| 85 |
+
| **32k** | 4.727x | 4.74 | 0.3079% | 109,452 |
|
| 86 |
+
| **64k** | 4.925x 🏆 | 4.93 | 0.3208% | 105,066 |
|
| 87 |
|
| 88 |
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 89 |
|
| 90 |
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 91 |
|
| 92 |
+
**Sample 1:** `Mukim Sepakat nakeuh saboh mukim di keucamatan Lawe Sigala-Gala Kabupatèn Acèh T...`
|
|
|
|
| 93 |
|
| 94 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 95 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 96 |
+
| 8k | `▁mukim ▁sepakat ▁nakeuh ▁saboh ▁mukim ▁di ▁keucamatan ▁lawe ▁sigala - ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
|
| 97 |
+
| 16k | `▁mukim ▁sepakat ▁nakeuh ▁saboh ▁mukim ▁di ▁keucamatan ▁lawe ▁sigala - ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
|
| 98 |
+
| 32k | `▁mukim ▁sepakat ▁nakeuh ▁saboh ▁mukim ▁di ▁keucamatan ▁lawe ▁sigala - ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
|
| 99 |
+
| 64k | `▁mukim ▁sepakat ▁nakeuh ▁saboh ▁mukim ▁di ▁keucamatan ▁lawe ▁sigala - ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
|
| 100 |
|
| 101 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Propinsi Nakhon Ratchasima nakeuh saboh propinsi di timu baroh Muangthai. Nang n...`
|
| 102 |
|
| 103 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 104 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 105 |
+
| 8k | `▁propinsi ▁nakhon ▁ratch asi ma ▁nakeuh ▁saboh ▁propinsi ▁di ▁timu ... (+11 more)` | 21 |
|
| 106 |
+
| 16k | `▁propinsi ▁nakhon ▁ratchasima ▁nakeuh ▁saboh ▁propinsi ▁di ▁timu ▁baroh ▁muangthai ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 32k | `▁propinsi ▁nakhon ▁ratchasima ▁nakeuh ▁saboh ▁propinsi ▁di ▁timu ▁baroh ▁muangthai ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 64k | `▁propinsi ▁nakhon ▁ratchasima ▁nakeuh ▁saboh ▁propinsi ▁di ▁timu ▁baroh ▁muangthai ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 109 |
|
| 110 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Kandang nakeuh gampông di Keucamatan Samalanga, Kabupatèn Bireuen, Acèh. Lumbôi ...`
|
|
|
|
| 111 |
|
| 112 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 113 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 114 |
+
| 8k | `▁kandang ▁nakeuh ▁gampông ▁di ▁keucamatan ▁samalanga , ▁kabupatèn ▁bireuen , ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
|
| 115 |
+
| 16k | `▁kandang ▁nakeuh ▁gampông ▁di ▁keucamatan ▁samalanga , ▁kabupatèn ▁bireuen , ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 32k | `▁kandang ▁nakeuh ▁gampông ▁di ▁keucamatan ▁samalanga , ▁kabupatèn ▁bireuen , ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 64k | `▁kandang ▁nakeuh ▁gampông ▁di ▁keucamatan ▁samalanga , ▁kabupatèn ▁bireuen , ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
|
| 118 |
|
| 119 |
|
| 120 |
### Key Findings
|
| 121 |
|
| 122 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.925x compression
|
| 123 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.2682% unknown tokens
|
| 124 |
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 125 |
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 126 |
|
|
|
|
| 129 |
|
| 130 |

|
| 131 |
|
| 132 |
+

|
| 133 |
+
|
| 134 |

|
| 135 |
|
| 136 |
### Results
|
| 137 |
|
| 138 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 139 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 140 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 637 | 9.32 | 7,009 | 62.6% | 83.4% |
|
| 141 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 224 🏆 | 7.80 | 2,204 | 71.8% | 99.5% |
|
| 142 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 577 | 9.17 | 8,214 | 65.4% | 85.5% |
|
| 143 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 1,194 | 10.22 | 14,605 | 37.9% | 84.9% |
|
| 144 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 673 | 9.39 | 12,805 | 64.5% | 83.7% |
|
| 145 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 3,551 | 11.79 | 59,251 | 26.2% | 67.5% |
|
| 146 |
|
| 147 |
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 148 |
|
| 149 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 150 |
|
| 151 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 152 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 153 |
+
| 1 | `bak laman` | 7,389 |
|
| 154 |
+
| 2 | `gunong nyoe` | 7,388 |
|
| 155 |
+
| 3 | `nyoe bak` | 5,543 |
|
| 156 |
+
| 4 | `nakeuh saboh` | 5,045 |
|
| 157 |
+
| 5 | `di acèh` | 4,748 |
|
| 158 |
|
| 159 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 160 |
|
| 161 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 162 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 163 |
| 1 | `gunong nyoe bak` | 5,541 |
|
| 164 |
+
| 2 | `nyoe bak laman` | 3,694 |
|
| 165 |
+
| 3 | `lumbôi gampông nyoe` | 3,567 |
|
| 166 |
+
| 4 | `acèh lumbôi gampông` | 3,564 |
|
| 167 |
+
| 5 | `nyoe lam data` | 3,499 |
|
| 168 |
|
| 169 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 170 |
|
| 171 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 172 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 173 |
+
| 1 | `gunong nyoe bak laman` | 3,694 |
|
| 174 |
+
| 2 | `acèh lumbôi gampông nyoe` | 3,564 |
|
| 175 |
+
| 3 | `nyoe lam data peumeurèntah` | 3,499 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 4 | `gampông nyoe lam data` | 3,499 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 5 | `lam data peumeurèntah nakeuh` | 3,499 |
|
| 178 |
+
|
| 179 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 182 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 183 |
+
| 1 | `e u` | 117,818 |
|
| 184 |
+
| 2 | `_ n` | 79,411 |
|
| 185 |
+
| 3 | `a n` | 69,436 |
|
| 186 |
+
| 4 | `h _` | 68,029 |
|
| 187 |
+
| 5 | `n g` | 67,573 |
|
| 188 |
+
|
| 189 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 192 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 193 |
+
| 1 | `n g _` | 44,439 |
|
| 194 |
+
| 2 | `_ n a` | 31,640 |
|
| 195 |
+
| 3 | `_ b a` | 30,463 |
|
| 196 |
+
| 4 | `k e u` | 30,322 |
|
| 197 |
+
| 5 | `_ n y` | 26,537 |
|
| 198 |
+
|
| 199 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 202 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 203 |
+
| 1 | `e u h _` | 23,348 |
|
| 204 |
+
| 2 | `b a k _` | 23,260 |
|
| 205 |
+
| 3 | `_ d i _` | 21,144 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 4 | `k e u h` | 21,117 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 5 | `a k e u` | 20,691 |
|
| 208 |
|
| 209 |
|
| 210 |
### Key Findings
|
| 211 |
|
| 212 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 224
|
| 213 |
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 214 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~68% of corpus
|
| 215 |
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 216 |
|
| 217 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 219 |
|
| 220 |

|
| 221 |
|
| 222 |
+

|
| 223 |
+
|
| 224 |

|
| 225 |
|
| 226 |
### Results
|
| 227 |
|
| 228 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 229 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 230 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.7515 | 1.684 | 4.35 | 36,025 | 24.8% |
|
| 231 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 0.8633 | 1.819 | 5.38 | 1,269 | 13.7% |
|
| 232 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.2148 | 1.161 | 1.44 | 155,224 | 78.5% |
|
| 233 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.7739 | 1.710 | 4.50 | 6,822 | 22.6% |
|
| 234 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.0655 | 1.046 | 1.11 | 221,018 | 93.4% |
|
| 235 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.7559 | 1.689 | 3.54 | 30,615 | 24.4% |
|
| 236 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0242 🏆 | 1.017 | 1.04 | 242,720 | 97.6% |
|
| 237 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.5660 | 1.480 | 2.36 | 108,223 | 43.4% |
|
| 238 |
|
| 239 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 240 |
|
| 241 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 242 |
|
| 243 |
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 244 |
|
| 245 |
+
1. `di pidie acèh timu acèh indonesia the colour of life seuneubeuet bak saboh spèsiès nibak takson`
|
| 246 |
+
2. `nakeuh gunong nyoe geupeuteubiet bak wikidata data peumeurèntah nakeuh gunong di teungoh ngon geukeu...`
|
| 247 |
+
3. `bak wikidata data matauroe teubiet teunom di ateuh babah la ôt peunawôt luwa data gunong nyoe`
|
| 248 |
|
| 249 |
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 250 |
|
| 251 |
+
1. `bak laman sunrisesunset com di acèh seulatan acèh lumbôi gampông nyoe lam data peumeurèntah nakeuh n...`
|
| 252 |
+
2. `gunong nyoe bak laman geonames data gunong nyoe bak laman sunrisesunset com di acèh nakeuh gampông d...`
|
| 253 |
+
3. `nyoe bak wikidata data cuaca daerah gunong nyoe nakeuh kagoshima banda`
|
| 254 |
|
| 255 |
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 256 |
|
| 257 |
+
1. `gunong nyoe bak laman geonames data gunong nyoe bak wikidata data cuaca daerah gunong nyoe bak wikid...`
|
| 258 |
+
2. `nyoe bak laman geonames data gunong nyoe bak laman geonames data gunong nyoe bak wikidata data cuaca...`
|
| 259 |
+
3. `lumbôi gampông nyoe lam data peumeurèntah nakeuh nè di acèh rayek kawan ingin jaya acèh rayek nibak ...`
|
| 260 |
|
| 261 |
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 262 |
|
| 263 |
+
1. `gunong nyoe bak laman nasa data matauroe teubiet teunom di da irah bak laman sunrisesunset com di ac...`
|
| 264 |
+
2. `acèh lumbôi gampông nyoe lam data peumeurèntah nakeuh nè di acèh rayek acèh acèh rayek`
|
| 265 |
+
3. `nyoe lam data peumeurèntah nakeuh nè di bireuen bireuen`
|
| 266 |
+
|
| 267 |
+
|
| 268 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 269 |
+
|
| 270 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 271 |
+
|
| 272 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 273 |
+
|
| 274 |
+
1. `_da_geriè_kahara`
|
| 275 |
+
2. `ata_jeetabam_lab`
|
| 276 |
+
3. `ng_ngeung_teukeu`
|
| 277 |
+
|
| 278 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 279 |
+
|
| 280 |
+
1. `euna_preunomyza_d`
|
| 281 |
+
2. `_nya_-_diet_lis_a`
|
| 282 |
+
3. `h_nak_lam_diversi`
|
| 283 |
+
|
| 284 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 285 |
+
|
| 286 |
+
1. `ng_udeh_nyoe_lam_d`
|
| 287 |
+
2. `_nakeuh_spèsi_acèh`
|
| 288 |
+
3. `_bagiang_bak_lagèe`
|
| 289 |
+
|
| 290 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 291 |
+
|
| 292 |
+
1. `euh_tarèh_seuë_deun`
|
| 293 |
+
2. `bak_encyclopedia_of`
|
| 294 |
+
3. `_di_surat_lé_gosho_`
|
| 295 |
|
| 296 |
|
| 297 |
### Key Findings
|
| 298 |
|
| 299 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 97.6% predictability
|
| 300 |
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 301 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (108,223 contexts)
|
| 302 |
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 303 |
|
| 304 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 314 |
|
| 315 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 316 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 317 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 15,502 |
|
| 318 |
+
| Total Tokens | 515,006 |
|
| 319 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 33.22 |
|
| 320 |
| Median Frequency | 3 |
|
| 321 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 415.97 |
|
| 322 |
|
| 323 |
### Most Common Words
|
| 324 |
|
| 325 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 326 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 327 |
+
| 1 | di | 21,196 |
|
| 328 |
+
| 2 | nakeuh | 20,604 |
|
| 329 |
+
| 3 | bak | 18,159 |
|
| 330 |
+
| 4 | acèh | 17,511 |
|
| 331 |
+
| 5 | nyoe | 13,184 |
|
| 332 |
+
| 6 | data | 11,090 |
|
| 333 |
+
| 7 | gunong | 10,023 |
|
| 334 |
+
| 8 | nyang | 9,025 |
|
| 335 |
+
| 9 | gampông | 8,794 |
|
| 336 |
+
| 10 | lam | 7,941 |
|
| 337 |
|
| 338 |
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 339 |
|
| 340 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 341 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 342 |
+
| 1 | saûdep | 2 |
|
| 343 |
+
| 2 | teuleungah | 2 |
|
| 344 |
+
| 3 | mutuskeun | 2 |
|
| 345 |
+
| 4 | ekshumasi | 2 |
|
| 346 |
+
| 5 | teukeuh | 2 |
|
| 347 |
+
| 6 | dilegalisasikan | 2 |
|
| 348 |
+
| 7 | jendela | 2 |
|
| 349 |
+
| 8 | prosès | 2 |
|
| 350 |
+
| 9 | piazza | 2 |
|
| 351 |
+
| 10 | fontana | 2 |
|
| 352 |
|
| 353 |
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 354 |
|
| 355 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 356 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 357 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.1704 |
|
| 358 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.995382 |
|
| 359 |
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 360 |
|
| 361 |
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 362 |
|
| 363 |
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 364 |
|-------------|----------|
|
| 365 |
+
| Top 100 | 63.2% |
|
| 366 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 84.2% |
|
| 367 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 94.2% |
|
| 368 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 97.8% |
|
| 369 |
|
| 370 |
### Key Findings
|
| 371 |
|
| 372 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9954 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 373 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 63.2% of corpus
|
| 374 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 5,502 words needed for remaining 2.2% coverage
|
| 375 |
|
| 376 |
---
|
| 377 |
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 384 |
|
| 385 |

|
| 386 |
|
|
|
|
| 387 |
|
| 388 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 389 |
+
|
| 390 |
+
> *Note: Multilingual alignment visualization not available for this language.*
|
| 391 |
+
|
| 392 |
+
|
| 393 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 394 |
+
|
| 395 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 396 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 397 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.5172 🏆 | 0.4104 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 398 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.1209 | 0.4362 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 399 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.0271 | 0.4092 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 400 |
|
| 401 |
### Key Findings
|
| 402 |
|
| 403 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.5172 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 404 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.4186. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 405 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** No aligned models evaluated in this run.
|
| 406 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 |
---
|
| 409 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 410 |
+
|
| 411 |
+
> ⚠️ **Warning:** This language shows low morphological productivity. The statistical signals used for this analysis may be noisy or less reliable than for morphologically rich languages.
|
| 412 |
+
|
| 413 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 414 |
+
|
| 415 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 416 |
+
|
| 417 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 418 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 419 |
+
| Productivity Index | **0.000** | Low morphological productivity | ⚠️ Likely unreliable |
|
| 420 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **-1.000** | Low formulaic content | - |
|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 425 |
+
|
| 426 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 427 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 428 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 429 |
+
| `-me` | meulagu, meukeunong, meulabôh |
|
| 430 |
+
| `-ge` | geumeuhoi, geupasoe, geupeuresmi |
|
| 431 |
+
| `-geu` | geumeuhoi, geupasoe, geupeuresmi |
|
| 432 |
+
| `-meu` | meulagu, meukeunong, meulabôh |
|
| 433 |
+
| `-pe` | peunuman, peureudee, peumurah |
|
| 434 |
+
|
| 435 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 436 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 437 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 438 |
+
| `-ng` | meukeunong, gelampang, seberang |
|
| 439 |
+
| `-an` | jonathan, peunuman, kyrgyzstan |
|
| 440 |
+
| `-ah` | bawah, geupeujeulah, jumlah |
|
| 441 |
+
|
| 442 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 443 |
+
|
| 444 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 445 |
+
|
| 446 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 447 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 448 |
+
| `eung` | 1.41x | 64 contexts | reung, meung, jeung |
|
| 449 |
+
| `uneu` | 1.70x | 28 contexts | runeu, uneun, seuneu |
|
| 450 |
+
| `euen` | 1.54x | 38 contexts | eueng, meuen, leuen |
|
| 451 |
+
| `euna` | 1.36x | 59 contexts | peuna, beuna, keuna |
|
| 452 |
+
| `ubeu` | 1.47x | 22 contexts | ubeut, neubeu, ubeuet |
|
| 453 |
+
| `umeu` | 1.44x | 23 contexts | jumeu, geumeu, jeumeu |
|
| 454 |
+
| `meur` | 1.63x | 15 contexts | meuri, meurô, meurôn |
|
| 455 |
+
| `anga` | 1.36x | 23 contexts | panga, manga, langa |
|
| 456 |
+
| `teun` | 1.32x | 25 contexts | uteun, ateung, teunga |
|
| 457 |
+
| `neub` | 1.57x | 14 contexts | neuba, neubeu, neubôk |
|
| 458 |
+
| `eube` | 1.48x | 16 contexts | leube, teubee, leubeh |
|
| 459 |
+
| `eune` | 1.63x | 12 contexts | seuneu, geuneu, keuneu |
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 462 |
+
|
| 463 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 464 |
+
|
| 465 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 466 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 467 |
+
| `-ge` | `-ng` | 56 words | geupeutrang, geudông |
|
| 468 |
+
| `-pe` | `-an` | 51 words | penyiaran, permukaan |
|
| 469 |
+
| `-me` | `-ng` | 40 words | meulinteueng, meuhubông |
|
| 470 |
+
| `-pe` | `-ng` | 22 words | perang, peukeumang |
|
| 471 |
+
| `-pe` | `-ah` | 18 words | peujeunajah, peuleumah |
|
| 472 |
+
| `-ge` | `-ah` | 17 words | geupeuglah, geupeuluwah |
|
| 473 |
+
| `-me` | `-ah` | 16 words | meujumeulah, meurah |
|
| 474 |
+
| `-me` | `-an` | 10 words | meridian, meukeujadian |
|
| 475 |
+
| `-ge` | `-an` | 6 words | geurakan, geuritan |
|
| 476 |
+
|
| 477 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 478 |
+
|
| 479 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 480 |
+
|
| 481 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 482 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 483 |
+
| geumeudong | **`geu-meu-dong`** | 6.0 | `dong` |
|
| 484 |
+
| geumeututô | **`geu-meu-tutô`** | 6.0 | `tutô` |
|
| 485 |
+
| meubileueng | **`meu-bileue-ng`** | 6.0 | `bileue` |
|
| 486 |
+
| geulumbang | **`geu-lumba-ng`** | 6.0 | `lumba` |
|
| 487 |
+
| geumeupakat | **`geu-meu-pakat`** | 6.0 | `pakat` |
|
| 488 |
+
| geumeuniaga | **`geu-meu-niaga`** | 6.0 | `niaga` |
|
| 489 |
+
| geumeuturi | **`geu-meu-turi`** | 6.0 | `turi` |
|
| 490 |
+
| geuseubarô | **`geu-seubarô`** | 4.5 | `seubarô` |
|
| 491 |
+
| geudapeuta | **`geu-dapeuta`** | 4.5 | `dapeuta` |
|
| 492 |
+
| meusampoe | **`meu-sampoe`** | 4.5 | `sampoe` |
|
| 493 |
+
| geubayeuë | **`geu-bayeuë`** | 4.5 | `bayeuë` |
|
| 494 |
+
| meulingka | **`meu-lingka`** | 4.5 | `lingka` |
|
| 495 |
+
| meusiyasat | **`meu-siyasat`** | 4.5 | `siyasat` |
|
| 496 |
+
| meulaksana | **`meu-laksana`** | 4.5 | `laksana` |
|
| 497 |
+
| geubayeue | **`geu-bayeue`** | 4.5 | `bayeue` |
|
| 498 |
+
|
| 499 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 500 |
+
|
| 501 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 502 |
+
The language ACE appears to be more isolating or has a highly fixed vocabulary. Word-level models perform nearly as well as subword models, indicating fewer productive morphological processes.
|
| 503 |
+
|
| 504 |
+
---
|
| 505 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 506 |
|
| 507 |

|
| 508 |
|
|
|
|
| 510 |
|
| 511 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 512 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 513 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.92x) |
|
| 514 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (224) |
|
| 515 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.6%) |
|
| 516 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 517 |
|
| 518 |
+
|
| 519 |
---
|
| 520 |
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 521 |
|
|
|
|
| 705 |
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 706 |
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 707 |
year = {2025},
|
| 708 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 709 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 710 |
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 711 |
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 712 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 722 |
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 723 |
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 724 |
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 725 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 726 |
---
|
| 727 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 728 |
|
| 729 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-03 05:05:30*
|
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