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Upload all models and assets for ady (20251201)

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  1. .gitattributes +6 -0
  2. README.md +561 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/ady_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/ady_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/ady_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/ady_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/ady_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/ady_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/ady_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/ady_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/ady_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/ady_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/ady_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/ady_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/ady_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/ady_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/ady_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/ady_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/ady_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/ady_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/ady_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/ady_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/ady_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/ady_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/ady_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/ady_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/ady_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/ady_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/ady_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/ady_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/ady_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/ady_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/ady_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/ady_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/ady_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/ady_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/ady_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/ady_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/ady_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/ady_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/ady_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: ady
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+ language_name: ADY
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+ language_family: caucasian_northwest
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-caucasian_northwest
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.453
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.6831
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 8988
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+ generated: 2025-12-27
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+ ---
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+
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+ # ADY - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **ADY** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.223x | 3.18 | 0.1016% | 189,909 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.621x | 3.57 | 0.1142% | 169,055 |
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+ | **32k** | 4.071x | 4.02 | 0.1284% | 150,370 |
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+ | **64k** | 4.453x 🏆 | 4.39 | 0.1404% | 137,476 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Киото — Японием и къалэ.
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+
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+ Category:Къалэхэр
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+ Category:Японие`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁к и от о ▁— ▁японием ▁и ▁къалэ . ▁category ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
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+ | 16k | `▁ки ото ▁— ▁японием ▁и ▁къалэ . ▁category : къалэхэр ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
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+ | 32k | `▁ки ото ▁— ▁японием ▁и ▁къалэ . ▁category : къалэхэр ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
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+ | 64k | `▁киото ▁— ▁японием ▁и ▁къалэ . ▁category : къалэхэр ▁category ... (+2 more)` | 12 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Ереван () – Армение и къэлэшъхьаI. Нэбгырэ млн 1,06 фэдиз дэс. Къалэм и лIышъхьэ...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁е ре ван ▁() ▁– ▁армение ▁и ▁къэлэшъхьа i . ... (+28 more)` | 38 |
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+ | 16k | `▁ереван ▁() ▁– ▁армение ▁и ▁къэлэшъхьа i . ▁нэбгырэ ▁млн ... (+25 more)` | 35 |
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+ | 32k | `▁ереван ▁() ▁– ▁армение ▁и ▁къэлэшъхьа i . ▁нэбгырэ ▁млн ... (+25 more)` | 35 |
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+ | 64k | `▁ереван ▁() ▁– ▁армение ▁и ▁къэлэшъхьа i . ▁нэбгырэ ▁млн ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `thumb
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+ thumb
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+ Ишъхъэрэ Америкэ — континент.
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+
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+ ЧIырэу млн 24,7 км² фэдиз еубыты. ЦIы...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁thumb ▁thumb ▁ишъхъэрэ ▁америкэ ▁— ▁континент . ▁ч i ырэу ... (+27 more)` | 37 |
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+ | 16k | `▁thumb ▁thumb ▁ишъхъэрэ ▁америкэ ▁— ▁континент . ▁ч i ырэу ... (+27 more)` | 37 |
115
+ | 32k | `▁thumb ▁thumb ▁ишъхъэрэ ▁америкэ ▁— ▁континент . ▁ч i ырэу ... (+27 more)` | 37 |
116
+ | 64k | `▁thumb ▁thumb ▁ишъхъэрэ ▁америкэ ▁— ▁континент . ▁ч i ырэу ... (+27 more)` | 37 |
117
+
118
+
119
+ ### Key Findings
120
+
121
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.453x compression
122
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1016% unknown tokens
123
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
124
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
125
+
126
+ ---
127
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
128
+
129
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
130
+
131
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
132
+
133
+ ### Results
134
+
135
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
136
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
137
+ | **2-gram** | 927 🏆 | 9.86 | 1,856 | 38.3% | 83.1% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 486 🏆 | 8.92 | 2,656 | 53.5% | 95.5% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 1,521 | 10.57 | 2,744 | 28.3% | 71.0% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 3,351 | 11.71 | 15,024 | 23.1% | 61.6% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 4,981 | 12.28 | 7,604 | 14.3% | 42.5% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 12,700 | 13.63 | 44,900 | 11.7% | 37.6% |
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+
144
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
146
+ **2-grams:**
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+
148
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `category :` | 662 |
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+ | 2 | `- рэ` | 638 |
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+ | 3 | `- м` | 464 |
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+ | 4 | `рэ илъэсым` | 335 |
154
+ | 5 | `. category` | 276 |
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+
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+ **3-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
159
+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `- рэ илъэсым` | 333 |
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+ | 2 | `. category :` | 276 |
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+ | 3 | `category : !` | 179 |
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+ | 4 | `: ! main` | 179 |
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+ | 5 | `! main category` | 179 |
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+
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+ **4-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `category : ! main` | 179 |
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+ | 2 | `: ! main category` | 179 |
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+ | 3 | `. category : !` | 132 |
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+ | 4 | `. хэгэгум чiырэу иiэр` | 101 |
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+ | 5 | `. дло - м` | 87 |
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+
176
+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
179
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 486
180
+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
181
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~38% of corpus
182
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
183
+
184
+ ---
185
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
186
+
187
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
188
+
189
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
191
+ ### Results
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+
193
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.3643 | 1.287 | 2.28 | 28,827 | 63.6% |
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+ | **1** | 1.5343 | 2.896 | 12.27 | 463 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.1248 | 1.090 | 1.24 | 65,637 | 87.5% |
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+ | **2** | 1.1477 | 2.216 | 5.66 | 5,679 | 0.0% |
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+ | **3** | 0.0452 | 1.032 | 1.07 | 80,882 | 95.5% |
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+ | **3** | 0.7357 | 1.665 | 2.89 | 32,122 | 26.4% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0244 🏆 | 1.017 | 1.04 | 86,492 | 97.6% |
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+ | **4** | 0.4145 🏆 | 1.333 | 1.83 | 92,841 | 58.5% |
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+
204
+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
206
+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
207
+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
209
+
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+ 1. `. ахъщэр iэгурыхьэ - 14 . ы ↔ ӏей ; пшэс 1угжъу category : / даутэ`
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+ 2. `, коц , " ids " " тэiошъ , батэ вгъэшым сэ силъэпкъ шъукъыхахьэу , къэрабгъэр`
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+ 3. `- рэ лӏэшӏэгъуршапсыгъэхэршапсыгъэ ныпгорэ . географие гъунэгъухэр : " kaynar , каракас ) къо зиiэм ...`
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+
214
+ **Context Size 2:**
215
+
216
+ 1. `category : район category : ! main category зэпыщэхэр`
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+ 2. `- рэ щэпсэу . гулъытэгъуэ техьэпӏэхэр къайсэр адыгэ хасэм ( дах - м хахьэ . хэгъэгу лiышъхьэр`
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+ 3. `- м инароднэ тхакiу . илэжьэнхэр 1960 - рэ ислъэсхэм – адыгэ къэралыгъо университетым студентхэр щег...`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `- рэ илъэсым къыщегъэжьагъэу щэiэфэ гуманитар ушэтынхэмкiэ адыгэ республикэ институтым литературэмкi...`
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+ 2. `. category : ! main category зэпыщэхэр`
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+ 3. `category : ! main category зэпыщэхэр`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
227
+
228
+ 1. `category : ! main category зэпыщэхэр`
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+ 2. `. category : ! main category зэпыщэхэр`
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+ 3. `. хэгэгум чiырэу иiэр 9 984 670 км² ( дунаемкiэ я - 11 ) . хэгэгум чiырэу иiэр 283`
231
+
232
+
233
+ ### Key Findings
234
+
235
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 97.6% predictability
236
+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
237
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (92,841 contexts)
238
+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
239
+
240
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
242
+
243
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
244
+
245
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
246
+
247
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
248
+
249
+ ### Statistics
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+
251
+ | Metric | Value |
252
+ |--------|-------|
253
+ | Vocabulary Size | 8,988 |
254
+ | Total Tokens | 57,159 |
255
+ | Mean Frequency | 6.36 |
256
+ | Median Frequency | 3 |
257
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 23.47 |
258
+
259
+ ### Most Common Words
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+
261
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
262
+ |------|------|-----------|
263
+ | 1 | и | 1,019 |
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+ | 2 | category | 841 |
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+ | 3 | адыгэ | 701 |
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+ | 4 | рэ | 641 |
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+ | 5 | м | 541 |
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+ | 6 | илъэсым | 407 |
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+ | 7 | ащ | 392 |
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+ | 8 | я | 349 |
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+ | 9 | ары | 276 |
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+ | 10 | а | 259 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | britishpedia | 2 |
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+ | 2 | encyklopedia | 2 |
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+ | 3 | osobistości | 2 |
281
+ | 4 | rzeczypospolitej | 2 |
282
+ | 5 | polskiej | 2 |
283
+ | 6 | bph | 2 |
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+ | 7 | british | 2 |
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+ | 8 | publishing | 2 |
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+ | 9 | ltd | 2 |
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+ | 10 | 912100 | 2 |
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+
289
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
290
+
291
+ | Metric | Value |
292
+ |--------|-------|
293
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 0.7855 |
294
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.976491 |
295
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
296
+
297
+ ### Coverage Analysis
298
+
299
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
300
+ |-------------|----------|
301
+ | Top 100 | 26.7% |
302
+ | Top 1,000 | 56.9% |
303
+ | Top 5,000 | 86.0% |
304
+ | Top 10,000 | 0.0% |
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+
306
+ ### Key Findings
307
+
308
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9765 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
309
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 26.7% of corpus
310
+ - **Long Tail:** -1,012 words needed for remaining 100.0% coverage
311
+
312
+ ---
313
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
314
+
315
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
316
+
317
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
318
+
319
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
320
+
321
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
322
+
323
+ ### Model Comparison
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+
325
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
326
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
327
+ | **mono_32d** | 1,830 | 32 | 3.764 | 0.663 | 0.6831 🏆 |
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+ | **mono_64d** | 1,830 | 64 | 3.806 | 0.668 | 0.2517 |
329
+ | **mono_128d** | 1,830 | 128 | 3.824 | 0.669 | 0.0484 |
330
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
331
+
332
+ ### Key Findings
333
+
334
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.6831 (more uniform distribution)
335
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
336
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 1,830 words
337
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
338
+
339
+ ---
340
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
341
+
342
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
343
+
344
+ ### Production Recommendations
345
+
346
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
347
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
348
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.45x) with low UNK rate |
349
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (486) |
350
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.6%) |
351
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
352
+
353
+ ---
354
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
355
+
356
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
357
+
358
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
359
+
360
+ **Compression Ratio**
361
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
362
+ >
363
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
364
+ >
365
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
366
+
367
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
368
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
369
+ >
370
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
371
+ >
372
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
373
+
374
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
375
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
376
+ >
377
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
378
+ >
379
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
380
+
381
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
382
+
383
+ **Perplexity**
384
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
385
+ >
386
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
387
+ >
388
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
389
+
390
+ **Entropy**
391
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
392
+ >
393
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
394
+ >
395
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
396
+
397
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
398
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
399
+ >
400
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
401
+ >
402
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
403
+
404
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
405
+
406
+ **Average Entropy**
407
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
408
+ >
409
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
410
+ >
411
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
412
+
413
+ **Branching Factor**
414
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
415
+ >
416
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
417
+ >
418
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
419
+
420
+ **Predictability**
421
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
422
+ >
423
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
424
+ >
425
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
426
+
427
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
428
+
429
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
430
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
431
+ >
432
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
433
+ >
434
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
435
+
436
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
437
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
438
+ >
439
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
440
+ >
441
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
442
+
443
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
444
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
445
+ >
446
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
447
+ >
448
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
449
+
450
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
451
+
452
+ **Isotropy**
453
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
454
+ >
455
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
456
+ >
457
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
458
+
459
+ **Average Norm**
460
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
461
+ >
462
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
463
+ >
464
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
465
+
466
+ **Cosine Similarity**
467
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
468
+ >
469
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
470
+ >
471
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
472
+
473
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
474
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
475
+ >
476
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
477
+ >
478
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
479
+
480
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
481
+
482
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
483
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
484
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
485
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
486
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
487
+
488
+
489
+ ### Visualizations Index
490
+
491
+ | Visualization | Description |
492
+ |---------------|-------------|
493
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
494
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
495
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
496
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
497
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
498
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
499
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
500
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
501
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
502
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
503
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
504
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
505
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
506
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
507
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
508
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
509
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
510
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
511
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
512
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
513
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
514
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
515
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
516
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
517
+
518
+ ---
519
+ ## About This Project
520
+
521
+ ### Data Source
522
+
523
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
524
+
525
+ ### Project
526
+
527
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
528
+
529
+ ### Maintainer
530
+
531
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
532
+
533
+ ### Citation
534
+
535
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
536
+
537
+ ```bibtex
538
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
539
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
540
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
541
+ year = {2025},
542
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
543
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
544
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
545
+ }
546
+ ```
547
+
548
+ ### License
549
+
550
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
551
+
552
+ ### Links
553
+
554
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
555
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
556
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
557
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
558
+ ---
559
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
560
+
561
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-27 04:34:00*
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