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Upload all models and assets for af (20251201)

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  2. README.md +566 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/af_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/af_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/af_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/af_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/af_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/af_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/af_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/af_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/af_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/af_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/af_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/af_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/af_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/af_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/af_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/af_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/af_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/af_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/af_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/af_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/af_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/af_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/af_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/af_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/af_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/af_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/af_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/af_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/af_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/af_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/af_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/af_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/af_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/af_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/af_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/af_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/af_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/af_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/af_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
@@ -33,3 +33,9 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: af
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+ language_name: AF
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+ language_family: germanic_west_anglofrisian
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-germanic_west_anglofrisian
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.193
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.6686
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 426702
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+ generated: 2025-12-27
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+ ---
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+
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+ # AF - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **AF** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.512x | 3.48 | 0.0703% | 1,403,468 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.805x | 3.77 | 0.0762% | 1,295,239 |
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+ | **32k** | 4.029x | 3.99 | 0.0807% | 1,223,476 |
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+ | **64k** | 4.193x 🏆 | 4.15 | 0.0840% | 1,175,389 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Japan Nasionale Roete 461 is 'n nasionale snelweg in Japan.
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+
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+ Verwysings
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+
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+ Kateg...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 4 6 1 ▁is ▁' n ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
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+ | 16k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 4 6 1 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+ | 32k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 4 6 1 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+ | 64k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 4 6 1 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Japan Nasionale Roete 239 is 'n nasionale snelweg in Japan.
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+
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+ Verwysings
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+
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+ Kateg...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 2 3 9 ▁is ▁' n ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
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+ | 16k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 2 3 9 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+ | 32k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 2 3 9 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+ | 64k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 2 3 9 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Japan Nasionale Roete 264 is 'n nasionale snelweg in Japan.
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+
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+ Verwysings
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+
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+ Kateg...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 2 6 4 ▁is ▁' n ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
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+ | 16k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 2 6 4 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+ | 32k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 2 6 4 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+ | 64k | `▁japan ▁nasionale ▁roete ▁ 2 6 4 ▁is ▁' n ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+
123
+
124
+ ### Key Findings
125
+
126
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.193x compression
127
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0703% unknown tokens
128
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
129
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
130
+
131
+ ---
132
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
133
+
134
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
135
+
136
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
137
+
138
+ ### Results
139
+
140
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
141
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
142
+ | **2-gram** | 54,654 🏆 | 15.74 | 884,766 | 16.1% | 32.6% |
143
+ | **2-gram** | 304 🏆 | 8.25 | 15,856 | 65.2% | 98.7% |
144
+ | **3-gram** | 293,194 | 18.16 | 2,174,878 | 7.1% | 19.5% |
145
+ | **3-gram** | 2,671 | 11.38 | 128,050 | 26.3% | 68.2% |
146
+ | **4-gram** | 729,597 | 19.48 | 4,032,808 | 5.3% | 15.8% |
147
+ | **4-gram** | 15,548 | 13.92 | 732,288 | 14.1% | 38.0% |
148
+
149
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
151
+ **2-grams:**
152
+
153
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
154
+ |------|--------|-------|
155
+ | 1 | `' n` | 602,690 |
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+ | 2 | `van die` | 511,614 |
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+ | 3 | `in die` | 336,247 |
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+ | 4 | `. die` | 312,198 |
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+ | 5 | `kategorie :` | 309,571 |
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+
161
+ **3-grams:**
162
+
163
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
165
+ | 1 | `is ' n` | 99,632 |
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+ | 2 | `suid - afrika` | 65,103 |
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+ | 3 | `kategorie : geboortes` | 42,714 |
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+ | 4 | `: geboortes in` | 42,714 |
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+ | 5 | `skakels kategorie :` | 36,080 |
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+
171
+ **4-grams:**
172
+
173
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
174
+ |------|--------|-------|
175
+ | 1 | `kategorie : geboortes in` | 42,714 |
176
+ | 2 | `kategorie : flora van` | 35,480 |
177
+ | 3 | `eksterne skakels kategorie :` | 34,452 |
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+ | 4 | `) is ' n` | 32,521 |
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+ | 5 | `van suid - afrika` | 27,043 |
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+
181
+
182
+ ### Key Findings
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+
184
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 304
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
186
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~38% of corpus
187
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
188
+
189
+ ---
190
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
191
+
192
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
193
+
194
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
195
+
196
+ ### Results
197
+
198
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
199
+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
200
+ | **1** | 0.7872 | 1.726 | 8.26 | 1,012,367 | 21.3% |
201
+ | **1** | 1.3494 | 2.548 | 8.73 | 6,082 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.4249 | 1.342 | 2.60 | 8,362,191 | 57.5% |
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+ | **2** | 0.8337 | 1.782 | 5.41 | 53,087 | 16.6% |
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+ | **3** | 0.2059 | 1.153 | 1.52 | 21,746,451 | 79.4% |
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+ | **3** | 0.8222 | 1.768 | 4.50 | 287,186 | 17.8% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0978 🏆 | 1.070 | 1.19 | 33,034,213 | 90.2% |
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+ | **4** | 0.7160 🏆 | 1.643 | 3.45 | 1,293,510 | 28.4% |
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+
209
+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
211
+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
215
+ 1. `die ontwerp , babergh ( links | 297x297px | leigh het drie mense kategorie : eine`
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+ 2. `. ( 1965 : " . die pos het op die vrye oefening 3 2 -`
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+ 3. `, vacelet , belfast aangesluit . . die epi thēbas ; hierdie styl eskarp voor 1919`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
221
+ 1. `' n wortelkelder te bêre ) is ’ n skynbare magnitude van 3 830 in 1793 het`
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+ 2. `van die koninklike saoedi lugmag ( usaf ) het magtiging gehad om die aanstelling van chailly se`
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+ 3. `in die tydperk tot in 1955 het motorola die elektroplateringsmetode ontwikkel , veral teenoor die st...`
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+
225
+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
227
+ 1. `is ' n aansteeklike siekte wat met die egiptiese heilige skrif , en regverdigheidsin daar nooit enig...`
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+ 2. `suid - afrika internasionaal verteenwoordig en puik presteer . daar was ook geen ander kubistiese sk...`
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+ 3. `: geboortes in 1917 kategorie : sterftes in 1932 kategorie : sterftes in 1547`
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+
231
+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
233
+ 1. `kategorie : geboortes in 1983 kategorie : engelse aktrises van die 21ste eeu kategorie : amerikaanse...`
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+ 2. `kategorie : flora van egipte kategorie : mense in die tweede vryheidsoorlog . bron raper , peter edm...`
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+ 3. `eksterne skakels kategorie : lewende mense kategorie : engelse manlike akteurs van die 20ste eeu kat...`
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 90.2% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (1,293,510 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
245
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
248
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
249
+
250
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
251
+
252
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
253
+
254
+ ### Statistics
255
+
256
+ | Metric | Value |
257
+ |--------|-------|
258
+ | Vocabulary Size | 426,702 |
259
+ | Total Tokens | 41,728,231 |
260
+ | Mean Frequency | 97.79 |
261
+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
262
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 6032.22 |
263
+
264
+ ### Most Common Words
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+
266
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | die | 2,854,279 |
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+ | 2 | van | 1,329,400 |
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+ | 3 | in | 1,119,312 |
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+ | 4 | en | 1,055,574 |
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+ | 5 | n | 811,721 |
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+ | 6 | is | 769,576 |
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+ | 7 | het | 649,041 |
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+ | 8 | wat | 345,008 |
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+ | 9 | kategorie | 310,570 |
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+ | 10 | the | 296,225 |
278
+
279
+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
281
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
282
+ |------|------|-----------|
283
+ | 1 | cdmtcs | 2 |
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+ | 2 | researchreports | 2 |
285
+ | 3 | akteurskategorieë | 2 |
286
+ | 4 | mullens | 2 |
287
+ | 5 | grafiekstruktuur | 2 |
288
+ | 6 | roostergrafieke | 2 |
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+ | 7 | sokkerbekertitels | 2 |
290
+ | 8 | chalobah | 2 |
291
+ | 9 | sentrumverdediger | 2 |
292
+ | 10 | guðjohnsen | 2 |
293
+
294
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
295
+
296
+ | Metric | Value |
297
+ |--------|-------|
298
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.0756 |
299
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.994236 |
300
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
301
+
302
+ ### Coverage Analysis
303
+
304
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
305
+ |-------------|----------|
306
+ | Top 100 | 41.8% |
307
+ | Top 1,000 | 63.9% |
308
+ | Top 5,000 | 79.6% |
309
+ | Top 10,000 | 85.2% |
310
+
311
+ ### Key Findings
312
+
313
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9942 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
314
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 41.8% of corpus
315
+ - **Long Tail:** 416,702 words needed for remaining 14.8% coverage
316
+
317
+ ---
318
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
319
+
320
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
321
+
322
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
323
+
324
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
325
+
326
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
327
+
328
+ ### Model Comparison
329
+
330
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
331
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
332
+ | **mono_32d** | 281,289 | 32 | 3.583 | 1.675 | 0.6651 |
333
+ | **mono_64d** | 281,289 | 64 | 3.983 | 1.616 | 0.6686 🏆 |
334
+ | **mono_128d** | 281,289 | 128 | 4.471 | 1.595 | 0.6515 |
335
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
336
+
337
+ ### Key Findings
338
+
339
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_64d with 0.6686 (more uniform distribution)
340
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
341
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 281,289 words
342
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
343
+
344
+ ---
345
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
346
+
347
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
348
+
349
+ ### Production Recommendations
350
+
351
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
352
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
353
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.19x) with low UNK rate |
354
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (304) |
355
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (90.2%) |
356
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
357
+
358
+ ---
359
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
360
+
361
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
362
+
363
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
364
+
365
+ **Compression Ratio**
366
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
367
+ >
368
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
369
+ >
370
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
371
+
372
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
373
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
374
+ >
375
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
376
+ >
377
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
378
+
379
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
380
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
381
+ >
382
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
383
+ >
384
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
385
+
386
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
387
+
388
+ **Perplexity**
389
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
390
+ >
391
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
392
+ >
393
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
394
+
395
+ **Entropy**
396
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
397
+ >
398
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
399
+ >
400
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
401
+
402
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
403
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
404
+ >
405
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
406
+ >
407
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
408
+
409
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
410
+
411
+ **Average Entropy**
412
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
413
+ >
414
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
415
+ >
416
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
417
+
418
+ **Branching Factor**
419
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
420
+ >
421
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
422
+ >
423
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
424
+
425
+ **Predictability**
426
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
427
+ >
428
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
429
+ >
430
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
431
+
432
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
433
+
434
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
435
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
436
+ >
437
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
438
+ >
439
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
440
+
441
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
442
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
443
+ >
444
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
445
+ >
446
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
447
+
448
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
449
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
450
+ >
451
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
452
+ >
453
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
454
+
455
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
456
+
457
+ **Isotropy**
458
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
459
+ >
460
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
461
+ >
462
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
463
+
464
+ **Average Norm**
465
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
466
+ >
467
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
468
+ >
469
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
470
+
471
+ **Cosine Similarity**
472
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
473
+ >
474
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
475
+ >
476
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
477
+
478
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
479
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
480
+ >
481
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
482
+ >
483
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
484
+
485
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
486
+
487
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
488
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
489
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
490
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
491
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
492
+
493
+
494
+ ### Visualizations Index
495
+
496
+ | Visualization | Description |
497
+ |---------------|-------------|
498
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
499
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
500
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
501
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
502
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
503
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
504
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
505
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
506
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
507
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
508
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
509
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
510
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
511
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
512
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
513
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
514
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
515
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
516
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
517
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
518
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
519
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
520
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
521
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
522
+
523
+ ---
524
+ ## About This Project
525
+
526
+ ### Data Source
527
+
528
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
529
+
530
+ ### Project
531
+
532
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
533
+
534
+ ### Maintainer
535
+
536
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
537
+
538
+ ### Citation
539
+
540
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
541
+
542
+ ```bibtex
543
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
544
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
545
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
546
+ year = {2025},
547
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
548
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
549
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
550
+ }
551
+ ```
552
+
553
+ ### License
554
+
555
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
556
+
557
+ ### Links
558
+
559
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
560
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
561
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
562
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
563
+ ---
564
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
565
+
566
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-27 05:32:18*
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