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Upload all models and assets for ami (20251201)

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  2. README.md +559 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/ami_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/ami_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/ami_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/ami_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/ami_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/ami_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/ami_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/ami_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/ami_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/ami_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/ami_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/ami_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/ami_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/ami_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/ami_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/ami_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/ami_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/ami_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/ami_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/ami_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/ami_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/ami_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/ami_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/ami_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/ami_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/ami_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/ami_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/ami_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/ami_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/ami_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/ami_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/ami_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/ami_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/ami_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/ami_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/ami_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/ami_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/ami_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/ami_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: ami
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+ language_name: AMI
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+ language_family: austronesian_formosan
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-austronesian_formosan
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 3.626
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.8477
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 31948
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+ generated: 2025-12-27
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+ ---
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+
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+ # AMI - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **AMI** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.080x | 3.05 | 0.1304% | 771,216 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.309x | 3.28 | 0.1401% | 717,947 |
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+ | **32k** | 3.478x | 3.45 | 0.1473% | 682,898 |
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+ | **64k** | 3.626x 🏆 | 3.59 | 0.1536% | 655,126 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `sapal(幼苗)
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+
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+ Maripa' no mako ko sapal no panay.
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+
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+
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+ Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁sapal ( 幼 苗 ) ▁mar ipa ' ▁no ▁mako ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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+ | 16k | `▁sapal ( 幼 苗 ) ▁mar ipa ' ▁no ▁mako ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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+ | 32k | `▁sapal ( 幼 苗 ) ▁mar ipa ' ▁no ▁mako ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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+ | 64k | `▁sapal ( 幼 苗 ) ▁maripa ' ▁no ▁mako ▁ko ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Talip(Sekato;Hakama^;Sukun;Sokato;Tarip、kuwaping a sowal: 裙)`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁tal ip ( s ek ato ; hak ama ^ ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
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+ | 16k | `▁tal ip ( s ek ato ; hak ama ^ ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
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+ | 32k | `▁talip ( sek ato ; hak ama ^ ; s ... (+15 more)` | 25 |
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+ | 64k | `▁talip ( sek ato ; hak ama ^ ; s ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `taylin o pacaliwen no paylang a caciyaw, o Amilika no sowal i, plice mahaenay!`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁tay lin ▁o ▁pac aliw en ▁no ▁pay lang ▁a ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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+ | 16k | `▁tay lin ▁o ▁pacaliw en ▁no ▁pay lang ▁a ▁caciyaw ... (+11 more)` | 21 |
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+ | 32k | `▁tay lin ▁o ▁pacaliwen ▁no ▁paylang ▁a ▁caciyaw , ▁o ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+ | 64k | `▁taylin ▁o ▁pacaliwen ▁no ▁paylang ▁a ▁caciyaw , ▁o ▁amilika ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
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+
116
+
117
+ ### Key Findings
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+
119
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 3.626x compression
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+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1304% unknown tokens
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+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
123
+
124
+ ---
125
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
126
+
127
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
128
+
129
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
130
+
131
+ ### Results
132
+
133
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
134
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
135
+ | **2-gram** | 6,797 🏆 | 12.73 | 30,025 | 21.0% | 48.9% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 185 🏆 | 7.54 | 8,598 | 77.5% | 97.7% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 17,575 | 14.10 | 58,959 | 14.4% | 34.9% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 982 | 9.94 | 32,049 | 42.6% | 80.9% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 43,585 | 15.41 | 125,762 | 12.4% | 26.1% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 3,737 | 11.87 | 117,566 | 27.2% | 56.9% |
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+
142
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
144
+ **2-grams:**
145
+
146
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
147
+ |------|--------|-------|
148
+ | 1 | `, o` | 10,654 |
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+ | 2 | `i ,` | 9,935 |
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+ | 3 | `. o` | 6,491 |
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+ | 4 | `ira ko` | 5,079 |
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+ | 5 | `’ ad` | 4,361 |
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+
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+ **3-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `romi ’ ad` | 4,026 |
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+ | 2 | `ka ’ aloman` | 2,293 |
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+ | 3 | `’ aloman no` | 2,134 |
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+ | 4 | `] . (` | 2,065 |
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+ | 5 | `sa ’ osi` | 1,873 |
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+
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+ **4-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `ka ’ aloman no` | 2,121 |
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+ | 2 | `a romi ’ ad` | 1,630 |
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+ | 3 | `ko ka ’ aloman` | 1,534 |
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+ | 4 | `sa ’ osi no` | 1,530 |
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+ | 5 | `ko sa ’ osi` | 1,509 |
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+
174
+
175
+ ### Key Findings
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+
177
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 185
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~57% of corpus
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+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
182
+ ---
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+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
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+
185
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
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+
187
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
189
+ ### Results
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+
191
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.5042 | 1.418 | 4.24 | 80,205 | 49.6% |
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+ | **1** | 1.6851 | 3.216 | 12.15 | 4,318 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.3377 | 1.264 | 2.05 | 339,828 | 66.2% |
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+ | **2** | 0.4256 | 1.343 | 2.40 | 52,454 | 57.4% |
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+ | **3** | 0.1611 | 1.118 | 1.34 | 695,243 | 83.9% |
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+ | **3** | 0.3826 | 1.304 | 2.20 | 125,822 | 61.7% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0722 🏆 | 1.051 | 1.13 | 934,421 | 92.8% |
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+ | **4** | 0.3723 🏆 | 1.294 | 1.92 | 276,161 | 62.8% |
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+
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+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
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+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `, 75 % , kimolmolay dadingo sinpon i sra apong , nikawrira , - tinsikiw ,`
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+ 2. `’ atomo , senpitopaw si misaakoako misatapang ko 1 , likakawa haw i singko saadihay sato`
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+ 3. `a sofitay no harana ’ asay amipa ’ iked misingkiwan tamdaw mangalefay ko pakayraan ko roma`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
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+ 1. `, o congli tapang no naci - toic to sapifaolawaw to yotaya tamdaw mikapot to amilika sifo`
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+ 2. `i , pakawas . onini ko sakasaan no tiawcaci konini a “ satefoc 100 liyad pisalofan i`
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+ 3. `. o so ’ elinay mafalic , halo tamdaw sato cangra a miharateng to nga ’ ay`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `romi ’ ad nai inkiris misiiked . o iraq mihayda to nai “ 1913 mihecaan a “ misatatad`
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+ 2. `ka ’ aloman no yincomin ( 原住民 ) , polong han i , 274 ko tamdaw . o`
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+ 3. `’ aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan ( 族群 ) i , ko bunun ( 布農族 ) 1 %`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
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+ 1. `ka ’ aloman no roma a finacadan , polong han i , 71 ko tamdaw . o pa -`
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+ 2. `a romi ’ ad . no papotalay a kakafit list of current heads of state and government kasasiwasiw :`
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+ 3. `ko ka ’ aloman no yincomin ( 原住民 ) , polong han i , 838 ko tamdaw . o`
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 92.8% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (276,161 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
238
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
241
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
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+
243
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
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+
245
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
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+
247
+ ### Statistics
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+
249
+ | Metric | Value |
250
+ |--------|-------|
251
+ | Vocabulary Size | 31,948 |
252
+ | Total Tokens | 962,770 |
253
+ | Mean Frequency | 30.14 |
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+ | Median Frequency | 3 |
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+ | Frequency Std Dev | 634.99 |
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+
257
+ ### Most Common Words
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+
259
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | a | 59,912 |
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+ | 2 | no | 48,183 |
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+ | 3 | ko | 44,638 |
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+ | 4 | to | 40,008 |
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+ | 5 | i | 38,103 |
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+ | 6 | o | 30,368 |
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+ | 7 | ato | 10,842 |
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+ | 8 | tamdaw | 10,833 |
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+ | 9 | miheca | 6,862 |
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+ | 10 | sa | 6,789 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | hahihay | 2 |
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+ | 2 | hiay | 2 |
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+ | 3 | pasitenokay | 2 |
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+ | 4 | satsuma | 2 |
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+ | 5 | pisamawmaw | 2 |
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+ | 6 | saigo | 2 |
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+ | 7 | tsumoru | 2 |
283
+ | 8 | vetoma | 2 |
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+ | 9 | mitingting | 2 |
285
+ | 10 | kalosaasik | 2 |
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+
287
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
288
+
289
+ | Metric | Value |
290
+ |--------|-------|
291
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.1668 |
292
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.995322 |
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+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
294
+
295
+ ### Coverage Analysis
296
+
297
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
298
+ |-------------|----------|
299
+ | Top 100 | 51.0% |
300
+ | Top 1,000 | 75.7% |
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+ | Top 5,000 | 89.3% |
302
+ | Top 10,000 | 93.7% |
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+
304
+ ### Key Findings
305
+
306
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9953 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
307
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 51.0% of corpus
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+ - **Long Tail:** 21,948 words needed for remaining 6.3% coverage
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+
310
+ ---
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+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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+
313
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
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+
315
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
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+
317
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
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+
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+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
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+
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+ ### Model Comparison
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+
323
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
324
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
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+ | **mono_32d** | 12,970 | 32 | 3.455 | 0.855 | 0.8477 🏆 |
326
+ | **mono_64d** | 12,970 | 64 | 3.941 | 0.764 | 0.8135 |
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+ | **mono_128d** | 12,970 | 128 | 4.314 | 0.719 | 0.5720 |
328
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
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+
330
+ ### Key Findings
331
+
332
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8477 (more uniform distribution)
333
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
334
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 12,970 words
335
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
336
+
337
+ ---
338
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
339
+
340
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
341
+
342
+ ### Production Recommendations
343
+
344
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
345
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
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+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (3.63x) with low UNK rate |
347
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (185) |
348
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (92.8%) |
349
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
350
+
351
+ ---
352
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
353
+
354
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
355
+
356
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
357
+
358
+ **Compression Ratio**
359
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
360
+ >
361
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
362
+ >
363
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
364
+
365
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
366
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
367
+ >
368
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
369
+ >
370
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
371
+
372
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
373
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
374
+ >
375
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
376
+ >
377
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
378
+
379
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
380
+
381
+ **Perplexity**
382
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
383
+ >
384
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
385
+ >
386
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
387
+
388
+ **Entropy**
389
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
390
+ >
391
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
392
+ >
393
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
394
+
395
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
396
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
397
+ >
398
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
399
+ >
400
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
401
+
402
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
403
+
404
+ **Average Entropy**
405
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
406
+ >
407
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
408
+ >
409
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
410
+
411
+ **Branching Factor**
412
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
413
+ >
414
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
415
+ >
416
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
417
+
418
+ **Predictability**
419
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
420
+ >
421
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
422
+ >
423
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
424
+
425
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
426
+
427
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
428
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
429
+ >
430
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
431
+ >
432
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
433
+
434
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
435
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
436
+ >
437
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
438
+ >
439
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
440
+
441
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
442
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
443
+ >
444
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
445
+ >
446
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
447
+
448
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
449
+
450
+ **Isotropy**
451
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
452
+ >
453
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
454
+ >
455
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
456
+
457
+ **Average Norm**
458
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
459
+ >
460
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
461
+ >
462
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
463
+
464
+ **Cosine Similarity**
465
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
466
+ >
467
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
468
+ >
469
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
470
+
471
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
472
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
473
+ >
474
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
475
+ >
476
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
477
+
478
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
479
+
480
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
481
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
482
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
483
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
484
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
485
+
486
+
487
+ ### Visualizations Index
488
+
489
+ | Visualization | Description |
490
+ |---------------|-------------|
491
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
492
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
493
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
494
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
495
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
496
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
497
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
498
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
499
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
500
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
501
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
502
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
503
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
504
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
505
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
506
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
507
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
508
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
509
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
510
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
511
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
512
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
513
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
514
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
515
+
516
+ ---
517
+ ## About This Project
518
+
519
+ ### Data Source
520
+
521
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
522
+
523
+ ### Project
524
+
525
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
526
+
527
+ ### Maintainer
528
+
529
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
530
+
531
+ ### Citation
532
+
533
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
534
+
535
+ ```bibtex
536
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
537
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
538
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
539
+ year = {2025},
540
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
541
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
542
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
543
+ }
544
+ ```
545
+
546
+ ### License
547
+
548
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
549
+
550
+ ### Links
551
+
552
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
553
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
554
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
555
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
556
+ ---
557
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
558
+
559
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-27 05:44:49*
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