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Upload all models and assets for ang (20251201)

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  1. .gitattributes +6 -0
  2. README.md +556 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/ang_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/ang_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/ang_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/ang_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/ang_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/ang_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/ang_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/ang_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/ang_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/ang_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/ang_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/ang_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/ang_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/ang_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: ang
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+ language_name: ANG
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+ language_family: germanic_historical
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-germanic_historical
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.001
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.7980
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 32745
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+ generated: 2025-12-27
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+ ---
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+
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+ # ANG - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **ANG** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.091x | 3.04 | 0.0788% | 272,719 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.414x | 3.36 | 0.0871% | 246,960 |
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+ | **32k** | 3.716x | 3.66 | 0.0948% | 226,874 |
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+ | **64k** | 4.001x 🏆 | 3.94 | 0.1020% | 210,690 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Yun Chi-ho (Corēanisc: 윤치호, 26 Gēolmōnaþ, 1864 – 9 Gēolmōnaþ, 1945) ƿæs Corēanis...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁y un ▁ch i - ho ▁( cor ēan isc ... (+37 more)` | 47 |
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+ | 16k | `▁y un ▁chi - ho ▁( cor ēan isc : ... (+35 more)` | 45 |
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+ | 32k | `▁y un ▁chi - ho ▁( corēan isc : ▁ ... (+33 more)` | 43 |
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+ | 64k | `▁yun ▁chi - ho ▁( corēanisc : ▁ 윤치호 , ... (+31 more)` | 41 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Þega ƿæs se cyning þāra Ēastgotena fram þǣm 552. gēare oþ þæt læt 552. gēare oþ...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁þe ga ▁ƿæs ▁se ▁cyning ▁þāra ▁ēast gotena ▁fram ▁þǣm ... (+32 more)` | 42 |
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+ | 16k | `▁þe ga ▁ƿæs ▁se ▁cyning ▁þāra ▁ēastgotena ▁fram ▁þǣm ▁ ... (+30 more)` | 40 |
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+ | 32k | `▁þe ga ▁ƿæs ▁se ▁cyning ▁þāra ▁ēastgotena ▁fram ▁þǣm ▁ ... (+30 more)` | 40 |
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+ | 64k | `▁þe ga ▁ƿæs ▁se ▁cyning ▁þāra ▁ēastgotena ▁fram ▁þǣm ▁ ... (+30 more)` | 40 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Ælbūrcerrce () oþþe Ælbūrccerrcke is sēo mǣsteburg on Nīƿemexico.
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+
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+ Flocc:Byrig o...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁æl bū r cer r ce ▁() ▁oþþe ▁æl bū ... (+27 more)` | 37 |
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+ | 16k | `▁æl būr cer r ce ▁() ▁oþþe ▁æl būr ccer ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
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+ | 32k | `▁æl būr cer r ce ▁() ▁oþþe ▁æl būr ccer ... (+23 more)` | 33 |
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+ | 64k | `▁ælbūr cer r ce ▁() ▁oþþe ▁ælbūr ccer rc ke ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
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+
113
+
114
+ ### Key Findings
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+
116
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.001x compression
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+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0788% unknown tokens
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+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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+
121
+ ---
122
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
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+
124
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
125
+
126
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
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+
128
+ ### Results
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+
130
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
131
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
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+ | **2-gram** | 4,036 🏆 | 11.98 | 12,127 | 24.9% | 51.6% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 432 🏆 | 8.76 | 3,589 | 56.9% | 97.1% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 5,292 | 12.37 | 13,432 | 21.9% | 44.6% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 3,950 | 11.95 | 28,365 | 20.9% | 59.7% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 10,291 | 13.33 | 22,900 | 17.1% | 35.0% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 21,387 | 14.38 | 125,189 | 10.5% | 31.5% |
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+
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+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
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+ **2-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `flocc :` | 7,126 |
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+ | 2 | `, and` | 3,048 |
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+ | 3 | `. flocc` | 2,814 |
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+ | 4 | `) is` | 1,674 |
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+ | 5 | `: byrig` | 1,552 |
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+
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+ **3-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `. flocc :` | 2,813 |
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+ | 2 | `flocc : byrig` | 1,551 |
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+ | 3 | `: byrig on` | 1,319 |
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+ | 4 | `( ) is` | 943 |
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+ | 5 | `< td valign` | 629 |
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+
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+ **4-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `flocc : byrig on` | 1,319 |
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+ | 2 | `. flocc : byrig` | 999 |
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+ | 3 | `< td valign =` | 629 |
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+ | 4 | `td valign = top` | 627 |
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+ | 5 | `valign = top >` | 615 |
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 432
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~32% of corpus
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+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
179
+ ---
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+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
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+
182
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
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+
184
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.5832 | 1.498 | 3.71 | 92,131 | 41.7% |
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+ | **1** | 1.0106 | 2.015 | 7.57 | 1,214 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.1973 | 1.147 | 1.44 | 340,526 | 80.3% |
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+ | **2** | 1.0352 | 2.049 | 6.24 | 9,184 | 0.0% |
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+ | **3** | 0.0600 | 1.042 | 1.10 | 488,936 | 94.0% |
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+ | **3** | 0.8839 | 1.845 | 4.02 | 57,270 | 11.6% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0221 🏆 | 1.015 | 1.03 | 535,590 | 97.8% |
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+ | **4** | 0.6030 🏆 | 1.519 | 2.46 | 230,176 | 39.7% |
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+
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+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
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+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `. magnus hēold brytenƿealdan sƿā þæt land æt 77 . 00 solidarity tax rates vary in`
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+ 2. `, 568 , canadian golfer 1960 / haː / 1743 flocc : erica durance sƿā sumum`
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+ 3. `and scotlandes heallum , se mǣsta luh onmiddan þām þēgnum þæs australisca ƿerungþrēates , cent and`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
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+ 1. `flocc : sċīrbyrig on colorado flocc : crabbas`
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+ 2. `, and is hēofodburg paranā þæs rīces and valetta þæs cynelican hired þæs spræce gesprōcen on west`
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+ 3. `. flocc : byrig on þeodsclande . flocc : byrig on eoferwicscīre flocc : ceastra þæs geānedan`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `. flocc : geboren in 1989 flocc : ƿīf flocc : angelseaxisc englaland flocc : stǣr flocc :`
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+ 2. `flocc : byrig on eoferwicscīre flocc : ceastra þæs geānedan cynerīces ‎ flocc : sūþcorēa`
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+ 3. `: byrig on ġeolurēadsċīr ( californie ) flocc : sċīrbyrig on cǣnsasum flocc : byrig and þorpas on`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
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+ 1. `flocc : byrig on orlēanascīre flocc : sċīrbyrig on nīwe eoforwīc flocc : sċīrbyrig on miscegan`
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+ 2. `. flocc : byrig and þorpas on sorie`
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+ 3. `< td valign = top > < small > 24 sēremōnaþ 79 oþ 13 hærfestmōnaþ 81 < td valign`
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 97.8% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (230,176 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
235
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
238
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
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+
240
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
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+
242
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
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+
244
+ ### Statistics
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+
246
+ | Metric | Value |
247
+ |--------|-------|
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+ | Vocabulary Size | 32,745 |
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+ | Total Tokens | 440,987 |
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+ | Mean Frequency | 13.47 |
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+ | Median Frequency | 3 |
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+ | Frequency Std Dev | 159.89 |
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+
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+ ### Most Common Words
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | and | 14,426 |
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+ | 2 | on | 10,769 |
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+ | 3 | is | 10,434 |
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+ | 4 | in | 10,245 |
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+ | 5 | flocc | 7,161 |
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+ | 6 | of | 6,202 |
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+ | 7 | se | 4,329 |
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+ | 8 | the | 4,026 |
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+ | 9 | þǣm | 3,673 |
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+ | 10 | þæs | 3,617 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | ƿīleacstede | 2 |
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+ | 2 | cōcsċīre | 2 |
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+ | 3 | winnebagsċīre | 2 |
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+ | 4 | ælfrēdingtūn | 2 |
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+ | 5 | irfung | 2 |
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+ | 6 | dællassċīr | 2 |
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+ | 7 | lubbecsċīr | 2 |
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+ | 8 | larēodo | 2 |
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+ | 9 | grœndā | 2 |
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+ | 10 | dǣlungs | 2 |
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+
284
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
285
+
286
+ | Metric | Value |
287
+ |--------|-------|
288
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 0.9423 |
289
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.997151 |
290
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
291
+
292
+ ### Coverage Analysis
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+
294
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
295
+ |-------------|----------|
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+ | Top 100 | 37.1% |
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+ | Top 1,000 | 58.8% |
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+ | Top 5,000 | 77.7% |
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+ | Top 10,000 | 86.0% |
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+
301
+ ### Key Findings
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+
303
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9972 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
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+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 37.1% of corpus
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+ - **Long Tail:** 22,745 words needed for remaining 14.0% coverage
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+
307
+ ---
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+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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+
310
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
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+
312
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
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+
314
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
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+
316
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
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+
318
+ ### Model Comparison
319
+
320
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
321
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
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+ | **mono_32d** | 10,885 | 32 | 3.878 | 0.872 | 0.7980 🏆 |
323
+ | **mono_64d** | 10,885 | 64 | 4.075 | 0.834 | 0.4885 |
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+ | **mono_128d** | 10,885 | 128 | 4.131 | 0.840 | 0.1418 |
325
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
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+
327
+ ### Key Findings
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+
329
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7980 (more uniform distribution)
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+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
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+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 10,885 words
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+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
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+
334
+ ---
335
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
336
+
337
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
338
+
339
+ ### Production Recommendations
340
+
341
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
342
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
343
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.00x) with low UNK rate |
344
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (432) |
345
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.8%) |
346
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
347
+
348
+ ---
349
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
350
+
351
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
352
+
353
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
354
+
355
+ **Compression Ratio**
356
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
357
+ >
358
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
359
+ >
360
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
361
+
362
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
363
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
364
+ >
365
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
366
+ >
367
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
368
+
369
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
370
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
371
+ >
372
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
373
+ >
374
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
375
+
376
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
377
+
378
+ **Perplexity**
379
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
380
+ >
381
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
382
+ >
383
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
384
+
385
+ **Entropy**
386
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
387
+ >
388
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
389
+ >
390
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
391
+
392
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
393
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
394
+ >
395
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
396
+ >
397
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
398
+
399
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
400
+
401
+ **Average Entropy**
402
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
403
+ >
404
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
405
+ >
406
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
407
+
408
+ **Branching Factor**
409
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
410
+ >
411
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
412
+ >
413
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
414
+
415
+ **Predictability**
416
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
417
+ >
418
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
419
+ >
420
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
421
+
422
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
423
+
424
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
425
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
426
+ >
427
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
428
+ >
429
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
430
+
431
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
432
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
433
+ >
434
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
435
+ >
436
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
437
+
438
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
439
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
440
+ >
441
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
442
+ >
443
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
444
+
445
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
446
+
447
+ **Isotropy**
448
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
449
+ >
450
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
451
+ >
452
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
453
+
454
+ **Average Norm**
455
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
456
+ >
457
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
458
+ >
459
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
460
+
461
+ **Cosine Similarity**
462
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
463
+ >
464
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
465
+ >
466
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
467
+
468
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
469
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
470
+ >
471
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
472
+ >
473
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
474
+
475
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
476
+
477
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
478
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
479
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
480
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
481
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
482
+
483
+
484
+ ### Visualizations Index
485
+
486
+ | Visualization | Description |
487
+ |---------------|-------------|
488
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
489
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
490
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
491
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
492
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
493
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
494
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
495
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
496
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
497
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
498
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
499
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
500
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
501
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
502
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
503
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
504
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
505
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
506
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
507
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
508
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
509
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
510
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
511
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
512
+
513
+ ---
514
+ ## About This Project
515
+
516
+ ### Data Source
517
+
518
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
519
+
520
+ ### Project
521
+
522
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
523
+
524
+ ### Maintainer
525
+
526
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
527
+
528
+ ### Citation
529
+
530
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
531
+
532
+ ```bibtex
533
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
534
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
535
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
536
+ year = {2025},
537
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
538
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
539
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
540
+ }
541
+ ```
542
+
543
+ ### License
544
+
545
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
546
+
547
+ ### Links
548
+
549
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
550
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
551
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
552
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
553
+ ---
554
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
555
+
556
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-27 06:04:51*
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