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Upload all models and assets for ast (20251201)

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  1. .gitattributes +6 -0
  2. README.md +574 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/ast_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/ast_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/ast_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/ast_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/ast_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/ast_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/ast_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/ast_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/ast_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/ast_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/ast_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/ast_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/ast_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/ast_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/ast_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/ast_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/ast_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/ast_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/ast_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/ast_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/ast_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/ast_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/ast_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/ast_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/ast_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/ast_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/ast_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/ast_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/ast_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/ast_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/ast_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/ast_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/ast_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/ast_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/ast_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/ast_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/ast_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/ast_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/ast_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: ast
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+ language_name: AST
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+ language_family: romance_iberian
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-romance_iberian
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 3.924
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.7692
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 654549
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+ generated: 2025-12-27
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+ ---
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+
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+ # AST - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **AST** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
44
+ ### Models & Assets
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+
46
+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.259x | 3.22 | 0.0290% | 1,033,064 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.531x | 3.48 | 0.0315% | 953,475 |
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+ | **32k** | 3.753x | 3.70 | 0.0334% | 897,137 |
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+ | **64k** | 3.924x 🏆 | 3.87 | 0.0350% | 858,173 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Fechos
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+
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+ Personaxes importantes
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+
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+ Referencies
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+
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+ Enllaces esternos
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+
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+ Categoría...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁fechos ▁personaxes ▁importantes ▁referencies ▁enllaces ▁esternos ▁categoría : sieglu ▁viii ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
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+ | 16k | `▁fechos ▁personaxes ▁importantes ▁referencies ▁enllaces ▁esternos ▁categoría : sieglu ▁viii ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
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+ | 32k | `▁fechos ▁personaxes ▁importantes ▁referencies ▁enllaces ▁esternos ▁categoría : sieglu ▁viii ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
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+ | 64k | `▁fechos ▁personaxes ▁importantes ▁referencies ▁enllaces ▁esternos ▁categoría : sieglu ▁viii ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Armental ye un llugar de la parroquia de Talarén nel conceyu asturianu de Navia....`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁ar mental ▁ye ▁un ▁llugar ▁de ▁la ▁parroquia ▁de ▁tal ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 16k | `▁ar mental ▁ye ▁un ▁llugar ▁de ▁la ▁parroquia ▁de ▁tal ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 32k | `▁ar mental ▁ye ▁un ▁llugar ▁de ▁la ▁parroquia ▁de ▁tal ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
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+ | 64k | `▁ar mental ▁ye ▁un ▁llugar ▁de ▁la ▁parroquia ▁de ▁tal ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Fechos
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+ -
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+
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+ Nacencies
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+ -
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+
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+ Muertes
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+ -
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+
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+ Referencies
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+
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+ Enllaces esternos
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+ ...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁fechos ▁- ▁nacencies ▁- ▁muertes ▁- ▁referencies ▁enllaces ▁esternos ▁categoría ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 16k | `▁fechos ▁- ▁nacencies ▁- ▁muertes ▁- ▁referencies ▁enllaces ▁esternos ▁categoría ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 32k | `▁fechos ▁- ▁nacencies ▁- ▁muertes ▁- ▁referencies ▁enllaces ▁esternos ▁categoría ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 64k | `▁fechos ▁- ▁nacencies ▁- ▁muertes ▁- ▁referencies ▁enllaces ▁esternos ▁categoría ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
130
+
131
+
132
+ ### Key Findings
133
+
134
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 3.924x compression
135
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0290% unknown tokens
136
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
137
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
138
+
139
+ ---
140
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
141
+
142
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
143
+
144
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
145
+
146
+ ### Results
147
+
148
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
149
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
150
+ | **2-gram** | 95,540 🏆 | 16.54 | 1,568,799 | 13.6% | 26.9% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 311 🏆 | 8.28 | 23,389 | 65.5% | 98.4% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 573,984 | 19.13 | 3,974,147 | 5.1% | 13.4% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 2,766 | 11.43 | 195,082 | 25.8% | 68.5% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 1,609,317 | 20.62 | 7,247,181 | 3.9% | 9.3% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 16,954 | 14.05 | 1,178,742 | 12.7% | 37.0% |
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+
157
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
159
+ **2-grams:**
160
+
161
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
162
+ |------|--------|-------|
163
+ | 1 | `d '` | 1,196,313 |
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+ | 2 | `de la` | 875,667 |
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+ | 3 | `' l` | 534,478 |
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+ | 4 | `| |` | 438,858 |
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+ | 5 | `l '` | 403,691 |
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+
169
+ **3-grams:**
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+
171
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
173
+ | 1 | `| - |` | 128,285 |
174
+ | 2 | `referencies enllaces esternos` | 104,162 |
175
+ | 3 | `- | |` | 89,758 |
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+ | 4 | `- - -` | 81,514 |
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+ | 5 | `d ' un` | 69,529 |
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+
179
+ **4-grams:**
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+
181
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `- - - -` | 69,470 |
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+ | 2 | `enllaces esternos categoría :` | 63,833 |
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+ | 3 | `referencies enllaces esternos categoría` | 60,665 |
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+ | 4 | `. referencies enllaces esternos` | 51,144 |
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+ | 5 | `| linear | -` | 50,481 |
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+
189
+
190
+ ### Key Findings
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+
192
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 311
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
194
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~37% of corpus
195
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
196
+
197
+ ---
198
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
199
+
200
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
201
+
202
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
204
+ ### Results
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+
206
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.7150 | 1.641 | 8.69 | 1,669,949 | 28.5% |
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+ | **1** | 1.5193 | 2.866 | 10.68 | 8,875 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.4611 | 1.377 | 2.90 | 14,499,551 | 53.9% |
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+ | **2** | 0.7271 | 1.655 | 4.90 | 94,766 | 27.3% |
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+ | **3** | 0.2234 | 1.167 | 1.58 | 42,031,886 | 77.7% |
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+ | **3** | 0.8068 | 1.749 | 4.59 | 464,259 | 19.3% |
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+ | **4** | 0.1062 🏆 | 1.076 | 1.22 | 66,322,442 | 89.4% |
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+ | **4** | 0.7182 🏆 | 1.645 | 3.49 | 2,131,889 | 28.2% |
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+
217
+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
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+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
221
+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `de gossip girl play ye como xenofonte en dussel , y el 7 d ' amuesa`
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+ 2. `, pero la botánica referencies ver , collaboró en valdivia . mientres la humanidá al chinu`
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+ 3. `. ( 2 ) - ḥḏ horusmuriu blancumennefermenfismit rahina . isbn 0 british lion , yera`
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+
227
+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
229
+ 1. `d ' ellos yera detectáu polos enemigos . shiva prakash ( 1997 ) , nel conceyu sevillanu`
230
+ 2. `de la litografía y l ' ala posterior : chronica majora : una « inocente ya inconsciente`
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+ 3. `' l xeneral prats tamién pudo ante fernando verdasco david ferrer por 6 - 2 | ríu`
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+
233
+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
235
+ 1. `| - | 38378 - | | 1997 tb18 | | 4 | align = right | [`
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+ 2. `referencies enllaces esternos categoría : montserrat`
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+ 3. `- | | 2001 sd35 | | 16 | | 592 | | < small > 1911 <`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
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+ 1. `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -`
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+ 2. `enllaces esternos categoría : pintores de parís categoría : sabios de la torre eiffel , los nacional...`
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+ 3. `referencies enllaces esternos categoría : comuñes de nord`
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+
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+
246
+ ### Key Findings
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+
248
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 89.4% predictability
249
+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
250
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (2,131,889 contexts)
251
+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
252
+
253
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
255
+
256
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
257
+
258
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
259
+
260
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
261
+
262
+ ### Statistics
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+
264
+ | Metric | Value |
265
+ |--------|-------|
266
+ | Vocabulary Size | 654,549 |
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+ | Total Tokens | 80,184,102 |
268
+ | Mean Frequency | 122.50 |
269
+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
270
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 8722.95 |
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+
272
+ ### Most Common Words
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+
274
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
275
+ |------|------|-----------|
276
+ | 1 | de | 5,075,921 |
277
+ | 2 | la | 2,521,840 |
278
+ | 3 | y | 2,071,360 |
279
+ | 4 | d | 1,229,266 |
280
+ | 5 | a | 1,176,335 |
281
+ | 6 | del | 1,090,980 |
282
+ | 7 | en | 1,071,173 |
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+ | 8 | que | 1,020,518 |
284
+ | 9 | los | 971,499 |
285
+ | 10 | l | 968,352 |
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+
287
+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
288
+
289
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
290
+ |------|------|-----------|
291
+ | 1 | leptafeke | 2 |
292
+ | 2 | haua | 2 |
293
+ | 3 | küzdoblani | 2 |
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+ | 4 | contrarrellatu | 2 |
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+ | 5 | semilleru | 2 |
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+ | 6 | bisterca | 2 |
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+ | 7 | šafarsko | 2 |
298
+ | 8 | vyfalu | 2 |
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+ | 9 | ribich | 2 |
300
+ | 10 | lacos | 2 |
301
+
302
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
303
+
304
+ | Metric | Value |
305
+ |--------|-------|
306
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.0077 |
307
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.995140 |
308
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
309
+
310
+ ### Coverage Analysis
311
+
312
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
313
+ |-------------|----------|
314
+ | Top 100 | 40.0% |
315
+ | Top 1,000 | 60.0% |
316
+ | Top 5,000 | 76.4% |
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+ | Top 10,000 | 82.7% |
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+
319
+ ### Key Findings
320
+
321
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9951 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
322
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 40.0% of corpus
323
+ - **Long Tail:** 644,549 words needed for remaining 17.3% coverage
324
+
325
+ ---
326
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
327
+
328
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
329
+
330
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
331
+
332
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
333
+
334
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
335
+
336
+ ### Model Comparison
337
+
338
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
339
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
340
+ | **mono_32d** | 510,373 | 32 | 3.008 | 0.935 | 0.7692 🏆 |
341
+ | **mono_64d** | 510,373 | 64 | 3.395 | 0.938 | 0.7616 |
342
+ | **mono_128d** | 510,373 | 128 | 3.842 | 0.965 | 0.6988 |
343
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
344
+
345
+ ### Key Findings
346
+
347
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7692 (more uniform distribution)
348
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
349
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 510,373 words
350
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
351
+
352
+ ---
353
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
354
+
355
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
356
+
357
+ ### Production Recommendations
358
+
359
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
360
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
361
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (3.92x) with low UNK rate |
362
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (311) |
363
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (89.4%) |
364
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
365
+
366
+ ---
367
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
368
+
369
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
370
+
371
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
372
+
373
+ **Compression Ratio**
374
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
375
+ >
376
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
377
+ >
378
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
379
+
380
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
381
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
382
+ >
383
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
384
+ >
385
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
386
+
387
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
388
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
389
+ >
390
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
391
+ >
392
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
393
+
394
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
395
+
396
+ **Perplexity**
397
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
398
+ >
399
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
400
+ >
401
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
402
+
403
+ **Entropy**
404
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
405
+ >
406
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
407
+ >
408
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
409
+
410
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
411
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
412
+ >
413
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
414
+ >
415
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
416
+
417
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
418
+
419
+ **Average Entropy**
420
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
421
+ >
422
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
423
+ >
424
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
425
+
426
+ **Branching Factor**
427
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
428
+ >
429
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
430
+ >
431
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
432
+
433
+ **Predictability**
434
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
435
+ >
436
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
437
+ >
438
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
439
+
440
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
441
+
442
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
443
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
444
+ >
445
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
446
+ >
447
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
448
+
449
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
450
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
451
+ >
452
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
453
+ >
454
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
455
+
456
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
457
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
458
+ >
459
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
460
+ >
461
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
462
+
463
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
464
+
465
+ **Isotropy**
466
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
467
+ >
468
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
469
+ >
470
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
471
+
472
+ **Average Norm**
473
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
474
+ >
475
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
476
+ >
477
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
478
+
479
+ **Cosine Similarity**
480
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
481
+ >
482
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
483
+ >
484
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
485
+
486
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
487
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
488
+ >
489
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
490
+ >
491
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
492
+
493
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
494
+
495
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
496
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
497
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
498
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
499
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
500
+
501
+
502
+ ### Visualizations Index
503
+
504
+ | Visualization | Description |
505
+ |---------------|-------------|
506
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
507
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
508
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
509
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
510
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
511
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
512
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
513
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
514
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
515
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
516
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
517
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
518
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
519
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
520
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
521
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
522
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
523
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
524
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
525
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
526
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
527
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
528
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
529
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
530
+
531
+ ---
532
+ ## About This Project
533
+
534
+ ### Data Source
535
+
536
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
537
+
538
+ ### Project
539
+
540
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
541
+
542
+ ### Maintainer
543
+
544
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
545
+
546
+ ### Citation
547
+
548
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
549
+
550
+ ```bibtex
551
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
552
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
553
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
554
+ year = {2025},
555
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
556
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
557
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
558
+ }
559
+ ```
560
+
561
+ ### License
562
+
563
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
564
+
565
+ ### Links
566
+
567
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
568
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
569
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
570
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
571
+ ---
572
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
573
+
574
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-27 20:35:27*
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