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Upload all models and assets for avk (20251201)

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  2. README.md +584 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/avk_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/avk_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/avk_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/avk_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/avk_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/avk_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/avk_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/avk_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/avk_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/avk_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/avk_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/avk_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/avk_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/avk_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: avk
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+ language_name: AVK
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+ language_family: constructed_other
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-constructed_other
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.125
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.8585
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 60886
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+ generated: 2025-12-27
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+ ---
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+
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+ # AVK - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **AVK** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
44
+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.392x | 3.33 | 0.1692% | 332,130 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.661x | 3.60 | 0.1827% | 307,678 |
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+ | **32k** | 3.908x | 3.84 | 0.1950% | 288,266 |
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+ | **64k** | 4.125x 🏆 | 4.06 | 0.2058% | 273,051 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Loma:TezaLoma:Rovulegan liwot`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁loma : te zal oma : rov ul eg an ... (+1 more)` | 11 |
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+ | 16k | `▁loma : tezaloma : rov ul eg an ▁liwot` | 9 |
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+ | 32k | `▁loma : tezaloma : rovulegan ▁liwot` | 6 |
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+ | 64k | `▁loma : tezaloma : rovulegan ▁liwot` | 6 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Bifa
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+ Afrika
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+
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+ Amerika
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+
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+ Asia
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+
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+ Europa
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+
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+ Oceania
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+
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+ Koblira
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+
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+ Awalkera
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+
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+ L...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 16k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 32k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 64k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Bifa
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+ Afrika
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+
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+ Amerika
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+
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+ Asia
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+
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+ Europa
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+
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+ Oceania
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+
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+ Koblira
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+
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+ Awalkera
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+
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+ L...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
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+ | 16k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
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+ | 32k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
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+ | 64k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
140
+
141
+
142
+ ### Key Findings
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+
144
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.125x compression
145
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1692% unknown tokens
146
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
147
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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+
149
+ ---
150
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
151
+
152
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
153
+
154
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
155
+
156
+ ### Results
157
+
158
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
159
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
160
+ | **2-gram** | 3,356 🏆 | 11.71 | 88,920 | 38.8% | 64.9% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 346 🏆 | 8.43 | 4,094 | 58.9% | 99.3% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 6,742 | 12.72 | 180,799 | 34.6% | 57.5% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 2,400 | 11.23 | 30,298 | 24.5% | 70.5% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 13,085 | 13.68 | 334,115 | 31.4% | 50.6% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 8,768 | 13.10 | 165,638 | 16.2% | 48.8% |
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+
167
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
169
+ **2-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
173
+ | 1 | `vuest -` | 137,464 |
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+ | 2 | `) vuest` | 137,409 |
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+ | 3 | `- :` | 137,400 |
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+ | 4 | `( en` | 136,694 |
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+ | 5 | `en )` | 126,393 |
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+
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+ **3-grams:**
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+
181
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `) vuest -` | 137,409 |
184
+ | 2 | `vuest - :` | 137,400 |
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+ | 3 | `en ) vuest` | 124,379 |
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+ | 4 | `( en )` | 123,735 |
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+ | 5 | `) ( en` | 67,196 |
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+
189
+ **4-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
193
+ | 1 | `) vuest - :` | 137,400 |
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+ | 2 | `en ) vuest -` | 124,379 |
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+ | 3 | `( en ) vuest` | 121,727 |
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+ | 4 | `) ( en )` | 54,244 |
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+ | 5 | `species of the world` | 25,857 |
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+
199
+
200
+ ### Key Findings
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+
202
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 346
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
204
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~49% of corpus
205
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
206
+
207
+ ---
208
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
209
+
210
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
211
+
212
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
213
+
214
+ ### Results
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+
216
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
217
+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.7348 | 1.664 | 4.95 | 126,229 | 26.5% |
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+ | **1** | 1.1169 | 2.169 | 9.23 | 906 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.3179 | 1.247 | 1.83 | 623,886 | 68.2% |
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+ | **2** | 1.0082 | 2.011 | 6.31 | 8,363 | 0.0% |
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+ | **3** | 0.1523 | 1.111 | 1.34 | 1,136,410 | 84.8% |
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+ | **3** | 0.8558 | 1.810 | 4.58 | 52,772 | 14.4% |
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+ | **4** | 0.1022 🏆 | 1.073 | 1.23 | 1,523,485 | 89.8% |
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+ | **4** | 0.7129 🏆 | 1.639 | 3.05 | 241,547 | 28.7% |
226
+
227
+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
229
+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
231
+ **Context Size 1:**
232
+
233
+ 1. `( kishida , 1814 taneon zo pimtayar . vincent van gogh nederlandaf lingesik bak muvugal ,`
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+ 2. `) vuest - : prionailurus bengalensis ( ukraina gan wagner , fr ) ( kotava winugaf`
235
+ 3. `: pteropus temminckii temminckii ) vuest - : crocidura mariquensis shortridgei ) vuest - align :`
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+
237
+ **Context Size 2:**
238
+
239
+ 1. `vuest - : catalogue of life web project : macrotus waterhousii waterhousii ( gray , 1863 )`
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+ 2. `) vuest - : uicn : katca dymecodon pilirostris ) dene wikispecies kotavafa vuestesa xantaza kotava w...`
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+ 3. `- : itis : caracal caracal ) ( en , fr ) vuest - : alan p`
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+
243
+ **Context Size 3:**
244
+
245
+ 1. `) vuest - : tree of life web project : rattus palmarum ( zelebor , 1869 ) (`
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+ 2. `vuest - : uicn : katca penthetor lucasi ( dobson , 1880 ) elmol ( dymecodon pilirostris )`
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+ 3. `en ) vuest - : paleobiology database : thomomys bottae nanus ( hall , 1941 ) ratsikisol (`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
251
+ 1. `) vuest - : ncbi : simias ara vuestexa tekudol ( nasalis larvatus ) dene wikispecies kotavafa vueste...`
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+ 2. `en ) vuest - : tree of life web project : sorex trowbridgii ( en ) vuest - :`
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+ 3. `( en ) vuest - : tree of life web project : aepyceros melampus rendilis ( lönnberg , 1912`
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+
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+
256
+ ### Key Findings
257
+
258
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 89.8% predictability
259
+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
260
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (241,547 contexts)
261
+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
262
+
263
+ ---
264
+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
265
+
266
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
267
+
268
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
269
+
270
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
271
+
272
+ ### Statistics
273
+
274
+ | Metric | Value |
275
+ |--------|-------|
276
+ | Vocabulary Size | 60,886 |
277
+ | Total Tokens | 4,116,931 |
278
+ | Mean Frequency | 67.62 |
279
+ | Median Frequency | 6 |
280
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 1162.11 |
281
+
282
+ ### Most Common Words
283
+
284
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
285
+ |------|------|-----------|
286
+ | 1 | en | 140,161 |
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+ | 2 | vuest | 137,464 |
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+ | 3 | ke | 96,689 |
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+ | 4 | of | 56,680 |
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+ | 5 | tir | 40,544 |
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+ | 6 | is | 40,292 |
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+ | 7 | va | 36,873 |
293
+ | 8 | katca | 36,170 |
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+ | 9 | koe | 30,224 |
295
+ | 10 | bak | 28,949 |
296
+
297
+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
298
+
299
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
300
+ |------|------|-----------|
301
+ | 1 | tageltaf | 2 |
302
+ | 2 | l4 | 2 |
303
+ | 3 | l5 | 2 |
304
+ | 4 | l6 | 2 |
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+ | 5 | l8 | 2 |
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+ | 6 | fakaf | 2 |
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+ | 7 | docs | 2 |
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+ | 8 | 814359978 | 2 |
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+ | 9 | rozuxa | 2 |
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+ | 10 | eaksat | 2 |
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+
312
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
313
+
314
+ | Metric | Value |
315
+ |--------|-------|
316
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.1598 |
317
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.995097 |
318
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
319
+
320
+ ### Coverage Analysis
321
+
322
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
323
+ |-------------|----------|
324
+ | Top 100 | 46.2% |
325
+ | Top 1,000 | 71.1% |
326
+ | Top 5,000 | 86.2% |
327
+ | Top 10,000 | 91.0% |
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+
329
+ ### Key Findings
330
+
331
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9951 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
332
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 46.2% of corpus
333
+ - **Long Tail:** 50,886 words needed for remaining 9.0% coverage
334
+
335
+ ---
336
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
337
+
338
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
339
+
340
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
341
+
342
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
343
+
344
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
345
+
346
+ ### Model Comparison
347
+
348
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
349
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
350
+ | **mono_32d** | 50,177 | 32 | 5.680 | 1.138 | 0.8585 🏆 |
351
+ | **mono_64d** | 50,177 | 64 | 6.303 | 1.051 | 0.8386 |
352
+ | **mono_128d** | 50,177 | 128 | 6.840 | 0.972 | 0.7221 |
353
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
354
+
355
+ ### Key Findings
356
+
357
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8585 (more uniform distribution)
358
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
359
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 50,177 words
360
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
361
+
362
+ ---
363
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
364
+
365
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
366
+
367
+ ### Production Recommendations
368
+
369
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
370
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
371
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.13x) with low UNK rate |
372
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (346) |
373
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (89.8%) |
374
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
375
+
376
+ ---
377
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
378
+
379
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
380
+
381
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
382
+
383
+ **Compression Ratio**
384
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
385
+ >
386
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
387
+ >
388
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
389
+
390
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
391
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
392
+ >
393
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
394
+ >
395
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
396
+
397
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
398
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
399
+ >
400
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
401
+ >
402
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
403
+
404
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
405
+
406
+ **Perplexity**
407
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
408
+ >
409
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
410
+ >
411
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
412
+
413
+ **Entropy**
414
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
415
+ >
416
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
417
+ >
418
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
419
+
420
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
421
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
422
+ >
423
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
424
+ >
425
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
426
+
427
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
428
+
429
+ **Average Entropy**
430
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
431
+ >
432
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
433
+ >
434
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
435
+
436
+ **Branching Factor**
437
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
438
+ >
439
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
440
+ >
441
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
442
+
443
+ **Predictability**
444
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
445
+ >
446
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
447
+ >
448
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
449
+
450
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
451
+
452
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
453
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
454
+ >
455
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
456
+ >
457
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
458
+
459
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
460
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
461
+ >
462
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
463
+ >
464
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
465
+
466
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
467
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
468
+ >
469
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
470
+ >
471
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
472
+
473
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
474
+
475
+ **Isotropy**
476
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
477
+ >
478
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
479
+ >
480
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
481
+
482
+ **Average Norm**
483
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
484
+ >
485
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
486
+ >
487
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
488
+
489
+ **Cosine Similarity**
490
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
491
+ >
492
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
493
+ >
494
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
495
+
496
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
497
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
498
+ >
499
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
500
+ >
501
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
502
+
503
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
504
+
505
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
506
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
507
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
508
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
509
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
510
+
511
+
512
+ ### Visualizations Index
513
+
514
+ | Visualization | Description |
515
+ |---------------|-------------|
516
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
517
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
518
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
519
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
520
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
521
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
522
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
523
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
524
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
525
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
526
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
527
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
528
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
529
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
530
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
531
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
532
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
533
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
534
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
535
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
536
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
537
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
538
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
539
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
540
+
541
+ ---
542
+ ## About This Project
543
+
544
+ ### Data Source
545
+
546
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
547
+
548
+ ### Project
549
+
550
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
551
+
552
+ ### Maintainer
553
+
554
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
555
+
556
+ ### Citation
557
+
558
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
559
+
560
+ ```bibtex
561
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
562
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
563
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
564
+ year = {2025},
565
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
566
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
567
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
568
+ }
569
+ ```
570
+
571
+ ### License
572
+
573
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
574
+
575
+ ### Links
576
+
577
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
578
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
579
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
580
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
581
+ ---
582
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
583
+
584
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-27 20:44:59*
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