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Upload all models and assets for bar (20251201)

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  1. .gitattributes +6 -0
  2. README.md +562 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/bar_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/bar_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/bar_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/bar_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/bar_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/bar_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/bar_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/bar_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/bar_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/bar_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/bar_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/bar_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/bar_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/bar_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/bar_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/bar_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/bar_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/bar_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/bar_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/bar_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/bar_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/bar_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/bar_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/bar_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/bar_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/bar_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/bar_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/bar_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/bar_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/bar_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/bar_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/bar_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/bar_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/bar_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/bar_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/bar_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/bar_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/bar_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/bar_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
@@ -33,3 +33,9 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: bar
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+ language_name: BAR
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+ language_family: germanic_west_continental
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-germanic_west_continental
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 3.790
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.8361
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 225914
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+ generated: 2025-12-28
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+ ---
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+
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+ # BAR - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **BAR** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.051x | 3.01 | 0.0348% | 1,184,756 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.320x | 3.27 | 0.0378% | 1,088,767 |
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+ | **32k** | 3.568x | 3.52 | 0.0407% | 1,013,044 |
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+ | **64k** | 3.790x 🏆 | 3.74 | 0.0432% | 953,541 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Platte County is a County in Nebraska in da USA.
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+
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+ Beleg
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+
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+ Im Netz
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+
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+ Kategorie:...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁plat te ▁county ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁in ▁nebraska ▁in ▁da ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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+ | 16k | `▁plat te ▁county ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁in ▁nebraska ▁in ▁da ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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+ | 32k | `▁platte ▁county ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁in ▁nebraska ▁in ▁da ▁usa ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+ | 64k | `▁platte ▁county ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁in ▁nebraska ▁in ▁da ▁usa ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Union County. Obgruafa am 22. Feba 2011 is a County in South Carolina in da USA....`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁union ▁county . ▁obgruafa ▁am ▁ 2 2 . ▁feba ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
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+ | 16k | `▁union ▁county . ▁obgruafa ▁am ▁ 2 2 . ▁feba ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
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+ | 32k | `▁union ▁county . ▁obgruafa ▁am ▁ 2 2 . ▁feba ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
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+ | 64k | `▁union ▁county . ▁obgruafa ▁am ▁ 2 2 . ▁feba ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Des is a Iwablick iwas Joar 1561.
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+
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+ Im Netz`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁des ▁is ▁a ▁iwablick ▁iwas ▁joar ▁ 1 5 6 ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
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+ | 16k | `▁des ▁is ▁a ▁iwablick ▁iwas ▁joar ▁ 1 5 6 ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
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+ | 32k | `▁des ▁is ▁a ▁iwablick ▁iwas ▁joar ▁ 1 5 6 ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
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+ | 64k | `▁des ▁is ▁a ▁iwablick ▁iwas ▁joar ▁ 1 5 6 ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
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+
119
+
120
+ ### Key Findings
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+
122
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 3.790x compression
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+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0348% unknown tokens
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+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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+
127
+ ---
128
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
129
+
130
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
131
+
132
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
133
+
134
+ ### Results
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+
136
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
137
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
138
+ | **2-gram** | 26,677 🏆 | 14.70 | 159,756 | 14.4% | 35.4% |
139
+ | **2-gram** | 438 🏆 | 8.77 | 9,188 | 56.6% | 97.2% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 61,390 | 15.91 | 246,468 | 9.0% | 25.7% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 4,733 | 12.21 | 83,186 | 18.8% | 56.7% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 99,269 | 16.60 | 386,315 | 9.1% | 23.6% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 33,953 | 15.05 | 473,217 | 8.7% | 26.5% |
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+
145
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
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+ **2-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `kategorie :` | 38,959 |
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+ | 2 | `vo da` | 26,615 |
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+ | 3 | `is a` | 23,040 |
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+ | 4 | `in da` | 22,485 |
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+ | 5 | `. de` | 21,082 |
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+
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+ **3-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `beleg kategorie :` | 6,999 |
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+ | 2 | `isbn 3 -` | 5,924 |
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+ | 3 | `. im netz` | 5,460 |
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+ | 4 | `kategorie : ort` | 5,121 |
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+ | 5 | `| | |` | 4,937 |
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+
167
+ **4-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `, isbn 3 -` | 4,499 |
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+ | 2 | `| align = "` | 3,879 |
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+ | 3 | `align = " center` | 3,590 |
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+ | 4 | `= " center "` | 3,590 |
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+ | 5 | `kategorie : ort im` | 3,505 |
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+
177
+
178
+ ### Key Findings
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+
180
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 438
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~27% of corpus
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+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
185
+ ---
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+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
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+
188
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
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+
190
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
192
+ ### Results
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+
194
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.6074 | 1.523 | 4.85 | 638,594 | 39.3% |
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+ | **1** | 1.0706 | 2.100 | 7.75 | 3,379 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.2487 | 1.188 | 1.74 | 3,093,978 | 75.1% |
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+ | **2** | 0.9487 | 1.930 | 6.44 | 26,199 | 5.1% |
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+ | **3** | 0.0996 | 1.071 | 1.21 | 5,375,695 | 90.0% |
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+ | **3** | 0.9366 | 1.914 | 4.86 | 168,731 | 6.3% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0401 🏆 | 1.028 | 1.07 | 6,470,090 | 96.0% |
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+ | **4** | 0.7672 🏆 | 1.702 | 3.38 | 820,482 | 23.3% |
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+
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+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
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+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `. 524 angewachsen und die fläche vo dera zoagt , par les ' n ) u`
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+ 2. `, isbn 978 - mal 1920 bis auf des is kemnath ( " franz kafka .`
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+ 3. `- deitscha schauspuia und a zaumgroida schdrudl is ois broad bekaunnt hans ( 2016 saha air`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
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+ 1. `kategorie : artikel auf niederösterreichisch kategorie : ortsteil von wieseth kategorie : geboren 18...`
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+ 2. `vo da mathematik , schau gorkhaland`
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+ 3. `is a bruck ' nschlåg ; da linné aun an rio xingu . as gericht håtn zu`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `beleg kategorie : johann nestroy ; stücke 21 . s . highway 84 mindt . uma 32 kilometa`
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+ 2. `isbn 3 - 417 - 20675 - 8 ( teubner - studienbücher der geographie ) . im joa`
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+ 3. `kategorie : ort auf den färöern kategorie : streymoy`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
229
+ 1. `, isbn 3 - 406 - 46224 - 3 birgit zotz : destination tibet . touristisches image zwischen politik`
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+ 2. `| align = " center " | | - | berleu | | | | | | | |`
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+ 3. `= " center " | | | align = " center " | | | fatututa | | align`
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+
233
+
234
+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 96.0% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (820,482 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
241
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
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+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
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+
246
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
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+
248
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
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+
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+ ### Statistics
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+
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+ | Metric | Value |
253
+ |--------|-------|
254
+ | Vocabulary Size | 225,914 |
255
+ | Total Tokens | 5,874,699 |
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+ | Mean Frequency | 26.00 |
257
+ | Median Frequency | 3 |
258
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 709.74 |
259
+
260
+ ### Most Common Words
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+
262
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
263
+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | de | 139,734 |
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+ | 2 | da | 136,994 |
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+ | 3 | und | 120,375 |
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+ | 4 | in | 102,834 |
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+ | 5 | a | 93,585 |
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+ | 6 | vo | 92,275 |
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+ | 7 | is | 88,045 |
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+ | 8 | im | 71,546 |
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+ | 9 | kategorie | 39,103 |
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+ | 10 | des | 34,614 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | mechanisches | 2 |
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+ | 2 | stabilisierungssystem | 2 |
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+ | 3 | voeffentlecht | 2 |
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+ | 4 | innpuls | 2 |
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+ | 5 | buagstej | 2 |
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+ | 6 | nuwenburg | 2 |
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+ | 7 | kulturweges | 2 |
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+ | 8 | spessartprojektes | 2 |
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+ | 9 | terrassnfermig | 2 |
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+ | 10 | tuamhigi | 2 |
289
+
290
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
291
+
292
+ | Metric | Value |
293
+ |--------|-------|
294
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 0.9896 |
295
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.999155 |
296
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
297
+
298
+ ### Coverage Analysis
299
+
300
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
301
+ |-------------|----------|
302
+ | Top 100 | 32.7% |
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+ | Top 1,000 | 54.6% |
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+ | Top 5,000 | 70.2% |
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+ | Top 10,000 | 76.9% |
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+
307
+ ### Key Findings
308
+
309
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9992 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
310
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 32.7% of corpus
311
+ - **Long Tail:** 215,914 words needed for remaining 23.1% coverage
312
+
313
+ ---
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+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
315
+
316
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
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+
318
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
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+
320
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
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+
322
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
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+
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+ ### Model Comparison
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+
326
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
327
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
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+ | **mono_32d** | 92,573 | 32 | 3.954 | 1.316 | 0.8131 |
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+ | **mono_64d** | 92,573 | 64 | 4.642 | 1.256 | 0.8361 🏆 |
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+ | **mono_128d** | 92,573 | 128 | 5.543 | 1.143 | 0.8310 |
331
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
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+
333
+ ### Key Findings
334
+
335
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_64d with 0.8361 (more uniform distribution)
336
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
337
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 92,573 words
338
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
339
+
340
+ ---
341
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
342
+
343
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
344
+
345
+ ### Production Recommendations
346
+
347
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
348
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
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+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (3.79x) with low UNK rate |
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+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (438) |
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+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (96.0%) |
352
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
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+
354
+ ---
355
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
356
+
357
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
358
+
359
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
360
+
361
+ **Compression Ratio**
362
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
363
+ >
364
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
365
+ >
366
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
367
+
368
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
369
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
370
+ >
371
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
372
+ >
373
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
374
+
375
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
376
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
377
+ >
378
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
379
+ >
380
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
381
+
382
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
383
+
384
+ **Perplexity**
385
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
386
+ >
387
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
388
+ >
389
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
390
+
391
+ **Entropy**
392
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
393
+ >
394
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
395
+ >
396
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
397
+
398
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
399
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
400
+ >
401
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
402
+ >
403
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
404
+
405
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
406
+
407
+ **Average Entropy**
408
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
409
+ >
410
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
411
+ >
412
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
413
+
414
+ **Branching Factor**
415
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
416
+ >
417
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
418
+ >
419
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
420
+
421
+ **Predictability**
422
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
423
+ >
424
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
425
+ >
426
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
427
+
428
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
429
+
430
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
431
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
432
+ >
433
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
434
+ >
435
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
436
+
437
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
438
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
439
+ >
440
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
441
+ >
442
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
443
+
444
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
445
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
446
+ >
447
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
448
+ >
449
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
450
+
451
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
452
+
453
+ **Isotropy**
454
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
455
+ >
456
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
457
+ >
458
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
459
+
460
+ **Average Norm**
461
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
462
+ >
463
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
464
+ >
465
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
466
+
467
+ **Cosine Similarity**
468
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
469
+ >
470
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
471
+ >
472
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
473
+
474
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
475
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
476
+ >
477
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
478
+ >
479
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
480
+
481
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
482
+
483
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
484
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
485
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
486
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
487
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
488
+
489
+
490
+ ### Visualizations Index
491
+
492
+ | Visualization | Description |
493
+ |---------------|-------------|
494
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
495
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
496
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
497
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
498
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
499
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
500
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
501
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
502
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
503
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
504
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
505
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
506
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
507
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
508
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
509
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
510
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
511
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
512
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
513
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
514
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
515
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
516
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
517
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
518
+
519
+ ---
520
+ ## About This Project
521
+
522
+ ### Data Source
523
+
524
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
525
+
526
+ ### Project
527
+
528
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
529
+
530
+ ### Maintainer
531
+
532
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
533
+
534
+ ### Citation
535
+
536
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
537
+
538
+ ```bibtex
539
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
540
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
541
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
542
+ year = {2025},
543
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
544
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
545
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
546
+ }
547
+ ```
548
+
549
+ ### License
550
+
551
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
552
+
553
+ ### Links
554
+
555
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
556
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
557
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
558
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
559
+ ---
560
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
561
+
562
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-28 00:09:41*
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