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Upload all models and assets for bcl (20251201)

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  2. README.md +560 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/bcl_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/bcl_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/bcl_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/bcl_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/bcl_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/bcl_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/bcl_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/bcl_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/bcl_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/bcl_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/bcl_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/bcl_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/bcl_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/bcl_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/bcl_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/bcl_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/bcl_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/bcl_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/bcl_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/bcl_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/bcl_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/bcl_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/bcl_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/bcl_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/bcl_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/bcl_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/bcl_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/bcl_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/bcl_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/bcl_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/bcl_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/bcl_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/bcl_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/bcl_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/bcl_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/bcl_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/bcl_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/bcl_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/bcl_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ ---
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+ language: bcl
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+ language_name: BCL
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+ language_family: austronesian_philippine_central
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-austronesian_philippine_central
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.640
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.8200
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 139464
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+ generated: 2025-12-28
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+ ---
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+
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+ # BCL - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **BCL** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.849x | 3.74 | 0.0148% | 391,873 |
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+ | **16k** | 4.154x | 4.04 | 0.0160% | 363,086 |
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+ | **32k** | 4.421x | 4.30 | 0.0170% | 341,132 |
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+ | **64k** | 4.640x 🏆 | 4.51 | 0.0178% | 325,066 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `REDIRECT An Sanduguan`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁re dire ct ▁an ▁sand ug uan` | 7 |
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+ | 16k | `▁re dire ct ▁an ▁sand ug uan` | 7 |
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+ | 32k | `▁re direct ▁an ▁sand uguan` | 5 |
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+ | 64k | `▁re direct ▁an ▁sand uguan` | 5 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `An sarong komyun asin banwaan sa Provincia nin Cosenza sa rehiyon Calabria kan ...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁an ▁sarong ▁komyun ▁asin ▁banwaan ▁sa ▁provincia ▁nin ▁cos enza ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
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+ | 16k | `▁an ▁sarong ▁komyun ▁asin ▁banwaan ▁sa ▁provincia ▁nin ▁cosenza ▁sa ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
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+ | 32k | `▁an ▁sarong ▁komyun ▁asin ▁banwaan ▁sa ▁provincia ▁nin ▁cosenza ▁sa ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
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+ | 64k | `▁an ▁sarong ▁komyun ▁asin ▁banwaan ▁sa ▁provincia ▁nin ▁cosenza ▁sa ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `An sarong taon sa Gregoryanong kalendaryo.
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+
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+ Enero
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+ Pebrero
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+ Marso
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+ Abril
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+ Mayo...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁an ▁sarong ▁taon ▁sa ▁gregoryanong ▁kalendaryo . ▁enero ▁pebrero ▁marso ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+ | 16k | `▁an ▁sarong ▁taon ▁sa ▁gregoryanong ▁kalendaryo . ▁enero ▁pebrero ▁marso ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+ | 32k | `▁an ▁sarong ▁taon ▁sa ▁gregoryanong ▁kalendaryo . ▁enero ▁pebrero ▁marso ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+ | 64k | `▁an ▁sarong ▁taon ▁sa ▁gregoryanong ▁kalendaryo . ▁enero ▁pebrero ▁marso ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+
117
+
118
+ ### Key Findings
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+
120
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.640x compression
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+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0148% unknown tokens
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+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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+
125
+ ---
126
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
127
+
128
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
129
+
130
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
131
+
132
+ ### Results
133
+
134
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
135
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
136
+ | **2-gram** | 31,343 🏆 | 14.94 | 180,870 | 14.8% | 31.9% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 262 🏆 | 8.03 | 8,566 | 68.4% | 98.8% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 108,578 | 16.73 | 332,655 | 6.5% | 18.2% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 2,285 | 11.16 | 64,437 | 30.5% | 69.8% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 210,030 | 17.68 | 511,491 | 6.6% | 14.4% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 13,379 | 13.71 | 345,622 | 17.2% | 41.0% |
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+
143
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
145
+ **2-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `. an` | 41,934 |
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+ | 2 | `sa mga` | 30,441 |
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+ | 3 | `an mga` | 27,397 |
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+ | 4 | `, asin` | 26,685 |
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+ | 5 | `, an` | 24,473 |
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+
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+ **3-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `kategorya : mga` | 16,293 |
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+ | 2 | `. an mga` | 6,827 |
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+ | 3 | `panluwas na takod` | 5,537 |
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+ | 4 | `mga panluwas na` | 4,931 |
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+ | 5 | `toltolan kategorya :` | 4,124 |
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+
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+ **4-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `mga panluwas na takod` | 4,635 |
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+ | 2 | `toltolan kategorya : mga` | 2,861 |
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+ | 3 | `toltolan mga panluwas na` | 2,801 |
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+ | 4 | `— — — —` | 2,785 |
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+ | 5 | `. igwa ining sukol` | 2,225 |
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+
175
+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
178
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 262
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~41% of corpus
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+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
183
+ ---
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+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
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+
186
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
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+
188
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
192
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.6497 | 1.569 | 5.59 | 379,065 | 35.0% |
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+ | **1** | 1.0949 | 2.136 | 6.69 | 6,611 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.3654 | 1.288 | 2.19 | 2,116,590 | 63.5% |
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+ | **2** | 0.6035 | 1.519 | 3.87 | 44,194 | 39.6% |
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+ | **3** | 0.1662 | 1.122 | 1.36 | 4,629,958 | 83.4% |
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+ | **3** | 0.7134 | 1.640 | 3.84 | 171,168 | 28.7% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0685 🏆 | 1.049 | 1.12 | 6,293,312 | 93.1% |
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+ | **4** | 0.6518 🏆 | 1.571 | 2.96 | 656,881 | 34.8% |
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+
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+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
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+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `, sarong law jack white house of eastern europe award hale sa ' affaire jean nabiribid`
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+ 2. `sa mga padalian na english rosalía nagpirma sa banwaan kan ikasampulong kabilogan nin edukasyon si a...`
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+ 3. `na mga pagpreparar nin mayor na pigtuturing kan huring pararawitdawit , o tungkod " ) .`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
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+ 1. `. an designadong zip code kaini iyo . susog ki milagros perfecto sanchez sa halipot na usipon`
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+ 2. `sa mga osipon sa pilipino na may titulong paghinanyog man , siya nagpoon na mag - audition`
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+ 3. `an mga botelya , pakete nin kakanon asin an responsibilidad . sa ibaba sa kabtang kaini .`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `kategorya : mga 2016 na kagadanan kategorya : mga tataramon na mansakan , iyo an pinagrekonstruhir n...`
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+ 2. `. an mga bitis nin manok sarong seryosong peligro nin pagkahilo sa susunod na taon huli sa iyo`
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+ 3. `panluwas na takod philatlas . com philippine standard geographic code local governance performance m...`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
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+ 1. `mga panluwas na takod inactive volcanoes page ( arkibo ) kategorya : mga unibersidad asin kolehiyo s...`
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+ 2. `toltolan kategorya : mga armadong sanga kan mga partido pulitika kategorya : mga organisasyon natugd...`
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+ 3. `toltolan mga panluwas na takod philatlas . com philippine standard geographic code local governance ...`
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 93.1% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (656,881 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
239
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
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+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
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+
244
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
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+
246
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
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+
248
+ ### Statistics
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+
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+ | Metric | Value |
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+ |--------|-------|
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+ | Vocabulary Size | 139,464 |
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+ | Total Tokens | 6,306,562 |
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+ | Mean Frequency | 45.22 |
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+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
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+ | Frequency Std Dev | 1750.04 |
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+
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+ ### Most Common Words
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | sa | 340,332 |
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+ | 2 | na | 337,956 |
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+ | 3 | an | 230,638 |
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+ | 4 | kan | 226,231 |
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+ | 5 | mga | 183,688 |
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+ | 6 | nin | 132,320 |
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+ | 7 | asin | 125,887 |
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+ | 8 | sarong | 62,639 |
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+ | 9 | si | 54,499 |
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+ | 10 | the | 44,508 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | zhaparova | 2 |
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+ | 2 | altynbekov | 2 |
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+ | 3 | wanatabe | 2 |
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+ | 4 | megapaniki | 2 |
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+ | 5 | kordon | 2 |
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+ | 6 | sobringaran | 2 |
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+ | 7 | khanid | 2 |
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+ | 8 | ganish | 2 |
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+ | 9 | archdioceseofcaceres | 2 |
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+ | 10 | niceno | 2 |
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+
288
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
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+
290
+ | Metric | Value |
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+ |--------|-------|
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+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.0291 |
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+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.993065 |
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+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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+
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+ ### Coverage Analysis
297
+
298
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
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+ |-------------|----------|
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+ | Top 100 | 41.8% |
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+ | Top 1,000 | 62.8% |
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+ | Top 5,000 | 79.1% |
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+ | Top 10,000 | 85.2% |
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
307
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9931 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
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+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 41.8% of corpus
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+ - **Long Tail:** 129,464 words needed for remaining 14.8% coverage
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+
311
+ ---
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+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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+
314
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
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+
316
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
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+
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+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
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+
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+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
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+
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+ ### Model Comparison
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+
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+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
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+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
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+ | **mono_32d** | 78,307 | 32 | 3.325 | 0.855 | 0.8200 🏆 |
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+ | **mono_64d** | 78,307 | 64 | 3.871 | 0.899 | 0.8194 |
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+ | **mono_128d** | 78,307 | 128 | 4.639 | 0.920 | 0.8065 |
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+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
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+
331
+ ### Key Findings
332
+
333
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8200 (more uniform distribution)
334
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
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+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 78,307 words
336
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
337
+
338
+ ---
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+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
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+
341
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
342
+
343
+ ### Production Recommendations
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+
345
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
346
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
347
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.64x) with low UNK rate |
348
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (262) |
349
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (93.1%) |
350
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
351
+
352
+ ---
353
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
354
+
355
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
356
+
357
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
358
+
359
+ **Compression Ratio**
360
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
361
+ >
362
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
363
+ >
364
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
365
+
366
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
367
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
368
+ >
369
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
370
+ >
371
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
372
+
373
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
374
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
375
+ >
376
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
377
+ >
378
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
379
+
380
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
381
+
382
+ **Perplexity**
383
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
384
+ >
385
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
386
+ >
387
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
388
+
389
+ **Entropy**
390
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
391
+ >
392
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
393
+ >
394
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
395
+
396
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
397
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
398
+ >
399
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
400
+ >
401
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
402
+
403
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
404
+
405
+ **Average Entropy**
406
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
407
+ >
408
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
409
+ >
410
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
411
+
412
+ **Branching Factor**
413
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
414
+ >
415
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
416
+ >
417
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
418
+
419
+ **Predictability**
420
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
421
+ >
422
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
423
+ >
424
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
425
+
426
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
427
+
428
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
429
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
430
+ >
431
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
432
+ >
433
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
434
+
435
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
436
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
437
+ >
438
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
439
+ >
440
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
441
+
442
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
443
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
444
+ >
445
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
446
+ >
447
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
448
+
449
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
450
+
451
+ **Isotropy**
452
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
453
+ >
454
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
455
+ >
456
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
457
+
458
+ **Average Norm**
459
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
460
+ >
461
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
462
+ >
463
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
464
+
465
+ **Cosine Similarity**
466
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
467
+ >
468
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
469
+ >
470
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
471
+
472
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
473
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
474
+ >
475
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
476
+ >
477
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
478
+
479
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
480
+
481
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
482
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
483
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
484
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
485
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
486
+
487
+
488
+ ### Visualizations Index
489
+
490
+ | Visualization | Description |
491
+ |---------------|-------------|
492
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
493
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
494
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
495
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
496
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
497
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
498
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
499
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
500
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
501
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
502
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
503
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
504
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
505
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
506
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
507
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
508
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
509
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
510
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
511
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
512
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
513
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
514
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
515
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
516
+
517
+ ---
518
+ ## About This Project
519
+
520
+ ### Data Source
521
+
522
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
523
+
524
+ ### Project
525
+
526
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
527
+
528
+ ### Maintainer
529
+
530
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
531
+
532
+ ### Citation
533
+
534
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
535
+
536
+ ```bibtex
537
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
538
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
539
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
540
+ year = {2025},
541
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
542
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
543
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
544
+ }
545
+ ```
546
+
547
+ ### License
548
+
549
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
550
+
551
+ ### Links
552
+
553
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
554
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
555
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
556
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
557
+ ---
558
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
559
+
560
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-28 00:25:48*
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