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Upload all models and assets for bew (20251201)

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  2. README.md +554 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/bew_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/bew_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/bew_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/bew_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/bew_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/bew_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/bew_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/bew_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/bew_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/bew_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/bew_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/bew_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/bew_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/bew_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/bew_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/bew_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/bew_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/bew_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/bew_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/bew_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/bew_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/bew_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/bew_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/bew_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/bew_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/bew_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/bew_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/bew_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/bew_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/bew_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/bew_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/bew_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/bew_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/bew_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/bew_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/bew_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/bew_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/bew_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/bew_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ ---
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+ language: bew
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+ language_name: BEW
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+ language_family: austronesian_malay
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-austronesian_malay
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.487
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.7802
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 18978
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+ generated: 2025-12-28
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+ ---
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+
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+ # BEW - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **BEW** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.702x | 3.68 | 0.1337% | 174,282 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.991x | 3.96 | 0.1441% | 161,647 |
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+ | **32k** | 4.245x | 4.22 | 0.1533% | 152,003 |
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+ | **64k** | 4.487x 🏆 | 4.46 | 0.1620% | 143,793 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Pondok Melati entu kecamatan nyang ada di Bekasi Kota. Ni kecamatan ngejenggar a...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁pondok ▁melati ▁entu ▁kecamatan ▁nyang ▁ada ▁di ▁bekasi ▁kota . ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 16k | `▁pondok ▁melati ▁entu ▁kecamatan ▁nyang ▁ada ▁di ▁bekasi ▁kota . ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 32k | `▁pondok ▁melati ▁entu ▁kecamatan ▁nyang ▁ada ▁di ▁bekasi ▁kota . ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 64k | `▁pondok ▁melati ▁entu ▁kecamatan ▁nyang ▁ada ▁di ▁bekasi ▁kota . ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Tanah Sarèal entu kecamatan nyang ada di Bogor Kota. Ni kecamatan ngejenggar amp...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁tanah ▁sar è al ▁entu ▁kecamatan ▁nyang ▁ada ▁di ▁bogor ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 16k | `▁tanah ▁sar è al ▁entu ▁kecamatan ▁nyang ▁ada ▁di ▁bogor ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 32k | `▁tanah ▁sarè al ▁entu ▁kecamatan ▁nyang ▁ada ▁di ▁bogor ▁kota ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
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+ | 64k | `▁tanah ▁sarèal ▁entu ▁kecamatan ▁nyang ▁ada ▁di ▁bogor ▁kota . ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Forum lingkar pena ielah`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁forum ▁lingkar ▁pena ▁i elah` | 5 |
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+ | 16k | `▁forum ▁lingkar ▁pena ▁ielah` | 4 |
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+ | 32k | `▁forum ▁lingkar ▁pena ▁ielah` | 4 |
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+ | 64k | `▁forum ▁lingkar ▁pena ▁ielah` | 4 |
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.487x compression
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+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1337% unknown tokens
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+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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+
119
+ ---
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+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
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+
122
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
123
+
124
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
125
+
126
+ ### Results
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+
128
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
129
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
130
+ | **2-gram** | 2,734 🏆 | 11.42 | 11,166 | 32.8% | 60.2% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 288 🏆 | 8.17 | 2,851 | 67.0% | 98.5% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 3,250 | 11.67 | 13,829 | 31.3% | 56.8% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 2,150 | 11.07 | 19,026 | 28.2% | 72.7% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 4,868 | 12.25 | 21,467 | 28.6% | 50.8% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 9,513 | 13.22 | 75,515 | 16.1% | 45.6% |
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+
137
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
139
+ **2-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `gundul :` | 3,517 |
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+ | 2 | `category :` | 3,400 |
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+ | 3 | `( hurup` | 3,387 |
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+ | 4 | `arab gundul` | 3,312 |
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+ | 5 | `hurup arab` | 3,190 |
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+
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+ **3-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `arab gundul :` | 3,306 |
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+ | 2 | `hurup arab gundul` | 3,176 |
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+ | 3 | `( hurup arab` | 3,132 |
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+ | 4 | `ruju ' an` | 2,848 |
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+ | 5 | `. ruju '` | 2,632 |
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+
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+ **4-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `hurup arab gundul :` | 3,171 |
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+ | 2 | `( hurup arab gundul` | 3,124 |
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+ | 3 | `. ruju ' an` | 2,631 |
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+ | 4 | `' an category :` | 1,377 |
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+ | 5 | `ruju ' an category` | 1,375 |
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+
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+
170
+ ### Key Findings
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+
172
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 288
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~46% of corpus
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+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
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+
180
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
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+
182
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.7488 | 1.680 | 4.84 | 43,321 | 25.1% |
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+ | **1** | 0.9960 | 1.994 | 6.07 | 1,469 | 0.4% |
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+ | **2** | 0.2696 | 1.205 | 1.61 | 209,140 | 73.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.8519 | 1.805 | 4.62 | 8,912 | 14.8% |
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+ | **3** | 0.0871 | 1.062 | 1.16 | 336,473 | 91.3% |
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+ | **3** | 0.7791 | 1.716 | 3.44 | 41,145 | 22.1% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0352 🏆 | 1.025 | 1.07 | 389,729 | 96.5% |
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+ | **4** | 0.5441 🏆 | 1.458 | 2.28 | 141,337 | 45.6% |
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+
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+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
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+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `. barung nyang tinggal di awalnya ga tau - laèn - terusan . 15 agustus 1945`
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+ 2. `, jadinya orang / 347 sm , canada . ada punya waktu junior , sirilik :`
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+ 3. `: rectum , 3 taon ( uè ] ˤəʔ ( 2005 ) ièlah pahlawan nasional ,`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
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+ 1. `gundul : ارسخ ; basa katalan : espanya ; basa pin ama swèd , cuman enni kué`
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+ 2. `category : papua nugini category : kota di bilangan èropa kidul - wètan . ni basa bunyi`
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+ 3. `( hurup arab gundul : کبليک ) – ibukota ( indo . ) , atawa nyang seantéro`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `arab gundul : ارلوجى کنتوڠ ) atawa horloji kantong ( hurup arab gundul : تورون بروء ) ièlah`
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+ 2. `hurup arab gundul : موبل بک ) atawa losbak ( hurup arab gundul : خرکف ; rus :`
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+ 3. `( hurup arab gundul : غزة ; arab : تشاد tsyād ) atawa resminya kiblik nigèr ( hurup`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
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+ 1. `hurup arab gundul : چلان ) entu pakéan luaran nyang nutupin pinggang ampé kekiongan , kadang cuman e...`
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+ 2. `( hurup arab gundul : ) atawa gedong lèr pèjèngan ( hurup arab gundul : ) entu kejadian cuaca`
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+ 3. `. ruju ' an sènggètan luar martunis sarbini di instagram martunis ronaldo di instagram martunis rona...`
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 96.5% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (141,337 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
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+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
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+
238
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
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+
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+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
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+
242
+ ### Statistics
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+
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+ | Metric | Value |
245
+ |--------|-------|
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+ | Vocabulary Size | 18,978 |
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+ | Total Tokens | 362,916 |
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+ | Mean Frequency | 19.12 |
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+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
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+ | Frequency Std Dev | 165.48 |
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+
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+ ### Most Common Words
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | di | 10,336 |
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+ | 2 | nyang | 9,101 |
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+ | 3 | ama | 5,533 |
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+ | 4 | entu | 5,338 |
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+ | 5 | ada | 4,150 |
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+ | 6 | atawa | 3,974 |
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+ | 7 | ni | 3,950 |
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+ | 8 | orang | 3,897 |
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+ | 9 | punya | 3,836 |
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+ | 10 | hurup | 3,665 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | abi | 2 |
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+ | 2 | gelanggang | 2 |
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+ | 3 | m² | 2 |
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+ | 4 | writing | 2 |
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+ | 5 | syaamil | 2 |
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+ | 6 | fermentasi | 2 |
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+ | 7 | xl | 2 |
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+ | 8 | oase | 2 |
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+ | 9 | sos | 2 |
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+ | 10 | litt | 2 |
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+
282
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
283
+
284
+ | Metric | Value |
285
+ |--------|-------|
286
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.0759 |
287
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.994882 |
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+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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+
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+ ### Coverage Analysis
291
+
292
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
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+ |-------------|----------|
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+ | Top 100 | 41.4% |
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+ | Top 1,000 | 69.4% |
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+ | Top 5,000 | 87.6% |
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+ | Top 10,000 | 94.3% |
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
300
+
301
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9949 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
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+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 41.4% of corpus
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+ - **Long Tail:** 8,978 words needed for remaining 5.7% coverage
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+
305
+ ---
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+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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+
308
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
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+
310
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
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+
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+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
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+
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+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
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+
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+ ### Model Comparison
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+
318
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
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+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
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+ | **mono_32d** | 7,863 | 32 | 3.543 | 0.852 | 0.7802 🏆 |
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+ | **mono_64d** | 7,863 | 64 | 3.726 | 0.807 | 0.4496 |
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+ | **mono_128d** | 7,863 | 128 | 3.776 | 0.808 | 0.1049 |
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+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
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+
325
+ ### Key Findings
326
+
327
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7802 (more uniform distribution)
328
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
329
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 7,863 words
330
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
331
+
332
+ ---
333
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
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+
335
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
337
+ ### Production Recommendations
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+
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+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
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+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
341
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.49x) with low UNK rate |
342
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (288) |
343
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (96.5%) |
344
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
345
+
346
+ ---
347
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
348
+
349
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
350
+
351
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
352
+
353
+ **Compression Ratio**
354
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
355
+ >
356
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
357
+ >
358
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
359
+
360
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
361
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
362
+ >
363
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
364
+ >
365
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
366
+
367
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
368
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
369
+ >
370
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
371
+ >
372
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
373
+
374
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
375
+
376
+ **Perplexity**
377
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
378
+ >
379
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
380
+ >
381
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
382
+
383
+ **Entropy**
384
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
385
+ >
386
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
387
+ >
388
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
389
+
390
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
391
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
392
+ >
393
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
394
+ >
395
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
396
+
397
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
398
+
399
+ **Average Entropy**
400
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
401
+ >
402
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
403
+ >
404
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
405
+
406
+ **Branching Factor**
407
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
408
+ >
409
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
410
+ >
411
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
412
+
413
+ **Predictability**
414
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
415
+ >
416
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
417
+ >
418
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
419
+
420
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
421
+
422
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
423
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
424
+ >
425
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
426
+ >
427
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
428
+
429
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
430
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
431
+ >
432
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
433
+ >
434
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
435
+
436
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
437
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
438
+ >
439
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
440
+ >
441
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
442
+
443
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
444
+
445
+ **Isotropy**
446
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
447
+ >
448
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
449
+ >
450
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
451
+
452
+ **Average Norm**
453
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
454
+ >
455
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
456
+ >
457
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
458
+
459
+ **Cosine Similarity**
460
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
461
+ >
462
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
463
+ >
464
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
465
+
466
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
467
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
468
+ >
469
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
470
+ >
471
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
472
+
473
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
474
+
475
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
476
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
477
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
478
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
479
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
480
+
481
+
482
+ ### Visualizations Index
483
+
484
+ | Visualization | Description |
485
+ |---------------|-------------|
486
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
487
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
488
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
489
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
490
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
491
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
492
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
493
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
494
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
495
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
496
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
497
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
498
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
499
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
500
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
501
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
502
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
503
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
504
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
505
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
506
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
507
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
508
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
509
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
510
+
511
+ ---
512
+ ## About This Project
513
+
514
+ ### Data Source
515
+
516
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
517
+
518
+ ### Project
519
+
520
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
521
+
522
+ ### Maintainer
523
+
524
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
525
+
526
+ ### Citation
527
+
528
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
529
+
530
+ ```bibtex
531
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
532
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
533
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
534
+ year = {2025},
535
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
536
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
537
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
538
+ }
539
+ ```
540
+
541
+ ### License
542
+
543
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
544
+
545
+ ### Links
546
+
547
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
548
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
549
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
550
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
551
+ ---
552
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
553
+
554
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-28 02:18:06*
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