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Upload all models and assets for bg (20251201)

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  1. .gitattributes +6 -0
  2. README.md +569 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/bg_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/bg_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/bg_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/bg_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/bg_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/bg_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/bg_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/bg_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/bg_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/bg_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/bg_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/bg_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/bg_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/bg_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/bg_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/bg_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/bg_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/bg_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/bg_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/bg_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/bg_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/bg_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/bg_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/bg_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/bg_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/bg_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/bg_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/bg_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/bg_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/bg_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/bg_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/bg_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/bg_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/bg_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/bg_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/bg_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/bg_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/bg_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/bg_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: bg
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+ language_name: Bulgarian
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+ language_family: slavic_south
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-slavic_south
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 3.805
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.7912
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 960471
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+ generated: 2025-12-28
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+ ---
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+
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+ # Bulgarian - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Bulgarian** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
44
+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.140x | 3.10 | 0.0447% | 3,031,858 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.405x | 3.36 | 0.0485% | 2,795,587 |
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+ | **32k** | 3.631x | 3.59 | 0.0517% | 2,621,828 |
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+ | **64k** | 3.805x 🏆 | 3.76 | 0.0542% | 2,501,712 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Събития
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+
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+ Родени
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+
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+ Починали
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+ 28 юни – Андрей I, велик княз на Владимир-Суздал`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁събития ▁родени ▁починали ▁ 2 8 ▁юни ▁– ▁андрей ▁i ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+ | 16k | `▁събития ▁родени ▁починали ▁ 2 8 ▁юни ▁– ▁андрей ▁i ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+ | 32k | `▁събития ▁родени ▁починали ▁ 2 8 ▁юни ▁– ▁андрей ▁i ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
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+ | 64k | `▁събития ▁родени ▁починали ▁ 2 8 ▁юни ▁– ▁андрей ▁i ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Събития
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+
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+ Родени
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+
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+ Починали`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁събития ▁родени ▁починали` | 3 |
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+ | 16k | `▁събития ▁родени ▁починали` | 3 |
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+ | 32k | `▁събития ▁родени ▁починали` | 3 |
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+ | 64k | `▁събития ▁родени ▁починали` | 3 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Хайд може да се отнася за:
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+
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+ Градове
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+ Хайд, град в Англия
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+
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+ Окръзи в САЩ
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+ Хайд (...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁ха йд ▁може ▁да ▁се ▁отнася ▁за : ▁градове ▁ха ... (+28 more)` | 38 |
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+ | 16k | `▁ха йд ▁може ▁да ▁се ▁отнася ▁за : ▁градове ▁ха ... (+25 more)` | 35 |
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+ | 32k | `▁хайд ▁може ▁да ▁се ▁отнася ▁за : ▁градове ▁хайд , ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
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+ | 64k | `▁хайд ▁може ▁да ▁се ▁отнася ▁за : ▁градове ▁хайд , ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
125
+
126
+
127
+ ### Key Findings
128
+
129
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 3.805x compression
130
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0447% unknown tokens
131
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
132
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
133
+
134
+ ---
135
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
136
+
137
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
138
+
139
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
140
+
141
+ ### Results
142
+
143
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
144
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
145
+ | **2-gram** | 171,622 🏆 | 17.39 | 2,295,348 | 9.8% | 21.1% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 445 🏆 | 8.80 | 25,460 | 58.1% | 96.2% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 975,598 | 19.90 | 5,989,128 | 3.6% | 10.5% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 4,162 | 12.02 | 263,503 | 21.9% | 59.8% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 3,001,891 | 21.52 | 11,403,312 | 1.9% | 5.9% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 25,670 | 14.65 | 1,642,365 | 10.2% | 31.2% |
151
+
152
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
154
+ **2-grams:**
155
+
156
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
157
+ |------|--------|-------|
158
+ | 1 | `г .` | 1,208,709 |
159
+ | 2 | `категория :` | 853,964 |
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+ | 3 | `) ,` | 479,143 |
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+ | 4 | `) .` | 331,723 |
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+ | 5 | `. в` | 330,654 |
163
+
164
+ **3-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
167
+ |------|--------|-------|
168
+ | 1 | `г . ,` | 116,060 |
169
+ | 2 | `г . )` | 88,901 |
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+ | 3 | `( ) е` | 84,347 |
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+ | 4 | `източници категория :` | 82,359 |
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+ | 5 | `г . в` | 77,398 |
173
+
174
+ **4-grams:**
175
+
176
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
177
+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `. източници категория :` | 51,218 |
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+ | 2 | `категория : родени в` | 43,839 |
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+ | 3 | `. н . е` | 40,096 |
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+ | 4 | `н . е .` | 40,004 |
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+ | 5 | `пр . н .` | 39,838 |
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+
184
+
185
+ ### Key Findings
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+
187
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 445
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
189
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~31% of corpus
190
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
191
+
192
+ ---
193
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
194
+
195
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
196
+
197
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
198
+
199
+ ### Results
200
+
201
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
202
+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.7433 | 1.674 | 8.73 | 2,274,140 | 25.7% |
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+ | **1** | 1.3957 | 2.631 | 10.79 | 7,585 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.4514 | 1.367 | 2.92 | 19,851,824 | 54.9% |
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+ | **2** | 0.8817 | 1.843 | 6.63 | 81,858 | 11.8% |
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+ | **3** | 0.2135 | 1.159 | 1.55 | 58,038,366 | 78.7% |
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+ | **3** | 0.9116 | 1.881 | 5.23 | 542,599 | 8.8% |
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+ | **4** | 0.1027 🏆 | 1.074 | 1.21 | 90,112,776 | 89.7% |
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+ | **4** | 0.7326 🏆 | 1.662 | 3.61 | 2,836,397 | 26.7% |
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+
212
+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
214
+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `. през 1954 , и образование . “ , и на концертните може да отпият от`
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+ 2. `, pomacentrus taeniometopon и определя характера , oktober . за купата на виенския университет на ол...`
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+ 3. `на ветроходен спорт . структурата на непорочното зачатие на място по икономика “ . и цигулка`
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+
222
+ **Context Size 2:**
223
+
224
+ 1. `г . беше върната на сикст iv обявява конрад за маркиз акиле патерно , който по това`
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+ 2. `категория : починали в тирана . след нашествието на унгарските интереси . правителството обявява наг...`
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+ 3. `) , гръцки андартски деец , полковник станчов е български футболист 30 септември 1944 ) ташев ,`
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+
228
+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `г . , ∞ 1309 за португалския крал афонсу v . той е и рекордьор за мъже в`
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+ 2. `г . ) 1923 г . се завръща в пазарджик и председател на управителния съвет на rheinmetall са`
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+ 3. `( ) е английски професионален футболист , който играе като вратар и се състезава в долните дивизии н...`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
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+ 1. `. източници категория : литературни термини категория : научна фантастика категория : английски писа...`
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+ 2. `категория : родени в софия категория : починали от рак категория : родени през 1710 година категория...`
238
+ 3. `. н . е . релефът изобразява човек на колесница с четири колела с четири коня и запаси за`
239
+
240
+
241
+ ### Key Findings
242
+
243
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 89.7% predictability
244
+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
245
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (2,836,397 contexts)
246
+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
247
+
248
+ ---
249
+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
250
+
251
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
252
+
253
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
254
+
255
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
256
+
257
+ ### Statistics
258
+
259
+ | Metric | Value |
260
+ |--------|-------|
261
+ | Vocabulary Size | 960,471 |
262
+ | Total Tokens | 113,282,257 |
263
+ | Mean Frequency | 117.94 |
264
+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
265
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 9016.46 |
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+
267
+ ### Most Common Words
268
+
269
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
270
+ |------|------|-----------|
271
+ | 1 | на | 6,000,585 |
272
+ | 2 | в | 3,189,920 |
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+ | 3 | и | 3,170,304 |
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+ | 4 | е | 2,177,841 |
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+ | 5 | от | 2,156,538 |
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+ | 6 | за | 1,349,594 |
277
+ | 7 | се | 1,262,248 |
278
+ | 8 | г | 1,219,255 |
279
+ | 9 | с | 1,091,067 |
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+ | 10 | категория | 861,853 |
281
+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
284
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
285
+ |------|------|-----------|
286
+ | 1 | мъндън | 2 |
287
+ | 2 | талиевия | 2 |
288
+ | 3 | carbonato | 2 |
289
+ | 4 | tallio | 2 |
290
+ | 5 | tlhco3 | 2 |
291
+ | 6 | разр | 2 |
292
+ | 7 | mичман | 2 |
293
+ | 8 | барутхана | 2 |
294
+ | 9 | азадлу | 2 |
295
+ | 10 | шталаг | 2 |
296
+
297
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
298
+
299
+ | Metric | Value |
300
+ |--------|-------|
301
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 0.9535 |
302
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.996716 |
303
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
304
+
305
+ ### Coverage Analysis
306
+
307
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
308
+ |-------------|----------|
309
+ | Top 100 | 33.9% |
310
+ | Top 1,000 | 53.3% |
311
+ | Top 5,000 | 70.0% |
312
+ | Top 10,000 | 77.0% |
313
+
314
+ ### Key Findings
315
+
316
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9967 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
317
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 33.9% of corpus
318
+ - **Long Tail:** 950,471 words needed for remaining 23.0% coverage
319
+
320
+ ---
321
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
322
+
323
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
324
+
325
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
326
+
327
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
328
+
329
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
330
+
331
+ ### Model Comparison
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+
333
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
334
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
335
+ | **mono_32d** | 784,943 | 32 | 3.285 | 0.948 | 0.7912 🏆 |
336
+ | **mono_64d** | 784,943 | 64 | 3.715 | 0.928 | 0.7726 |
337
+ | **mono_128d** | 784,943 | 128 | 4.153 | 0.959 | 0.7213 |
338
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
339
+
340
+ ### Key Findings
341
+
342
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7912 (more uniform distribution)
343
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
344
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 784,943 words
345
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
346
+
347
+ ---
348
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
349
+
350
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
351
+
352
+ ### Production Recommendations
353
+
354
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
355
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
356
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (3.81x) with low UNK rate |
357
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (445) |
358
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (89.7%) |
359
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
360
+
361
+ ---
362
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
363
+
364
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
365
+
366
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
367
+
368
+ **Compression Ratio**
369
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
370
+ >
371
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
372
+ >
373
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
374
+
375
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
376
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
377
+ >
378
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
379
+ >
380
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
381
+
382
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
383
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
384
+ >
385
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
386
+ >
387
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
388
+
389
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
390
+
391
+ **Perplexity**
392
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
393
+ >
394
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
395
+ >
396
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
397
+
398
+ **Entropy**
399
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
400
+ >
401
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
402
+ >
403
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
404
+
405
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
406
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
407
+ >
408
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
409
+ >
410
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
411
+
412
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
413
+
414
+ **Average Entropy**
415
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
416
+ >
417
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
418
+ >
419
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
420
+
421
+ **Branching Factor**
422
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
423
+ >
424
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
425
+ >
426
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
427
+
428
+ **Predictability**
429
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
430
+ >
431
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
432
+ >
433
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
434
+
435
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
436
+
437
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
438
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
439
+ >
440
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
441
+ >
442
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
443
+
444
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
445
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
446
+ >
447
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
448
+ >
449
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
450
+
451
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
452
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
453
+ >
454
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
455
+ >
456
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
457
+
458
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
459
+
460
+ **Isotropy**
461
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
462
+ >
463
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
464
+ >
465
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
466
+
467
+ **Average Norm**
468
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
469
+ >
470
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
471
+ >
472
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
473
+
474
+ **Cosine Similarity**
475
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
476
+ >
477
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
478
+ >
479
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
480
+
481
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
482
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
483
+ >
484
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
485
+ >
486
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
487
+
488
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
489
+
490
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
491
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
492
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
493
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
494
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
495
+
496
+
497
+ ### Visualizations Index
498
+
499
+ | Visualization | Description |
500
+ |---------------|-------------|
501
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
502
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
503
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
504
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
505
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
506
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
507
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
508
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
509
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
510
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
511
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
512
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
513
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
514
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
515
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
516
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
517
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
518
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
519
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
520
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
521
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
522
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
523
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
524
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
525
+
526
+ ---
527
+ ## About This Project
528
+
529
+ ### Data Source
530
+
531
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
532
+
533
+ ### Project
534
+
535
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
536
+
537
+ ### Maintainer
538
+
539
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
540
+
541
+ ### Citation
542
+
543
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
544
+
545
+ ```bibtex
546
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
547
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
548
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
549
+ year = {2025},
550
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
551
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
552
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
553
+ }
554
+ ```
555
+
556
+ ### License
557
+
558
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
559
+
560
+ ### Links
561
+
562
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
563
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
564
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
565
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
566
+ ---
567
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
568
+
569
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-28 05:10:25*
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