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  2. README.md +549 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/bi_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/bi_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/bi_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/bi_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/bi_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/bi_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/bi_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/bi_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/bi_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/bi_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/bi_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/bi_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/bi_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/bi_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/bi_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/bi_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/bi_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/bi_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/bi_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/vocabulary/bi_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  31. models/vocabulary/bi_vocabulary_metadata.json +15 -0
  32. models/word_markov/bi_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  33. models/word_markov/bi_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  34. models/word_markov/bi_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/word_markov/bi_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  36. models/word_markov/bi_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/bi_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/bi_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/bi_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_ngram/bi_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_ngram/bi_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_ngram/bi_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_ngram/bi_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/bi_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/bi_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
  47. visualizations/embedding_norms.png +0 -0
  48. visualizations/embedding_similarity.png +3 -0
  49. visualizations/markov_branching.png +0 -0
  50. visualizations/markov_contexts.png +0 -0
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: bi
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+ language_name: BI
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+ language_family: germanic_west_anglofrisian
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-germanic_west_anglofrisian
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.017
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.0541
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 3655
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+ generated: 2025-12-28
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+ ---
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+
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+ # BI - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **BI** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.698x | 3.65 | 0.1622% | 57,343 |
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+ | **16k** | 4.017x 🏆 | 3.96 | 0.1762% | 52,790 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Minsk, hem i bigtaon long senta blong Belarus, mo hemi kapitol blong kaontri ia....`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁minsk , ▁hem ▁i ▁bigtaon ▁long ▁senta ▁blong ▁belarus , ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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+ | 16k | `▁minsk , ▁hem ▁i ▁bigtaon ▁long ▁senta ▁blong ▁belarus , ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `+UetersenRosenstadt Uetersen 125px 125px 300px
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+ Uetersen i stap smol taon blong...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁+ ue ter sen ros ens tad t ▁uetersen ▁ ... (+41 more)` | 51 |
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+ | 16k | `▁+ uetersen rosenstadt ▁uetersen ▁ 1 2 5 px ▁ ... (+36 more)` | 46 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Prayut Chan-o-cha (boen 1954) i praem minista blong Thailand.
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+
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+ Category:Praem mi...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁pra y ut ▁chan - o - cha ▁( boen ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 16k | `▁prayut ▁chan - o - cha ▁( boen ▁ 1 ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Compression:** 16k achieves 4.017x compression
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+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1622% unknown tokens
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+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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+
114
+ ---
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+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
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+
117
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
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+
119
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
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+ | **2-gram** | 483 🏆 | 8.92 | 1,634 | 54.9% | 91.1% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 264 🏆 | 8.05 | 1,233 | 68.8% | 99.6% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 712 | 9.48 | 2,346 | 48.6% | 84.2% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 1,434 | 10.49 | 7,760 | 37.2% | 75.8% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 1,319 | 10.36 | 4,093 | 39.6% | 72.5% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 3,949 | 11.95 | 23,770 | 28.7% | 57.4% |
131
+
132
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
133
+
134
+ **2-grams:**
135
+
136
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
137
+ |------|--------|-------|
138
+ | 1 | `category :` | 2,068 |
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+ | 2 | `. category` | 1,177 |
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+ | 3 | `hem i` | 759 |
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+ | 4 | `stet blong` | 711 |
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+ | 5 | `yunaeted stet` | 643 |
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+
144
+ **3-grams:**
145
+
146
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
147
+ |------|--------|-------|
148
+ | 1 | `. category :` | 1,177 |
149
+ | 2 | `yunaeted stet blong` | 587 |
150
+ | 3 | `stet blong amerika` | 585 |
151
+ | 4 | `blong yunaeted stet` | 481 |
152
+ | 5 | `category : pipol` | 468 |
153
+
154
+ **4-grams:**
155
+
156
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
157
+ |------|--------|-------|
158
+ | 1 | `yunaeted stet blong amerika` | 585 |
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+ | 2 | `blong yunaeted stet blong` | 472 |
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+ | 3 | `category : pipol blong` | 413 |
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+ | 4 | `. category : ol` | 274 |
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+ | 5 | `stet blong amerika .` | 229 |
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+
164
+
165
+ ### Key Findings
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+
167
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 264
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
169
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~57% of corpus
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+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
172
+ ---
173
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
174
+
175
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
176
+
177
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
179
+ ### Results
180
+
181
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
182
+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
183
+ | **1** | 0.5518 | 1.466 | 3.32 | 9,727 | 44.8% |
184
+ | **1** | 1.0793 | 2.113 | 7.70 | 381 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.2268 | 1.170 | 1.46 | 32,184 | 77.3% |
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+ | **2** | 1.0810 | 2.115 | 5.52 | 2,929 | 0.0% |
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+ | **3** | 0.0853 | 1.061 | 1.15 | 46,928 | 91.5% |
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+ | **3** | 0.7971 | 1.738 | 3.07 | 16,165 | 20.3% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0386 🏆 | 1.027 | 1.07 | 53,803 | 96.1% |
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+ | **4** | 0.4284 🏆 | 1.346 | 1.80 | 49,589 | 57.2% |
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+
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+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
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+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `blong itali . category : politikis blong yunaeted stet blong yunaeted stet blong afrika category :`
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+ 2. `. - mackie - 19 novemba 1962 long polan . plante samting ikam inside long not`
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+ 3. `i stap wetem pas . king blong polanbol . ph / ebchecked / cette / /`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
204
+ 1. `category : yunaeted stet blong amerika . category : ol krietiv daerekta long tv show yo gabba`
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+ 2. `. category : politikis blong franis , spain ) bibliothèque nationale de france le bulletin de la`
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+ 3. `hem i wan kaontri long pasifik mo save mekem i gat seven koninens ( nasa , 2022`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `. category : pipol blong jemani category : politikis blong franis category : saentis category : pipo...`
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+ 2. `yunaeted stet blong amerika . category : praem minista blong japan . category : kaontri category : s...`
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+ 3. `blong yunaeted stet blong amerika . category : spen`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
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+ 1. `blong yunaeted stet blong amerika . category : hed blong stet category : politikis blong taelan`
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+ 2. `category : pipol blong jemani category : politikis`
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+ 3. `yunaeted stet blong amerika category : ol woman blong singsing category : pipol blong yunaeted kingd...`
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+
220
+
221
+ ### Key Findings
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+
223
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 96.1% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (49,589 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
228
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
231
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
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+
233
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
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+
235
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
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+
237
+ ### Statistics
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+
239
+ | Metric | Value |
240
+ |--------|-------|
241
+ | Vocabulary Size | 3,655 |
242
+ | Total Tokens | 57,331 |
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+ | Mean Frequency | 15.69 |
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+ | Median Frequency | 3 |
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+ | Frequency Std Dev | 124.23 |
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+
247
+ ### Most Common Words
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | blong | 5,072 |
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+ | 2 | i | 3,328 |
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+ | 3 | long | 2,237 |
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+ | 4 | category | 2,068 |
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+ | 5 | ol | 1,320 |
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+ | 6 | mo | 1,059 |
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+ | 7 | hem | 1,034 |
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+ | 8 | wan | 894 |
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+ | 9 | stet | 842 |
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+ | 10 | yunaeted | 714 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | sftp | 2 |
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+ | 2 | operating | 2 |
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+ | 3 | guide | 2 |
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+ | 4 | spesifikesen | 2 |
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+ | 5 | firewall | 2 |
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+ | 6 | 2428 | 2 |
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+ | 7 | sapot | 2 |
273
+ | 8 | lesin | 2 |
274
+ | 9 | sanem | 2 |
275
+ | 10 | extended | 2 |
276
+
277
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
278
+
279
+ | Metric | Value |
280
+ |--------|-------|
281
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.0336 |
282
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.989882 |
283
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
284
+
285
+ ### Coverage Analysis
286
+
287
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
288
+ |-------------|----------|
289
+ | Top 100 | 60.4% |
290
+ | Top 1,000 | 86.7% |
291
+ | Top 5,000 | 0.0% |
292
+ | Top 10,000 | 0.0% |
293
+
294
+ ### Key Findings
295
+
296
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9899 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
297
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 60.4% of corpus
298
+ - **Long Tail:** -6,345 words needed for remaining 100.0% coverage
299
+
300
+ ---
301
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
302
+
303
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
304
+
305
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
306
+
307
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
308
+
309
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
310
+
311
+ ### Model Comparison
312
+
313
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
314
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
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+ | **mono_32d** | 1,195 | 32 | 2.350 | 0.505 | 0.0541 🏆 |
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+ | **mono_64d** | 1,195 | 64 | 2.278 | 0.491 | 0.0110 |
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+ | **mono_128d** | 1,195 | 128 | 2.279 | 0.484 | 0.0021 |
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+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
319
+
320
+ ### Key Findings
321
+
322
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.0541 (more uniform distribution)
323
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
324
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 1,195 words
325
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
326
+
327
+ ---
328
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
329
+
330
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
331
+
332
+ ### Production Recommendations
333
+
334
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
335
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
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+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.02x) with low UNK rate |
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+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (264) |
338
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (96.1%) |
339
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
340
+
341
+ ---
342
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
343
+
344
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
345
+
346
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
347
+
348
+ **Compression Ratio**
349
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
350
+ >
351
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
352
+ >
353
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
354
+
355
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
356
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
357
+ >
358
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
359
+ >
360
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
361
+
362
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
363
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
364
+ >
365
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
366
+ >
367
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
368
+
369
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
370
+
371
+ **Perplexity**
372
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
373
+ >
374
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
375
+ >
376
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
377
+
378
+ **Entropy**
379
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
380
+ >
381
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
382
+ >
383
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
384
+
385
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
386
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
387
+ >
388
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
389
+ >
390
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
391
+
392
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
393
+
394
+ **Average Entropy**
395
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
396
+ >
397
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
398
+ >
399
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
400
+
401
+ **Branching Factor**
402
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
403
+ >
404
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
405
+ >
406
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
407
+
408
+ **Predictability**
409
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
410
+ >
411
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
412
+ >
413
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
414
+
415
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
416
+
417
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
418
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
419
+ >
420
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
421
+ >
422
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
423
+
424
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
425
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
426
+ >
427
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
428
+ >
429
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
430
+
431
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
432
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
433
+ >
434
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
435
+ >
436
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
437
+
438
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
439
+
440
+ **Isotropy**
441
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
442
+ >
443
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
444
+ >
445
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
446
+
447
+ **Average Norm**
448
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
449
+ >
450
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
451
+ >
452
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
453
+
454
+ **Cosine Similarity**
455
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
456
+ >
457
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
458
+ >
459
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
460
+
461
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
462
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
463
+ >
464
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
465
+ >
466
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
467
+
468
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
469
+
470
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
471
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
472
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
473
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
474
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
475
+
476
+
477
+ ### Visualizations Index
478
+
479
+ | Visualization | Description |
480
+ |---------------|-------------|
481
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
482
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
483
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
484
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
485
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
486
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
487
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
488
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
489
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
490
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
491
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
492
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
493
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
494
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
495
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
496
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
497
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
498
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
499
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
500
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
501
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
502
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
503
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
504
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
505
+
506
+ ---
507
+ ## About This Project
508
+
509
+ ### Data Source
510
+
511
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
512
+
513
+ ### Project
514
+
515
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
516
+
517
+ ### Maintainer
518
+
519
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
520
+
521
+ ### Citation
522
+
523
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
524
+
525
+ ```bibtex
526
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
527
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
528
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
529
+ year = {2025},
530
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
531
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
532
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
533
+ }
534
+ ```
535
+
536
+ ### License
537
+
538
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
539
+
540
+ ### Links
541
+
542
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
543
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
544
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
545
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
546
+ ---
547
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
548
+
549
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-28 05:14:46*
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Git LFS Details

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  • Pointer size: 131 Bytes
  • Size of remote file: 160 kB
visualizations/markov_branching.png ADDED
visualizations/markov_contexts.png ADDED