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  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/bpy_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/bpy_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
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  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/bpy_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/bpy_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/bpy_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
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  14. models/subword_markov/bpy_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/bpy_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/bpy_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/bpy_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/bpy_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/bpy_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/bpy_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/bpy_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/bpy_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/bpy_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/bpy_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/bpy_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/bpy_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/bpy_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/bpy_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/bpy_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/bpy_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/bpy_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/bpy_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/bpy_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/bpy_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/bpy_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/bpy_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/bpy_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/bpy_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/bpy_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/bpy_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/bpy_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/bpy_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/bpy_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/bpy_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/bpy_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/bpy_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/bpy_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/bpy_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/bpy_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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1
+ ---
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+ language: bpy
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+ language_name: BPY
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+ language_family: indoaryan_eastern
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-indoaryan_eastern
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 5.072
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.7157
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 23871
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+ generated: 2025-12-28
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+ ---
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+
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+ # BPY - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **BPY** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
42
+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
44
+ ### Models & Assets
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+
46
+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
66
+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
71
+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 4.628x | 4.39 | 0.2028% | 107,503 |
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+ | **16k** | 4.794x | 4.55 | 0.2101% | 103,773 |
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+ | **32k** | 4.937x | 4.69 | 0.2164% | 100,762 |
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+ | **64k** | 5.072x 🏆 | 4.81 | 0.2222% | 98,093 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `অক্টোবর ৮, গ্রেগরিয়ান পাঞ্জী হান ইলয়া আজি বসরর ২৮১তম (অধিবর্ষত ২৮২তম) দিন হান।...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁অক্টোবর ▁৮ , ▁গ্রেগরিয়ান ▁পাঞ্জী ▁হান ▁ইলয়া ▁আজি ▁বসরর ▁২৮১ ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
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+ | 16k | `▁অক্টোবর ▁৮ , ▁গ্রেগরিয়ান ▁পাঞ্জী ▁হান ▁ইলয়া ▁আজি ▁বসরর ▁২৮১ ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
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+ | 32k | `▁অক্টোবর ▁৮ , ▁গ্রেগরিয়ান ▁পাঞ্জী ▁হান ▁ইলয়া ▁আজি ▁বসরর ▁২৮১ ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
91
+ | 64k | `▁অক্টোবর ▁৮ , ▁গ্রেগরিয়ান ▁পাঞ্জী ▁হান ▁ইলয়া ▁আজি ▁বসরর ▁২৮১ ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
92
+
93
+ **Sample 2:** `হোসেনপুর ইউনিয়ন, পলাশবাড়ী
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+ হোসেনপুর ইউনিয়ন, রাজৈর`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁হোসেন পুর ▁ইউনিয়ন , ▁পলাশবাড়ী ▁হোসেন পুর ▁ইউনিয়ন , ▁রাজৈর` | 10 |
99
+ | 16k | `▁হোসেনপুর ▁ইউনিয়ন , ▁পলাশবাড়ী ▁হোসেনপুর ▁ইউনিয়ন , ▁রাজৈর` | 8 |
100
+ | 32k | `▁হোসেনপুর ▁ইউনিয়ন , ▁পলাশবাড়ী ▁হোসেনপুর ▁ইউনিয়ন , ▁রাজৈর` | 8 |
101
+ | 64k | `▁হোসেনপুর ▁ইউনিয়ন , ▁পলাশবাড়ী ▁হোসেনপুর ▁ইউনিয়ন , ▁রাজৈর` | 8 |
102
+
103
+ **Sample 3:** `আগষ্ট ২৫, গ্রেগরিয়ান পাঞ্জী হান ইলয়া আজি বসরর ২৩৭তম (অধিবর্ষত ২৩৮তম) দিন হান। ...`
104
+
105
+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
106
+ |-------|--------|-------|
107
+ | 8k | `▁আগষ্ট ▁২৫ , ▁গ্রেগরিয়ান ▁পাঞ্জী ▁হান ▁ইলয়া ▁আজি ▁বসরর ▁২৩৭ ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
108
+ | 16k | `▁আগষ্ট ▁২৫ , ▁গ্রেগরিয়ান ▁পাঞ্জী ▁হান ▁ইলয়া ▁আজি ▁বসরর ▁২���৭ ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
109
+ | 32k | `▁আগষ্ট ▁২৫ , ▁গ্রেগরিয়ান ▁পাঞ্জী ▁হান ▁ইলয়া ▁আজি ▁বসরর ▁২৩৭ ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
110
+ | 64k | `▁আগষ্ট ▁২৫ , ▁গ্রেগরিয়ান ▁পাঞ্জী ▁হান ▁ইলয়া ▁আজি ▁বসরর ▁২৩৭ ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
111
+
112
+
113
+ ### Key Findings
114
+
115
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 5.072x compression
116
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.2028% unknown tokens
117
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
118
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
119
+
120
+ ---
121
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
122
+
123
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
124
+
125
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
126
+
127
+ ### Results
128
+
129
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
130
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
131
+ | **2-gram** | 586 🏆 | 9.19 | 23,018 | 53.4% | 92.4% |
132
+ | **2-gram** | 401 🏆 | 8.65 | 5,122 | 58.3% | 97.5% |
133
+ | **3-gram** | 1,915 | 10.90 | 78,850 | 32.4% | 80.1% |
134
+ | **3-gram** | 1,738 | 10.76 | 36,042 | 31.5% | 79.9% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 3,658 | 11.84 | 192,863 | 25.6% | 72.1% |
136
+ | **4-gram** | 3,941 | 11.94 | 148,690 | 23.3% | 68.9% |
137
+
138
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
139
+
140
+ **2-grams:**
141
+
142
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
143
+ |------|--------|-------|
144
+ | 1 | `া র` | 368,952 |
145
+ | 2 | `া ন` | 252,549 |
146
+ | 3 | `ম া` | 171,696 |
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+ | 4 | `হ া` | 165,000 |
148
+ | 5 | `য ়` | 137,023 |
149
+
150
+ **3-grams:**
151
+
152
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
153
+ |------|--------|-------|
154
+ | 1 | `ি য ়` | 76,882 |
155
+ | 2 | `র ম া` | 75,352 |
156
+ | 3 | `ব া র` | 75,053 |
157
+ | 4 | `া র ো` | 70,050 |
158
+ | 5 | `ম া ন` | 58,522 |
159
+
160
+ **4-grams:**
161
+
162
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
163
+ |------|--------|-------|
164
+ | 1 | `ব া র ো` | 69,326 |
165
+ | 2 | `ইউন ি য ়` | 55,842 |
166
+ | 3 | `ম া ন ু` | 51,209 |
167
+ | 4 | `া ত ্ ত` | 49,012 |
168
+ | 5 | `া র ম া` | 48,203 |
169
+
170
+
171
+ ### Key Findings
172
+
173
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 401
174
+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
175
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~69% of corpus
176
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
177
+
178
+ ---
179
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
180
+
181
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
182
+
183
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
184
+
185
+ ### Results
186
+
187
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
188
+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
189
+ | **1** | 0.4826 | 1.397 | 3.74 | 51,595 | 51.7% |
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+ | **1** | 1.2901 | 2.445 | 11.60 | 918 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.2087 | 1.156 | 2.09 | 192,535 | 79.1% |
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+ | **2** | 1.0212 | 2.030 | 6.12 | 10,624 | 0.0% |
193
+ | **3** | 0.1700 | 1.125 | 1.65 | 401,469 | 83.0% |
194
+ | **3** | 0.7832 | 1.721 | 3.64 | 64,912 | 21.7% |
195
+ | **4** | 0.1274 🏆 | 1.092 | 1.40 | 660,290 | 87.3% |
196
+ | **4** | 0.5823 🏆 | 1.497 | 2.36 | 236,324 | 41.8% |
197
+
198
+ ### Generated Text Samples
199
+
200
+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
201
+
202
+ **Context Size 1:**
203
+
204
+ 1. `া ৪৮ . ২গ ঘর পর ্ ত ি হ া জ ে দ ে ব`
205
+ 2. `ি বর থ া ন । এর ে শর জ ি ল া র ১৬ ,`
206
+ 3. `র ে র ম ু ন ৬৭ % । আয ় া র ো ৭২০২গ গ`
207
+
208
+ **Context Size 2:**
209
+
210
+ 1. `া র া ষ ্ ট ্ র া ঘ ি ম া ন ) ১ ,`
211
+ 2. `া ন ু ল া র ম া প া হ া ন । খ া লয`
212
+ 3. `ম া হ া রহ া ন আস ে । চ ৌ দ ্ র া ষ`
213
+
214
+ **Context Size 3:**
215
+
216
+ 1. `ি য ় ন , ১৮৭ হ া ন ব া র ো দ ্ র া জ`
217
+ 2. `র ম া ম ু ন ি ৫২ % , ব া র ো প া ন ্`
218
+ 3. `ব া র ো ' language death ' উল ্ ল ে শব া র ্ ক ি`
219
+
220
+ **Context Size 4:**
221
+
222
+ 1. `ব া র ো ম ৌ জ া ইউন ি য ় নর স া ক ্ ষরত া`
223
+ 2. `ইউন ি য ় ন এগত গ া ঙ : ২১ হ া ন ব া র ো ম`
224
+ 3. `ম া ন ু ১৭ , ৬৭৩গ শহর ে দ ে ব া র ো হ ু ক া`
225
+
226
+
227
+ ### Key Findings
228
+
229
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 87.3% predictability
230
+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
231
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (236,324 contexts)
232
+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
233
+
234
+ ---
235
+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
236
+
237
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
238
+
239
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
240
+
241
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
242
+
243
+ ### Statistics
244
+
245
+ | Metric | Value |
246
+ |--------|-------|
247
+ | Vocabulary Size | 23,871 |
248
+ | Total Tokens | 5,192,993 |
249
+ | Mean Frequency | 217.54 |
250
+ | Median Frequency | 3 |
251
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 6063.65 |
252
+
253
+ ### Most Common Words
254
+
255
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
256
+ |------|------|-----------|
257
+ | 1 | র | 542,779 |
258
+ | 2 | ন | 370,575 |
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+ | 3 | ম | 283,266 |
260
+ | 4 | ত | 212,745 |
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+ | 5 | য | 205,066 |
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+ | 6 | ক | 196,409 |
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+ | 7 | হ | 185,131 |
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+ | 8 | ল | 177,046 |
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+ | 9 | প | 164,231 |
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+ | 10 | ব | 161,639 |
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+
268
+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
269
+
270
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
271
+ |------|------|-----------|
272
+ | 1 | নঅও | 2 |
273
+ | 2 | অহতই | 2 |
274
+ | 3 | আপত | 2 |
275
+ | 4 | থকভ | 2 |
276
+ | 5 | হগই | 2 |
277
+ | 6 | হসর | 2 |
278
+ | 7 | পরমপ | 2 |
279
+ | 8 | হবন | 2 |
280
+ | 9 | আকগও | 2 |
281
+ | 10 | সযন | 2 |
282
+
283
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
284
+
285
+ | Metric | Value |
286
+ |--------|-------|
287
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.3958 |
288
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.983849 |
289
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
290
+
291
+ ### Coverage Analysis
292
+
293
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
294
+ |-------------|----------|
295
+ | Top 100 | 89.1% |
296
+ | Top 1,000 | 97.2% |
297
+ | Top 5,000 | 98.8% |
298
+ | Top 10,000 | 99.3% |
299
+
300
+ ### Key Findings
301
+
302
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9838 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
303
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 89.1% of corpus
304
+ - **Long Tail:** 13,871 words needed for remaining 0.7% coverage
305
+
306
+ ---
307
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
308
+
309
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
310
+
311
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
312
+
313
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
314
+
315
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
316
+
317
+ ### Model Comparison
318
+
319
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
320
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
321
+ | **mono_32d** | 12,408 | 32 | 4.835 | 0.825 | 0.7157 🏆 |
322
+ | **mono_64d** | 12,408 | 64 | 5.039 | 0.789 | 0.5338 |
323
+ | **mono_128d** | 12,408 | 128 | 5.101 | 0.751 | 0.2644 |
324
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
325
+
326
+ ### Key Findings
327
+
328
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7157 (more uniform distribution)
329
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
330
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 12,408 words
331
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
332
+
333
+ ---
334
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
335
+
336
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
337
+
338
+ ### Production Recommendations
339
+
340
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
341
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
342
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (5.07x) with low UNK rate |
343
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (401) |
344
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (87.3%) |
345
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
346
+
347
+ ---
348
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
349
+
350
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
351
+
352
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
353
+
354
+ **Compression Ratio**
355
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
356
+ >
357
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
358
+ >
359
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
360
+
361
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
362
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
363
+ >
364
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
365
+ >
366
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
367
+
368
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
369
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
370
+ >
371
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
372
+ >
373
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
374
+
375
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
376
+
377
+ **Perplexity**
378
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
379
+ >
380
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
381
+ >
382
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
383
+
384
+ **Entropy**
385
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
386
+ >
387
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
388
+ >
389
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
390
+
391
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
392
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
393
+ >
394
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
395
+ >
396
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
397
+
398
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
399
+
400
+ **Average Entropy**
401
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
402
+ >
403
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
404
+ >
405
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
406
+
407
+ **Branching Factor**
408
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
409
+ >
410
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
411
+ >
412
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
413
+
414
+ **Predictability**
415
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
416
+ >
417
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
418
+ >
419
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
420
+
421
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
422
+
423
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
424
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
425
+ >
426
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
427
+ >
428
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
429
+
430
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
431
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
432
+ >
433
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
434
+ >
435
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
436
+
437
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
438
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
439
+ >
440
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
441
+ >
442
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
443
+
444
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
445
+
446
+ **Isotropy**
447
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
448
+ >
449
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
450
+ >
451
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
452
+
453
+ **Average Norm**
454
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
455
+ >
456
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
457
+ >
458
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
459
+
460
+ **Cosine Similarity**
461
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
462
+ >
463
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
464
+ >
465
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
466
+
467
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
468
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
469
+ >
470
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
471
+ >
472
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
473
+
474
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
475
+
476
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
477
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
478
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
479
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
480
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
481
+
482
+
483
+ ### Visualizations Index
484
+
485
+ | Visualization | Description |
486
+ |---------------|-------------|
487
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
488
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
489
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
490
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
491
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
492
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
493
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
494
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
495
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
496
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
497
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
498
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
499
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
500
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
501
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
502
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
503
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
504
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
505
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
506
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
507
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
508
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
509
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
510
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
511
+
512
+ ---
513
+ ## About This Project
514
+
515
+ ### Data Source
516
+
517
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
518
+
519
+ ### Project
520
+
521
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
522
+
523
+ ### Maintainer
524
+
525
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
526
+
527
+ ### Citation
528
+
529
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
530
+
531
+ ```bibtex
532
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
533
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
534
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
535
+ year = {2025},
536
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
537
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
538
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
539
+ }
540
+ ```
541
+
542
+ ### License
543
+
544
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
545
+
546
+ ### Links
547
+
548
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
549
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
550
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
551
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
552
+ ---
553
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
554
+
555
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-28 07:50:18*
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