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  1. README.md +317 -134
  2. models/embeddings/monolingual/btm_128d.bin +2 -2
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/btm_128d_metadata.json +5 -3
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/btm_32d.bin +2 -2
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/btm_32d_metadata.json +5 -3
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/btm_64d.bin +2 -2
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/btm_64d_metadata.json +5 -3
  8. models/subword_markov/btm_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
  9. models/subword_markov/btm_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  10. models/subword_markov/btm_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
  11. models/subword_markov/btm_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  12. models/subword_markov/btm_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
  13. models/subword_markov/btm_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  14. models/subword_markov/btm_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
  15. models/subword_markov/btm_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  16. models/subword_ngram/btm_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
  17. models/subword_ngram/btm_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  18. models/subword_ngram/btm_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
  19. models/subword_ngram/btm_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  20. models/subword_ngram/btm_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
  21. models/subword_ngram/btm_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  22. models/tokenizer/btm_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
  23. models/tokenizer/btm_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  24. models/tokenizer/btm_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
  25. models/tokenizer/btm_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/btm_tokenizer_64k.model +2 -2
  27. models/tokenizer/btm_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/btm_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
  29. models/tokenizer/btm_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/vocabulary/btm_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
  31. models/vocabulary/btm_vocabulary_metadata.json +10 -9
  32. models/word_markov/btm_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
  33. models/word_markov/btm_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  34. models/word_markov/btm_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +2 -2
  35. models/word_markov/btm_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  36. models/word_markov/btm_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +2 -2
  37. models/word_markov/btm_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  38. models/word_markov/btm_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +2 -2
  39. models/word_markov/btm_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  40. models/word_ngram/btm_2gram_word.parquet +2 -2
  41. models/word_ngram/btm_2gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  42. models/word_ngram/btm_3gram_word.parquet +2 -2
  43. models/word_ngram/btm_3gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  44. models/word_ngram/btm_4gram_word.parquet +2 -2
  45. models/word_ngram/btm_4gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  46. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
  47. visualizations/embedding_norms.png +0 -0
  48. visualizations/embedding_similarity.png +2 -2
  49. visualizations/markov_branching.png +0 -0
  50. visualizations/markov_contexts.png +0 -0
README.md CHANGED
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ dataset_info:
23
  metrics:
24
  - name: best_compression_ratio
25
  type: compression
26
- value: 4.785
27
  - name: best_isotropy
28
  type: isotropy
29
- value: 0.4253
30
  - name: vocabulary_size
31
  type: vocab
32
- value: 12175
33
- generated: 2025-12-28
34
  ---
35
 
36
  # BTM - Wikilangs Models
@@ -44,12 +44,13 @@ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and
44
  ### Models & Assets
45
 
46
  - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
47
- - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
48
- - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
49
  - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
50
- - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
51
  - Language Vocabulary
52
  - Language Statistics
 
53
  ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
54
 
55
  ### Analysis and Evaluation
@@ -59,7 +60,8 @@ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and
59
  - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
60
  - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
61
  - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
62
- - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
 
63
  - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
64
  - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
65
 
@@ -68,51 +70,57 @@ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and
68
 
69
  ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
70
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
71
  ### Results
72
 
73
  | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
74
  |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
75
- | **8k** | 3.846x | 3.82 | 0.0837% | 246,208 |
76
- | **16k** | 4.225x | 4.20 | 0.0919% | 224,097 |
77
- | **32k** | 4.544x | 4.52 | 0.0989% | 208,361 |
78
- | **64k** | 4.785x 🏆 | 4.76 | 0.1041% | 197,875 |
79
 
80
  ### Tokenization Examples
81
 
82
  Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
83
 
84
- **Sample 1:** `23 Januari ima ari pa-23 i kalender Gregorian dohot 361 ari (sanga 362 ari i tao...`
85
 
86
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
87
  |-------|--------|-------|
88
- | 8k | `▁ 2 3januariimaaripa - 2 3 ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
89
- | 16k | `▁ 2 3januariimaaripa - 2 3 ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
90
- | 32k | `▁ 2 3januariimaaripa - 2 3 ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
91
- | 64k | `▁ 2 3januariimaaripa - 2 3 ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
92
 
93
- **Sample 2:** `Gunung Tua Ms ima salah sada huta na adong i kecamatan Kotanopan, kabupaten Mand...`
94
 
95
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
96
  |-------|--------|-------|
97
- | 8k | `▁gunungtuamsimasalahsadahutanaadongi ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
98
- | 16k | `▁gunungtuamsimasalahsadahutanaadongi ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
99
- | 32k | `▁gunungtuamsimasalahsadahutanaadongi ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
100
- | 64k | `▁gunungtuamsimasalahsadahutanaadongi ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
101
 
102
- **Sample 3:** `Mangalap boru ima sada karejo na ibaen i Mandailing Natal, karejo on pema jadi s...`
103
 
104
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
105
  |-------|--------|-------|
106
- | 8k | `▁mangalap ▁boru ▁imasada ▁karejonaibaeni ▁mandailing ▁natal ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
107
- | 16k | `▁mangalap ▁boru ▁imasada ▁karejonaibaeni ▁mandailing ▁natal ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
108
- | 32k | `▁mangalap ▁boru ▁imasada ▁karejonaibaeni ▁mandailing ▁natal ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
109
- | 64k | `▁mangalap ▁boru ▁imasada ▁karejonaibaeni ▁mandailing ▁natal ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
110
 
111
 
112
  ### Key Findings
113
 
114
- - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.785x compression
115
- - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0837% unknown tokens
116
  - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
117
  - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
118
 
@@ -121,57 +129,89 @@ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
121
 
122
  ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
123
 
 
 
124
  ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
125
 
126
  ### Results
127
 
128
- | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
129
- |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
130
- | **2-gram** | 2,793 🏆 | 11.45 | 5,965 | 25.6% | 57.6% |
131
- | **2-gram** | 237 🏆 | 7.89 | 1,918 | 71.1% | 99.2% |
132
- | **3-gram** | 2,655 | 11.37 | 5,700 | 27.3% | 55.1% |
133
- | **3-gram** | 1,865 | 10.87 | 12,988 | 30.0% | 75.1% |
134
- | **4-gram** | 3,977 | 11.96 | 8,130 | 23.7% | 46.0% |
135
- | **4-gram** | 8,932 | 13.12 | 49,385 | 14.7% | 44.5% |
136
 
137
  ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
138
 
139
- **2-grams:**
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
140
 
141
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
142
  |------|--------|-------|
143
- | 1 | `kategori :` | 781 |
144
- | 2 | `/ /` | 707 |
145
- | 3 | `: /` | 703 |
146
- | 4 | `ima sada` | 627 |
147
- | 5 | `, dot` | 599 |
148
 
149
- **3-grams:**
150
 
151
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
152
  |------|--------|-------|
153
- | 1 | `: / /` | 702 |
154
- | 2 | `https : /` | 461 |
155
- | 3 | `. https :` | 384 |
156
- | 4 | `sumberna kategori :` | 348 |
157
- | 5 | `ari pa -` | 308 |
158
 
159
- **4-grams:**
160
 
161
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
162
  |------|--------|-------|
163
- | 1 | `https : / /` | 461 |
164
- | 2 | `. https : /` | 384 |
165
- | 3 | `: / / www` | 221 |
166
- | 4 | `/ / www .` | 221 |
167
- | 5 | `ima ari pa -` | 183 |
168
 
169
 
170
  ### Key Findings
171
 
172
- - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 237
173
  - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
174
- - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~45% of corpus
175
  - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
176
 
177
  ---
@@ -179,55 +219,86 @@ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
179
 
180
  ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
181
 
 
 
182
  ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
183
 
184
  ### Results
185
 
186
- | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
187
- |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
188
- | **1** | 0.7327 | 1.662 | 4.59 | 29,952 | 26.7% |
189
- | **1** | 1.0526 | 2.074 | 7.13 | 776 | 0.0% |
190
- | **2** | 0.2488 | 1.188 | 1.51 | 137,080 | 75.1% |
191
- | **2** | 0.9494 | 1.931 | 5.09 | 5,530 | 5.1% |
192
- | **3** | 0.0695 | 1.049 | 1.11 | 206,158 | 93.1% |
193
- | **3** | 0.8132 | 1.757 | 3.45 | 28,161 | 18.7% |
194
- | **4** | 0.0218 🏆 | 1.015 | 1.03 | 227,434 | 97.8% |
195
- | **4** | 0.5358 🏆 | 1.450 | 2.24 | 97,224 | 46.4% |
 
 
 
 
196
 
197
- ### Generated Text Samples
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
198
 
199
- Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
200
 
201
  **Context Size 1:**
202
 
203
- 1. `. hami sanga kamp parkarejo jerman . biasona aong ibaen anso mambuat sada tim dohot mamake`
204
- 2. `, uhum kodrat - ira satonga tarbuka i provinsi opolskie provinsi i diafragma mambatasi bagian sian`
205
- 3. `i kalender gregorian dohot tema na ilukis nia hagoluan nalai ima . sacara enskapitulasi tingon satio...`
206
 
207
  **Context Size 2:**
208
 
209
- 1. `kategori : ilmuwan yahudi kategori : politik kategori : saro inggeris : engineering ) ima sada penya...`
210
- 2. `/ / download / 18320 / 13475 baru nung i presepsi na padua bolasna na dua kota`
211
- 3. `: / / www . rusdionoconsulting . com / tag / pemandian - air - terjun -`
212
 
213
  **Context Size 3:**
214
 
215
- 1. `: / / onepiece . fandom . com / id / tourism / gunung - sorik - marapi`
216
- 2. `https : / / startfmmadina . com / 40 - daftar - kumpulan - terjemahan - bahasa -`
217
- 3. `. https : / / madina . go . id / sejarah - bulu - tangkis / tarsarupo`
218
 
219
  **Context Size 4:**
220
 
221
- 1. `https : / / www . pmimedan . or . id / sahabat - nabi / songkoni juo ma`
222
- 2. `. https : / / translate . google . com / translate ? u = https : / /`
223
- 3. `: / / www . harianhaluan . com / news / world - middle - east - 14703476 "`
224
 
225
 
226
  ### Key Findings
227
 
228
- - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 97.8% predictability
229
  - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
230
- - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (97,224 contexts)
231
  - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
232
 
233
  ---
@@ -243,64 +314,64 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
243
 
244
  | Metric | Value |
245
  |--------|-------|
246
- | Vocabulary Size | 12,175 |
247
- | Total Tokens | 189,541 |
248
- | Mean Frequency | 15.57 |
249
- | Median Frequency | 3 |
250
- | Frequency Std Dev | 125.93 |
251
 
252
  ### Most Common Words
253
 
254
  | Rank | Word | Frequency |
255
  |------|------|-----------|
256
- | 1 | i | 7,254 |
257
- | 2 | na | 7,126 |
258
- | 3 | ima | 4,033 |
259
- | 4 | on | 3,983 |
260
- | 5 | dohot | 2,990 |
261
- | 6 | ni | 2,684 |
262
- | 7 | dot | 2,484 |
263
- | 8 | sada | 1,835 |
264
- | 9 | tu | 1,710 |
265
- | 10 | ma | 1,482 |
266
 
267
  ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
268
 
269
  | Rank | Word | Frequency |
270
  |------|------|-----------|
271
- | 1 | lil | 2 |
272
- | 2 | imah | 2 |
273
- | 3 | nasida | 2 |
274
- | 4 | sunusi | 2 |
275
- | 5 | nunga | 2 |
276
- | 6 | majmu | 2 |
277
- | 7 | fatawa | 2 |
278
- | 8 | fiqhi | 2 |
279
- | 9 | panjalakian | 2 |
280
- | 10 | martoba | 2 |
281
 
282
  ### Zipf's Law Analysis
283
 
284
  | Metric | Value |
285
  |--------|-------|
286
- | Zipf Coefficient | 1.0695 |
287
- | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.987847 |
288
  | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
289
 
290
  ### Coverage Analysis
291
 
292
  | Top N Words | Coverage |
293
  |-------------|----------|
294
- | Top 100 | 40.1% |
295
- | Top 1,000 | 69.3% |
296
- | Top 5,000 | 90.3% |
297
- | Top 10,000 | 97.7% |
298
 
299
  ### Key Findings
300
 
301
- - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9878 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
302
- - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 40.1% of corpus
303
- - **Long Tail:** 2,175 words needed for remaining 2.3% coverage
304
 
305
  ---
306
  ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
@@ -313,24 +384,133 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
313
 
314
  ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
315
 
316
- ### Model Comparison
317
 
318
- | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
319
- |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
320
- | **mono_32d** | 4,643 | 32 | 2.986 | 0.583 | 0.4253 🏆 |
321
- | **mono_64d** | 4,643 | 64 | 3.026 | 0.583 | 0.1288 |
322
- | **mono_128d** | 4,643 | 128 | 3.050 | 0.582 | 0.0237 |
323
- | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
 
 
 
 
 
 
324
 
325
  ### Key Findings
326
 
327
- - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.4253 (more uniform distribution)
328
- - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
329
- - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 4,643 words
330
- - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
331
 
332
  ---
333
- ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
334
 
335
  ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
336
 
@@ -338,11 +518,12 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
338
 
339
  | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
340
  |-----------|-------------|-----------|
341
- | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.78x) with low UNK rate |
342
- | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (237) |
343
- | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.8%) |
344
  | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
345
 
 
346
  ---
347
  ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
348
 
@@ -532,7 +713,8 @@ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
532
  author = {Kamali, Omar},
533
  title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
534
  year = {2025},
535
- publisher = {HuggingFace},
 
536
  url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
537
  institution = {Omneity Labs}
538
  }
@@ -548,7 +730,8 @@ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
548
  - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
549
  - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
550
  - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
 
551
  ---
552
  *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
553
 
554
- *Report Date: 2025-12-28 09:18:23*
 
23
  metrics:
24
  - name: best_compression_ratio
25
  type: compression
26
+ value: 5.210
27
  - name: best_isotropy
28
  type: isotropy
29
+ value: 0.3926
30
  - name: vocabulary_size
31
  type: vocab
32
+ value: 0
33
+ generated: 2026-01-03
34
  ---
35
 
36
  # BTM - Wikilangs Models
 
44
  ### Models & Assets
45
 
46
  - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
47
+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
48
+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
49
  - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
50
+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
51
  - Language Vocabulary
52
  - Language Statistics
53
+
54
  ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
55
 
56
  ### Analysis and Evaluation
 
60
  - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
61
  - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
62
  - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
63
+ - [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6-morphological-analysis)
64
+ - [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
65
  - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
66
  - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
67
 
 
70
 
71
  ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
72
 
73
+ ![Tokenizer Fertility](visualizations/tokenizer_fertility.png)
74
+
75
+ ![Tokenizer OOV](visualizations/tokenizer_oov.png)
76
+
77
+ ![Total Tokens](visualizations/tokenizer_total_tokens.png)
78
+
79
  ### Results
80
 
81
  | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
82
  |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
83
+ | **8k** | 4.162x | 4.17 | 0.0869% | 217,411 |
84
+ | **16k** | 4.607x | 4.61 | 0.0962% | 196,367 |
85
+ | **32k** | 5.005x | 5.01 | 0.1045% | 180,776 |
86
+ | **64k** | 5.210x 🏆 | 5.22 | 0.1088% | 173,672 |
87
 
88
  ### Tokenization Examples
89
 
90
  Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
91
 
92
+ **Sample 1:** `Natal ima sada kecamatan di Kabupaten Mandailing Natal, Sumatera Utara, Indonesi...`
93
 
94
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
95
  |-------|--------|-------|
96
+ | 8k | `▁natal ▁ima ▁sadakecamatandikabupatenmandailing ▁natal , ▁sumatera ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
97
+ | 16k | `▁natal ▁ima ▁sadakecamatandikabupatenmandailing ▁natal , ▁sumatera ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
98
+ | 32k | `▁natal ▁ima ▁sadakecamatandikabupatenmandailing ▁natal , ▁sumatera ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
99
+ | 64k | `▁natal ▁ima ▁sadakecamatandikabupatenmandailing ▁natal , ▁sumatera ... (+4 more)` | 14 |
100
 
101
+ **Sample 2:** `Luak Kakuasoan ima luak karejo perangkat pamarentah pusat na mandalankon karejo ...`
102
 
103
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
104
  |-------|--------|-------|
105
+ | 8k | `▁luakkakuasoanimaluakkarejoperangkatpamarentahpusatnamandalankon ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
106
+ | 16k | `▁luakkakuasoanimaluakkarejoperangkatpamarentahpusatnamandalankon ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
107
+ | 32k | `▁luakkakuasoanimaluakkarejoperangkatpamarentahpusatnamandalankon ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
108
+ | 64k | `▁luakkakuasoanimaluakkarejoperangkatpamarentahpusatnamandalankon ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
109
 
110
+ **Sample 3:** `17 Juni' ima ari pa-169 (ari pa-170 i taon kabisat) i kalender Gregorian.`
111
 
112
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
113
  |-------|--------|-------|
114
+ | 8k | `▁ 1 7juni 'imaaripa - 1 ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
115
+ | 16k | `▁ 1 7juni 'imaaripa - 1 ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
116
+ | 32k | `▁ 1 7juni 'imaaripa - 1 ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
117
+ | 64k | `▁ 1 7juni 'imaaripa - 1 ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
118
 
119
 
120
  ### Key Findings
121
 
122
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 5.210x compression
123
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0869% unknown tokens
124
  - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
125
  - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
126
 
 
129
 
130
  ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
131
 
132
+ ![N-gram Unique](visualizations/ngram_unique.png)
133
+
134
  ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
135
 
136
  ### Results
137
 
138
+ | N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
139
+ |--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
140
+ | **2-gram** | Word | 2,126 | 11.05 | 3,791 | 25.0% | 62.5% |
141
+ | **2-gram** | Subword | 193 🏆 | 7.60 | 1,424 | 75.4% | 99.7% |
142
+ | **3-gram** | Word | 1,572 | 10.62 | 2,726 | 28.6% | 65.6% |
143
+ | **3-gram** | Subword | 1,481 | 10.53 | 9,264 | 32.5% | 79.4% |
144
+ | **4-gram** | Word | 1,863 | 10.86 | 3,343 | 28.5% | 56.4% |
145
+ | **4-gram** | Subword | 7,317 | 12.84 | 38,756 | 16.0% | 47.2% |
146
 
147
  ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
148
 
149
+ **2-grams (Word):**
150
+
151
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
152
+ |------|--------|-------|
153
+ | 1 | `ima sada` | 613 |
154
+ | 2 | `on pe` | 485 |
155
+ | 3 | `na adong` | 408 |
156
+ | 4 | `sian on` | 359 |
157
+ | 5 | `i taon` | 350 |
158
+
159
+ **3-grams (Word):**
160
+
161
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
162
+ |------|--------|-------|
163
+ | 1 | `na adong i` | 259 |
164
+ | 2 | `kabupaten mandailing natal` | 176 |
165
+ | 3 | `i kalender gregorian` | 169 |
166
+ | 4 | `ima ari pa` | 156 |
167
+ | 5 | `sumatera utara indonesia` | 156 |
168
+
169
+ **4-grams (Word):**
170
+
171
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
172
+ |------|--------|-------|
173
+ | 1 | `provinsi sumatera utara indonesia` | 130 |
174
+ | 2 | `kabupaten mandailing natal provinsi` | 127 |
175
+ | 3 | `natal provinsi sumatera utara` | 126 |
176
+ | 4 | `mandailing natal provinsi sumatera` | 126 |
177
+ | 5 | `taon kabisat i kalender` | 125 |
178
+
179
+ **2-grams (Subword):**
180
 
181
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
182
  |------|--------|-------|
183
+ | 1 | `a n` | 41,122 |
184
+ | 2 | `a _` | 36,766 |
185
+ | 3 | `n _` | 28,003 |
186
+ | 4 | `m a` | 25,432 |
187
+ | 5 | `i _` | 24,703 |
188
 
189
+ **3-grams (Subword):**
190
 
191
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
192
  |------|--------|-------|
193
+ | 1 | `_ m a` | 15,316 |
194
+ | 2 | `a n _` | 13,300 |
195
+ | 3 | `a n g` | 11,520 |
196
+ | 4 | `_ n a` | 11,505 |
197
+ | 5 | `n a _` | 10,547 |
198
 
199
+ **4-grams (Subword):**
200
 
201
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
202
  |------|--------|-------|
203
+ | 1 | `_ n a _` | 6,885 |
204
+ | 2 | `_ m a n` | 5,972 |
205
+ | 3 | `a _ m a` | 4,367 |
206
+ | 4 | `i m a _` | 4,073 |
207
+ | 5 | `_ i m a` | 4,072 |
208
 
209
 
210
  ### Key Findings
211
 
212
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 193
213
  - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
214
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~47% of corpus
215
  - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
216
 
217
  ---
 
219
 
220
  ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
221
 
222
+ ![Markov Contexts](visualizations/markov_contexts.png)
223
+
224
  ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
225
 
226
  ### Results
227
 
228
+ | Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
229
+ |---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
230
+ | **1** | Word | 0.8051 | 1.747 | 4.52 | 26,321 | 19.5% |
231
+ | **1** | Subword | 0.8855 | 1.847 | 5.45 | 845 | 11.4% |
232
+ | **2** | Word | 0.2150 | 1.161 | 1.41 | 118,363 | 78.5% |
233
+ | **2** | Subword | 0.7881 | 1.727 | 4.37 | 4,600 | 21.2% |
234
+ | **3** | Word | 0.0511 | 1.036 | 1.07 | 165,958 | 94.9% |
235
+ | **3** | Subword | 0.7696 | 1.705 | 3.50 | 20,094 | 23.0% |
236
+ | **4** | Word | 0.0119 🏆 | 1.008 | 1.01 | 176,808 | 98.8% |
237
+ | **4** | Subword | 0.5810 | 1.496 | 2.41 | 70,348 | 41.9% |
238
+
239
+ ### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
240
+
241
+ Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
242
 
243
+ **Context Size 1:**
244
+
245
+ 1. `i etika deskriptif tanpa jejak ni ibana pautan luar angkasa internasional dot filsafat tarbonggal im...`
246
+ 2. `na ma tu kadiua pengantin adaboru i kota nagodangna ima kalimat frasa arab ا alif alif`
247
+ 3. `ima simfoni dagdanak carito na adong i kamajuan sosial yang ditunjukkan dalam menjelaskan proses pal...`
248
+
249
+ **Context Size 2:**
250
+
251
+ 1. `ima sada pamikir paling ponting ison ima bagain ni alak etika 24 25 manjadi cabang ni elmu`
252
+ 2. `on pe i artion ima panasehat mara boru na tobang tingon saro perancis partongaan dot pangujung abad`
253
+ 3. `na adong i harana suden aon bisa di turuti dungi anggon na idalani satiop get manyuan anso`
254
+
255
+ **Context Size 3:**
256
+
257
+ 1. `na adong i mandailing ima ibagain jolo ni bagas on samuloi on toru sampe tu ginjang i jepang`
258
+ 2. `kabupaten mandailing natal sumatera utara indonesia baru koordinat nai ima na adong tingon simatoban...`
259
+ 3. `ima ari pa 105 ari pa 106 i taon kabisat i kalender gregorian dohot 361 ari sanga 362`
260
+
261
+ **Context Size 4:**
262
 
263
+ 1. `kabupaten mandailing natal provinsi sumatera utara indonesia sumberna`
264
+ 2. `natal provinsi sumatera utara indonesia huta on pe adong na ima sacara alami do on inda na ibaen bae...`
265
+ 3. `mandailing natal provinsi sumatera utara indonesia i batahan`
266
+
267
+
268
+ ### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
269
+
270
+ Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
271
 
272
  **Context Size 1:**
273
 
274
+ 1. `a_hur:_ig_bumani`
275
+ 2. `_i_a_0_a_u_agong`
276
+ 3. `numayalleri_dusi`
277
 
278
  **Context Size 2:**
279
 
280
+ 1. `ang_rovskithe_tin`
281
+ 2. `a_tikabindot_puna`
282
+ 3. `n_nak,_ina_dohorc`
283
 
284
  **Context Size 3:**
285
 
286
+ 1. `_man_baru_najo._am`
287
+ 2. `an_reicht_ditasali`
288
+ 3. `ang_i_the_pada_raj`
289
 
290
  **Context Size 4:**
291
 
292
+ 1. `_na_mander_gregoria`
293
+ 2. `_manurutnia_iangir_`
294
+ 3. `a_mang,_31_taon_ima`
295
 
296
 
297
  ### Key Findings
298
 
299
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 98.8% predictability
300
  - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
301
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (70,348 contexts)
302
  - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
303
 
304
  ---
 
314
 
315
  | Metric | Value |
316
  |--------|-------|
317
+ | Vocabulary Size | 11,024 |
318
+ | Total Tokens | 173,772 |
319
+ | Mean Frequency | 15.76 |
320
+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
321
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 129.04 |
322
 
323
  ### Most Common Words
324
 
325
  | Rank | Word | Frequency |
326
  |------|------|-----------|
327
+ | 1 | i | 7,102 |
328
+ | 2 | na | 6,996 |
329
+ | 3 | ima | 3,950 |
330
+ | 4 | on | 3,907 |
331
+ | 5 | dohot | 2,932 |
332
+ | 6 | ni | 2,627 |
333
+ | 7 | dot | 2,463 |
334
+ | 8 | sada | 1,805 |
335
+ | 9 | tu | 1,679 |
336
+ | 10 | ma | 1,474 |
337
 
338
  ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
339
 
340
  | Rank | Word | Frequency |
341
  |------|------|-----------|
342
+ | 1 | harvard | 2 |
343
+ | 2 | syahadat | 2 |
344
+ | 3 | dans | 2 |
345
+ | 4 | philosophie | 2 |
346
+ | 5 | évasion | 2 |
347
+ | 6 | bénézé | 2 |
348
+ | 7 | infini | 2 |
349
+ | 8 | delà | 2 |
350
+ | 9 | telos | 2 |
351
+ | 10 | apganistan | 2 |
352
 
353
  ### Zipf's Law Analysis
354
 
355
  | Metric | Value |
356
  |--------|-------|
357
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.0692 |
358
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.988968 |
359
  | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
360
 
361
  ### Coverage Analysis
362
 
363
  | Top N Words | Coverage |
364
  |-------------|----------|
365
+ | Top 100 | 41.7% |
366
+ | Top 1,000 | 71.1% |
367
+ | Top 5,000 | 91.5% |
368
+ | Top 10,000 | 98.8% |
369
 
370
  ### Key Findings
371
 
372
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9890 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
373
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 41.7% of corpus
374
+ - **Long Tail:** 1,024 words needed for remaining 1.2% coverage
375
 
376
  ---
377
  ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
 
384
 
385
  ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
386
 
 
387
 
388
+ ### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
389
+
390
+ > *Note: Multilingual alignment visualization not available for this language.*
391
+
392
+
393
+ ### 5.2 Model Comparison
394
+
395
+ | Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
396
+ |-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
397
+ | **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.3926 🏆 | 0.4276 | N/A | N/A |
398
+ | **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.1169 | 0.4242 | N/A | N/A |
399
+ | **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.0230 | 0.4239 | N/A | N/A |
400
 
401
  ### Key Findings
402
 
403
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.3926 (more uniform distribution)
404
+ - **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.4252. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
405
+ - **Alignment Quality:** No aligned models evaluated in this run.
406
+ - **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
407
 
408
  ---
409
+ ## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
410
+
411
+ > ⚠️ **Warning:** This language shows low morphological productivity. The statistical signals used for this analysis may be noisy or less reliable than for morphologically rich languages.
412
+
413
+ This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
414
+
415
+ ### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
416
+
417
+ | Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
418
+ |--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
419
+ | Productivity Index | **0.000** | Low morphological productivity | ⚠️ Likely unreliable |
420
+ | Idiomaticity Gap | **-1.000** | Low formulaic content | - |
421
+
422
+ ### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
423
+
424
+ These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
425
+
426
+ #### Productive Prefixes
427
+ | Prefix | Examples |
428
+ |--------|----------|
429
+ | `-ma` | marmangan, manjadion, manembak |
430
+ | `-pa` | palo, pasiap, panyalahgunaan |
431
+ | `-man` | manjadion, manembak, mangargai |
432
+ | `-mar` | marmangan, mardikir, markombang |
433
+ | `-sa` | salama, samo, sasabagas |
434
+ | `-ta` | tagalog, tas, targinjang |
435
+ | `-ka` | karang, kadua, kamis |
436
+
437
+ #### Productive Suffixes
438
+ | Suffix | Examples |
439
+ |--------|----------|
440
+ | `-n` | asisten, tolongan, proclamation |
441
+ | `-an` | tolongan, panyalahgunaan, marmangan |
442
+ | `-a` | tionghua, natarida, moskwa |
443
+ | `-ng` | karang, gedung, targinjang |
444
+ | `-on` | proclamation, idasorkon, manjadion |
445
+ | `-na` | pascasarjana, nalainna, paduana |
446
+ | `-ang` | karang, targinjang, uwang |
447
+ | `-kon` | idasorkon, ilaporkon, namangobankon |
448
+
449
+ ### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
450
+
451
+ Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
452
+
453
+ | Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
454
+ |------|----------|------------------|----------|
455
+ | `anga` | 1.50x | 76 contexts | nanga, angan, sanga |
456
+ | `angk` | 1.52x | 58 contexts | angke, angka, angko |
457
+ | `mang` | 1.68x | 31 contexts | amang, mango, tamang |
458
+ | `anda` | 1.40x | 53 contexts | tanda, banda, ganda |
459
+ | `dang` | 1.48x | 41 contexts | udang, undang, sedang |
460
+ | `amba` | 1.48x | 39 contexts | hamba, tamba, gambar |
461
+ | `aran` | 1.38x | 47 contexts | arani, arang, arana |
462
+ | `ngka` | 1.41x | 39 contexts | angka, dangka, angkat |
463
+ | `ngan` | 1.32x | 43 contexts | angan, tangan, lengan |
464
+ | `anja` | 1.38x | 33 contexts | hanja, banjar, anjadi |
465
+ | `angg` | 1.31x | 39 contexts | anggi, anggo, anggap |
466
+ | `tang` | 1.35x | 29 contexts | utang, otang, tangan |
467
+
468
+ ### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
469
+
470
+ This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
471
+
472
+ | Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
473
+ |--------|--------|-----------|----------|
474
+ | `-pa` | `-n` | 297 words | parsiajaran, paridian |
475
+ | `-pa` | `-an` | 266 words | parsiajaran, paridian |
476
+ | `-ma` | `-n` | 232 words | malainkon, malahirkon |
477
+ | `-ma` | `-on` | 148 words | malainkon, malahirkon |
478
+ | `-ka` | `-n` | 111 words | kabupaten, kahangatan |
479
+ | `-ka` | `-an` | 108 words | kahangatan, kapastian |
480
+ | `-ma` | `-kon` | 96 words | malainkon, malahirkon |
481
+ | `-ma` | `-a` | 96 words | marga, maninggalnaia |
482
+ | `-ma` | `-ng` | 67 words | markombang, margelombang |
483
+ | `-ma` | `-an` | 60 words | marsegaan, masakan |
484
+
485
+ ### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
486
+
487
+ Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
488
+
489
+ | Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
490
+ |------|-----------------|------------|------|
491
+ | markalanjutan | **`mar-ka-lanjut-an`** | 7.5 | `lanjut` |
492
+ | malambangkon | **`ma-lamb-ang-kon`** | 7.5 | `lamb` |
493
+ | kabolakangan | **`ka-bolak-ang-an`** | 7.5 | `bolak` |
494
+ | kamanusiaan | **`ka-man-usia-an`** | 7.5 | `usia` |
495
+ | kakuasoanna | **`ka-kuaso-an-na`** | 7.5 | `kuaso` |
496
+ | markabangsoan | **`mar-ka-bangso-an`** | 7.5 | `bangso` |
497
+ | sakaturunan | **`sa-ka-turun-an`** | 7.5 | `turun` |
498
+ | pamabangan | **`pa-ma-bang-an`** | 7.5 | `bang` |
499
+ | paporangan | **`pa-pora-ng-an`** | 7.5 | `pora` |
500
+ | kaputusan | **`ka-putus-an`** | 6.0 | `putus` |
501
+ | martibalna | **`mar-tibal-na`** | 6.0 | `tibal` |
502
+ | mandapatkon | **`man-dapat-kon`** | 6.0 | `dapat` |
503
+ | kaseharian | **`ka-sehari-an`** | 6.0 | `sehari` |
504
+ | malahirkon | **`ma-lahir-kon`** | 6.0 | `lahir` |
505
+ | kayakinan | **`ka-yakin-an`** | 6.0 | `yakin` |
506
+
507
+ ### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
508
+
509
+ > **Automated Insight:**
510
+ The language BTM appears to be more isolating or has a highly fixed vocabulary. Word-level models perform nearly as well as subword models, indicating fewer productive morphological processes.
511
+
512
+ ---
513
+ ## 7. Summary & Recommendations
514
 
515
  ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
516
 
 
518
 
519
  | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
520
  |-----------|-------------|-----------|
521
+ | Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (5.21x) |
522
+ | N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (193) |
523
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (98.8%) |
524
  | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
525
 
526
+
527
  ---
528
  ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
529
 
 
713
  author = {Kamali, Omar},
714
  title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
715
  year = {2025},
716
+ doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
717
+ publisher = {Zenodo},
718
  url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
719
  institution = {Omneity Labs}
720
  }
 
730
  - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
731
  - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
732
  - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
733
+ - 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
734
  ---
735
  *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
736
 
737
+ *Report Date: 2026-01-03 08:51:39*
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
  "negative": 5,
10
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11
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12
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13
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3
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4
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5
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7
  }
visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png CHANGED
visualizations/embedding_norms.png CHANGED
visualizations/embedding_similarity.png CHANGED

Git LFS Details

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  • Pointer size: 131 Bytes
  • Size of remote file: 149 kB

Git LFS Details

  • SHA256: 7f86f872fd53b5adae0fdadcb8c22f16334956260b28276314234c250ad347a0
  • Pointer size: 131 Bytes
  • Size of remote file: 148 kB
visualizations/markov_branching.png CHANGED
visualizations/markov_contexts.png CHANGED