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  2. README.md +553 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/cdo_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/cdo_128d.meta.json +1 -0
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  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/cdo_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/cdo_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/cdo_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/cdo_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/cdo_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/cdo_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/cdo_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/cdo_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/cdo_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/cdo_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/cdo_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/cdo_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/cdo_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/cdo_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/cdo_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/cdo_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/cdo_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/cdo_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/cdo_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/cdo_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/cdo_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/cdo_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/cdo_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/vocabulary/cdo_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  31. models/vocabulary/cdo_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  32. models/word_markov/cdo_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  33. models/word_markov/cdo_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  34. models/word_markov/cdo_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/word_markov/cdo_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  36. models/word_markov/cdo_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/cdo_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/cdo_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/cdo_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_ngram/cdo_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_ngram/cdo_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_ngram/cdo_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_ngram/cdo_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/cdo_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/cdo_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
  47. visualizations/embedding_norms.png +0 -0
  48. visualizations/embedding_similarity.png +3 -0
  49. visualizations/markov_branching.png +0 -0
  50. visualizations/markov_contexts.png +0 -0
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: cdo
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+ language_name: CDO
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+ language_family: sinitic_other
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-sinitic_other
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 2.796
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.5460
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 12714
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+ generated: 2025-12-28
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+ ---
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+
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+ # CDO - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **CDO** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **32k** | 2.562x | 2.54 | 0.0007% | 298,320 |
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+ | **64k** | 2.796x 🏆 | 2.77 | 0.0007% | 273,367 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Pender Gông (Ĭng-ngṳ̄: Pender County) sê Mī-guók North Carolina gì siŏh ciáh gôn...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 32k | `▁pen der ▁gông ▁( ĭng - ngṳ̄ : ▁pen der ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
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+ | 64k | `▁pender ▁gông ▁( ĭng - ngṳ̄ : ▁pender ▁county ) ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Duâi dâi
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+
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+ Chók-sié
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+
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+ Guó-sié
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+
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+
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+ 分類:1170 nièng-dâi`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 32k | `▁duâi ▁dâi ▁chók - sié ▁guó - sié ▁分類 : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 64k | `▁duâi ▁dâi ▁chók - sié ▁guó - sié ▁分類 : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `1000 nièng-dâi téng 1000 nièng 1 nguŏk 1 hô̤ kăi-sṳ̄, gáu 1009 nièng 12 nguŏk 31...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 32k | `▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁nièng - dâi ▁téng ▁ ... (+36 more)` | 46 |
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+ | 64k | `▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁nièng - dâi ▁téng ▁ ... (+36 more)` | 46 |
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 2.796x compression
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+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 32k with 0.0007% unknown tokens
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+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
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+
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+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
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+
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+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
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+ | **2-gram** | 2,092 🏆 | 11.03 | 13,738 | 34.2% | 70.6% |
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+ | **2-gram** | 517 🏆 | 9.01 | 13,773 | 57.4% | 92.0% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 6,902 | 12.75 | 35,914 | 23.0% | 49.3% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 2,154 | 11.07 | 33,837 | 33.3% | 72.5% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 16,500 | 14.01 | 75,913 | 16.0% | 37.8% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 6,830 | 12.74 | 94,271 | 22.4% | 53.8% |
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+
136
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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+
138
+ **2-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
141
+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `分類 :` | 17,792 |
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+ | 2 | `̤ ng` | 9,653 |
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+ | 3 | `. 分類` | 8,000 |
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+ | 4 | `- guók` | 7,750 |
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+ | 5 | `- sié` | 7,747 |
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+
148
+ **3-grams:**
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+
150
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
152
+ | 1 | `. 分類 :` | 8,000 |
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+ | 2 | `gì siŏh ciáh` | 5,565 |
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+ | 3 | `- ngṳ ̄` | 4,336 |
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+ | 4 | `mī - guók` | 3,641 |
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+ | 5 | `gâe ̤ ng` | 3,480 |
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+
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+ **4-grams:**
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+
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+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
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+ | 1 | `sê mī - guók` | 3,211 |
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+ | 2 | `gì siŏh ciáh gông` | 3,000 |
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+ | 3 | `ciáh gông . 分類` | 3,000 |
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+ | 4 | `gông . 分類 :` | 3,000 |
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+ | 5 | `siŏh ciáh gông .` | 3,000 |
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
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+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 517
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+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~54% of corpus
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+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
176
+ ---
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+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
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+
179
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
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+
181
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
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+
183
+ ### Results
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+
185
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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+ | **1** | 0.2803 | 1.214 | 3.49 | 48,699 | 72.0% |
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+ | **1** | 0.3942 | 1.314 | 4.02 | 31,614 | 60.6% |
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+ | **2** | 0.1991 | 1.148 | 1.83 | 169,503 | 80.1% |
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+ | **2** | 0.3616 | 1.285 | 2.00 | 127,156 | 63.8% |
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+ | **3** | 0.1556 | 1.114 | 1.42 | 308,939 | 84.4% |
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+ | **3** | 0.2179 | 1.163 | 1.54 | 253,902 | 78.2% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0983 🏆 | 1.071 | 1.21 | 437,205 | 90.2% |
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+ | **4** | 0.1764 🏆 | 1.130 | 1.38 | 389,634 | 82.4% |
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+
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+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
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+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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+
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+ **Context Size 1:**
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+
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+ 1. `- hū siék gì siŏh ciáh gông . 分類 : chĭng - uăng - pū -`
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+ 2. `̤ k nâ sáng ĕu - ngiòng ( 螺洲路 ) guōng - dŏng - dōi -`
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+ 3. `gì dâ ̤ 18 艭 ngiê - guók - guó - dók “ . chók -`
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+
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+ **Context Size 2:**
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+
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+ 1. `分類 : 1370 nièng - dâi gì lùng - dŭng - ngŏk liù - giù - dôi`
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+ 2. `̤ ng hók - gióng , dâi - biēu gê ̤ ṳng - sāng - dōng gâe`
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+ 3. `. 分類 : 200 nièng - dâi - mā 分類 : 1300年代`
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+
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+ **Context Size 3:**
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+
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+ 1. `. 分類 : minnesota gì gông`
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+ 2. `gì siŏh ciáh dê - ngék - chê . 分類 : hù - báe ̤ k - chiă`
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+ 3. `- ngṳ ̄ : lafayette county ) sê mī - guók gì buô - hông gì sṳ ̆`
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+
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+ **Context Size 4:**
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+
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+ 1. `sê mī - guók colorado gì siŏh ciáh gông . 分類 : florida gì gông`
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+ 2. `gông . 分類 : michigan gì gông`
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+ 3. `siŏh ciáh gông . 分類 : indiana gì gông`
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+
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+
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+ ### Key Findings
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+
227
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 90.2% predictability
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+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (389,634 contexts)
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+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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+
232
+ ---
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+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
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+
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+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
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+
237
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
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+
239
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
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+
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+ ### Statistics
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+
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+ | Metric | Value |
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+ |--------|-------|
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+ | Vocabulary Size | 12,714 |
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+ | Total Tokens | 590,881 |
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+ | Mean Frequency | 46.47 |
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+ | Median Frequency | 3 |
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+ | Frequency Std Dev | 447.20 |
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+
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+ ### Most Common Words
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | gì | 24,268 |
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+ | 2 | 分類 | 17,794 |
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+ | 3 | ng | 16,472 |
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+ | 4 | sê | 15,967 |
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+ | 5 | siŏh | 9,713 |
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+ | 6 | guók | 9,302 |
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+ | 7 | gông | 9,087 |
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+ | 8 | sié | 8,595 |
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+ | 9 | nièng | 7,825 |
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+ | 10 | dâi | 7,699 |
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+
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+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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+
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+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
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+ |------|------|-----------|
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+ | 1 | 燈泡厰 | 2 |
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+ | 2 | 搪瓷厰 | 2 |
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+ | 3 | 保溫瓶厰 | 2 |
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+ | 4 | 啤酒厰 | 2 |
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+ | 5 | 福大機械厰 | 2 |
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+ | 6 | 抗生素厰 | 2 |
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+ | 7 | kbo | 2 |
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+ | 8 | 우주항공청 | 2 |
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+ | 9 | cho | 2 |
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+ | 10 | chit | 2 |
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+
281
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
282
+
283
+ | Metric | Value |
284
+ |--------|-------|
285
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.3995 |
286
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.979429 |
287
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
288
+
289
+ ### Coverage Analysis
290
+
291
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
292
+ |-------------|----------|
293
+ | Top 100 | 55.6% |
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+ | Top 1,000 | 90.8% |
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+ | Top 5,000 | 97.1% |
296
+ | Top 10,000 | 99.1% |
297
+
298
+ ### Key Findings
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+
300
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9794 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
301
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 55.6% of corpus
302
+ - **Long Tail:** 2,714 words needed for remaining 0.9% coverage
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+
304
+ ---
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+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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+
307
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
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+
309
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
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+
311
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
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+
313
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
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+
315
+ ### Model Comparison
316
+
317
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
318
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
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+ | **mono_32d** | 7,009 | 32 | 4.149 | 1.118 | 0.5460 🏆 |
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+ | **mono_64d** | 7,009 | 64 | 4.243 | 1.106 | 0.2037 |
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+ | **mono_128d** | 7,009 | 128 | 4.233 | 1.119 | 0.0381 |
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+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
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+
324
+ ### Key Findings
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+
326
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.5460 (more uniform distribution)
327
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
328
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 7,009 words
329
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
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+
331
+ ---
332
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
333
+
334
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
335
+
336
+ ### Production Recommendations
337
+
338
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
339
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
340
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (2.80x) with low UNK rate |
341
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (517) |
342
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (90.2%) |
343
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
344
+
345
+ ---
346
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
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+
348
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
349
+
350
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
351
+
352
+ **Compression Ratio**
353
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
354
+ >
355
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
356
+ >
357
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
358
+
359
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
360
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
361
+ >
362
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
363
+ >
364
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
365
+
366
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
367
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
368
+ >
369
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
370
+ >
371
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
372
+
373
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
374
+
375
+ **Perplexity**
376
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
377
+ >
378
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
379
+ >
380
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
381
+
382
+ **Entropy**
383
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
384
+ >
385
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
386
+ >
387
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
388
+
389
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
390
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
391
+ >
392
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
393
+ >
394
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
395
+
396
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
397
+
398
+ **Average Entropy**
399
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
400
+ >
401
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
402
+ >
403
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
404
+
405
+ **Branching Factor**
406
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
407
+ >
408
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
409
+ >
410
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
411
+
412
+ **Predictability**
413
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
414
+ >
415
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
416
+ >
417
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
418
+
419
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
420
+
421
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
422
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
423
+ >
424
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
425
+ >
426
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
427
+
428
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
429
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
430
+ >
431
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
432
+ >
433
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
434
+
435
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
436
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
437
+ >
438
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
439
+ >
440
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
441
+
442
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
443
+
444
+ **Isotropy**
445
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
446
+ >
447
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
448
+ >
449
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
450
+
451
+ **Average Norm**
452
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
453
+ >
454
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
455
+ >
456
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
457
+
458
+ **Cosine Similarity**
459
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
460
+ >
461
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
462
+ >
463
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
464
+
465
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
466
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
467
+ >
468
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
469
+ >
470
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
471
+
472
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
473
+
474
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
475
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
476
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
477
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
478
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
479
+
480
+
481
+ ### Visualizations Index
482
+
483
+ | Visualization | Description |
484
+ |---------------|-------------|
485
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
486
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
487
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
488
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
489
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
490
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
491
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
492
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
493
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
494
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
495
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
496
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
497
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
498
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
499
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
500
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
501
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
502
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
503
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
504
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
505
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
506
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
507
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
508
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
509
+
510
+ ---
511
+ ## About This Project
512
+
513
+ ### Data Source
514
+
515
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
516
+
517
+ ### Project
518
+
519
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
520
+
521
+ ### Maintainer
522
+
523
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
524
+
525
+ ### Citation
526
+
527
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
528
+
529
+ ```bibtex
530
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
531
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
532
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
533
+ year = {2025},
534
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
535
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
536
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
537
+ }
538
+ ```
539
+
540
+ ### License
541
+
542
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
543
+
544
+ ### Links
545
+
546
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
547
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
548
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
549
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
550
+ ---
551
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
552
+
553
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-28 16:25:16*
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Git LFS Details

  • SHA256: 3e51e8ea19f71accbe5593b11cf0f52d9fe4b345336d587687e26e6f454a002f
  • Pointer size: 131 Bytes
  • Size of remote file: 159 kB
visualizations/markov_branching.png ADDED
visualizations/markov_contexts.png ADDED