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- .gitattributes +1 -0
- README.md +350 -142
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ceb_128d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ceb_128d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ceb_32d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ceb_32d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ceb_64d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ceb_64d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/subword_markov/ceb_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ceb_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ceb_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ceb_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ceb_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ceb_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ceb_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ceb_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ceb_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ceb_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ceb_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ceb_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ceb_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ceb_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ceb_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ceb_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/ceb_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ceb_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ceb_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ceb_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ceb_tokenizer_64k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ceb_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ceb_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ceb_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/ceb_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
- models/vocabulary/ceb_vocabulary_metadata.json +10 -9
- models/vocabulary/ceb_vocabulary_top.parquet +3 -0
- models/vocabulary/ceb_vocabulary_top_metadata.json +20 -0
- models/word_markov/ceb_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ceb_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
.gitattributes
CHANGED
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@@ -39,3 +39,4 @@ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -t
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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---
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language: ceb
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language_name:
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language_family: austronesian_philippine_central
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tags:
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- wikilangs
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- n-gram
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- markov
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- wikipedia
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- monolingual
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- family-austronesian_philippine_central
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license: mit
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library_name: wikilangs
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pipeline_tag:
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datasets:
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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dataset_info:
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value:
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generated:
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---
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#
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## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **
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We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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## 📋 Repository Contents
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### Models & Assets
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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- N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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- Language Vocabulary
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- Language Statistics
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### Analysis and Evaluation
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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- [6.
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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### Results
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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| **8k** | 3.
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| **16k** | 3.
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| **32k** | 3.
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| **64k** | 4.
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### Tokenization Examples
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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**Sample 1:** `
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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| 32k | `▁
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| 64k | `▁
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**Sample 2:** `
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Villy, Yonne`
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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**Sample 3:** `
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Henry Doubleday
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.
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- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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### Results
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| N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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| **3-gram** | 6,
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| **3-gram** | 1,
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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**2-grams:**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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### Key Findings
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- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~
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- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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---
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### Results
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| Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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### Generated Text Samples
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Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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**Context Size 1:**
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1.
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**Context Size 2:**
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**Context Size 3:**
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**Context Size 4:**
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with
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- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (1,
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- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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---
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| Metric | Value |
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| Vocabulary Size |
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### Most Common Words
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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### Zipf's Law Analysis
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| Metric | Value |
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| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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### Coverage Analysis
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| Top N Words | Coverage |
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### Key Findings
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---
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## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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### Model Comparison
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.
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- **Recommendation:**
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---
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## 6.
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|
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@@ -342,11 +547,12 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
|
|
| 342 |
|
| 343 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 344 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 345 |
-
| Tokenizer | **
|
| 346 |
-
| N-gram | **
|
| 347 |
-
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (
|
| 348 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 349 |
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|
| 350 |
---
|
| 351 |
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 352 |
|
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@@ -536,7 +742,8 @@ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
|
|
| 536 |
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 537 |
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 538 |
year = {2025},
|
| 539 |
-
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|
|
| 540 |
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 541 |
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 542 |
}
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@@ -552,7 +759,8 @@ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
|
|
| 552 |
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 553 |
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 554 |
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
|
|
|
| 555 |
---
|
| 556 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 557 |
|
| 558 |
-
*Report Date:
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
---
|
| 2 |
language: ceb
|
| 3 |
+
language_name: Cebuano
|
| 4 |
language_family: austronesian_philippine_central
|
| 5 |
tags:
|
| 6 |
- wikilangs
|
|
|
|
| 10 |
- n-gram
|
| 11 |
- markov
|
| 12 |
- wikipedia
|
| 13 |
+
- feature-extraction
|
| 14 |
+
- sentence-similarity
|
| 15 |
+
- tokenization
|
| 16 |
+
- n-grams
|
| 17 |
+
- markov-chain
|
| 18 |
+
- text-mining
|
| 19 |
+
- fasttext
|
| 20 |
+
- babelvec
|
| 21 |
+
- vocabulous
|
| 22 |
+
- vocabulary
|
| 23 |
- monolingual
|
| 24 |
- family-austronesian_philippine_central
|
| 25 |
license: mit
|
| 26 |
library_name: wikilangs
|
| 27 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
| 28 |
datasets:
|
| 29 |
- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
|
| 30 |
dataset_info:
|
|
|
|
| 33 |
metrics:
|
| 34 |
- name: best_compression_ratio
|
| 35 |
type: compression
|
| 36 |
+
value: 4.059
|
| 37 |
- name: best_isotropy
|
| 38 |
type: isotropy
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.7670
|
| 40 |
- name: vocabulary_size
|
| 41 |
type: vocab
|
| 42 |
+
value: 0
|
| 43 |
+
generated: 2026-01-07
|
| 44 |
---
|
| 45 |
|
| 46 |
+
# Cebuano - Wikilangs Models
|
| 47 |
## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
|
| 48 |
|
| 49 |
+
This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Cebuano** Wikipedia data.
|
| 50 |
We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
|
| 51 |
|
| 52 |
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
|
|
|
| 54 |
### Models & Assets
|
| 55 |
|
| 56 |
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 57 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 58 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 59 |
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 60 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 61 |
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 62 |
- Language Statistics
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |

|
| 65 |
|
| 66 |
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 70 |
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 71 |
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 72 |
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 73 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 74 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 75 |
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 76 |
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 77 |
|
|
|
|
| 80 |
|
| 81 |

|
| 82 |
|
| 83 |
+

|
| 84 |
+
|
| 85 |
+

|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+

|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
### Results
|
| 90 |
|
| 91 |
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 92 |
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 93 |
+
| **8k** | 3.174x | 3.18 | 0.3878% | 267,679 |
|
| 94 |
+
| **16k** | 3.550x | 3.55 | 0.4338% | 239,262 |
|
| 95 |
+
| **32k** | 3.813x | 3.82 | 0.4660% | 222,758 |
|
| 96 |
+
| **64k** | 4.059x 🏆 | 4.06 | 0.4960% | 209,290 |
|
| 97 |
|
| 98 |
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 99 |
|
| 100 |
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 101 |
|
| 102 |
+
**Sample 1:** `Kahenera sa mga kaka ang Cteniza. Ang Cteniza sakop sa kabanay nga Ctenizidae. A...`
|
| 103 |
|
| 104 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 105 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 106 |
+
| 8k | `▁kahenera ▁sa ▁mga ▁kaka ▁ang ▁cten iza . ▁ang ▁cten ... (+23 more)` | 33 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 16k | `▁kahenera ▁sa ▁mga ▁kaka ▁ang ▁cten iza . ▁ang ▁cten ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 32k | `▁kahenera ▁sa ▁mga ▁kaka ▁ang ▁cten iza . ▁ang ▁cten ... (+21 more)` | 31 |
|
| 109 |
+
| 64k | `▁kahenera ▁sa ▁mga ▁kaka ▁ang ▁cten iza . ▁ang ▁cten ... (+21 more)` | 31 |
|
| 110 |
|
| 111 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Ang Jizō-saki ngalan niining mga mosunod: Heyograpiya Hapon Shakaga Hana, punta,...`
|
|
|
|
| 112 |
|
| 113 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 114 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 115 |
+
| 8k | `▁ang ▁j iz ō - s aki ▁ngalan ▁ni in ... (+47 more)` | 57 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 16k | `▁ang ▁j iz ō - s aki ▁ngalan ▁ni ining ... (+36 more)` | 46 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 32k | `▁ang ▁j iz ō - s aki ▁ngalan ▁niining ▁mga ... (+32 more)` | 42 |
|
| 118 |
+
| 64k | `▁ang ▁j iz ō - s aki ▁ngalan ▁niining ▁mga ... (+32 more)` | 42 |
|
| 119 |
|
| 120 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Ang (MCMLXXXIII) mao ang usa ka tuig sa kalendaryong Gregoryano. Ang maoy usa ka...`
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 121 |
|
| 122 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 123 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 124 |
+
| 8k | `▁ang ▁( m c m l xx x iii ) ... (+32 more)` | 42 |
|
| 125 |
+
| 16k | `▁ang ▁( m c m l xx x iii ) ... (+28 more)` | 38 |
|
| 126 |
+
| 32k | `▁ang ▁( m c m l xxx iii ) ▁mao ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
|
| 127 |
+
| 64k | `▁ang ▁( mc m l xxx iii ) ▁mao ▁ang ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 128 |
|
| 129 |
|
| 130 |
### Key Findings
|
| 131 |
|
| 132 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.059x compression
|
| 133 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.3878% unknown tokens
|
| 134 |
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 135 |
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 136 |
|
|
|
|
| 139 |
|
| 140 |

|
| 141 |
|
| 142 |
+

|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |

|
| 145 |
|
| 146 |
### Results
|
| 147 |
|
| 148 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 149 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 150 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 3,171 | 11.63 | 3,446,236 | 37.4% | 76.3% |
|
| 151 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 218 🏆 | 7.77 | 33,604 | 70.8% | 99.5% |
|
| 152 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 6,839 | 12.74 | 7,766,658 | 32.6% | 69.1% |
|
| 153 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 1,277 | 10.32 | 196,868 | 35.6% | 83.3% |
|
| 154 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 13,177 | 13.69 | 16,952,568 | 31.0% | 62.8% |
|
| 155 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 3,898 | 11.93 | 1,019,139 | 22.5% | 67.3% |
|
| 156 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 19,115 | 14.22 | 18,655,008 | 30.0% | 58.4% |
|
| 157 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 7,890 | 12.95 | 3,628,728 | 16.7% | 59.8% |
|
| 158 |
|
| 159 |
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 160 |
|
| 161 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 164 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 165 |
+
| 1 | `sa nasod` | 7,048,649 |
|
| 166 |
+
| 2 | `km sa` | 6,204,569 |
|
| 167 |
+
| 3 | `palibot sa` | 5,653,512 |
|
| 168 |
+
| 4 | `ang mga` | 5,645,464 |
|
| 169 |
+
| 5 | `mga gi` | 5,576,920 |
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 174 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 175 |
+
| 1 | `mga gi basihan` | 5,576,915 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 2 | `ang mga gi` | 5,576,913 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 3 | `gi basihan niini` | 5,576,912 |
|
| 178 |
+
| 4 | `geonames org cc` | 3,664,283 |
|
| 179 |
+
| 5 | `org cc by` | 3,664,283 |
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 184 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 185 |
+
| 1 | `ang mga gi basihan` | 5,576,913 |
|
| 186 |
+
| 2 | `mga gi basihan niini` | 5,576,912 |
|
| 187 |
+
| 3 | `geonames org cc by` | 3,664,283 |
|
| 188 |
+
| 4 | `org cc by post` | 3,664,270 |
|
| 189 |
+
| 5 | `cc by post updated` | 3,664,269 |
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 194 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 195 |
+
| 1 | `ang mga gi basihan niini` | 5,576,912 |
|
| 196 |
+
| 2 | `geonames org cc by post` | 3,664,270 |
|
| 197 |
+
| 3 | `org cc by post updated` | 3,664,269 |
|
| 198 |
+
| 4 | `cc by post updated database` | 3,664,234 |
|
| 199 |
+
| 5 | `post updated database download sa` | 3,664,233 |
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 204 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 205 |
+
| 1 | `a _` | 176,572,408 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 2 | `a n` | 170,636,786 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 3 | `n g` | 127,660,424 |
|
| 208 |
+
| 4 | `s a` | 126,044,028 |
|
| 209 |
+
| 5 | `_ s` | 125,029,167 |
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 212 |
|
| 213 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 214 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 215 |
+
| 1 | `_ s a` | 104,157,280 |
|
| 216 |
+
| 2 | `s a _` | 95,124,588 |
|
| 217 |
+
| 3 | `a n g` | 80,898,551 |
|
| 218 |
+
| 4 | `n g _` | 79,824,327 |
|
| 219 |
+
| 5 | `_ a n` | 50,392,535 |
|
| 220 |
|
| 221 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 222 |
|
| 223 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 224 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 225 |
+
| 1 | `_ s a _` | 94,060,964 |
|
| 226 |
+
| 2 | `a n g _` | 70,289,894 |
|
| 227 |
+
| 3 | `_ a n g` | 46,728,827 |
|
| 228 |
+
| 4 | `_ n g a` | 28,593,356 |
|
| 229 |
+
| 5 | `n g a _` | 26,245,654 |
|
| 230 |
|
| 231 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 232 |
|
| 233 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 234 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 235 |
+
| 1 | `_ a n g _` | 46,539,851 |
|
| 236 |
+
| 2 | `_ n g a _` | 26,090,887 |
|
| 237 |
+
| 3 | `n _ s a _` | 24,592,104 |
|
| 238 |
+
| 4 | `. _ a n g` | 21,317,144 |
|
| 239 |
+
| 5 | `a n g _ k` | 20,331,305 |
|
| 240 |
|
| 241 |
|
| 242 |
### Key Findings
|
| 243 |
|
| 244 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 218
|
| 245 |
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 246 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~60% of corpus
|
| 247 |
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 248 |
|
| 249 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 251 |
|
| 252 |

|
| 253 |
|
| 254 |
+

|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |

|
| 257 |
|
| 258 |
### Results
|
| 259 |
|
| 260 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 261 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 262 |
+
| **1** | Word | 1.4579 | 2.747 | 8.46 | 2,622,358 | 0.0% |
|
| 263 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 1.5846 | 2.999 | 12.23 | 10,636 | 0.0% |
|
| 264 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.5081 | 1.422 | 2.51 | 21,964,306 | 49.2% |
|
| 265 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.6448 | 1.564 | 3.57 | 129,845 | 35.5% |
|
| 266 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.2262 | 1.170 | 1.63 | 54,790,128 | 77.4% |
|
| 267 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.6034 | 1.519 | 3.47 | 463,245 | 39.7% |
|
| 268 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0992 🏆 | 1.071 | 1.32 | 89,104,487 | 90.1% |
|
| 269 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.6107 | 1.527 | 3.20 | 1,608,648 | 38.9% |
|
| 270 |
|
| 271 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 272 |
|
| 273 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 274 |
|
| 275 |
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 276 |
|
| 277 |
+
1. `sa lintjønnåsen bungtod mikkelhaugen ang poluostrov zuyeva sa amihanan sidlakan dagat kahaboga ang k...`
|
| 278 |
+
2. `ang kinainitan nga matang nga sama niini turkey hill sa british columbia river ang kinahabogang dapi...`
|
| 279 |
+
3. `nga sama niini villabuena del atlántico sur peru nga ugahon ang kinabasaan nga bulan hunyo sa`
|
| 280 |
|
| 281 |
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 282 |
|
| 283 |
+
1. `sa nasod ang klima bugnaw nga ugahon ang kasarangang giiniton c ang kasarangang pag ulan milimetro m...`
|
| 284 |
+
2. `km sa amihanan kasadpan sa washington d c metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa mållok`
|
| 285 |
+
3. `palibot sa desa caringin administratibo nga balangay ang kudumbuwa sa geonames org cc by post update...`
|
| 286 |
|
| 287 |
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 288 |
|
| 289 |
+
1. `mga gi basihan niini jessup guymer in austrobaileya 7 15 govaerts r ed for a full list of`
|
| 290 |
+
2. `ang mga gi basihan niini kūh e tīr sa rehiyon palibot sa parksville knob hapit nalukop sa kaumahan`
|
| 291 |
+
3. `gi basihan niini nhamiraze sa geonames org cc by post updated database download sa pahang suba sa ma...`
|
| 292 |
|
| 293 |
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 294 |
|
| 295 |
+
1. `ang mga gi basihan niini austdalen sa geonames org cc by post updated database download sa suba sa i...`
|
| 296 |
+
2. `mga gi basihan niini cañada del mundo sa dominikanhong republika nahimutang ni sa sentro nga bahin s...`
|
| 297 |
+
3. `geonames org cc by post updated database download sa bungtod sa northern estado sa sudan sa sudan ng...`
|
| 298 |
+
|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 303 |
+
|
| 304 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
1. `_nahinababaes_pi`
|
| 307 |
+
2. `a_mga_nl._sangan`
|
| 308 |
+
3. `nga_mibluagingal`
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
1. `a_amasmyctomihapr`
|
| 313 |
+
2. `andsby)];_p.m._an`
|
| 314 |
+
3. `ngaloado_nga_gel.`
|
| 315 |
+
|
| 316 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 317 |
+
|
| 318 |
+
1. `_sa_hayop_sa_tro._`
|
| 319 |
+
2. `sa_orrell_(cc-by)]`
|
| 320 |
+
3. `ang_sourgoin_tom_n`
|
| 321 |
+
|
| 322 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 323 |
+
|
| 324 |
+
1. `_sa_nasod,_km_sa_[_`
|
| 325 |
+
2. `ang_patag_tuig._kin`
|
| 326 |
+
3. `_ang_kinabarat_aaku`
|
| 327 |
|
| 328 |
|
| 329 |
### Key Findings
|
| 330 |
|
| 331 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 90.1% predictability
|
| 332 |
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 333 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (1,608,648 contexts)
|
| 334 |
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 335 |
|
| 336 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 346 |
|
| 347 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 348 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 349 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 2,197,636 |
|
| 350 |
+
| Total Tokens | 770,818,249 |
|
| 351 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 350.75 |
|
| 352 |
+
| Median Frequency | 6 |
|
| 353 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 78759.96 |
|
| 354 |
|
| 355 |
### Most Common Words
|
| 356 |
|
| 357 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 358 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 359 |
+
| 1 | sa | 95,123,802 |
|
| 360 |
+
| 2 | ang | 48,189,862 |
|
| 361 |
+
| 3 | nga | 26,091,942 |
|
| 362 |
+
| 4 | ug | 11,614,833 |
|
| 363 |
+
| 5 | mga | 11,196,843 |
|
| 364 |
+
| 6 | c | 9,761,410 |
|
| 365 |
+
| 7 | ni | 8,490,669 |
|
| 366 |
+
| 8 | niini | 7,626,074 |
|
| 367 |
+
| 9 | palibot | 7,306,530 |
|
| 368 |
+
| 10 | nasod | 7,071,533 |
|
| 369 |
|
| 370 |
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 371 |
|
| 372 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 373 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 374 |
+
| 1 | kaliforńijo | 2 |
|
| 375 |
+
| 2 | kaliforniya | 2 |
|
| 376 |
+
| 3 | کیلیفورنیا | 2 |
|
| 377 |
+
| 4 | couzzens | 2 |
|
| 378 |
+
| 5 | hellgrammite | 2 |
|
| 379 |
+
| 6 | powena | 2 |
|
| 380 |
+
| 7 | californië | 2 |
|
| 381 |
+
| 8 | mcgarva | 2 |
|
| 382 |
+
| 9 | fightertown | 2 |
|
| 383 |
+
| 10 | ferril | 2 |
|
| 384 |
|
| 385 |
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 386 |
|
| 387 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 388 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 389 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.4288 |
|
| 390 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.993579 |
|
| 391 |
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 392 |
|
| 393 |
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 394 |
|
| 395 |
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 396 |
|-------------|----------|
|
| 397 |
+
| Top 100 | 63.2% |
|
| 398 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 88.4% |
|
| 399 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 93.1% |
|
| 400 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 94.4% |
|
| 401 |
|
| 402 |
### Key Findings
|
| 403 |
|
| 404 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9936 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 405 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 63.2% of corpus
|
| 406 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 2,187,636 words needed for remaining 5.6% coverage
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 |
---
|
| 409 |
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 416 |
|
| 417 |

|
| 418 |
|
|
|
|
| 419 |
|
| 420 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+

|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+

|
| 425 |
+
|
| 426 |
+
|
| 427 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 428 |
+
|
| 429 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 430 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 431 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.7670 🏆 | 0.3194 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 432 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.7432 | 0.2748 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 433 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.6660 | 0.2423 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 434 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.7670 | 0.3286 | 0.1020 | 0.4400 |
|
| 435 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.7432 | 0.2716 | 0.2480 | 0.6140 |
|
| 436 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.6660 | 0.2452 | 0.3300 | 0.7240 |
|
| 437 |
|
| 438 |
### Key Findings
|
| 439 |
|
| 440 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7670 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 441 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.2803. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 442 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 33.0% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 443 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 444 |
|
| 445 |
---
|
| 446 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 447 |
+
|
| 448 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 449 |
+
|
| 450 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 451 |
+
|
| 452 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 453 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 454 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 455 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **-0.024** | Low formulaic content | - |
|
| 456 |
+
|
| 457 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 458 |
+
|
| 459 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 462 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 463 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 464 |
+
| `-ma` | mazanderanica, magnesita, magnhildmyra |
|
| 465 |
+
|
| 466 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 467 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 468 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 469 |
+
| `-a` | susumwa, pucanaylla, mazanderanica |
|
| 470 |
+
| `-s` | heteraxinoides, gastroglottis, supersentiens |
|
| 471 |
+
| `-en` | sveinebakken, elgemyrdalen, føytongjen |
|
| 472 |
+
| `-is` | gastroglottis, nooksackensis, naraiensis |
|
| 473 |
+
| `-us` | pseudogymnostreptus, rearedpiaractus, supremus |
|
| 474 |
+
| `-ia` | omphalomia, eugomontia, leucospilaria |
|
| 475 |
+
| `-la` | pucanaylla, diltilla, bulbulla |
|
| 476 |
+
| `-na` | thunbergiana, jajina, coolarrikinna |
|
| 477 |
+
|
| 478 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 479 |
+
|
| 480 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 481 |
+
|
| 482 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 483 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 484 |
+
| `lson` | 2.69x | 160 contexts | olson, alson, elson |
|
| 485 |
+
| `ahim` | 2.83x | 95 contexts | kahim, rahim, tahim |
|
| 486 |
+
| `eona` | 2.74x | 87 contexts | teona, meona, leona |
|
| 487 |
+
| `ngto` | 2.54x | 108 contexts | hangto, singto, langto |
|
| 488 |
+
| `ugna` | 2.37x | 146 contexts | yugna, pugna, ugnat |
|
| 489 |
+
| `ogue` | 2.44x | 115 contexts | bogue, logue, gogue |
|
| 490 |
+
| `etro` | 2.08x | 203 contexts | netro, uetro, etrou |
|
| 491 |
+
| `ands` | 2.06x | 206 contexts | sands, wands, pands |
|
| 492 |
+
| `abaw` | 2.19x | 74 contexts | mabaw, labaw, tabaw |
|
| 493 |
+
| `ecie` | 2.61x | 34 contexts | decie, pecies, specie |
|
| 494 |
+
| `ated` | 2.52x | 37 contexts | dated, rated, hated |
|
| 495 |
+
| `atag` | 1.65x | 256 contexts | atagn, datag, atago |
|
| 496 |
+
|
| 497 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 498 |
+
|
| 499 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 500 |
+
|
| 501 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 502 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 503 |
+
| `-ma` | `-a` | 56 words | matarrala, mahmudiya |
|
| 504 |
+
| `-ma` | `-s` | 25 words | macrostrobilus, macroconus |
|
| 505 |
+
| `-ma` | `-na` | 13 words | magiana, manvoumouna |
|
| 506 |
+
| `-ma` | `-us` | 9 words | macrostrobilus, macroconus |
|
| 507 |
+
| `-ma` | `-la` | 8 words | matarrala, macunolla |
|
| 508 |
+
| `-ma` | `-is` | 7 words | mallecensis, marizópolis |
|
| 509 |
+
| `-ma` | `-ia` | 4 words | maligia, mariahuslia |
|
| 510 |
+
| `-ma` | `-ra` | 3 words | mautotara, macrochiera |
|
| 511 |
+
| `-ma` | `-en` | 3 words | maben, maureen |
|
| 512 |
+
| `-ma` | `-es` | 2 words | macroscelides, mashes |
|
| 513 |
+
|
| 514 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 515 |
+
|
| 516 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 517 |
+
|
| 518 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 519 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 520 |
+
| whittieriana | **`whittier-ia-na`** | 6.0 | `whittier` |
|
| 521 |
+
| darwiniana | **`darwin-ia-na`** | 6.0 | `darwin` |
|
| 522 |
+
| huicumera | **`huicume-ra`** | 4.5 | `huicume` |
|
| 523 |
+
| javorkana | **`javorka-na`** | 4.5 | `javorka` |
|
| 524 |
+
| olavsbekken | **`olavsbekk-en`** | 4.5 | `olavsbekk` |
|
| 525 |
+
| campelles | **`campell-es`** | 4.5 | `campell` |
|
| 526 |
+
| apolinaria | **`apolinar-ia`** | 4.5 | `apolinar` |
|
| 527 |
+
| steyskalia | **`steyskal-ia`** | 4.5 | `steyskal` |
|
| 528 |
+
| liniholmen | **`liniholm-en`** | 4.5 | `liniholm` |
|
| 529 |
+
| finngrunden | **`finngrund-en`** | 4.5 | `finngrund` |
|
| 530 |
+
| maaprobahan | **`ma-aprobahan`** | 4.5 | `aprobahan` |
|
| 531 |
+
| macrostylospora | **`ma-crostylospo-ra`** | 3.0 | `crostylospo` |
|
| 532 |
+
| saharolana | **`saharo-la-na`** | 3.0 | `saharo` |
|
| 533 |
+
| maxwellensis | **`ma-xwellens-is`** | 3.0 | `xwellens` |
|
| 534 |
+
| mappianthus | **`ma-ppianth-us`** | 3.0 | `ppianth` |
|
| 535 |
+
|
| 536 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 537 |
+
|
| 538 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 539 |
+
The language Cebuano shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 540 |
+
|
| 541 |
+
---
|
| 542 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 543 |
|
| 544 |

|
| 545 |
|
|
|
|
| 547 |
|
| 548 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 549 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 550 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.06x) |
|
| 551 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (218) |
|
| 552 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (90.1%) |
|
| 553 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 554 |
|
| 555 |
+
|
| 556 |
---
|
| 557 |
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 558 |
|
|
|
|
| 742 |
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 743 |
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 744 |
year = {2025},
|
| 745 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 746 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 747 |
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 748 |
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 749 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 759 |
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 760 |
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 761 |
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 762 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 763 |
---
|
| 764 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 765 |
|
| 766 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-07 20:10:38*
|
models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_128d.bin
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|
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models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_32d_metadata.json
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|
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|
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models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_64d.bin
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models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_64d.meta.json
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{"lang": "ceb", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": true}
|
models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_64d.projection.npy
ADDED
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models/embeddings/aligned/ceb_64d_metadata.json
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|
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{
|
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|
| 3 |
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|
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|
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|
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models/embeddings/monolingual/ceb_128d.bin
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/monolingual/ceb_128d_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
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|
| 3 |
"dimension": 128,
|
| 4 |
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
-
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|
| 7 |
"min_count": 5,
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| 17 |
+
"coverage_ratio": 0.9935723581748113,
|
| 18 |
+
"tokens_excluded": 1197636
|
| 19 |
+
}
|
| 20 |
+
}
|
models/word_markov/ceb_markov_ctx1_word.parquet
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
|
|
| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
-
oid sha256:
|
| 3 |
-
size
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:8d44f8a21899c99ba775bbcd5e8e5e784ac724f54d572a7815600b0965968b7e
|
| 3 |
+
size 175693160
|
models/word_markov/ceb_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
|
|
| 2 |
"context_size": 1,
|
| 3 |
"variant": "word",
|
| 4 |
"language": "ceb",
|
| 5 |
-
"unique_contexts":
|
| 6 |
-
"total_transitions":
|
| 7 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 2 |
"context_size": 1,
|
| 3 |
"variant": "word",
|
| 4 |
"language": "ceb",
|
| 5 |
+
"unique_contexts": 2622358,
|
| 6 |
+
"total_transitions": 765128443
|
| 7 |
}
|