Upload all models and assets for co (20251201)
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- .gitattributes +6 -0
- README.md +562 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/co_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
- models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/co_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/co_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/co_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/co_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/co_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/co_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/co_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
- models/vocabulary/co_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
- models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
- models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
- models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
- models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/word_ngram/co_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
- models/word_ngram/co_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/word_ngram/co_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
- models/word_ngram/co_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/word_ngram/co_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
- models/word_ngram/co_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
- visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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| 1 |
+
---
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| 2 |
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language: co
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| 3 |
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language_name: CO
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| 4 |
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language_family: romance_galloitalic
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| 5 |
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tags:
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| 6 |
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- wikilangs
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| 7 |
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- nlp
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| 8 |
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- tokenizer
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| 9 |
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- embeddings
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| 10 |
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- n-gram
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| 11 |
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- markov
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| 12 |
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- wikipedia
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| 13 |
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- monolingual
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| 14 |
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- family-romance_galloitalic
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| 15 |
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license: mit
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| 16 |
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library_name: wikilangs
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| 17 |
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pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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| 18 |
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datasets:
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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dataset_info:
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name: wikipedia-monthly
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description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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metrics:
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| 24 |
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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| 25 |
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type: compression
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| 26 |
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value: 4.112
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| 27 |
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- name: best_isotropy
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| 28 |
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type: isotropy
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| 29 |
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value: 0.8279
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| 30 |
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- name: vocabulary_size
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| 31 |
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type: vocab
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| 32 |
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value: 60410
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| 33 |
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generated: 2025-12-28
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| 34 |
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---
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| 35 |
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# CO - Wikilangs Models
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| 37 |
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## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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| 38 |
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| 39 |
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This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **CO** Wikipedia data.
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We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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| 41 |
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| 42 |
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## 📋 Repository Contents
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| 43 |
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| 44 |
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### Models & Assets
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| 45 |
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| 46 |
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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| 47 |
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- N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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| 48 |
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- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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| 49 |
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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| 50 |
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- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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| 51 |
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- Language Vocabulary
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| 52 |
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- Language Statistics
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| 53 |
+

|
| 54 |
+
|
| 55 |
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### Analysis and Evaluation
|
| 56 |
+
|
| 57 |
+
- [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
|
| 58 |
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- [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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| 59 |
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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| 60 |
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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| 61 |
+
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 62 |
+
- [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
|
| 63 |
+
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 64 |
+
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
---
|
| 67 |
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## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
|
| 68 |
+
|
| 69 |
+

|
| 70 |
+
|
| 71 |
+
### Results
|
| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 74 |
+
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 75 |
+
| **8k** | 3.411x | 3.34 | 0.0362% | 381,463 |
|
| 76 |
+
| **16k** | 3.668x | 3.59 | 0.0389% | 354,761 |
|
| 77 |
+
| **32k** | 3.899x | 3.81 | 0.0414% | 333,726 |
|
| 78 |
+
| **64k** | 4.112x 🏆 | 4.02 | 0.0436% | 316,458 |
|
| 79 |
+
|
| 80 |
+
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 81 |
+
|
| 82 |
+
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 83 |
+
|
| 84 |
+
**Sample 1:** `hè una cumuna spagnola di a pruvincia di Soria, in a cumunità autonoma di Castig...`
|
| 85 |
+
|
| 86 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 87 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 88 |
+
| 8k | `▁hè ▁una ▁cumuna ▁spagnola ▁di ▁a ▁pruvincia ▁di ▁soria , ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
|
| 89 |
+
| 16k | `▁hè ▁una ▁cumuna ▁spagnola ▁di ▁a ▁pruvincia ▁di ▁soria , ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
|
| 90 |
+
| 32k | `▁hè ▁una ▁cumuna ▁spagnola ▁di ▁a ▁pruvincia ▁di ▁soria , ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
|
| 91 |
+
| 64k | `▁hè ▁una ▁cumuna ▁spagnola ▁di ▁a ▁pruvincia ▁di ▁soria , ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
|
| 92 |
+
|
| 93 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Aries Spears hè un attore americanu.
|
| 94 |
+
|
| 95 |
+
Biugrafia
|
| 96 |
+
|
| 97 |
+
Da vede dinò
|
| 98 |
+
Listinu di l'...`
|
| 99 |
+
|
| 100 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 101 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 102 |
+
| 8k | `▁ari es ▁spe ars ▁hè ▁un ▁attore ▁americanu . ▁biugrafia ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 103 |
+
| 16k | `▁ari es ▁spe ars ▁hè ▁un ▁attore ▁americanu . ▁biugrafia ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 104 |
+
| 32k | `▁ari es ▁spe ars ▁hè ▁un ▁attore ▁americanu . ▁biugrafia ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 105 |
+
| 64k | `▁aries ▁spears ▁hè ▁un ▁attore ▁americanu . ▁biugrafia ▁da ▁vede ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
|
| 106 |
+
|
| 107 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Arliss Howard (18 ottobre 1954) hè un attore americanu.
|
| 108 |
+
|
| 109 |
+
Da vede dinò
|
| 110 |
+
Listinu di...`
|
| 111 |
+
|
| 112 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 113 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 114 |
+
| 8k | `▁ar li ss ▁ho ward ▁( 1 8 ▁ottobre ▁ ... (+23 more)` | 33 |
|
| 115 |
+
| 16k | `▁ar li ss ▁ho ward ▁( 1 8 ▁ottobre ▁ ... (+23 more)` | 33 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 32k | `▁ar li ss ▁howard ▁( 1 8 ▁ottobre ▁ 1 ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 64k | `▁arli ss ▁howard ▁( 1 8 ▁ottobre ▁ 1 9 ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
|
| 118 |
+
|
| 119 |
+
|
| 120 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.112x compression
|
| 123 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0362% unknown tokens
|
| 124 |
+
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 125 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 126 |
+
|
| 127 |
+
---
|
| 128 |
+
## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+

|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+

|
| 133 |
+
|
| 134 |
+
### Results
|
| 135 |
+
|
| 136 |
+
| N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 137 |
+
|--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 138 |
+
| **2-gram** | 8,586 🏆 | 13.07 | 59,847 | 24.1% | 47.7% |
|
| 139 |
+
| **2-gram** | 252 🏆 | 7.98 | 3,720 | 68.2% | 99.4% |
|
| 140 |
+
| **3-gram** | 25,561 | 14.64 | 108,167 | 12.3% | 31.9% |
|
| 141 |
+
| **3-gram** | 1,976 | 10.95 | 27,040 | 26.7% | 74.8% |
|
| 142 |
+
| **4-gram** | 50,965 | 15.64 | 187,731 | 9.1% | 24.8% |
|
| 143 |
+
| **4-gram** | 10,378 | 13.34 | 132,259 | 13.2% | 40.9% |
|
| 144 |
+
|
| 145 |
+
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 146 |
+
|
| 147 |
+
**2-grams:**
|
| 148 |
+
|
| 149 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 150 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 151 |
+
| 1 | `l '` | 45,334 |
|
| 152 |
+
| 2 | `di u` | 18,690 |
|
| 153 |
+
| 3 | `di a` | 18,510 |
|
| 154 |
+
| 4 | `d '` | 14,383 |
|
| 155 |
+
| 5 | `di l` | 13,245 |
|
| 156 |
+
|
| 157 |
+
**3-grams:**
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 160 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 161 |
+
| 1 | `di l '` | 12,757 |
|
| 162 |
+
| 2 | `à l '` | 5,757 |
|
| 163 |
+
| 3 | `a famiglia di` | 4,354 |
|
| 164 |
+
| 4 | `hè una spezia` | 3,364 |
|
| 165 |
+
| 5 | `com ' è` | 3,225 |
|
| 166 |
+
|
| 167 |
+
**4-grams:**
|
| 168 |
+
|
| 169 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 170 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 171 |
+
| 1 | `di a famiglia di` | 2,632 |
|
| 172 |
+
| 2 | `a famiglia di i` | 2,171 |
|
| 173 |
+
| 3 | `hè una spezia di` | 2,067 |
|
| 174 |
+
| 4 | `à wikimedia commons .` | 1,947 |
|
| 175 |
+
| 5 | `annantu à wikimedia commons` | 1,947 |
|
| 176 |
+
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 179 |
+
|
| 180 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 252
|
| 181 |
+
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 182 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~41% of corpus
|
| 183 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 184 |
+
|
| 185 |
+
---
|
| 186 |
+
## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
|
| 187 |
+
|
| 188 |
+

|
| 189 |
+
|
| 190 |
+

|
| 191 |
+
|
| 192 |
+
### Results
|
| 193 |
+
|
| 194 |
+
| Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 195 |
+
|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 196 |
+
| **1** | 0.8152 | 1.760 | 5.44 | 128,497 | 18.5% |
|
| 197 |
+
| **1** | 1.0047 | 2.007 | 7.61 | 1,338 | 0.0% |
|
| 198 |
+
| **2** | 0.3514 | 1.276 | 1.95 | 698,773 | 64.9% |
|
| 199 |
+
| **2** | 0.9540 | 1.937 | 5.63 | 10,183 | 4.6% |
|
| 200 |
+
| **3** | 0.1551 | 1.114 | 1.31 | 1,359,938 | 84.5% |
|
| 201 |
+
| **3** | 0.8234 | 1.770 | 4.05 | 57,282 | 17.7% |
|
| 202 |
+
| **4** | 0.0762 🏆 | 1.054 | 1.13 | 1,780,901 | 92.4% |
|
| 203 |
+
| **4** | 0.6487 🏆 | 1.568 | 2.82 | 232,155 | 35.1% |
|
| 204 |
+
|
| 205 |
+
### Generated Text Samples
|
| 206 |
+
|
| 207 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
|
| 208 |
+
|
| 209 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
1. `di l ' edda l ' uparatori devi u rè unificadori , u rodanu è à`
|
| 212 |
+
2. `, i bordi di a so pusizioni giugrafica . mentri chì và , ti pristaraghju u`
|
| 213 |
+
3. `. a so nomu di a femina face di a prima u primu piannu fundata u`
|
| 214 |
+
|
| 215 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
1. `l ' esemplare più grossu mai truvatu fubbe tumbatu in angola in u mediterraniu . faci parti`
|
| 218 |
+
2. `di u cubu di u 2011 , airbnb hà raccoltu $ 119 , 8 % in isuzu`
|
| 219 |
+
3. `di a nutazioni pusiziunali micca assà diffarenti rispettu à l ' animali chì si pò mintuvà :`
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 222 |
+
|
| 223 |
+
1. `di l ' arte è di a fine di listessu annu deposita à l ' iranu . porphyrio`
|
| 224 |
+
2. `à l ' università di versailles , hè cunnisciutu sottu u nome di locu vicinu di u vechju`
|
| 225 |
+
3. `a famiglia di e liliaceae . descrizzione lucalisazione referenze ligami categoria : cumuna di corsic...`
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
1. `di a famiglia di i ranunculaceae . discrizzioni ranunculus kuepferi hè una spezia di acellu chì face...`
|
| 230 |
+
2. `a famiglia di i laniidae , chì cumprende dinù altre spezie d ' aythya . si ciba per u`
|
| 231 |
+
3. `hè una spezia di acellu chì face parte di a famiglia di i polypodiaceae . ' ssa pianta priferisce`
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
|
| 234 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 235 |
+
|
| 236 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 92.4% predictability
|
| 237 |
+
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 238 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (232,155 contexts)
|
| 239 |
+
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 240 |
+
|
| 241 |
+
---
|
| 242 |
+
## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+

|
| 245 |
+
|
| 246 |
+

|
| 247 |
+
|
| 248 |
+

|
| 249 |
+
|
| 250 |
+
### Statistics
|
| 251 |
+
|
| 252 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 253 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 254 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 60,410 |
|
| 255 |
+
| Total Tokens | 2,262,071 |
|
| 256 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 37.45 |
|
| 257 |
+
| Median Frequency | 4 |
|
| 258 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 967.51 |
|
| 259 |
+
|
| 260 |
+
### Most Common Words
|
| 261 |
+
|
| 262 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 263 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 264 |
+
| 1 | di | 143,631 |
|
| 265 |
+
| 2 | u | 84,326 |
|
| 266 |
+
| 3 | a | 76,229 |
|
| 267 |
+
| 4 | è | 67,228 |
|
| 268 |
+
| 5 | in | 58,950 |
|
| 269 |
+
| 6 | à | 58,500 |
|
| 270 |
+
| 7 | l | 48,443 |
|
| 271 |
+
| 8 | hè | 46,128 |
|
| 272 |
+
| 9 | i | 45,172 |
|
| 273 |
+
| 10 | da | 24,646 |
|
| 274 |
+
|
| 275 |
+
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 278 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 279 |
+
| 1 | corsehttps | 2 |
|
| 280 |
+
| 2 | secchia | 2 |
|
| 281 |
+
| 3 | bergeries | 2 |
|
| 282 |
+
| 4 | douleur | 2 |
|
| 283 |
+
| 5 | bouvier | 2 |
|
| 284 |
+
| 6 | spezialità | 2 |
|
| 285 |
+
| 7 | alerta | 2 |
|
| 286 |
+
| 8 | francebleu | 2 |
|
| 287 |
+
| 9 | emissions | 2 |
|
| 288 |
+
| 10 | ꦈꦠꦩ | 2 |
|
| 289 |
+
|
| 290 |
+
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 291 |
+
|
| 292 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 293 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 294 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.0521 |
|
| 295 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.997001 |
|
| 296 |
+
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 297 |
+
|
| 298 |
+
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 301 |
+
|-------------|----------|
|
| 302 |
+
| Top 100 | 48.2% |
|
| 303 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 68.9% |
|
| 304 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 83.6% |
|
| 305 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 89.1% |
|
| 306 |
+
|
| 307 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 308 |
+
|
| 309 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9970 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 310 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 48.2% of corpus
|
| 311 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 50,410 words needed for remaining 10.9% coverage
|
| 312 |
+
|
| 313 |
+
---
|
| 314 |
+
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
| 315 |
+
|
| 316 |
+

|
| 317 |
+
|
| 318 |
+

|
| 319 |
+
|
| 320 |
+

|
| 321 |
+
|
| 322 |
+

|
| 323 |
+
|
| 324 |
+
### Model Comparison
|
| 325 |
+
|
| 326 |
+
| Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
|
| 327 |
+
|-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
|
| 328 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32,860 | 32 | 4.128 | 1.155 | 0.8279 🏆 |
|
| 329 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 32,860 | 64 | 4.723 | 1.023 | 0.8160 |
|
| 330 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 32,860 | 128 | 5.374 | 0.857 | 0.7544 |
|
| 331 |
+
| **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
|
| 332 |
+
|
| 333 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 334 |
+
|
| 335 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8279 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 336 |
+
- **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
|
| 337 |
+
- **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 32,860 words
|
| 338 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
|
| 339 |
+
|
| 340 |
+
---
|
| 341 |
+
## 6. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 342 |
+
|
| 343 |
+

|
| 344 |
+
|
| 345 |
+
### Production Recommendations
|
| 346 |
+
|
| 347 |
+
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 348 |
+
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 349 |
+
| Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.11x) with low UNK rate |
|
| 350 |
+
| N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (252) |
|
| 351 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (92.4%) |
|
| 352 |
+
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 353 |
+
|
| 354 |
+
---
|
| 355 |
+
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 356 |
+
|
| 357 |
+
This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
|
| 358 |
+
|
| 359 |
+
### Tokenizer Metrics
|
| 360 |
+
|
| 361 |
+
**Compression Ratio**
|
| 362 |
+
> *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
|
| 363 |
+
>
|
| 364 |
+
> *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
|
| 365 |
+
>
|
| 366 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
|
| 367 |
+
|
| 368 |
+
**Average Token Length (Fertility)**
|
| 369 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
|
| 370 |
+
>
|
| 371 |
+
> *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
|
| 372 |
+
>
|
| 373 |
+
> *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
|
| 374 |
+
|
| 375 |
+
**Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
|
| 376 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
|
| 377 |
+
>
|
| 378 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
|
| 379 |
+
>
|
| 380 |
+
> *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
|
| 381 |
+
|
| 382 |
+
### N-gram Model Metrics
|
| 383 |
+
|
| 384 |
+
**Perplexity**
|
| 385 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
|
| 386 |
+
>
|
| 387 |
+
> *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
|
| 388 |
+
>
|
| 389 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
|
| 390 |
+
|
| 391 |
+
**Entropy**
|
| 392 |
+
> *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
|
| 393 |
+
>
|
| 394 |
+
> *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
|
| 395 |
+
>
|
| 396 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
|
| 397 |
+
|
| 398 |
+
**Coverage (Top-K)**
|
| 399 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
|
| 400 |
+
>
|
| 401 |
+
> *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
|
| 402 |
+
>
|
| 403 |
+
> *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
|
| 404 |
+
|
| 405 |
+
### Markov Chain Metrics
|
| 406 |
+
|
| 407 |
+
**Average Entropy**
|
| 408 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
|
| 409 |
+
>
|
| 410 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
|
| 411 |
+
>
|
| 412 |
+
> *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
|
| 413 |
+
|
| 414 |
+
**Branching Factor**
|
| 415 |
+
> *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
|
| 416 |
+
>
|
| 417 |
+
> *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
|
| 418 |
+
>
|
| 419 |
+
> *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
|
| 420 |
+
|
| 421 |
+
**Predictability**
|
| 422 |
+
> *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
|
| 423 |
+
>
|
| 424 |
+
> *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
|
| 425 |
+
>
|
| 426 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
|
| 427 |
+
|
| 428 |
+
### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
|
| 429 |
+
|
| 430 |
+
**Zipf's Coefficient**
|
| 431 |
+
> *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
|
| 432 |
+
>
|
| 433 |
+
> *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
|
| 434 |
+
>
|
| 435 |
+
> *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
|
| 436 |
+
|
| 437 |
+
**R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
|
| 438 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
|
| 439 |
+
>
|
| 440 |
+
> *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
|
| 441 |
+
>
|
| 442 |
+
> *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
|
| 443 |
+
|
| 444 |
+
**Vocabulary Coverage**
|
| 445 |
+
> *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
|
| 446 |
+
>
|
| 447 |
+
> *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
|
| 448 |
+
>
|
| 449 |
+
> *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
|
| 450 |
+
|
| 451 |
+
### Word Embedding Metrics
|
| 452 |
+
|
| 453 |
+
**Isotropy**
|
| 454 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
|
| 455 |
+
>
|
| 456 |
+
> *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
|
| 457 |
+
>
|
| 458 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
|
| 459 |
+
|
| 460 |
+
**Average Norm**
|
| 461 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
|
| 462 |
+
>
|
| 463 |
+
> *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
|
| 464 |
+
>
|
| 465 |
+
> *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
|
| 466 |
+
|
| 467 |
+
**Cosine Similarity**
|
| 468 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
|
| 469 |
+
>
|
| 470 |
+
> *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
|
| 471 |
+
>
|
| 472 |
+
> *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
|
| 473 |
+
|
| 474 |
+
**t-SNE Visualization**
|
| 475 |
+
> *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
|
| 476 |
+
>
|
| 477 |
+
> *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
|
| 478 |
+
>
|
| 479 |
+
> *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
|
| 480 |
+
|
| 481 |
+
### General Interpretation Guidelines
|
| 482 |
+
|
| 483 |
+
1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
|
| 484 |
+
2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
|
| 485 |
+
3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
|
| 486 |
+
4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
|
| 487 |
+
5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
|
| 488 |
+
|
| 489 |
+
|
| 490 |
+
### Visualizations Index
|
| 491 |
+
|
| 492 |
+
| Visualization | Description |
|
| 493 |
+
|---------------|-------------|
|
| 494 |
+
| Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
|
| 495 |
+
| Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
|
| 496 |
+
| Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
|
| 497 |
+
| Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
|
| 498 |
+
| N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
|
| 499 |
+
| N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
|
| 500 |
+
| N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
|
| 501 |
+
| N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
|
| 502 |
+
| Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
|
| 503 |
+
| Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
|
| 504 |
+
| Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
|
| 505 |
+
| Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
|
| 506 |
+
| Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
|
| 507 |
+
| Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
|
| 508 |
+
| Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
|
| 509 |
+
| Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
|
| 510 |
+
| Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
|
| 511 |
+
| Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
|
| 512 |
+
| Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
|
| 513 |
+
| t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
|
| 514 |
+
| t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
|
| 515 |
+
| Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
|
| 516 |
+
| Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
|
| 517 |
+
| Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
|
| 518 |
+
|
| 519 |
+
---
|
| 520 |
+
## About This Project
|
| 521 |
+
|
| 522 |
+
### Data Source
|
| 523 |
+
|
| 524 |
+
Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
|
| 525 |
+
|
| 526 |
+
### Project
|
| 527 |
+
|
| 528 |
+
A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
|
| 529 |
+
|
| 530 |
+
### Maintainer
|
| 531 |
+
|
| 532 |
+
[Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
|
| 533 |
+
|
| 534 |
+
### Citation
|
| 535 |
+
|
| 536 |
+
If you use these models in your research, please cite:
|
| 537 |
+
|
| 538 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 539 |
+
@misc{wikilangs2025,
|
| 540 |
+
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 541 |
+
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 542 |
+
year = {2025},
|
| 543 |
+
publisher = {HuggingFace},
|
| 544 |
+
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 545 |
+
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 546 |
+
}
|
| 547 |
+
```
|
| 548 |
+
|
| 549 |
+
### License
|
| 550 |
+
|
| 551 |
+
MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
|
| 552 |
+
|
| 553 |
+
### Links
|
| 554 |
+
|
| 555 |
+
- 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
|
| 556 |
+
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 557 |
+
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 558 |
+
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 559 |
+
---
|
| 560 |
+
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 561 |
+
|
| 562 |
+
*Report Date: 2025-12-28 23:12:11*
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/co_128d.bin
ADDED
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
| 12 |
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|
| 13 |
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|
models/embeddings/monolingual/co_32d.bin
ADDED
|
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ADDED
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|
| 1 |
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|
models/embeddings/monolingual/co_32d_metadata.json
ADDED
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|
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|
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|
| 3 |
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
models/embeddings/monolingual/co_64d.bin
ADDED
|
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models/embeddings/monolingual/co_64d.meta.json
ADDED
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "co", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/co_64d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
| 1 |
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{
|
| 2 |
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"language": "co",
|
| 3 |
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"dimension": 64,
|
| 4 |
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"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
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"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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"min_count": 5,
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"window": 5,
|
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"negative": 5,
|
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"epochs": 5
|
| 11 |
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},
|
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|
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}
|
models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 79505
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models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
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"context_size": 1,
|
| 3 |
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"variant": "subword",
|
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"language": "co",
|
| 5 |
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|
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|
| 7 |
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|
models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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|
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|
|
|
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 475061
|
models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
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"context_size": 2,
|
| 3 |
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"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
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"language": "co",
|
| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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|
|
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|
| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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|
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size 1796414
|
models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"context_size": 3,
|
| 3 |
+
"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
+
"language": "co",
|
| 5 |
+
"unique_contexts": 57282,
|
| 6 |
+
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|
| 7 |
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}
|
models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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|
| 3 |
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size 5163799
|
models/subword_markov/co_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"context_size": 4,
|
| 3 |
+
"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
+
"language": "co",
|
| 5 |
+
"unique_contexts": 232155,
|
| 6 |
+
"total_transitions": 13895829
|
| 7 |
+
}
|
models/subword_ngram/co_2gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:7c590fbecb8a6478958f0834c16ef9fa20994cd0d160f3be79aaf7b0a95db119
|
| 3 |
+
size 49835
|
models/subword_ngram/co_2gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"n": 2,
|
| 3 |
+
"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
+
"language": "co",
|
| 5 |
+
"unique_ngrams": 3720,
|
| 6 |
+
"total_ngrams": 13921716
|
| 7 |
+
}
|
models/subword_ngram/co_3gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:58d1ad13e8ff8840d69a15f6a5270873cd07563a631a1a6116168bea8d4953c7
|
| 3 |
+
size 345886
|
models/subword_ngram/co_3gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"n": 3,
|
| 3 |
+
"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
+
"language": "co",
|
| 5 |
+
"unique_ngrams": 27040,
|
| 6 |
+
"total_ngrams": 13913087
|
| 7 |
+
}
|
models/subword_ngram/co_4gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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models/subword_ngram/co_4gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
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{
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 6 |
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| 7 |
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models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_16k.model
ADDED
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_16k.vocab
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models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_32k.model
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_32k.vocab
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_64k.model
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_64k.vocab
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_8k.model
ADDED
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/co_tokenizer_8k.vocab
ADDED
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models/vocabulary/co_vocabulary.parquet
ADDED
|
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/vocabulary/co_vocabulary_metadata.json
ADDED
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| 15 |
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models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx1_word.parquet
ADDED
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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| 1 |
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| 3 |
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| 7 |
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models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx2_word.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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| 1 |
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models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx3_word.parquet
ADDED
|
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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| 1 |
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{
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|
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models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx4_word.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 29571363
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models/word_markov/co_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json
ADDED
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@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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| 1 |
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{
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| 6 |
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| 7 |
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models/word_ngram/co_2gram_word.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 848542
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models/word_ngram/co_2gram_word_metadata.json
ADDED
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@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 4 |
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| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/word_ngram/co_3gram_word.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/word_ngram/co_3gram_word_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/word_ngram/co_4gram_word.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/word_ngram/co_4gram_word_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
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|
| 1 |
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| 2 |
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| 7 |
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visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png
ADDED
|