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Upload all models and assets for da (20251201)

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  2. README.md +576 -0
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_128d.bin +3 -0
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/da_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/da_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/da_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/da_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/da_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/da_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/da_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/da_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/da_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/da_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/da_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/da_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/da_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/da_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/da_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/da_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/da_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/da_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/da_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/da_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/da_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/da_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/da_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/da_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/da_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/da_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/da_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/da_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/da_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/da_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/da_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/da_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/da_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/da_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/da_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/da_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/da_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/da_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/da_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: da
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+ language_name: Danish
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+ language_family: germanic_north
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-germanic_north
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.256
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.7852
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 974563
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+ generated: 2025-12-29
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+ ---
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+
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+ # Danish - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Danish** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
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+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
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+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
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+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.425x | 3.39 | 0.1175% | 1,887,939 |
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+ | **16k** | 3.744x | 3.70 | 0.1284% | 1,727,173 |
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+ | **32k** | 4.025x | 3.98 | 0.1381% | 1,606,621 |
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+ | **64k** | 4.256x 🏆 | 4.21 | 0.1460% | 1,519,331 |
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+
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+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
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+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Se også 564 (tal)
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+
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+ Begivenheder
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+
88
+ Født
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+
90
+ Dødsfald
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+
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+ Eksterne henvisninger
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+
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+ ...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁se ▁også ▁ 5 6 4 ▁( tal ) ▁begivenheder ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 16k | `▁se ▁også ▁ 5 6 4 ▁( tal ) ▁begivenheder ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 32k | `▁se ▁også ▁ 5 6 4 ▁( tal ) ▁begivenheder ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 64k | `▁se ▁også ▁ 5 6 4 ▁( tal ) ▁begivenheder ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `Rikuya Izutsu (født 10. februar 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller.
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+
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+ Referencer...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁ri ku ya ▁i z ut su ▁( født ▁ ... (+23 more)` | 33 |
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+ | 16k | `▁ri ku ya ▁i z ut su ▁( født ▁ ... (+23 more)` | 33 |
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+ | 32k | `▁ri ku ya ▁iz ut su ▁( født ▁ 1 ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
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+ | 64k | `▁ri ku ya ▁iz utsu ▁( født ▁ 1 0 ... (+21 more)` | 31 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `Se også 598 (tal)
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+
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+ Begivenheder
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+
118
+ Født
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+
120
+ Dødsfald
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+
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+ Eksterne henvisninger
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+
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+ ...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁se ▁også ▁ 5 9 8 ▁( tal ) ▁begivenheder ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 16k | `▁se ▁også ▁ 5 9 8 ▁( tal ) ▁begivenheder ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 32k | `▁se ▁også ▁ 5 9 8 ▁( tal ) ▁begivenheder ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+ | 64k | `▁se ▁også ▁ 5 9 8 ▁( tal ) ▁begivenheder ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
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+
133
+
134
+ ### Key Findings
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+
136
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.256x compression
137
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1175% unknown tokens
138
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
139
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
140
+
141
+ ---
142
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
143
+
144
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
145
+
146
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
147
+
148
+ ### Results
149
+
150
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
151
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
152
+ | **2-gram** | 147,251 🏆 | 17.17 | 1,987,899 | 9.8% | 23.4% |
153
+ | **2-gram** | 347 🏆 | 8.44 | 19,771 | 62.6% | 98.3% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 860,751 | 19.72 | 4,757,337 | 4.0% | 10.6% |
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+ | **3-gram** | 3,240 | 11.66 | 192,309 | 23.7% | 65.1% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 2,463,069 | 21.23 | 8,589,777 | 2.8% | 7.0% |
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+ | **4-gram** | 20,967 | 14.36 | 1,299,708 | 11.6% | 35.0% |
158
+
159
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
160
+
161
+ **2-grams:**
162
+
163
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
164
+ |------|--------|-------|
165
+ | 1 | `kategori :` | 797,923 |
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+ | 2 | `, og` | 388,695 |
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+ | 3 | `, der` | 367,530 |
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+ | 4 | `. i` | 304,754 |
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+ | 5 | `, som` | 301,325 |
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+
171
+ **3-grams:**
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+
173
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
174
+ |------|--------|-------|
175
+ | 1 | `henvisninger kategori :` | 91,987 |
176
+ | 2 | `eksterne henvisninger kategori` | 84,554 |
177
+ | 3 | `danmark kategori :` | 75,266 |
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+ | 4 | `referencer eksterne henvisninger` | 69,753 |
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+ | 5 | `) er en` | 69,674 |
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+
181
+ **4-grams:**
182
+
183
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
184
+ |------|--------|-------|
185
+ | 1 | `eksterne henvisninger kategori :` | 84,554 |
186
+ | 2 | `fra danmark kategori :` | 64,734 |
187
+ | 3 | `referencer eksterne henvisninger kategori` | 49,030 |
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+ | 4 | `kategori : fodboldspillere fra` | 42,815 |
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+ | 5 | `bl . a .` | 42,727 |
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+
191
+
192
+ ### Key Findings
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+
194
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 347
195
+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
196
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~35% of corpus
197
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
198
+
199
+ ---
200
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
201
+
202
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
203
+
204
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
205
+
206
+ ### Results
207
+
208
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
209
+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
210
+ | **1** | 0.7002 | 1.625 | 8.20 | 2,503,524 | 30.0% |
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+ | **1** | 1.4386 | 2.710 | 9.82 | 7,827 | 0.0% |
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+ | **2** | 0.4144 | 1.333 | 2.67 | 20,511,480 | 58.6% |
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+ | **2** | 0.7435 | 1.674 | 5.32 | 76,803 | 25.6% |
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+ | **3** | 0.1972 | 1.146 | 1.49 | 54,702,359 | 80.3% |
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+ | **3** | 0.9118 | 1.881 | 5.38 | 408,247 | 8.8% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0910 🏆 | 1.065 | 1.18 | 81,699,919 | 90.9% |
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+ | **4** | 0.7874 🏆 | 1.726 | 3.84 | 2,194,966 | 21.3% |
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+
219
+ ### Generated Text Samples
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+
221
+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
222
+
223
+ **Context Size 1:**
224
+
225
+ 1. `. ali var således at lukke alle ved nogle indfødte var de fleste insektarter fundet sted`
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+ 2. `, fra 1979 fuldmægtig ved opførelsen af en metrostation nedenunder , men palle von gyldenskiold (`
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+ 3. `i fjendskab mellem køge bugt , som ejendommen var blevet beskrevet som har stenz . von`
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+
229
+ **Context Size 2:**
230
+
231
+ 1. `kategori : arveret kategori : sovjetiske film fra 2009 kategori : museer i oslo kategori : modtagere`
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+ 2. `, og det sydlige hellas og bliver dræbt af en anden organisation , der stod udenfor eu`
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+ 3. `, der indsamler penge til sin karriere og er det dominerende træ . gunnar carlquist ( født`
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+
235
+ **Context Size 3:**
236
+
237
+ 1. `henvisninger kategori : ideologier kategori : etnicitet kategori : immaterialret kategori : straffel...`
238
+ 2. `eksterne henvisninger kategori : kenyas provinser`
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+ 3. `danmark kategori : fløjtenister fra danmark kategori : maskinfabrikker i danmark kategori : det dans...`
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+
241
+ **Context Size 4:**
242
+
243
+ 1. `eksterne henvisninger kategori : fugle fra vestasien kategori : ræve`
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+ 2. `fra danmark kategori : personer i dansk biografisk leksikon kategori : tyskere i 1900 - tallet kateg...`
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+ 3. `referencer eksterne henvisninger kategori : elvis presley - sange kategori : singler fra 1963 katego...`
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+
247
+
248
+ ### Key Findings
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+
250
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 90.9% predictability
251
+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
252
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (2,194,966 contexts)
253
+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
254
+
255
+ ---
256
+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
257
+
258
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
259
+
260
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
261
+
262
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
263
+
264
+ ### Statistics
265
+
266
+ | Metric | Value |
267
+ |--------|-------|
268
+ | Vocabulary Size | 974,563 |
269
+ | Total Tokens | 94,217,021 |
270
+ | Mean Frequency | 96.68 |
271
+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
272
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 6265.69 |
273
+
274
+ ### Most Common Words
275
+
276
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
277
+ |------|------|-----------|
278
+ | 1 | i | 3,414,957 |
279
+ | 2 | og | 2,580,527 |
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+ | 3 | af | 1,724,110 |
281
+ | 4 | en | 1,367,373 |
282
+ | 5 | til | 1,141,339 |
283
+ | 6 | er | 1,091,325 |
284
+ | 7 | den | 1,045,804 |
285
+ | 8 | at | 983,539 |
286
+ | 9 | på | 952,118 |
287
+ | 10 | som | 942,026 |
288
+
289
+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
290
+
291
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
292
+ |------|------|-----------|
293
+ | 1 | sinoefloden | 2 |
294
+ | 2 | deathconsciousness | 2 |
295
+ | 3 | folkedanseforeninger | 2 |
296
+ | 4 | affranchi | 2 |
297
+ | 5 | superfilmen | 2 |
298
+ | 6 | kettletoft | 2 |
299
+ | 7 | sandays | 2 |
300
+ | 8 | crummack | 2 |
301
+ | 9 | rousays | 2 |
302
+ | 10 | 2025919140 | 2 |
303
+
304
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
305
+
306
+ | Metric | Value |
307
+ |--------|-------|
308
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.0148 |
309
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.997060 |
310
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
311
+
312
+ ### Coverage Analysis
313
+
314
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
315
+ |-------------|----------|
316
+ | Top 100 | 36.6% |
317
+ | Top 1,000 | 57.4% |
318
+ | Top 5,000 | 73.3% |
319
+ | Top 10,000 | 79.6% |
320
+
321
+ ### Key Findings
322
+
323
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9971 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
324
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 36.6% of corpus
325
+ - **Long Tail:** 964,563 words needed for remaining 20.4% coverage
326
+
327
+ ---
328
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
329
+
330
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
331
+
332
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
333
+
334
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
335
+
336
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
337
+
338
+ ### Model Comparison
339
+
340
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
341
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
342
+ | **mono_32d** | 679,813 | 32 | 3.066 | 0.860 | 0.7852 🏆 |
343
+ | **mono_64d** | 679,813 | 64 | 3.485 | 0.868 | 0.7644 |
344
+ | **mono_128d** | 679,813 | 128 | 3.895 | 0.896 | 0.7063 |
345
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
346
+
347
+ ### Key Findings
348
+
349
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7852 (more uniform distribution)
350
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
351
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 679,813 words
352
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
353
+
354
+ ---
355
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
356
+
357
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
358
+
359
+ ### Production Recommendations
360
+
361
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
362
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
363
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.26x) with low UNK rate |
364
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (347) |
365
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (90.9%) |
366
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
367
+
368
+ ---
369
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
370
+
371
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
372
+
373
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
374
+
375
+ **Compression Ratio**
376
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
377
+ >
378
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
379
+ >
380
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
381
+
382
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
383
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
384
+ >
385
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
386
+ >
387
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
388
+
389
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
390
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
391
+ >
392
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
393
+ >
394
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
395
+
396
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
397
+
398
+ **Perplexity**
399
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
400
+ >
401
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
402
+ >
403
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
404
+
405
+ **Entropy**
406
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
407
+ >
408
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
409
+ >
410
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
411
+
412
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
413
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
414
+ >
415
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
416
+ >
417
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
418
+
419
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
420
+
421
+ **Average Entropy**
422
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
423
+ >
424
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
425
+ >
426
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
427
+
428
+ **Branching Factor**
429
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
430
+ >
431
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
432
+ >
433
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
434
+
435
+ **Predictability**
436
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
437
+ >
438
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
439
+ >
440
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
441
+
442
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
443
+
444
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
445
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
446
+ >
447
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
448
+ >
449
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
450
+
451
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
452
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
453
+ >
454
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
455
+ >
456
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
457
+
458
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
459
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
460
+ >
461
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
462
+ >
463
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
464
+
465
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
466
+
467
+ **Isotropy**
468
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
469
+ >
470
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
471
+ >
472
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
473
+
474
+ **Average Norm**
475
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
476
+ >
477
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
478
+ >
479
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
480
+
481
+ **Cosine Similarity**
482
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
483
+ >
484
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
485
+ >
486
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
487
+
488
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
489
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
490
+ >
491
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
492
+ >
493
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
494
+
495
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
496
+
497
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
498
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
499
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
500
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
501
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
502
+
503
+
504
+ ### Visualizations Index
505
+
506
+ | Visualization | Description |
507
+ |---------------|-------------|
508
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
509
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
510
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
511
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
512
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
513
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
514
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
515
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
516
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
517
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
518
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
519
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
520
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
521
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
522
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
523
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
524
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
525
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
526
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
527
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
528
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
529
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
530
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
531
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
532
+
533
+ ---
534
+ ## About This Project
535
+
536
+ ### Data Source
537
+
538
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
539
+
540
+ ### Project
541
+
542
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
543
+
544
+ ### Maintainer
545
+
546
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
547
+
548
+ ### Citation
549
+
550
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
551
+
552
+ ```bibtex
553
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
554
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
555
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
556
+ year = {2025},
557
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
558
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
559
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
560
+ }
561
+ ```
562
+
563
+ ### License
564
+
565
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
566
+
567
+ ### Links
568
+
569
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
570
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
571
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
572
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
573
+ ---
574
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
575
+
576
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-29 09:01:56*
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