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- .gitattributes +1 -0
- README.md +310 -126
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/din_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/din_128d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/din_128d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/din_32d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/din_32d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/din_64d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/din_64d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/subword_markov/din_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/din_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/din_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/din_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/din_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/din_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/din_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/din_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/din_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/din_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/din_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/din_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/din_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/din_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/din_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/din_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/din_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/din_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/din_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/din_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/din_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/din_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/din_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
- models/vocabulary/din_vocabulary_metadata.json +10 -9
- models/word_markov/din_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/din_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/din_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/din_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/din_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/din_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +2 -2
.gitattributes
CHANGED
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@@ -39,3 +39,4 @@ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -t
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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---
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language: din
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language_name:
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language_family: african_nilotic
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tags:
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- wikilangs
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- n-gram
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- markov
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- wikipedia
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- monolingual
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- family-african_nilotic
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license: mit
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library_name: wikilangs
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pipeline_tag:
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datasets:
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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dataset_info:
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value:
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generated:
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---
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#
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## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **
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We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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## 📋 Repository Contents
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### Models & Assets
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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- N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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- Language Vocabulary
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- Language Statistics
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### Analysis and Evaluation
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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- [6.
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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### Results
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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| **8k** | 3.
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| **16k** | 3.
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| **32k** | 4.
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### Tokenization Examples
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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**Sample 1:** `
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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| 16k | `▁
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| 32k | `▁
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**Sample 2:** `Heen acï puööu miet apeidït ne rin cïï ok rot mat thääi pinynhom yiic.
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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**Sample 3:**
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Japan ee pamac tɔ Athiɛ. Genamaatnhomde ayee cɔl Tokyo...`
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Compression:** 32k achieves 4.
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- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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### Results
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| N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Perplexity:**
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- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~
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- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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---
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### Results
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| Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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### Generated Text Samples
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Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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**Context Size 1:**
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**Context Size 2:**
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**Context Size 4:**
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### Key Findings
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- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (
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- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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---
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Vocabulary Size | 5,
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| Mean Frequency |
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| Median Frequency | 3 |
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### Most Common Words
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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|------|------|-----------|
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| 1 | mayall | 2 |
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| 2 | cream | 2 |
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| 7 | pïlïbït | 2 |
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| 8 | tïgër | 2 |
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Zipf Coefficient | 1.
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| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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### Coverage Analysis
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| Top N Words | Coverage |
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|-------------|----------|
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| Top 10,000 | 0.0% |
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### Key Findings
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- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9893 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
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---
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## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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### Model Comparison
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.
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- **Recommendation:**
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---
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-
##
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@@ -337,11 +518,12 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
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|-----------|-------------|-----------|
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-
| Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.
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| 341 |
-
| N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (
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-
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (
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| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
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---
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## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
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@@ -531,7 +713,8 @@ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
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author = {Kamali, Omar},
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title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
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year = {2025},
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-
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url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
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institution = {Omneity Labs}
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}
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@@ -547,7 +730,8 @@ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
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- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
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- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
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- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
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---
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*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
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-
*Report Date:
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| 1 |
---
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language: din
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+
language_name: Dinka
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language_family: african_nilotic
|
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tags:
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- wikilangs
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| 10 |
- n-gram
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- markov
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- wikipedia
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| 13 |
+
- feature-extraction
|
| 14 |
+
- sentence-similarity
|
| 15 |
+
- tokenization
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+
- n-grams
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| 17 |
+
- markov-chain
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| 18 |
+
- text-mining
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| 19 |
+
- fasttext
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| 20 |
+
- babelvec
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| 21 |
+
- vocabulous
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| 22 |
+
- vocabulary
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| 23 |
- monolingual
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| 24 |
- family-african_nilotic
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| 25 |
license: mit
|
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library_name: wikilangs
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+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
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datasets:
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| 29 |
- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
|
| 30 |
dataset_info:
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|
|
| 33 |
metrics:
|
| 34 |
- name: best_compression_ratio
|
| 35 |
type: compression
|
| 36 |
+
value: 4.248
|
| 37 |
- name: best_isotropy
|
| 38 |
type: isotropy
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.2108
|
| 40 |
- name: vocabulary_size
|
| 41 |
type: vocab
|
| 42 |
+
value: 0
|
| 43 |
+
generated: 2026-01-04
|
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---
|
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|
| 46 |
+
# Dinka - Wikilangs Models
|
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## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
|
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|
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+
This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Dinka** Wikipedia data.
|
| 50 |
We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
|
| 51 |
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## 📋 Repository Contents
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|
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### Models & Assets
|
| 55 |
|
| 56 |
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 57 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 58 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
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| 59 |
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 60 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 61 |
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 62 |
- Language Statistics
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |

|
| 65 |
|
| 66 |
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 70 |
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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| 71 |
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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| 72 |
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 73 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
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| 74 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 75 |
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 76 |
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 77 |
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| 80 |
|
| 81 |

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+

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+
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+

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+
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+

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+
|
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### Results
|
| 90 |
|
| 91 |
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 92 |
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 93 |
+
| **8k** | 3.696x | 3.70 | 1.0395% | 137,657 |
|
| 94 |
+
| **16k** | 3.984x | 3.99 | 1.1206% | 127,694 |
|
| 95 |
+
| **32k** | 4.248x 🏆 | 4.25 | 1.1949% | 119,761 |
|
| 96 |
|
| 97 |
### Tokenization Examples
|
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|
| 99 |
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 100 |
|
| 101 |
+
**Sample 1:** `Ukraine ee paan en Yurop Penëdhiäk ee Volodymyr Zelensky. Genamaatnhomde ayee cɔ...`
|
| 102 |
|
| 103 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 104 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 105 |
+
| 8k | `▁ukraine ▁ee ▁paan ▁en ▁yurop ▁penëdhiäk ▁ee ▁v ol od ... (+15 more)` | 25 |
|
| 106 |
+
| 16k | `▁ukraine ▁ee ▁paan ▁en ▁yurop ▁penëdhiäk ▁ee ▁v olodymyr ▁zelensky ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 32k | `▁ukraine ▁ee ▁paan ▁en ▁yurop ▁penëdhiäk ▁ee ▁volodymyr ▁zelensky . ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 108 |
|
| 109 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Monteaguila ee gendït Chile. Cinëkɔcde aa tëcit ruonic`
|
| 110 |
|
| 111 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 112 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 113 |
+
| 8k | `▁mon te agu ila ▁ee ▁gendït ▁ch ile . ▁cinëkɔcde ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
|
| 114 |
+
| 16k | `▁mon te agu ila ▁ee ▁gendït ▁chile . ▁cinëkɔcde ▁aa ... (+2 more)` | 12 |
|
| 115 |
+
| 32k | `▁monteaguila ▁ee ▁gendït ▁chile . ▁cinëkɔcde ▁aa ▁tëcit ▁ruonic` | 9 |
|
| 116 |
|
| 117 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Dhambia ee Apirïka. Genamaatnhomde ayee cɔl Lusaka.`
|
|
|
|
| 118 |
|
| 119 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 120 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 121 |
+
| 8k | `▁dhambia ▁ee ▁apirïka . ▁genamaatnhomde ▁ayee ▁cɔl ▁lu sak a ... (+1 more)` | 11 |
|
| 122 |
+
| 16k | `▁dhambia ▁ee ▁apirïka . ▁genamaatnhomde ▁ayee ▁cɔl ▁lusaka .` | 9 |
|
| 123 |
+
| 32k | `▁dhambia ▁ee ▁apirïka . ▁genamaatnhomde ▁ayee ▁cɔl ▁lusaka .` | 9 |
|
| 124 |
|
| 125 |
|
| 126 |
### Key Findings
|
| 127 |
|
| 128 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 32k achieves 4.248x compression
|
| 129 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 1.0395% unknown tokens
|
| 130 |
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 131 |
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 132 |
|
|
|
|
| 135 |
|
| 136 |

|
| 137 |
|
| 138 |
+

|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |

|
| 141 |
|
| 142 |
### Results
|
| 143 |
|
| 144 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 145 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 146 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 846 | 9.72 | 1,522 | 38.9% | 86.3% |
|
| 147 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 328 | 8.36 | 1,563 | 62.0% | 99.1% |
|
| 148 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 240 | 7.90 | 785 | 62.9% | 100.0% |
|
| 149 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 2,240 | 11.13 | 9,446 | 25.3% | 71.0% |
|
| 150 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 166 | 7.38 | 882 | 69.6% | 100.0% |
|
| 151 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 8,823 | 13.11 | 31,591 | 13.0% | 43.0% |
|
| 152 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 59 🏆 | 5.89 | 373 | 86.5% | 100.0% |
|
| 153 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 18,719 | 14.19 | 51,151 | 8.6% | 31.8% |
|
| 154 |
|
| 155 |
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 156 |
|
| 157 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 160 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 161 |
+
| 1 | `glossary derived` | 167 |
|
| 162 |
+
| 2 | `derived from` | 167 |
|
| 163 |
+
| 3 | `from sil` | 167 |
|
| 164 |
+
| 4 | `sil internationals` | 167 |
|
| 165 |
+
| 5 | `internationals draft` | 167 |
|
| 166 |
+
|
| 167 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 168 |
+
|
| 169 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 170 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 171 |
+
| 1 | `internationals draft dinka` | 167 |
|
| 172 |
+
| 2 | `from sil internationals` | 167 |
|
| 173 |
+
| 3 | `derived from sil` | 167 |
|
| 174 |
+
| 4 | `dinka glossary derived` | 167 |
|
| 175 |
+
| 5 | `educational foundation sil` | 167 |
|
| 176 |
+
|
| 177 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 178 |
+
|
| 179 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 180 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 181 |
+
| 1 | `english to dinka glossary` | 167 |
|
| 182 |
+
| 2 | `to dinka glossary derived` | 167 |
|
| 183 |
+
| 3 | `dinka glossary derived from` | 167 |
|
| 184 |
+
| 4 | `glossary derived from sil` | 167 |
|
| 185 |
+
| 5 | `from sil internationals draft` | 167 |
|
| 186 |
+
|
| 187 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 188 |
|
| 189 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 190 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 191 |
+
| 1 | `dinka glossary derived from sil` | 167 |
|
| 192 |
+
| 2 | `williamson educational foundation sil international` | 167 |
|
| 193 |
+
| 3 | `kay williamson educational foundation sil` | 167 |
|
| 194 |
+
| 4 | `dictionary kay williamson educational foundation` | 167 |
|
| 195 |
+
| 5 | `english dictionary kay williamson educational` | 167 |
|
| 196 |
|
| 197 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 198 |
|
| 199 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 200 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 201 |
+
| 1 | `_ k` | 14,243 |
|
| 202 |
+
| 2 | `e _` | 10,060 |
|
| 203 |
+
| 3 | `_ a` | 9,948 |
|
| 204 |
+
| 4 | `ë _` | 8,555 |
|
| 205 |
+
| 5 | `n _` | 7,924 |
|
| 206 |
|
| 207 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 208 |
|
| 209 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 210 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 211 |
+
| 1 | `_ k u` | 4,510 |
|
| 212 |
+
| 2 | `n ë _` | 3,923 |
|
| 213 |
+
| 3 | `k u _` | 3,559 |
|
| 214 |
+
| 4 | `_ k e` | 3,459 |
|
| 215 |
+
| 5 | `_ t h` | 3,193 |
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 218 |
+
|
| 219 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 220 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 221 |
+
| 1 | `_ k u _` | 3,514 |
|
| 222 |
+
| 2 | `_ n ë _` | 2,762 |
|
| 223 |
+
| 3 | `_ d e _` | 2,147 |
|
| 224 |
+
| 4 | `_ k e _` | 1,756 |
|
| 225 |
+
| 5 | `_ y e _` | 1,452 |
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 230 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 231 |
+
| 1 | `_ k ɔ c _` | 1,091 |
|
| 232 |
+
| 2 | `, _ k u _` | 836 |
|
| 233 |
+
| 3 | `_ y e n _` | 729 |
|
| 234 |
+
| 4 | `a t i o n` | 718 |
|
| 235 |
+
| 5 | `t i o n a` | 686 |
|
| 236 |
|
| 237 |
|
| 238 |
### Key Findings
|
| 239 |
|
| 240 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 5-gram (word) with 59
|
| 241 |
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 242 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~32% of corpus
|
| 243 |
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 244 |
|
| 245 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 247 |
|
| 248 |

|
| 249 |
|
| 250 |
+

|
| 251 |
+
|
| 252 |

|
| 253 |
|
| 254 |
### Results
|
| 255 |
|
| 256 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 257 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 258 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.6343 | 1.552 | 3.69 | 17,365 | 36.6% |
|
| 259 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 1.5315 | 2.891 | 11.78 | 318 | 0.0% |
|
| 260 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.1750 | 1.129 | 1.30 | 63,845 | 82.5% |
|
| 261 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 1.1046 | 2.150 | 5.58 | 3,744 | 0.0% |
|
| 262 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.0333 | 1.023 | 1.04 | 83,004 | 96.7% |
|
| 263 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.7588 | 1.692 | 3.12 | 20,888 | 24.1% |
|
| 264 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0076 🏆 | 1.005 | 1.01 | 86,340 | 99.2% |
|
| 265 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.5088 | 1.423 | 2.08 | 65,173 | 49.1% |
|
| 266 |
|
| 267 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 268 |
|
| 269 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 270 |
|
| 271 |
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 272 |
|
| 273 |
+
1. `ku gɛɛth puɔɔth ben jam ë kɔcnhiaardiɛtë acik gam ke panmäcalëi french indochina bï ya kë`
|
| 274 |
+
2. `në bɛ̈ɛ̈i tënë tïmëtïm 57 ku tiem thidhic ku kek aa kï alëk dɛl miɲ kaːl`
|
| 275 |
+
3. `de spain ku aye raan döŋ acï giit en kɛ̈ɛ̈cë anyak atɔ̈ thïn rin keloirɔt wët`
|
| 276 |
|
| 277 |
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 278 |
|
| 279 |
+
1. `english dictionary kay williamson educational foundation sil international dikconari thudän`
|
| 280 |
+
2. `english to dinka glossary derived from sil internationals draft dinka english dictionary kay william...`
|
| 281 |
+
3. `to dinka glossary derived from sil internationals draft dinka english dictionary kay williamson educ...`
|
| 282 |
|
| 283 |
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 284 |
|
| 285 |
+
1. `and roger blench english to dinka glossary derived from sil internationals draft dinka english dicti...`
|
| 286 |
+
2. `internationals draft dinka english dictionary kay williamson educational foundation sil internationa...`
|
| 287 |
+
3. `roger blench english to dinka glossary derived from sil internationals draft dinka english dictionar...`
|
| 288 |
|
| 289 |
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 290 |
|
| 291 |
+
1. `internationals draft dinka english dictionary kay williamson educational foundation sil internationa...`
|
| 292 |
+
2. `to dinka glossary derived from sil internationals draft dinka english dictionary kay williamson educ...`
|
| 293 |
+
3. `derived from sil internationals draft dinka english dictionary kay williamson educational foundation...`
|
| 294 |
+
|
| 295 |
+
|
| 296 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 297 |
+
|
| 298 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
1. `_adde_cïnapae_lu`
|
| 303 |
+
2. `a_piic_ciän_anya`
|
| 304 |
+
3. `kuɛ̈c_arabo_san_k`
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 307 |
+
|
| 308 |
+
1. `_ku_acï_raŋdec_bï`
|
| 309 |
+
2. `e_bïk_ëk_cök_de_y`
|
| 310 |
+
3. `_aŋrɛn,_juäi_adhi`
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 313 |
+
|
| 314 |
+
1. `_ku_yiic,_thudän._`
|
| 315 |
+
2. `në_2._“tx2_awɛ̈ɛ̈rde`
|
| 316 |
+
3. `ku_puses)._ë_makut`
|
| 317 |
+
|
| 318 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 319 |
+
|
| 320 |
+
1. `_ku_cɔl_muɔɔr_aacë_`
|
| 321 |
+
2. `_në_keye,_ee_noŋic_`
|
| 322 |
+
3. `_de_joŋlei_paguot_k`
|
| 323 |
|
| 324 |
|
| 325 |
### Key Findings
|
| 326 |
|
| 327 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 99.2% predictability
|
| 328 |
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 329 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (65,173 contexts)
|
| 330 |
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 331 |
|
| 332 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 342 |
|
| 343 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 344 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 345 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 5,848 |
|
| 346 |
+
| Total Tokens | 81,189 |
|
| 347 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 13.88 |
|
| 348 |
| Median Frequency | 3 |
|
| 349 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 86.66 |
|
| 350 |
|
| 351 |
### Most Common Words
|
| 352 |
|
| 353 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 354 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 355 |
+
| 1 | ku | 3,546 |
|
| 356 |
+
| 2 | në | 2,775 |
|
| 357 |
+
| 3 | de | 2,158 |
|
| 358 |
+
| 4 | ë | 1,890 |
|
| 359 |
+
| 5 | ke | 1,776 |
|
| 360 |
+
| 6 | ye | 1,484 |
|
| 361 |
+
| 7 | ee | 1,173 |
|
| 362 |
+
| 8 | kɔc | 1,137 |
|
| 363 |
| 9 | cï | 883 |
|
| 364 |
+
| 10 | yen | 747 |
|
| 365 |
|
| 366 |
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 367 |
|
|
|
|
| 369 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 370 |
| 1 | mayall | 2 |
|
| 371 |
| 2 | cream | 2 |
|
| 372 |
+
| 3 | puɔ̈k | 2 |
|
| 373 |
+
| 4 | layla | 2 |
|
| 374 |
+
| 5 | adëgëk | 2 |
|
| 375 |
| 6 | skobarkä | 2 |
|
| 376 |
| 7 | pïlïbït | 2 |
|
| 377 |
| 8 | tïgër | 2 |
|
|
|
|
| 382 |
|
| 383 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 384 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 385 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.0295 |
|
| 386 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.989261 |
|
| 387 |
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 388 |
|
| 389 |
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 390 |
|
| 391 |
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 392 |
|-------------|----------|
|
| 393 |
+
| Top 100 | 47.4% |
|
| 394 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 78.6% |
|
| 395 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 97.9% |
|
| 396 |
| Top 10,000 | 0.0% |
|
| 397 |
|
| 398 |
### Key Findings
|
| 399 |
|
| 400 |
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9893 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 401 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 47.4% of corpus
|
| 402 |
+
- **Long Tail:** -4,152 words needed for remaining 100.0% coverage
|
| 403 |
|
| 404 |
---
|
| 405 |
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 412 |
|
| 413 |

|
| 414 |
|
|
|
|
| 415 |
|
| 416 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 417 |
+
|
| 418 |
+

|
| 419 |
+
|
| 420 |
+

|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+
|
| 423 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 424 |
+
|
| 425 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 426 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 427 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.2108 🏆 | 0.6155 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 428 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.0418 | 0.6059 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 429 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.0088 | 0.6443 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 430 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.2108 | 0.5998 | 0.0070 | 0.0607 |
|
| 431 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.0418 | 0.5881 | 0.0187 | 0.1028 |
|
| 432 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.0088 | 0.6544 | 0.0164 | 0.0911 |
|
| 433 |
|
| 434 |
### Key Findings
|
| 435 |
|
| 436 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.2108 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 437 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.6180. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 438 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 1.9% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 439 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 440 |
+
|
| 441 |
+
---
|
| 442 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 443 |
+
|
| 444 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 445 |
+
|
| 446 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 447 |
+
|
| 448 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 449 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 450 |
+
| Productivity Index | **1.232** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 451 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **2.143** | High formulaic/idiomatic content | - |
|
| 452 |
+
|
| 453 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 454 |
+
|
| 455 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 456 |
+
|
| 457 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 458 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 459 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 460 |
+
| `-th` | thiεkde, thɔ̈r, thiɛɛr |
|
| 461 |
+
|
| 462 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 463 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 464 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 465 |
+
| `-ic` | tocdïtic, nyinic, ciaryic |
|
| 466 |
+
|
| 467 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 468 |
+
|
| 469 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 470 |
+
|
| 471 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 472 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 473 |
+
| `thiä` | 1.36x | 12 contexts | thiär, thiäŋ, thiäi |
|
| 474 |
+
|
| 475 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 476 |
+
|
| 477 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 478 |
+
|
| 479 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 480 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 481 |
+
| `-th` | `-ic` | 10 words | thändïtic, thudänic |
|
| 482 |
+
|
| 483 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 484 |
+
|
| 485 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 486 |
+
|
| 487 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 488 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 489 |
+
| kathɛɛric | **`kathɛɛr-ic`** | 4.5 | `kathɛɛr` |
|
| 490 |
+
| wëlëmiiric | **`wëlëmiir-ic`** | 4.5 | `wëlëmiir` |
|
| 491 |
+
| ruɔ̈ɔ̈nic | **`ruɔ̈ɔ̈n-ic`** | 4.5 | `ruɔ̈ɔ̈n` |
|
| 492 |
+
| pïïrdenic | **`pïïrden-ic`** | 4.5 | `pïïrden` |
|
| 493 |
+
| manywëëthic | **`manywëëth-ic`** | 4.5 | `manywëëth` |
|
| 494 |
+
| pinynhomic | **`pinynhom-ic`** | 4.5 | `pinynhom` |
|
| 495 |
+
| krïthmathic | **`krïthmath-ic`** | 4.5 | `krïthmath` |
|
| 496 |
+
| käcïpuric | **`käcïpur-ic`** | 4.5 | `käcïpur` |
|
| 497 |
+
| abëkruöönic | **`abëkruöön-ic`** | 4.5 | `abëkruöön` |
|
| 498 |
+
| thändïtic | **`th-ändït-ic`** | 3.0 | `ändït` |
|
| 499 |
+
| thiɛ̈ɛ̈ric | **`th-iɛ̈ɛ̈r-ic`** | 3.0 | `iɛ̈ɛ̈r` |
|
| 500 |
+
| wëljamiic | **`wëljami-ic`** | 1.5 | `wëljami` |
|
| 501 |
+
| pabakciɛlic | **`pabakciɛl-ic`** | 1.5 | `pabakciɛl` |
|
| 502 |
+
| thanypiny | **`th-anypiny`** | 1.5 | `anypiny` |
|
| 503 |
+
| lëkthɛɛric | **`lëkthɛɛr-ic`** | 1.5 | `lëkthɛɛr` |
|
| 504 |
+
|
| 505 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 506 |
+
|
| 507 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 508 |
+
The language Dinka shows moderate morphological complexity. There is a balanced trade-off between whole-word memorization and subword composition.
|
| 509 |
+
|
| 510 |
+
> **Note on Idiomaticity:** The high Idiomaticity Gap suggests a large number of frequent multi-word expressions or formulaic sequences that are statistically distinct from their component parts.
|
| 511 |
|
| 512 |
---
|
| 513 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 514 |
|
| 515 |

|
| 516 |
|
|
|
|
| 518 |
|
| 519 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 520 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 521 |
+
| Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.25x) |
|
| 522 |
+
| N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (59) |
|
| 523 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (99.2%) |
|
| 524 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 525 |
|
| 526 |
+
|
| 527 |
---
|
| 528 |
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 529 |
|
|
|
|
| 713 |
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 714 |
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 715 |
year = {2025},
|
| 716 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 717 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 718 |
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 719 |
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 720 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 730 |
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 731 |
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 732 |
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 733 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 734 |
---
|
| 735 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 736 |
|
| 737 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-04 02:12:14*
|
models/embeddings/aligned/din_128d.bin
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models/embeddings/aligned/din_32d.projection.npy
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| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
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models/embeddings/aligned/din_64d.bin
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|
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/din_64d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
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models/embeddings/aligned/din_64d_metadata.json
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| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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| 5 |
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|
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|
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models/embeddings/monolingual/din_128d.bin
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models/embeddings/monolingual/din_128d_metadata.json
CHANGED
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|
| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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|
| 5 |
"training_params": {
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| 6 |
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|
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|
| 11 |
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|
| 12 |
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|
| 13 |
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| 3 |
"dimension": 128,
|
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|
| 5 |
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| 6 |
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|
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| 12 |
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|
| 13 |
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|
| 14 |
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"vocab_size": 2096
|
| 15 |
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models/embeddings/monolingual/din_32d.bin
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models/embeddings/monolingual/din_32d_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
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|
| 3 |
"dimension": 32,
|
| 4 |
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| 5 |
"training_params": {
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| 6 |
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|
| 8 |
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
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|
| 10 |
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|
| 11 |
},
|
| 12 |
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|
| 13 |
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|
| 3 |
"dimension": 32,
|
| 4 |
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
| 8 |
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|
| 9 |
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|
| 10 |
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|
| 11 |
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|
| 12 |
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|
| 13 |
},
|
| 14 |
+
"vocab_size": 2096
|
| 15 |
}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/din_64d.bin
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/monolingual/din_64d_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@
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|
| 3 |
"dimension": 64,
|
| 4 |
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
"training_params": {
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| 6 |
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| 7 |
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|
| 8 |
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
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|
| 10 |
-
"epochs": 5
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|
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|
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|
|
| 11 |
},
|
| 12 |
-
"vocab_size":
|
| 13 |
}
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|
|
|
| 3 |
"dimension": 64,
|
| 4 |
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
"training_params": {
|
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