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- .gitattributes +1 -0
- README.md +335 -136
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_128d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_128d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_32d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_32d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_64d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_64d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/subword_markov/dsb_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dsb_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dsb_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dsb_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dsb_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dsb_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dsb_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dsb_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dsb_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dsb_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dsb_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dsb_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dsb_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dsb_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dsb_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/dsb_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/dsb_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/dsb_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/dsb_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/dsb_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/dsb_tokenizer_64k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/dsb_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/dsb_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/dsb_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/dsb_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
- models/vocabulary/dsb_vocabulary_metadata.json +10 -9
- models/word_markov/dsb_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/dsb_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/dsb_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/dsb_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +2 -2
.gitattributes
CHANGED
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@@ -39,3 +39,4 @@ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -t
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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---
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language: dsb
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language_name:
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language_family: slavic_west
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tags:
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- wikilangs
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- n-gram
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- markov
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- wikipedia
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- monolingual
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- family-slavic_west
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license: mit
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library_name: wikilangs
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pipeline_tag:
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datasets:
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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dataset_info:
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value:
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generated:
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---
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#
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## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **
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We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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## 📋 Repository Contents
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### Models & Assets
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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- N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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- Language Vocabulary
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- Language Statistics
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### Analysis and Evaluation
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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- [6.
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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### Results
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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| **8k** | 3.
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| **16k** | 3.
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| **32k** |
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| **64k** | 4.
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### Tokenization Examples
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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**Sample 1:** `
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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| 32k | `▁
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| 64k | `▁
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**Sample 2:** `Nowy Dwór Królewski jo wjas w Pólskej.
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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**Sample 3:**
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thumb
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...`
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.
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- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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### Results
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| N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with
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- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~
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- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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---
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### Results
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| Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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**Context Size 1:**
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**Context Size 2:**
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**Context Size 3:**
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**Context Size 4:**
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### Key Findings
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- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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---
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Median Frequency | 3 |
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### Most Common Words
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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| Metric | Value |
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| Zipf Coefficient | 0.
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| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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### Coverage Analysis
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| Top N Words | Coverage |
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### Key Findings
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---
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## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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### Model Comparison
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### Key Findings
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---
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## 6.
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@@ -342,11 +538,12 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
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|-----------|-------------|-----------|
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-
| Tokenizer | **
|
| 346 |
-
| N-gram | **
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| 347 |
-
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (
|
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| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
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---
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## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
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@@ -536,7 +733,8 @@ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
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author = {Kamali, Omar},
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title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
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year = {2025},
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-
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url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
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institution = {Omneity Labs}
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}
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@@ -552,7 +750,8 @@ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
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- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
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- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
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- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
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---
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*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
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-
*Report Date:
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| 1 |
---
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| 2 |
language: dsb
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+
language_name: Lower Sorbian
|
| 4 |
language_family: slavic_west
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| 5 |
tags:
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| 6 |
- wikilangs
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| 10 |
- n-gram
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| 11 |
- markov
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| 12 |
- wikipedia
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| 13 |
+
- feature-extraction
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| 14 |
+
- sentence-similarity
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| 15 |
+
- tokenization
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| 16 |
+
- n-grams
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| 17 |
+
- markov-chain
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| 18 |
+
- text-mining
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| 19 |
+
- fasttext
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| 20 |
+
- babelvec
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| 21 |
+
- vocabulous
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| 22 |
+
- vocabulary
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| 23 |
- monolingual
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| 24 |
- family-slavic_west
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| 25 |
license: mit
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| 26 |
library_name: wikilangs
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+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
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| 28 |
datasets:
|
| 29 |
- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
|
| 30 |
dataset_info:
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| 33 |
metrics:
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| 34 |
- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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| 36 |
+
value: 4.367
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| 37 |
- name: best_isotropy
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| 38 |
type: isotropy
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+
value: 0.8231
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| 40 |
- name: vocabulary_size
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| 41 |
type: vocab
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| 42 |
+
value: 0
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| 43 |
+
generated: 2026-01-04
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---
|
| 45 |
|
| 46 |
+
# Lower Sorbian - Wikilangs Models
|
| 47 |
## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
|
| 48 |
|
| 49 |
+
This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Lower Sorbian** Wikipedia data.
|
| 50 |
We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
|
| 51 |
|
| 52 |
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
|
|
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| 54 |
### Models & Assets
|
| 55 |
|
| 56 |
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 57 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 58 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 59 |
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 60 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 61 |
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 62 |
- Language Statistics
|
| 63 |
+
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| 64 |

|
| 65 |
|
| 66 |
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
|
|
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| 70 |
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 71 |
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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| 72 |
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 73 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 74 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 75 |
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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| 76 |
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 77 |
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| 80 |
|
| 81 |

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+

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+
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+

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+
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+

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+
|
| 89 |
### Results
|
| 90 |
|
| 91 |
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 92 |
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 93 |
+
| **8k** | 3.295x | 3.30 | 0.1090% | 314,655 |
|
| 94 |
+
| **16k** | 3.690x | 3.69 | 0.1221% | 280,957 |
|
| 95 |
+
| **32k** | 4.049x | 4.05 | 0.1339% | 256,086 |
|
| 96 |
+
| **64k** | 4.367x 🏆 | 4.37 | 0.1445% | 237,425 |
|
| 97 |
|
| 98 |
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 99 |
|
| 100 |
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 101 |
|
| 102 |
+
**Sample 1:** `Andrew Garfield (* 20. awgusta Los Angeles) jo amerikański grajaŕ. Eksterne wótk...`
|
| 103 |
|
| 104 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 105 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 106 |
+
| 8k | `▁andre w ▁gar fi el d ▁(* ▁ 2 0 ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 16k | `▁andre w ▁gar fi eld ▁(* ▁ 2 0 . ... (+11 more)` | 21 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 32k | `▁andrew ▁gar field ▁(* ▁ 2 0 . ▁awgusta ▁los ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
|
| 109 |
+
| 64k | `▁andrew ▁garfield ▁(* ▁ 2 0 . ▁awgusta ▁los ▁angeles ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
|
|
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|
| 110 |
|
| 111 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Pabianice jo město w Pólskej, w łódźskem wójwodstwje, we wokrejsu Pabianice. W l...`
|
| 112 |
|
| 113 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 114 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 115 |
+
| 8k | `▁pa bia nice ▁jo ▁město ▁w ▁pólskej , ▁w ▁łódźskem ... (+26 more)` | 36 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 16k | `▁pa bia nice ▁jo ▁město ▁w ▁pólskej , ▁w ▁łódźskem ... (+26 more)` | 36 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 32k | `▁pabianice ▁jo ▁město ▁w ▁pólskej , ▁w ▁łódźskem ▁wójwodstwje , ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 118 |
+
| 64k | `▁pabianice ▁jo ▁město ▁w ▁pólskej , ▁w ▁łódźskem ▁wójwodstwje , ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 119 |
|
| 120 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Żukowo (kaš. Żukòwò, nim. Zuckau) jo město w Pólskej, kótarež lažy w pomorskem w...`
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|
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|
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|
| 121 |
|
| 122 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 123 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 124 |
+
| 8k | `▁ż u kowo ▁( kaš . ▁ż uk ò w ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 125 |
+
| 16k | `▁ż u kowo ▁( kaš . ▁ż uk ò w ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 126 |
+
| 32k | `▁żukowo ▁( kaš . ▁ż ukòwò , ▁nim . ▁zu ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
|
| 127 |
+
| 64k | `▁żukowo ▁( kaš . ▁żukòwò , ▁nim . ▁zu ckau ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
|
| 128 |
|
| 129 |
|
| 130 |
### Key Findings
|
| 131 |
|
| 132 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.367x compression
|
| 133 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1090% unknown tokens
|
| 134 |
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 135 |
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 136 |
|
|
|
|
| 139 |
|
| 140 |

|
| 141 |
|
| 142 |
+

|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |

|
| 145 |
|
| 146 |
### Results
|
| 147 |
|
| 148 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 149 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 150 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 4,470 | 12.13 | 8,572 | 17.8% | 48.2% |
|
| 151 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 446 🏆 | 8.80 | 3,440 | 54.0% | 97.7% |
|
| 152 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 5,728 | 12.48 | 9,797 | 15.0% | 41.9% |
|
| 153 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 4,110 | 12.01 | 24,943 | 18.0% | 57.3% |
|
| 154 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 10,398 | 13.34 | 16,574 | 10.9% | 31.5% |
|
| 155 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 21,363 | 14.38 | 109,172 | 8.1% | 29.6% |
|
| 156 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 7,815 | 12.93 | 11,757 | 11.1% | 34.9% |
|
| 157 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 57,069 | 15.80 | 221,040 | 5.0% | 20.1% |
|
| 158 |
|
| 159 |
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 160 |
|
| 161 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 164 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 165 |
+
| 1 | `až do` | 933 |
|
| 166 |
+
| 2 | `w lěśe` | 890 |
|
| 167 |
+
| 3 | `jo był` | 874 |
|
| 168 |
+
| 4 | `jo se` | 751 |
|
| 169 |
+
| 5 | `w pólskej` | 720 |
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 174 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 175 |
+
| 1 | `jo město w` | 444 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 2 | `w lěśe jo` | 408 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 3 | `w pólskej w` | 301 |
|
| 178 |
+
| 4 | `jo how bydliło` | 290 |
|
| 179 |
+
| 5 | `město w pólskej` | 280 |
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 184 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 185 |
+
| 1 | `jo město w pólskej` | 278 |
|
| 186 |
+
| 2 | `lěśe jo how bydliło` | 271 |
|
| 187 |
+
| 3 | `w lěśe jo how` | 271 |
|
| 188 |
+
| 4 | `město w pólskej w` | 265 |
|
| 189 |
+
| 5 | `luźi galerija w pólskej` | 195 |
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 192 |
|
| 193 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 194 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 195 |
+
| 1 | `w lěśe jo how bydliło` | 271 |
|
| 196 |
+
| 2 | `jo město w pólskej w` | 264 |
|
| 197 |
+
| 3 | `oslwokrejs górne błota łužyca bramborska` | 123 |
|
| 198 |
+
| 4 | `spohn was blüht denn da` | 92 |
|
| 199 |
+
| 5 | `bechtle spohn was blüht denn` | 92 |
|
| 200 |
|
| 201 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 202 |
|
| 203 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 204 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 205 |
+
| 1 | `a _` | 64,101 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 2 | `e _` | 45,814 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 3 | `_ w` | 44,765 |
|
| 208 |
+
| 4 | `_ s` | 35,936 |
|
| 209 |
+
| 5 | `o _` | 35,677 |
|
| 210 |
|
| 211 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 212 |
|
| 213 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 214 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 215 |
+
| 1 | `j o _` | 13,646 |
|
| 216 |
+
| 2 | `_ j o` | 12,615 |
|
| 217 |
+
| 3 | `_ a _` | 11,980 |
|
| 218 |
+
| 4 | `n a _` | 11,930 |
|
| 219 |
+
| 5 | `s k e` | 11,746 |
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 222 |
+
|
| 223 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 224 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 225 |
+
| 1 | `_ j o _` | 11,352 |
|
| 226 |
+
| 2 | `s k i _` | 7,449 |
|
| 227 |
+
| 3 | `s k e j` | 6,203 |
|
| 228 |
+
| 4 | `_ w ó t` | 6,170 |
|
| 229 |
+
| 5 | `s k a _` | 4,852 |
|
| 230 |
+
|
| 231 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 234 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 235 |
+
| 1 | `_ w ó t _` | 3,402 |
|
| 236 |
+
| 2 | `s e r b s` | 3,221 |
|
| 237 |
+
| 3 | `e r b s k` | 3,202 |
|
| 238 |
+
| 4 | `_ s e r b` | 2,762 |
|
| 239 |
+
| 5 | `a _ j o _` | 2,563 |
|
| 240 |
|
| 241 |
|
| 242 |
### Key Findings
|
| 243 |
|
| 244 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 446
|
| 245 |
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 246 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~20% of corpus
|
| 247 |
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 248 |
|
| 249 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 251 |
|
| 252 |

|
| 253 |
|
| 254 |
+

|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |

|
| 257 |
|
| 258 |
### Results
|
| 259 |
|
| 260 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 261 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 262 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.6397 | 1.558 | 3.41 | 79,306 | 36.0% |
|
| 263 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 1.0660 | 2.094 | 8.70 | 993 | 0.0% |
|
| 264 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.1672 | 1.123 | 1.33 | 269,674 | 83.3% |
|
| 265 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.9899 | 1.986 | 5.80 | 8,629 | 1.0% |
|
| 266 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.0539 | 1.038 | 1.08 | 355,887 | 94.6% |
|
| 267 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.8277 | 1.775 | 3.86 | 50,014 | 17.2% |
|
| 268 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0234 🏆 | 1.016 | 1.03 | 383,185 | 97.7% |
|
| 269 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.6176 | 1.534 | 2.51 | 193,064 | 38.2% |
|
| 270 |
+
|
| 271 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 274 |
+
|
| 275 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
1. `a hiri słowo jo był historiski region region region iv december dartford engelska 6 kulojte až`
|
| 278 |
+
2. `w pomorskem wójewódstwje we chicago homepage lfn english creoles spoken in 3 349 300 źiśi ze`
|
| 279 |
+
3. `jo jano 13 v werner měškank serbski słownik za literaturu w pólskej w prien am nordrand`
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
1. `až do drjowku w lěśe jo how bydliło 2 467 luźi galerija w pólskej w kujawsko pomorskem`
|
| 284 |
+
2. `w lěśe wóna jo była hanka krawcec cłonkojstwo domowinje pśisłušaju slědujuce towaristwa župy budyšyn...`
|
| 285 |
+
3. `jo był dolnołužyska wjas pla chóśebuza wót lěta pśecej na pjerwjejšnych systemach by mógło se snaź d...`
|
| 286 |
|
| 287 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 288 |
+
|
| 289 |
+
1. `jo město w pólskej w podkarpatskem wójwodstwje we wokrejsu chełmno w lěśe jo how bydliło 57 458 luźi`
|
| 290 |
+
2. `w lěśe jo w sankt petersburgu jo był jaden z nejwuznamnjejšych zastupnikow tak pomjenjonego bergaŕsk...`
|
| 291 |
+
3. `w pólskej w kujawsko pomorskem wójwodstwje we wokrejsu leżajsk w lěśe jo how bydliło 127 602 luźi ek...`
|
| 292 |
+
|
| 293 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 294 |
+
|
| 295 |
+
1. `jo město w pólskej w lublińskem wójwodstwje we wokrejsu hrubieszów w lěśe jo how bydliło 13 766 luźi...`
|
| 296 |
+
2. `lěśe jo how bydliło 65 149 luźi historiski centrum jo na lisćinje unesco mě w drugich rěcach vilnius...`
|
| 297 |
+
3. `w lěśe jo how bydliło 3 223 luźi galerija eksterne wótkaze biała rawska pól biała rawska pól w pólsk...`
|
| 298 |
|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 303 |
|
| 304 |
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 305 |
|
| 306 |
+
1. `_zojejost_łnja_s`
|
| 307 |
+
2. `aropynderoveiin.`
|
| 308 |
+
3. `epruroni_dpekaru`
|
| 309 |
|
| 310 |
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 311 |
|
| 312 |
+
1. `a_kótka_źiw_mil_w`
|
| 313 |
+
2. `e_da_kuchórbski_t`
|
| 314 |
+
3. `_w_sertika_wu_re_`
|
| 315 |
|
| 316 |
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 317 |
|
| 318 |
+
1. `jo_spis_krěpojcne_`
|
| 319 |
+
2. `_jo_septemata_kral`
|
| 320 |
+
3. `_a_wótšy_pśeder_wi`
|
| 321 |
|
| 322 |
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 323 |
|
| 324 |
+
1. `_jo_kupki_spisowaśe`
|
| 325 |
+
2. `ski_casom_stiftung_`
|
| 326 |
+
3. `_wótwezeł._pěś_žołt`
|
| 327 |
|
| 328 |
|
| 329 |
### Key Findings
|
| 330 |
|
| 331 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 97.7% predictability
|
| 332 |
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 333 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (193,064 contexts)
|
| 334 |
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 335 |
|
| 336 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 346 |
|
| 347 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 348 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 349 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 31,116 |
|
| 350 |
+
| Total Tokens | 390,195 |
|
| 351 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 12.54 |
|
| 352 |
| Median Frequency | 3 |
|
| 353 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 136.48 |
|
| 354 |
|
| 355 |
### Most Common Words
|
| 356 |
|
| 357 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 358 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 359 |
+
| 1 | a | 12,373 |
|
| 360 |
+
| 2 | w | 12,119 |
|
| 361 |
+
| 3 | jo | 11,480 |
|
| 362 |
+
| 4 | na | 4,655 |
|
| 363 |
+
| 5 | z | 4,220 |
|
| 364 |
+
| 6 | se | 3,637 |
|
| 365 |
+
| 7 | wót | 3,522 |
|
| 366 |
+
| 8 | su | 2,923 |
|
| 367 |
+
| 9 | do | 2,438 |
|
| 368 |
+
| 10 | za | 1,989 |
|
| 369 |
|
| 370 |
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 371 |
|
| 372 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 373 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 374 |
+
| 1 | wikowje | 2 |
|
| 375 |
+
| 2 | kšace | 2 |
|
| 376 |
+
| 3 | gotował | 2 |
|
| 377 |
+
| 4 | moderěrował | 2 |
|
| 378 |
+
| 5 | procowarjow | 2 |
|
| 379 |
| 6 | zachdniego | 2 |
|
| 380 |
| 7 | gdanskiego | 2 |
|
| 381 |
| 8 | podzially | 2 |
|
|
|
|
| 386 |
|
| 387 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 388 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 389 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 0.9483 |
|
| 390 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.996724 |
|
| 391 |
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 392 |
|
| 393 |
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 394 |
|
| 395 |
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 396 |
|-------------|----------|
|
| 397 |
+
| Top 100 | 30.7% |
|
| 398 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 56.8% |
|
| 399 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 76.7% |
|
| 400 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 85.6% |
|
| 401 |
|
| 402 |
### Key Findings
|
| 403 |
|
| 404 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9967 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 405 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 30.7% of corpus
|
| 406 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 21,116 words needed for remaining 14.4% coverage
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 |
---
|
| 409 |
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 416 |
|
| 417 |

|
| 418 |
|
|
|
|
| 419 |
|
| 420 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+

|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+

|
| 425 |
+
|
| 426 |
+
|
| 427 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 428 |
+
|
| 429 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 430 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 431 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.8231 🏆 | 0.3397 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 432 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.5887 | 0.3131 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 433 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.1790 | 0.3018 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 434 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.8231 | 0.3455 | 0.0460 | 0.2420 |
|
| 435 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.5887 | 0.3066 | 0.0660 | 0.3060 |
|
| 436 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.1790 | 0.3019 | 0.0860 | 0.3460 |
|
| 437 |
|
| 438 |
### Key Findings
|
| 439 |
|
| 440 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8231 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 441 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.3181. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 442 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 8.6% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 443 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 444 |
|
| 445 |
---
|
| 446 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 447 |
+
|
| 448 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 449 |
+
|
| 450 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 451 |
+
|
| 452 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 453 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 454 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 455 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **0.741** | High formulaic/idiomatic content | - |
|
| 456 |
+
|
| 457 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 458 |
+
|
| 459 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 462 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 463 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 464 |
+
|
| 465 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 466 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 467 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 468 |
+
| `-a` | trilogija, rinetta, kenija |
|
| 469 |
+
| `-e` | gališćinje, evidence, hercegowinje |
|
| 470 |
+
| `-je` | gališćinje, hercegowinje, wótstoje |
|
| 471 |
+
| `-ch` | reichenbach, proch, žurnalistiskich |
|
| 472 |
+
| `-ka` | hypotetiska, francoska, wěrika |
|
| 473 |
+
| `-ki` | monotypiski, wólšynki, keltiski |
|
| 474 |
+
| `-ow` | dokusow, wunjow, basnikow |
|
| 475 |
+
| `-nje` | gališćinje, hercegowinje, wótchylenje |
|
| 476 |
+
|
| 477 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 478 |
+
|
| 479 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 480 |
+
|
| 481 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 482 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 483 |
+
| `šćin` | 1.95x | 41 contexts | češćinu, češćina, češćiny |
|
| 484 |
+
| `jenj` | 1.71x | 62 contexts | jenje, mjenju, mjenja |
|
| 485 |
+
| `ótar` | 2.17x | 19 contexts | kótara, kótaru, kótare |
|
| 486 |
+
| `skej` | 1.53x | 56 contexts | českej, wuskej, irskej |
|
| 487 |
+
| `měst` | 1.87x | 25 contexts | městy, města, město |
|
| 488 |
+
| `rbsk` | 1.95x | 17 contexts | srbská, serbsku, serbsko |
|
| 489 |
+
| `owan` | 1.70x | 26 contexts | głowan, cowanje, źěkowano |
|
| 490 |
+
| `kóta` | 2.17x | 12 contexts | kótara, kótaru, kótare |
|
| 491 |
+
| `iski` | 1.63x | 25 contexts | niski, bliski, leniski |
|
| 492 |
+
| `iske` | 1.46x | 36 contexts | niske, aziske, bliske |
|
| 493 |
+
| `erbs` | 1.90x | 14 contexts | herbst, serbsku, serbsko |
|
| 494 |
+
| `imsk` | 1.72x | 16 contexts | nimska, nimsko, nimske |
|
| 495 |
+
|
| 496 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 497 |
+
|
| 498 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 499 |
+
|
| 500 |
+
*No significant affix co-occurrences detected.*
|
| 501 |
+
|
| 502 |
+
|
| 503 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 504 |
+
|
| 505 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 506 |
+
|
| 507 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 508 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 509 |
+
| wóznamjenjenje | **`wóznam-je-nje-nje`** | 7.5 | `wóznam` |
|
| 510 |
+
| biologowka | **`biolog-ow-ka`** | 6.0 | `biolog` |
|
| 511 |
+
| pósćonych | **`pósćony-ch`** | 4.5 | `pósćony` |
|
| 512 |
+
| wótstojecych | **`wótstojecy-ch`** | 4.5 | `wótstojecy` |
|
| 513 |
+
| pomorskeje | **`pomorske-je`** | 4.5 | `pomorske` |
|
| 514 |
+
| halšterje | **`halšter-je`** | 4.5 | `halšter` |
|
| 515 |
+
| nejlěpšych | **`nejlěpšy-ch`** | 4.5 | `nejlěpšy` |
|
| 516 |
+
| kamjentnych | **`kamjentny-ch`** | 4.5 | `kamjentny` |
|
| 517 |
+
| pódpołnocnje | **`pódpołnoc-nje`** | 4.5 | `pódpołnoc` |
|
| 518 |
+
| spominanje | **`spomina-nje`** | 4.5 | `spomina` |
|
| 519 |
+
| pódwjacorneje | **`pódwjacorne-je`** | 4.5 | `pódwjacorne` |
|
| 520 |
+
| organiskeje | **`organiske-je`** | 4.5 | `organiske` |
|
| 521 |
+
| wótpósłańcka | **`wótpósłańc-ka`** | 4.5 | `wótpósłańc` |
|
| 522 |
+
| chinskeje | **`chinske-je`** | 4.5 | `chinske` |
|
| 523 |
+
| twarjenjach | **`twarjenja-ch`** | 4.5 | `twarjenja` |
|
| 524 |
+
|
| 525 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 526 |
+
|
| 527 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 528 |
+
The language Lower Sorbian shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 529 |
+
|
| 530 |
+
> **Note on Idiomaticity:** The high Idiomaticity Gap suggests a large number of frequent multi-word expressions or formulaic sequences that are statistically distinct from their component parts.
|
| 531 |
+
|
| 532 |
+
---
|
| 533 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 534 |
|
| 535 |

|
| 536 |
|
|
|
|
| 538 |
|
| 539 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 540 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 541 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.37x) |
|
| 542 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (446) |
|
| 543 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.7%) |
|
| 544 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 545 |
|
| 546 |
+
|
| 547 |
---
|
| 548 |
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 549 |
|
|
|
|
| 733 |
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 734 |
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 735 |
year = {2025},
|
| 736 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 737 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 738 |
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 739 |
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 740 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 750 |
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 751 |
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 752 |
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 753 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 754 |
---
|
| 755 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 756 |
|
| 757 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-04 02:35:27*
|
models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_128d.bin
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{
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|
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models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_64d.bin
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models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_64d.projection.npy
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models/embeddings/aligned/dsb_64d_metadata.json
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|
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{
|
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| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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|
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|
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|
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models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_128d.bin
CHANGED
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_128d_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@
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|
| 3 |
"dimension": 128,
|
| 4 |
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
"min_count": 5,
|
| 8 |
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
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|
| 10 |
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|
| 11 |
},
|
| 12 |
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"vocab_size":
|
| 13 |
}
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|
| 3 |
"dimension": 128,
|
| 4 |
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
+
"algorithm": "skipgram",
|
| 7 |
"min_count": 5,
|
| 8 |
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
"negative": 5,
|
| 10 |
+
"epochs": 5,
|
| 11 |
+
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
+
"dim": 128
|
| 13 |
},
|
| 14 |
+
"vocab_size": 10440
|
| 15 |
}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/dsb_32d.bin
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
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