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- .gitattributes +1 -0
- README.md +348 -136
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dtp_128d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dtp_128d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dtp_32d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dtp_32d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dtp_64d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/dtp_64d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/subword_markov/dtp_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dtp_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dtp_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dtp_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dtp_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dtp_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dtp_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/dtp_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dtp_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dtp_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dtp_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dtp_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dtp_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dtp_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/dtp_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/dtp_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/dtp_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/dtp_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/dtp_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/dtp_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/dtp_tokenizer_64k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/dtp_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/dtp_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/dtp_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/dtp_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
- models/vocabulary/dtp_vocabulary_metadata.json +10 -9
- models/word_markov/dtp_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/dtp_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/dtp_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/dtp_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +2 -2
.gitattributes
CHANGED
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@@ -39,3 +39,4 @@ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -t
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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---
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language: dtp
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language_name:
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language_family: austronesian_other
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tags:
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- wikilangs
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- n-gram
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- markov
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- wikipedia
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- monolingual
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- family-austronesian_other
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license: mit
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library_name: wikilangs
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pipeline_tag:
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datasets:
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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dataset_info:
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value:
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generated:
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---
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#
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## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **
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We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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## 📋 Repository Contents
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### Models & Assets
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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- N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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- Language Vocabulary
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- Language Statistics
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### Analysis and Evaluation
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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- [6.
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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### Results
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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| **8k** |
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| **16k** | 4.
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| **32k** | 4.
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| **64k** | 4.
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### Tokenization Examples
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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**Sample 1:** `
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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| 64k | `▁
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**Sample 2:** `
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k | `▁
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**Sample 3:** `
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.
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- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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### Results
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| N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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**2-grams:**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~
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- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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---
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### Results
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| Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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### Generated Text Samples
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**Context Size 1:**
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**Context Size 2:**
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**Context Size 3:**
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**Context Size 4:**
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### Key Findings
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- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (
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- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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---
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Median Frequency | 4 |
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### Most Common Words
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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### Zipf's Law Analysis
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| Metric | Value |
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| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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### Coverage Analysis
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| Top N Words | Coverage |
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### Key Findings
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---
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## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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### Model Comparison
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.
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---
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## 6.
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@@ -338,11 +547,12 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
|
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| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 340 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 341 |
-
| Tokenizer | **
|
| 342 |
-
| N-gram | **
|
| 343 |
-
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (
|
| 344 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
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---
|
| 347 |
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
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@@ -532,7 +742,8 @@ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
|
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| 532 |
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 533 |
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 534 |
year = {2025},
|
| 535 |
-
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url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
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institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
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}
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@@ -548,7 +759,8 @@ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
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| 548 |
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 549 |
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 550 |
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
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|
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|
| 551 |
---
|
| 552 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 553 |
|
| 554 |
-
*Report Date:
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
---
|
| 2 |
language: dtp
|
| 3 |
+
language_name: Central Dusun
|
| 4 |
language_family: austronesian_other
|
| 5 |
tags:
|
| 6 |
- wikilangs
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|
|
|
| 10 |
- n-gram
|
| 11 |
- markov
|
| 12 |
- wikipedia
|
| 13 |
+
- feature-extraction
|
| 14 |
+
- sentence-similarity
|
| 15 |
+
- tokenization
|
| 16 |
+
- n-grams
|
| 17 |
+
- markov-chain
|
| 18 |
+
- text-mining
|
| 19 |
+
- fasttext
|
| 20 |
+
- babelvec
|
| 21 |
+
- vocabulous
|
| 22 |
+
- vocabulary
|
| 23 |
- monolingual
|
| 24 |
- family-austronesian_other
|
| 25 |
license: mit
|
| 26 |
library_name: wikilangs
|
| 27 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
| 28 |
datasets:
|
| 29 |
- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
|
| 30 |
dataset_info:
|
|
|
|
| 33 |
metrics:
|
| 34 |
- name: best_compression_ratio
|
| 35 |
type: compression
|
| 36 |
+
value: 4.962
|
| 37 |
- name: best_isotropy
|
| 38 |
type: isotropy
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.8679
|
| 40 |
- name: vocabulary_size
|
| 41 |
type: vocab
|
| 42 |
+
value: 0
|
| 43 |
+
generated: 2026-01-04
|
| 44 |
---
|
| 45 |
|
| 46 |
+
# Central Dusun - Wikilangs Models
|
| 47 |
## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
|
| 48 |
|
| 49 |
+
This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Central Dusun** Wikipedia data.
|
| 50 |
We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
|
| 51 |
|
| 52 |
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
|
|
|
| 54 |
### Models & Assets
|
| 55 |
|
| 56 |
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 57 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 58 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 59 |
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 60 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 61 |
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 62 |
- Language Statistics
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |

|
| 65 |
|
| 66 |
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 70 |
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 71 |
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 72 |
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 73 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 74 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 75 |
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 76 |
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 77 |
|
|
|
|
| 80 |
|
| 81 |

|
| 82 |
|
| 83 |
+

|
| 84 |
+
|
| 85 |
+

|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+

|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
### Results
|
| 90 |
|
| 91 |
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 92 |
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 93 |
+
| **8k** | 4.024x | 4.03 | 0.1643% | 595,784 |
|
| 94 |
+
| **16k** | 4.420x | 4.42 | 0.1805% | 542,287 |
|
| 95 |
+
| **32k** | 4.736x | 4.74 | 0.1934% | 506,176 |
|
| 96 |
+
| **64k** | 4.962x 🏆 | 4.96 | 0.2026% | 483,109 |
|
| 97 |
|
| 98 |
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 99 |
|
| 100 |
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 101 |
|
| 102 |
+
**Sample 1:** `Boros Murut Timugon nopo nga boros di gunoon do Tulun Murut id Borneo. Sukuon`
|
| 103 |
|
| 104 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 105 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 106 |
+
| 8k | `▁boros ▁murut ▁tim ug on ▁nopo ▁nga ▁boros ▁di ▁gunoon ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 16k | `▁boros ▁murut ▁tim ug on ▁nopo ▁nga ▁boros ▁di ▁gunoon ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 32k | `▁boros ▁murut ▁tim ugon ▁nopo ▁nga ▁boros ▁di ▁gunoon ▁do ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
|
| 109 |
+
| 64k | `▁boros ▁murut ▁timugon ▁nopo ▁nga ▁boros ▁di ▁gunoon ▁do ▁tulun ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
|
| 110 |
|
| 111 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Suminundu nopo nga sinawaan di Kinoingan.Kitanak yolo do songulun tondu tolumis ...`
|
| 112 |
|
| 113 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 114 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 115 |
+
| 8k | `▁sumin undu ▁nopo ▁nga ▁sin awaan ▁di ▁kino ingan . ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 16k | `▁sumin undu ▁nopo ▁nga ▁sinawaan ▁di ▁kinoingan . k itanak ... (+11 more)` | 21 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 32k | `▁sumin undu ▁nopo ▁nga ▁sinawaan ▁di ▁kinoingan . k itanak ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
|
| 118 |
+
| 64k | `▁suminundu ▁nopo ▁nga ▁sinawaan ▁di ▁kinoingan . kitanak ▁yolo ▁do ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
|
| 119 |
|
| 120 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Mongintob nopo nga nunu nopo iri kokomoi do ginumu, ginayo, sinodu toi winagat.`
|
| 121 |
|
| 122 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 123 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 124 |
+
| 8k | `▁mongin tob ▁nopo ▁nga ▁nunu ▁nopo ▁iri ▁kokomoi ▁do ▁ginumu ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 125 |
+
| 16k | `▁mongintob ▁nopo ▁nga ▁nunu ▁nopo ▁iri ▁kokomoi ▁do ▁ginumu , ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
|
| 126 |
+
| 32k | `▁mongintob ▁nopo ▁nga ▁nunu ▁nopo ▁iri ▁kokomoi ▁do ▁ginumu , ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
|
| 127 |
+
| 64k | `▁mongintob ▁nopo ▁nga ▁nunu ▁nopo ▁iri ▁kokomoi ▁do ▁ginumu , ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
|
| 128 |
|
| 129 |
|
| 130 |
### Key Findings
|
| 131 |
|
| 132 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.962x compression
|
| 133 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1643% unknown tokens
|
| 134 |
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 135 |
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 136 |
|
|
|
|
| 139 |
|
| 140 |

|
| 141 |
|
| 142 |
+

|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |

|
| 145 |
|
| 146 |
### Results
|
| 147 |
|
| 148 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 149 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 150 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 7,224 | 12.82 | 18,432 | 17.6% | 40.2% |
|
| 151 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 227 🏆 | 7.82 | 2,665 | 72.6% | 99.5% |
|
| 152 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 10,598 | 13.37 | 17,860 | 12.0% | 30.6% |
|
| 153 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 1,902 | 10.89 | 18,913 | 28.7% | 75.5% |
|
| 154 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 17,687 | 14.11 | 21,653 | 5.2% | 18.7% |
|
| 155 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 10,332 | 13.33 | 90,801 | 14.5% | 42.9% |
|
| 156 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 9,233 | 13.17 | 10,312 | 5.0% | 23.1% |
|
| 157 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 32,680 | 15.00 | 217,159 | 9.9% | 28.5% |
|
| 158 |
|
| 159 |
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 160 |
|
| 161 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 164 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 165 |
+
| 1 | `nopo nga` | 11,657 |
|
| 166 |
+
| 2 | `id suang` | 2,821 |
|
| 167 |
+
| 3 | `toi ko` | 1,861 |
|
| 168 |
+
| 4 | `ontok toun` | 1,828 |
|
| 169 |
+
| 5 | `nga iso` | 1,049 |
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 174 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 175 |
+
| 1 | `nopo nga iso` | 951 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 2 | `diti nopo nga` | 935 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 3 | `id suang do` | 660 |
|
| 178 |
+
| 4 | `nopo nga songulun` | 600 |
|
| 179 |
+
| 5 | `nopo diti nga` | 439 |
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 184 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 185 |
+
| 1 | `nopo nga iso mantad` | 117 |
|
| 186 |
+
| 2 | `nopo nga iso kawo` | 79 |
|
| 187 |
+
| 3 | `nopo nga songulun mimingkono` | 75 |
|
| 188 |
+
| 4 | `nopo nga kohompit no` | 71 |
|
| 189 |
+
| 5 | `nopo nga iso pogun` | 70 |
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 194 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 195 |
+
| 1 | `archived from the original on` | 42 |
|
| 196 |
+
| 2 | `toi ko lobi ointutunan sabaagi` | 34 |
|
| 197 |
+
| 3 | `koposion pogulu om pondidikan nosusu` | 25 |
|
| 198 |
+
| 4 | `toun uhu kono saluran tv` | 24 |
|
| 199 |
+
| 5 | `mw parser output reflist lower` | 24 |
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 204 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 205 |
+
| 1 | `a n` | 132,420 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 2 | `n _` | 100,917 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 3 | `o _` | 92,031 |
|
| 208 |
+
| 4 | `i _` | 88,621 |
|
| 209 |
+
| 5 | `o n` | 79,747 |
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 212 |
|
| 213 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 214 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 215 |
+
| 1 | `a n _` | 56,169 |
|
| 216 |
+
| 2 | `d o _` | 34,236 |
|
| 217 |
+
| 3 | `_ n o` | 33,345 |
|
| 218 |
+
| 4 | `_ d o` | 32,858 |
|
| 219 |
+
| 5 | `_ k o` | 28,766 |
|
| 220 |
|
| 221 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 222 |
|
| 223 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 224 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 225 |
+
| 1 | `_ d o _` | 30,800 |
|
| 226 |
+
| 2 | `_ i d _` | 22,452 |
|
| 227 |
+
| 3 | `_ o m _` | 19,951 |
|
| 228 |
+
| 4 | `_ n g a` | 17,310 |
|
| 229 |
+
| 5 | `n o p o` | 15,354 |
|
| 230 |
|
| 231 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 232 |
|
| 233 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 234 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 235 |
+
| 1 | `_ n g a _` | 14,567 |
|
| 236 |
+
| 2 | `_ n o p o` | 14,303 |
|
| 237 |
+
| 3 | `n o p o _` | 14,096 |
|
| 238 |
+
| 4 | `o n t o k` | 12,540 |
|
| 239 |
+
| 5 | `n t o k _` | 12,488 |
|
| 240 |
|
| 241 |
|
| 242 |
### Key Findings
|
| 243 |
|
| 244 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 227
|
| 245 |
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 246 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~29% of corpus
|
| 247 |
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 248 |
|
| 249 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 251 |
|
| 252 |

|
| 253 |
|
| 254 |
+

|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |

|
| 257 |
|
| 258 |
### Results
|
| 259 |
|
| 260 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 261 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 262 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.8540 | 1.808 | 5.51 | 70,711 | 14.6% |
|
| 263 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 0.8991 | 1.865 | 5.16 | 1,986 | 10.1% |
|
| 264 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.2712 | 1.207 | 1.62 | 388,589 | 72.9% |
|
| 265 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.6820 | 1.604 | 4.13 | 10,241 | 31.8% |
|
| 266 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.0811 | 1.058 | 1.13 | 628,158 | 91.9% |
|
| 267 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.7746 | 1.711 | 3.85 | 42,293 | 22.5% |
|
| 268 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0237 🏆 | 1.017 | 1.03 | 709,279 | 97.6% |
|
| 269 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.6516 | 1.571 | 2.76 | 162,763 | 34.8% |
|
| 270 |
+
|
| 271 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 274 |
+
|
| 275 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
1. `do tasu piipiro posis nopo nga bagas menteri malaysia toi ko 7 3w 7 808 güzelbahçe`
|
| 278 |
+
2. `id boros sweden maamaso timpu pogulu nosusu i nopo nga okito nogi i rajaa do amu`
|
| 279 |
+
3. `om papaharo sikul takawas id keningau diti nga kohompit om gisom pinoposiliu do dudumagang maritim m...`
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
1. `nopo nga okito id posorili do kuil kuil bongunan bongunan winonsoi o kinoyonon diti galeri sukuon pa...`
|
| 284 |
+
2. `id suang pambalajalan loolobi id gana do sains sosial om ekonomi mogigion do pulau bali winonsoi o`
|
| 285 |
+
3. `toi ko bandar raya santiago gurun atacama ii gersang id utara chile nopo nga kosoruan ointutunan sab...`
|
| 286 |
+
|
| 287 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 288 |
+
|
| 289 |
+
1. `nopo nga iso kakadayan komponen kalas ko 5 id kointayadan do 50 tondu yahudi di bobos boroson id`
|
| 290 |
+
2. `diti nopo nga kiwaa totos okuri nopo nga kirati do tudan udan talasu om i bobos poinwagu nopo`
|
| 291 |
+
3. `id suang do watas tenom om id siriba kotoinaan do upis watas keningau di laid abaabayan dii nopo`
|
| 292 |
+
|
| 293 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 294 |
+
|
| 295 |
+
1. `nopo nga iso mantad tolu puruan tinimungan slav kosilahon ii kakal po do pharo ii suai nopo nga monu...`
|
| 296 |
+
2. `nopo nga iso kawo boros dayak i popohompit do duo dialek daro om matu dialek mantad boros austronesi...`
|
| 297 |
+
3. `nopo nga songulun mimingkono di abantung kopio maya piipiro film miagal ko x men apocalypse om nogi ...`
|
| 298 |
|
|
|
|
| 299 |
|
| 300 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 303 |
|
| 304 |
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 305 |
|
| 306 |
+
1. `_2_,_suhyl_palal`
|
| 307 |
+
2. `aheacasomomoid_p`
|
| 308 |
+
3. `ombaaiayosiesili`
|
| 309 |
|
| 310 |
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 311 |
|
| 312 |
+
1. `an_gan_ka_kopoko_`
|
| 313 |
+
2. `n_mek_koudions_gr`
|
| 314 |
+
3. `o_dukul_bihaguluh`
|
| 315 |
|
| 316 |
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 317 |
|
| 318 |
+
1. `an_abaagu_di_aut"_`
|
| 319 |
+
2. `do_sukuon_debutang`
|
| 320 |
+
3. `_nokobol_kopo_ngam`
|
| 321 |
|
| 322 |
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 323 |
|
| 324 |
+
1. `_do_ponuan_chillage`
|
| 325 |
+
2. `_id_sabaagi_gisom_n`
|
| 326 |
+
3. `_om_institud_5.11-3`
|
| 327 |
|
| 328 |
|
| 329 |
### Key Findings
|
| 330 |
|
| 331 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 97.6% predictability
|
| 332 |
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 333 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (162,763 contexts)
|
| 334 |
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 335 |
|
| 336 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 346 |
|
| 347 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 348 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 349 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 30,571 |
|
| 350 |
+
| Total Tokens | 714,971 |
|
| 351 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 23.39 |
|
| 352 |
| Median Frequency | 4 |
|
| 353 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 322.81 |
|
| 354 |
|
| 355 |
### Most Common Words
|
| 356 |
|
| 357 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 358 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 359 |
+
| 1 | do | 30,939 |
|
| 360 |
+
| 2 | id | 22,604 |
|
| 361 |
+
| 3 | om | 20,001 |
|
| 362 |
+
| 4 | nga | 15,882 |
|
| 363 |
+
| 5 | nopo | 14,210 |
|
| 364 |
+
| 6 | di | 13,677 |
|
| 365 |
+
| 7 | i | 9,637 |
|
| 366 |
+
| 8 | mantad | 7,460 |
|
| 367 |
+
| 9 | ontok | 6,784 |
|
| 368 |
+
| 10 | sabaagi | 5,793 |
|
| 369 |
|
| 370 |
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 371 |
|
| 372 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 373 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 374 |
+
| 1 | nın | 2 |
|
| 375 |
+
| 2 | tarihçesi | 2 |
|
| 376 |
+
| 3 | paü | 2 |
|
| 377 |
+
| 4 | eğitim | 2 |
|
| 378 |
+
| 5 | dergisi | 2 |
|
| 379 |
+
| 6 | sayı | 2 |
|
| 380 |
+
| 7 | mongumang | 2 |
|
| 381 |
+
| 8 | mikattiwang | 2 |
|
| 382 |
+
| 9 | sisimbarpulou | 2 |
|
| 383 |
| 10 | koz | 2 |
|
| 384 |
|
| 385 |
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 386 |
|
| 387 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 388 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 389 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.0496 |
|
| 390 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.994075 |
|
| 391 |
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 392 |
|
| 393 |
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 394 |
|
| 395 |
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 396 |
|-------------|----------|
|
| 397 |
+
| Top 100 | 41.6% |
|
| 398 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 66.1% |
|
| 399 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 84.5% |
|
| 400 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 91.2% |
|
| 401 |
|
| 402 |
### Key Findings
|
| 403 |
|
| 404 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9941 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 405 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 41.6% of corpus
|
| 406 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 20,571 words needed for remaining 8.8% coverage
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 |
---
|
| 409 |
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 416 |
|
| 417 |

|
| 418 |
|
|
|
|
| 419 |
|
| 420 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+

|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+

|
| 425 |
+
|
| 426 |
+
|
| 427 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 428 |
+
|
| 429 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 430 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 431 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.8679 🏆 | 0.3272 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 432 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.7620 | 0.2632 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 433 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.3462 | 0.2417 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 434 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.8679 | 0.3226 | 0.0560 | 0.2820 |
|
| 435 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.7620 | 0.2720 | 0.1060 | 0.3860 |
|
| 436 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.3462 | 0.2427 | 0.2020 | 0.5260 |
|
| 437 |
|
| 438 |
### Key Findings
|
| 439 |
|
| 440 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8679 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 441 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.2782. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 442 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 20.2% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 443 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 444 |
|
| 445 |
---
|
| 446 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 447 |
+
|
| 448 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 449 |
+
|
| 450 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 451 |
+
|
| 452 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 453 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 454 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 455 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **-0.189** | Low formulaic content | - |
|
| 456 |
+
|
| 457 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 458 |
+
|
| 459 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 462 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 463 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 464 |
+
| `-po` | poinkilong, pointounda, poninong |
|
| 465 |
+
| `-ko` | kopogonuan, kontinjen, kokomoi |
|
| 466 |
+
| `-mo` | monongkuyaan, mongingit, mohd |
|
| 467 |
+
| `-mi` | mind, millennium, minsingumbal |
|
| 468 |
+
| `-ma` | maru, many, matter |
|
| 469 |
+
|
| 470 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 471 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 472 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 473 |
+
| `-n` | louson, sukun, monongkuyaan |
|
| 474 |
+
| `-an` | monongkuyaan, kopogonuan, keahlian |
|
| 475 |
+
| `-on` | louson, southampton, unsubon |
|
| 476 |
+
| `-ng` | poinkilong, skateboarding, dropping |
|
| 477 |
+
|
| 478 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 479 |
+
|
| 480 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 481 |
+
|
| 482 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 483 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 484 |
+
| `anga` | 1.64x | 146 contexts | ganga, tanga, manga |
|
| 485 |
+
| `ngan` | 1.88x | 34 contexts | songan, jangan, dengan |
|
| 486 |
+
| `oros` | 2.02x | 26 contexts | boros, oroso, doros |
|
| 487 |
+
| `anta` | 1.48x | 88 contexts | banta, manta, antad |
|
| 488 |
+
| `boro` | 2.19x | 19 contexts | boros, oboros, borough |
|
| 489 |
+
| `ongu` | 1.63x | 50 contexts | tongue, tongus, mongua |
|
| 490 |
+
| `impu` | 1.96x | 24 contexts | limpu, timpu, limput |
|
| 491 |
+
| `mont` | 1.81x | 26 contexts | monto, montk, monte |
|
| 492 |
+
| `ampa` | 1.48x | 47 contexts | campa, gampa, rampa |
|
| 493 |
+
| `uang` | 1.59x | 33 contexts | huang, duang, ruang |
|
| 494 |
+
| `ogun` | 1.79x | 21 contexts | oguno, pogun, koguno |
|
| 495 |
+
| `mpai` | 1.95x | 13 contexts | ampai, rumpai, mimpai |
|
| 496 |
+
|
| 497 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 498 |
+
|
| 499 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 500 |
+
|
| 501 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 502 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 503 |
+
| `-ko` | `-n` | 164 words | kolintuhunan, koyomutan |
|
| 504 |
+
| `-po` | `-n` | 148 words | poimpohon, porundangan |
|
| 505 |
+
| `-ko` | `-an` | 121 words | kolintuhunan, koyomutan |
|
| 506 |
+
| `-po` | `-an` | 109 words | porundangan, pomutulan |
|
| 507 |
+
| `-po` | `-on` | 39 words | poimpohon, potingkodon |
|
| 508 |
+
| `-ko` | `-on` | 37 words | kohinoon, kosogubon |
|
| 509 |
+
| `-mi` | `-ng` | 29 words | minanamong, minongisonong |
|
| 510 |
+
| `-mi` | `-n` | 23 words | million, miimpohon |
|
| 511 |
+
| `-mo` | `-ng` | 22 words | momoguring, moyang |
|
| 512 |
+
| `-po` | `-ng` | 16 words | poring, poning |
|
| 513 |
+
|
| 514 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 515 |
+
|
| 516 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 517 |
+
|
| 518 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 519 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 520 |
+
| kopomolobusan | **`ko-po-mo-lobus-an`** | 9.0 | `lobus` |
|
| 521 |
+
| popokobong | **`po-po-ko-bong`** | 7.5 | `bong` |
|
| 522 |
+
| pomokritik | **`po-mo-kritik`** | 6.0 | `kritik` |
|
| 523 |
+
| popobibas | **`po-po-bibas`** | 6.0 | `bibas` |
|
| 524 |
+
| momooboros | **`mo-mo-oboros`** | 6.0 | `oboros` |
|
| 525 |
+
| mamagakom | **`ma-ma-gakom`** | 6.0 | `gakom` |
|
| 526 |
+
| pomodolinan | **`po-mo-dolin-an`** | 4.5 | `dolin` |
|
| 527 |
+
| koingkuri | **`ko-ingkuri`** | 4.5 | `ingkuri` |
|
| 528 |
+
| tungkusan | **`tungkus-an`** | 4.5 | `tungkus` |
|
| 529 |
+
| pengurusan | **`pengurus-an`** | 4.5 | `pengurus` |
|
| 530 |
+
| kopogisuusuayan | **`ko-po-gisuusuay-an`** | 4.5 | `gisuusuay` |
|
| 531 |
+
| pesisiran | **`pesisir-an`** | 4.5 | `pesisir` |
|
| 532 |
+
| kopomoogian | **`ko-po-mo-ogian`** | 4.5 | `ogian` |
|
| 533 |
+
| pomudagangan | **`po-mudaga-ng-an`** | 4.5 | `mudaga` |
|
| 534 |
+
| pomobodilan | **`po-mo-bodil-an`** | 4.5 | `bodil` |
|
| 535 |
+
|
| 536 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 537 |
+
|
| 538 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 539 |
+
The language Central Dusun shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 540 |
+
|
| 541 |
+
---
|
| 542 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 543 |
|
| 544 |

|
| 545 |
|
|
|
|
| 547 |
|
| 548 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 549 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 550 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.96x) |
|
| 551 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (227) |
|
| 552 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.6%) |
|
| 553 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 554 |
|
| 555 |
+
|
| 556 |
---
|
| 557 |
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 558 |
|
|
|
|
| 742 |
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 743 |
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 744 |
year = {2025},
|
| 745 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 746 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 747 |
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 748 |
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 749 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 759 |
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 760 |
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 761 |
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 762 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 763 |
---
|
| 764 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 765 |
|
| 766 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-04 02:42:58*
|
models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_128d.bin
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models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_64d.projection.npy
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models/embeddings/aligned/dtp_64d_metadata.json
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|
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|
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models/embeddings/monolingual/dtp_128d.bin
CHANGED
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/monolingual/dtp_128d_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
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|
| 3 |
"dimension": 128,
|
| 4 |
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
-
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|
| 7 |
"min_count": 5,
|
| 8 |
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
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|
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|
| 11 |
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|
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|
| 5 |
+
"unique_contexts": 388589,
|
| 6 |
+
"total_transitions": 751359
|
| 7 |
}
|