Upload all models and assets for fon (latest)
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- .gitattributes +7 -0
- README.md +750 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fon_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_128d_metadata.json +15 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_32d_metadata.json +15 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_64d_metadata.json +15 -0
- models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fon_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fon_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fon_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fon_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fon_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fon_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fon_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fon_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/fon_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
- models/vocabulary/fon_vocabulary_metadata.json +17 -0
- models/word_markov/fon_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
.gitattributes
CHANGED
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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|
| 1 |
+
---
|
| 2 |
+
language: fon
|
| 3 |
+
language_name: Fon
|
| 4 |
+
language_family: atlantic_kwa
|
| 5 |
+
tags:
|
| 6 |
+
- wikilangs
|
| 7 |
+
- nlp
|
| 8 |
+
- tokenizer
|
| 9 |
+
- embeddings
|
| 10 |
+
- n-gram
|
| 11 |
+
- markov
|
| 12 |
+
- wikipedia
|
| 13 |
+
- feature-extraction
|
| 14 |
+
- sentence-similarity
|
| 15 |
+
- tokenization
|
| 16 |
+
- n-grams
|
| 17 |
+
- markov-chain
|
| 18 |
+
- text-mining
|
| 19 |
+
- fasttext
|
| 20 |
+
- babelvec
|
| 21 |
+
- vocabulous
|
| 22 |
+
- vocabulary
|
| 23 |
+
- monolingual
|
| 24 |
+
- family-atlantic_kwa
|
| 25 |
+
license: mit
|
| 26 |
+
library_name: wikilangs
|
| 27 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
| 28 |
+
datasets:
|
| 29 |
+
- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
|
| 30 |
+
dataset_info:
|
| 31 |
+
name: wikipedia-monthly
|
| 32 |
+
description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
|
| 33 |
+
metrics:
|
| 34 |
+
- name: best_compression_ratio
|
| 35 |
+
type: compression
|
| 36 |
+
value: 4.124
|
| 37 |
+
- name: best_isotropy
|
| 38 |
+
type: isotropy
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.6254
|
| 40 |
+
- name: vocabulary_size
|
| 41 |
+
type: vocab
|
| 42 |
+
value: 0
|
| 43 |
+
generated: 2026-01-04
|
| 44 |
+
---
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
# Fon - Wikilangs Models
|
| 47 |
+
## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
|
| 48 |
+
|
| 49 |
+
This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Fon** Wikipedia data.
|
| 50 |
+
We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
|
| 51 |
+
|
| 52 |
+
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |
+
### Models & Assets
|
| 55 |
+
|
| 56 |
+
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 57 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 58 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 59 |
+
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 60 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 61 |
+
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 62 |
+
- Language Statistics
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |
+

|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
- [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
|
| 69 |
+
- [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
|
| 70 |
+
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 71 |
+
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 72 |
+
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 73 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 74 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 75 |
+
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 76 |
+
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 77 |
+
|
| 78 |
+
---
|
| 79 |
+
## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+

|
| 82 |
+
|
| 83 |
+

|
| 84 |
+
|
| 85 |
+

|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+

|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
### Results
|
| 90 |
+
|
| 91 |
+
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 92 |
+
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 93 |
+
| **8k** | 3.633x | 3.64 | 0.1627% | 178,834 |
|
| 94 |
+
| **16k** | 3.846x | 3.85 | 0.1723% | 168,913 |
|
| 95 |
+
| **32k** | 4.057x | 4.06 | 0.1817% | 160,142 |
|
| 96 |
+
| **64k** | 4.124x 🏆 | 4.13 | 0.1847% | 157,541 |
|
| 97 |
+
|
| 98 |
+
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 99 |
+
|
| 100 |
+
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 101 |
+
|
| 102 |
+
**Sample 1:** `Koffi Danger, ɔ́ nyí malànhwlɛ̀nvlɛ́tɔ́ Benɛɛ tɔn ɖé wɛ bɔ è jì i ɖò ɖò Gbɔ̀xikɔ...`
|
| 103 |
+
|
| 104 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 105 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 106 |
+
| 8k | `▁koffi ▁dan ger , ▁ɔ́ ▁nyí ▁malànhwlɛ̀nvlɛ́ tɔ́ ▁benɛɛ ▁tɔn ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 16k | `▁koffi ▁danger , ▁ɔ́ ▁nyí ▁malànhwlɛ̀nvlɛ́ tɔ́ ▁benɛɛ ▁tɔn ▁ɖé ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 32k | `▁koffi ▁danger , ▁ɔ́ ▁nyí ▁malànhwlɛ̀nvlɛ́ tɔ́ ▁benɛɛ ▁tɔn ▁ɖé ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
|
| 109 |
+
| 64k | `▁koffi ▁danger , ▁ɔ́ ▁nyí ▁malànhwlɛ̀nvlɛ́ tɔ́ ▁benɛɛ ▁tɔn ▁ɖé ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
|
| 110 |
+
|
| 111 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Kuwanwangu nyi glekɔxwe ɖokpo nǔ tokpɔnlavi Kwaba tɔn nú tokpɔnla Natitingu tɔn ...`
|
| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 114 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 115 |
+
| 8k | `▁ku wan wan gu ▁nyi ▁glekɔxwe ▁ɖokpo ▁nǔ ▁tokpɔnlavi ▁kwaba ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 16k | `▁kuwanwangu ▁nyi ▁glekɔxwe ▁ɖokpo ▁nǔ ▁tokpɔnlavi ▁kwaba ▁tɔn ▁nú ▁tokpɔnla ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 32k | `▁kuwanwangu ▁nyi ▁glekɔxwe ▁ɖokpo ▁nǔ ▁tokpɔnlavi ▁kwaba ▁tɔn ▁nú ▁tokpɔnla ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
|
| 118 |
+
| 64k | `▁kuwanwangu ▁nyi ▁glekɔxwe ▁ɖokpo ▁nǔ ▁tokpɔnlavi ▁kwaba ▁tɔn ▁nú ▁tokpɔnla ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
|
| 119 |
+
|
| 120 |
+
**Sample 3:** `Ablu ɔ hwenu e minyɔ̀ alo weziza han ɔ wɛ nɔ nyi mɔ̌. Xixa tɔn`
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 123 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 124 |
+
| 8k | `▁ab lu ▁ɔ ▁hwenu ▁e ▁min yɔ̀ ▁alo ▁weziza ▁han ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
|
| 125 |
+
| 16k | `▁ablu ▁ɔ ▁hwenu ▁e ▁minyɔ̀ ▁alo ▁weziza ▁han ▁ɔ ▁wɛ ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
|
| 126 |
+
| 32k | `▁ablu ▁ɔ ▁hwenu ▁e ▁minyɔ̀ ▁alo ▁weziza ▁han ▁ɔ ▁wɛ ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
|
| 127 |
+
| 64k | `▁ablu ▁ɔ ▁hwenu ▁e ▁minyɔ̀ ▁alo ▁weziza ▁han ▁ɔ ▁wɛ ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.124x compression
|
| 133 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1627% unknown tokens
|
| 134 |
+
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 135 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
+
---
|
| 138 |
+
## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |
+

|
| 141 |
+
|
| 142 |
+

|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |
+

|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
### Results
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 149 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 150 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 1,671 | 10.71 | 7,538 | 38.1% | 71.7% |
|
| 151 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 265 🏆 | 8.05 | 2,254 | 68.9% | 98.7% |
|
| 152 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 2,808 | 11.46 | 12,455 | 33.4% | 62.3% |
|
| 153 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 1,585 | 10.63 | 14,789 | 35.7% | 77.3% |
|
| 154 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 3,755 | 11.87 | 19,739 | 32.3% | 58.3% |
|
| 155 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 5,749 | 12.49 | 55,463 | 22.8% | 55.5% |
|
| 156 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 2,983 | 11.54 | 15,474 | 34.1% | 61.1% |
|
| 157 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 12,261 | 13.58 | 96,928 | 17.0% | 44.8% |
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 164 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 165 |
+
| 1 | `tɔn mɛ` | 7,028 |
|
| 166 |
+
| 2 | `mɛ ɖo` | 3,347 |
|
| 167 |
+
| 3 | `tɔn lɛ` | 2,790 |
|
| 168 |
+
| 4 | `mɛ e` | 2,133 |
|
| 169 |
+
| 5 | `dodo tɔn` | 1,886 |
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 174 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 175 |
+
| 1 | `tɔn mɛ ɖo` | 2,782 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 2 | `jì é ɖěè` | 1,274 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 3 | `ayi e jì` | 1,171 |
|
| 178 |
+
| 4 | `tɔn mɛ é` | 1,170 |
|
| 179 |
+
| 5 | `e jì é` | 1,168 |
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 184 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 185 |
+
| 1 | `ayi e jì é` | 1,167 |
|
| 186 |
+
| 2 | `e jì é ɖěè` | 1,157 |
|
| 187 |
+
| 3 | `e ɖěè mɛ e` | 1,134 |
|
| 188 |
+
| 4 | `gbɛtɔ e ɖěè mɛ` | 1,133 |
|
| 189 |
+
| 5 | `tɔn mɛ ɖo benɛ` | 1,090 |
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 194 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 195 |
+
| 1 | `ayi e jì é ɖěè` | 1,156 |
|
| 196 |
+
| 2 | `gbɛtɔ e ɖěè mɛ e` | 1,133 |
|
| 197 |
+
| 3 | `benɛ ayi e jì é` | 1,064 |
|
| 198 |
+
| 4 | `ɖo benɛ ayi e jì` | 1,060 |
|
| 199 |
+
| 5 | `mɛ ɖo benɛ ayi e` | 1,060 |
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 204 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 205 |
+
| 1 | `n _` | 58,568 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 2 | `o _` | 46,161 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 3 | `_ t` | 45,106 |
|
| 208 |
+
| 4 | `ɔ n` | 41,894 |
|
| 209 |
+
| 5 | `_ ɖ` | 36,979 |
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 212 |
+
|
| 213 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 214 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 215 |
+
| 1 | `ɔ n _` | 27,349 |
|
| 216 |
+
| 2 | `t ɔ n` | 25,832 |
|
| 217 |
+
| 3 | `_ t ɔ` | 24,140 |
|
| 218 |
+
| 4 | `_ ɖ o` | 19,620 |
|
| 219 |
+
| 5 | `ɖ o _` | 17,028 |
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 222 |
+
|
| 223 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 224 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 225 |
+
| 1 | `_ t ɔ n` | 23,518 |
|
| 226 |
+
| 2 | `t ɔ n _` | 22,408 |
|
| 227 |
+
| 3 | `_ ɖ o _` | 16,782 |
|
| 228 |
+
| 4 | `_ m ɛ _` | 10,812 |
|
| 229 |
+
| 5 | `k p ɔ n` | 8,817 |
|
| 230 |
+
|
| 231 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 234 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 235 |
+
| 1 | `_ t ɔ n _` | 20,896 |
|
| 236 |
+
| 2 | `_ t o k p` | 8,408 |
|
| 237 |
+
| 3 | `t o k p ɔ` | 8,400 |
|
| 238 |
+
| 4 | `o k p ɔ n` | 8,400 |
|
| 239 |
+
| 5 | `t ɔ n _ m` | 7,246 |
|
| 240 |
+
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 265
|
| 245 |
+
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 246 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~45% of corpus
|
| 247 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 248 |
+
|
| 249 |
+
---
|
| 250 |
+
## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
|
| 251 |
+
|
| 252 |
+

|
| 253 |
+
|
| 254 |
+

|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |
+

|
| 257 |
+
|
| 258 |
+
### Results
|
| 259 |
+
|
| 260 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 261 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 262 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.7272 | 1.655 | 4.51 | 24,791 | 27.3% |
|
| 263 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 1.2806 | 2.429 | 14.66 | 265 | 0.0% |
|
| 264 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.2756 | 1.210 | 1.70 | 111,357 | 72.4% |
|
| 265 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 1.1501 | 2.219 | 7.00 | 3,884 | 0.0% |
|
| 266 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.1152 | 1.083 | 1.21 | 188,520 | 88.5% |
|
| 267 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.7806 | 1.718 | 3.61 | 27,160 | 21.9% |
|
| 268 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0471 🏆 | 1.033 | 1.08 | 227,466 | 95.3% |
|
| 269 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.5178 | 1.432 | 2.22 | 98,034 | 48.2% |
|
| 270 |
+
|
| 271 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 274 |
+
|
| 275 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
1. `tɔn mɛ wli hwe ɔ huzu tokpɔnlavi agɔnkanmɛ tɔn bo ɖyɔ ɛ ylɔ ɛ ɖo yovogbè`
|
| 278 |
+
2. `ɖo tokpɔn alibori e nɔ̀ kpénukún tovixixa wǔ é kpo hɛnnu mɛ bo nɔ nyì do`
|
| 279 |
+
3. `e ɖo lé e é mɛ xwédo 1 lɛ nukɔnnɔtɔ hwɛxo tɔn ayi e yovo hwan`
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
1. `tɔn mɛ ɖò totaligbé gbadahweji benɛɛtò tɔn lɛ mi na mɔ xogbè to ɔ tɔn ɖo tantɔn`
|
| 284 |
+
2. `mɛ ɖo benɛ ayi e jì é ɖěè lěè akpɔkpɔ ɖé ɖe ɔ è sɔ ɛ ɖɛmɛnu`
|
| 285 |
+
3. `mɛ e lɛ́zun gletoxo do sɛ̀nxwĭ jí sin azan ayizin 6 xwejisùn léxwé tɔn mɛ toxoɖɔgbɛ tɔn`
|
| 286 |
+
|
| 287 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 288 |
+
|
| 289 |
+
1. `tɔn mɛ ɖo atacora e lɛ́ nyi gletoxo do sɛ̀nxwĭ jí sin azan ayizin 6 xwejisùn lé xwélé`
|
| 290 |
+
2. `jì é ɖěè zinvie ɖo tokpɔnlavi zinvié tɔn mɛ ɖo benɛɛto mɛ bo nyi sɔmi sɔmi ɖɛ̌mɛnu lɛ`
|
| 291 |
+
3. `ayi e jì é ɖěè tokpɔnlávì tayaku tɔn ɔ nyi tokpɔnlavi ɖokpo ɖo wò 10 ě ɖo tokpɔnla`
|
| 292 |
+
|
| 293 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 294 |
+
|
| 295 |
+
1. `ayi e jì é ɖěè dovogon ɖo tokpɔnlavi zogbodomey tɔn mɛ ɖo zou e lɛ́ nyí gletoxo ɖò sɛ̀nxwí`
|
| 296 |
+
2. `e jì é ɖěè bouhanrou ɖo tokpɔnlavi gomparou tɔn mɛ ɖo alibori e lɛ́ nyi gletoxo ɖo sɛ̀nxwĭ jí`
|
| 297 |
+
3. `e ɖěè mɛ e axɔsuxwe insae instad e nɔ̀n kpé nunkún tovixixa wǔ é lɛn xɔta 248 nǔ gbɛtɔ`
|
| 298 |
+
|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 303 |
+
|
| 304 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
1. `_be,._ɖo_ɖěè_e"_`
|
| 307 |
+
2. `nɔn_kuɖoudoku_to`
|
| 308 |
+
3. `o_é_mbe_gblɛn_ɖò`
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
1. `n_kan)_xɔtan_è_ɖo`
|
| 313 |
+
2. `o_tɔnla_akanɖie_ɖ`
|
| 314 |
+
3. `_tokpé_dodo_tɛntr`
|
| 315 |
+
|
| 316 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 317 |
+
|
| 318 |
+
1. `ɔn_atlant_dolore_t`
|
| 319 |
+
2. `tɔn_ɖó_azinkpo_ɔ,_`
|
| 320 |
+
3. `_tɔn_ɔ_tɔn_léxwé_d`
|
| 321 |
+
|
| 322 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 323 |
+
|
| 324 |
+
1. `_tɔn._ɖo_tokpɔn_atu`
|
| 325 |
+
2. `tɔn_lɛ_sin_azǎn_20ɔ`
|
| 326 |
+
3. `_ɖo_tokpɔnlavi_tɔn,`
|
| 327 |
+
|
| 328 |
+
|
| 329 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 330 |
+
|
| 331 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 95.3% predictability
|
| 332 |
+
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 333 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (98,034 contexts)
|
| 334 |
+
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 335 |
+
|
| 336 |
+
---
|
| 337 |
+
## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
|
| 338 |
+
|
| 339 |
+

|
| 340 |
+
|
| 341 |
+

|
| 342 |
+
|
| 343 |
+

|
| 344 |
+
|
| 345 |
+
### Statistics
|
| 346 |
+
|
| 347 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 348 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 349 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 11,148 |
|
| 350 |
+
| Total Tokens | 363,048 |
|
| 351 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 32.57 |
|
| 352 |
+
| Median Frequency | 3 |
|
| 353 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 405.71 |
|
| 354 |
+
|
| 355 |
+
### Most Common Words
|
| 356 |
+
|
| 357 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 358 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 359 |
+
| 1 | tɔn | 23,451 |
|
| 360 |
+
| 2 | ɖo | 16,822 |
|
| 361 |
+
| 3 | e | 15,001 |
|
| 362 |
+
| 4 | mɛ | 14,011 |
|
| 363 |
+
| 5 | é | 10,488 |
|
| 364 |
+
| 6 | ɔ | 10,251 |
|
| 365 |
+
| 7 | lɛ | 8,160 |
|
| 366 |
+
| 8 | nyi | 5,259 |
|
| 367 |
+
| 9 | nɔ | 5,214 |
|
| 368 |
+
| 10 | ɖò | 4,492 |
|
| 369 |
+
|
| 370 |
+
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 371 |
+
|
| 372 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 373 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 374 |
+
| 1 | rust | 2 |
|
| 375 |
+
| 2 | gnu | 2 |
|
| 376 |
+
| 3 | programme | 2 |
|
| 377 |
+
| 4 | java | 2 |
|
| 378 |
+
| 5 | api | 2 |
|
| 379 |
+
| 6 | columns | 2 |
|
| 380 |
+
| 7 | break | 2 |
|
| 381 |
+
| 8 | inside | 2 |
|
| 382 |
+
| 9 | avoid | 2 |
|
| 383 |
+
| 10 | greek | 2 |
|
| 384 |
+
|
| 385 |
+
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 386 |
+
|
| 387 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 388 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 389 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.1833 |
|
| 390 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.993854 |
|
| 391 |
+
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 392 |
+
|
| 393 |
+
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 394 |
+
|
| 395 |
+
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 396 |
+
|-------------|----------|
|
| 397 |
+
| Top 100 | 63.7% |
|
| 398 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 86.2% |
|
| 399 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 95.8% |
|
| 400 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 99.4% |
|
| 401 |
+
|
| 402 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 403 |
+
|
| 404 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9939 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 405 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 63.7% of corpus
|
| 406 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 1,148 words needed for remaining 0.6% coverage
|
| 407 |
+
|
| 408 |
+
---
|
| 409 |
+
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
| 410 |
+
|
| 411 |
+

|
| 412 |
+
|
| 413 |
+

|
| 414 |
+
|
| 415 |
+

|
| 416 |
+
|
| 417 |
+

|
| 418 |
+
|
| 419 |
+
|
| 420 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+

|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+

|
| 425 |
+
|
| 426 |
+
|
| 427 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 428 |
+
|
| 429 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 430 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 431 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.6254 🏆 | 0.3950 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 432 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.3309 | 0.3691 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 433 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.0582 | 0.3829 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 434 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.6254 | 0.3991 | 0.0100 | 0.1180 |
|
| 435 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.3309 | 0.3687 | 0.0300 | 0.1420 |
|
| 436 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.0582 | 0.3777 | 0.0520 | 0.2300 |
|
| 437 |
+
|
| 438 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 439 |
+
|
| 440 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.6254 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 441 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.3821. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 442 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 5.2% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 443 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 444 |
+
|
| 445 |
+
---
|
| 446 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 447 |
+
|
| 448 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 449 |
+
|
| 450 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 451 |
+
|
| 452 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 453 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 454 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 455 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **0.364** | High formulaic/idiomatic content | - |
|
| 456 |
+
|
| 457 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 458 |
+
|
| 459 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 462 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 463 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 464 |
+
|
| 465 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 466 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 467 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 468 |
+
| `-mɛ` | akwɛnyanumɛ, mimɛ, wùnmɛ |
|
| 469 |
+
|
| 470 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 471 |
+
|
| 472 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 473 |
+
|
| 474 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 475 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 476 |
+
| `okpo` | 1.55x | 21 contexts | xokpo, yokpo, lokpo |
|
| 477 |
+
| `ɖokp` | 1.57x | 16 contexts | ɖokpɔ, ɖokpò, ɖokpó |
|
| 478 |
+
| `ɔnyi` | 1.72x | 12 contexts | sɔnyi, lɔnyiji, ɖɔnyitɔ |
|
| 479 |
+
| `plɔn` | 1.72x | 12 contexts | kplɔn, kplɔnnǔ, kplɔnyi |
|
| 480 |
+
| `mɛnu` | 1.74x | 10 contexts | dɛmɛnu, wemɛnu, ɖɛmɛnu |
|
| 481 |
+
| `ntɔn` | 1.41x | 16 contexts | tantɔn, tǎntɔn, xɔntɔn |
|
| 482 |
+
| `ligb` | 1.67x | 9 contexts | aligbo, taligbé, taligbe |
|
| 483 |
+
| `pɔnl` | 1.58x | 10 contexts | kpɔnla, tokpɔnlá, tòkpɔnlà |
|
| 484 |
+
| `hwen` | 1.42x | 13 contexts | hwenù, hwenu, hwenú |
|
| 485 |
+
| `igbe` | 1.53x | 10 contexts | jigbe, yigbe, igbere |
|
| 486 |
+
| `ukun` | 1.53x | 9 contexts | wukun, nukun, bukunbé |
|
| 487 |
+
| `tokp` | 1.59x | 8 contexts | tokpn, tokpo, tokpa |
|
| 488 |
+
|
| 489 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 490 |
+
|
| 491 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 492 |
+
|
| 493 |
+
*No significant affix co-occurrences detected.*
|
| 494 |
+
|
| 495 |
+
|
| 496 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 497 |
+
|
| 498 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 499 |
+
|
| 500 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 501 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 502 |
+
| liberiatòmɛ | **`liberiatò-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `liberiatò` |
|
| 503 |
+
| gabɔntomɛ | **`gabɔnto-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `gabɔnto` |
|
| 504 |
+
| jɔwunjɔjamɛ | **`jɔwunjɔja-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `jɔwunjɔja` |
|
| 505 |
+
| flanségbèmɛ | **`flanségbè-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `flanségbè` |
|
| 506 |
+
| kplekplemɛ | **`kplekple-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `kplekple` |
|
| 507 |
+
| flanségbémɛ | **`flanségbé-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `flanségbé` |
|
| 508 |
+
| senegaltòmɛ | **`senegaltò-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `senegaltò` |
|
| 509 |
+
| flansetomɛ | **`flanseto-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `flanseto` |
|
| 510 |
+
| kplékplémɛ | **`kplékplé-mɛ`** | 4.5 | `kplékplé` |
|
| 511 |
+
| avɔɖesinukunmɛ | **`avɔɖesinukun-mɛ`** | 1.5 | `avɔɖesinukun` |
|
| 512 |
+
| zogbodomɛ | **`zogbodo-mɛ`** | 1.5 | `zogbodo` |
|
| 513 |
+
| nùkplɔnmɛ | **`nùkplɔn-mɛ`** | 1.5 | `nùkplɔn` |
|
| 514 |
+
| kotoklomɛ | **`kotoklo-mɛ`** | 1.5 | `kotoklo` |
|
| 515 |
+
| adakplamɛ | **`adakpla-mɛ`** | 1.5 | `adakpla` |
|
| 516 |
+
| azɔnzunmɛ | **`azɔnzun-mɛ`** | 1.5 | `azɔnzun` |
|
| 517 |
+
|
| 518 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 519 |
+
|
| 520 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 521 |
+
The language Fon shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 522 |
+
|
| 523 |
+
> **Note on Idiomaticity:** The high Idiomaticity Gap suggests a large number of frequent multi-word expressions or formulaic sequences that are statistically distinct from their component parts.
|
| 524 |
+
|
| 525 |
+
---
|
| 526 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 527 |
+
|
| 528 |
+

|
| 529 |
+
|
| 530 |
+
### Production Recommendations
|
| 531 |
+
|
| 532 |
+
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 533 |
+
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 534 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.12x) |
|
| 535 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (265) |
|
| 536 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (95.3%) |
|
| 537 |
+
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 538 |
+
|
| 539 |
+
|
| 540 |
+
---
|
| 541 |
+
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 542 |
+
|
| 543 |
+
This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
|
| 544 |
+
|
| 545 |
+
### Tokenizer Metrics
|
| 546 |
+
|
| 547 |
+
**Compression Ratio**
|
| 548 |
+
> *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
|
| 549 |
+
>
|
| 550 |
+
> *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
|
| 551 |
+
>
|
| 552 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
|
| 553 |
+
|
| 554 |
+
**Average Token Length (Fertility)**
|
| 555 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
|
| 556 |
+
>
|
| 557 |
+
> *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
|
| 558 |
+
>
|
| 559 |
+
> *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
|
| 560 |
+
|
| 561 |
+
**Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
|
| 562 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
|
| 563 |
+
>
|
| 564 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
|
| 565 |
+
>
|
| 566 |
+
> *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
|
| 567 |
+
|
| 568 |
+
### N-gram Model Metrics
|
| 569 |
+
|
| 570 |
+
**Perplexity**
|
| 571 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
|
| 572 |
+
>
|
| 573 |
+
> *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
|
| 574 |
+
>
|
| 575 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
|
| 576 |
+
|
| 577 |
+
**Entropy**
|
| 578 |
+
> *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
|
| 579 |
+
>
|
| 580 |
+
> *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
|
| 581 |
+
>
|
| 582 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
|
| 583 |
+
|
| 584 |
+
**Coverage (Top-K)**
|
| 585 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
|
| 586 |
+
>
|
| 587 |
+
> *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
|
| 588 |
+
>
|
| 589 |
+
> *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
|
| 590 |
+
|
| 591 |
+
### Markov Chain Metrics
|
| 592 |
+
|
| 593 |
+
**Average Entropy**
|
| 594 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
|
| 595 |
+
>
|
| 596 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
|
| 597 |
+
>
|
| 598 |
+
> *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
|
| 599 |
+
|
| 600 |
+
**Branching Factor**
|
| 601 |
+
> *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
|
| 602 |
+
>
|
| 603 |
+
> *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
|
| 604 |
+
>
|
| 605 |
+
> *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
|
| 606 |
+
|
| 607 |
+
**Predictability**
|
| 608 |
+
> *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
|
| 609 |
+
>
|
| 610 |
+
> *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
|
| 611 |
+
>
|
| 612 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
|
| 613 |
+
|
| 614 |
+
### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
|
| 615 |
+
|
| 616 |
+
**Zipf's Coefficient**
|
| 617 |
+
> *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
|
| 618 |
+
>
|
| 619 |
+
> *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
|
| 620 |
+
>
|
| 621 |
+
> *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
|
| 622 |
+
|
| 623 |
+
**R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
|
| 624 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
|
| 625 |
+
>
|
| 626 |
+
> *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
|
| 627 |
+
>
|
| 628 |
+
> *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
|
| 629 |
+
|
| 630 |
+
**Vocabulary Coverage**
|
| 631 |
+
> *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
|
| 632 |
+
>
|
| 633 |
+
> *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
|
| 634 |
+
>
|
| 635 |
+
> *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
|
| 636 |
+
|
| 637 |
+
### Word Embedding Metrics
|
| 638 |
+
|
| 639 |
+
**Isotropy**
|
| 640 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
|
| 641 |
+
>
|
| 642 |
+
> *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
|
| 643 |
+
>
|
| 644 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
|
| 645 |
+
|
| 646 |
+
**Average Norm**
|
| 647 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
|
| 648 |
+
>
|
| 649 |
+
> *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
|
| 650 |
+
>
|
| 651 |
+
> *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
|
| 652 |
+
|
| 653 |
+
**Cosine Similarity**
|
| 654 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
|
| 655 |
+
>
|
| 656 |
+
> *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
|
| 657 |
+
>
|
| 658 |
+
> *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
|
| 659 |
+
|
| 660 |
+
**t-SNE Visualization**
|
| 661 |
+
> *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
|
| 662 |
+
>
|
| 663 |
+
> *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
|
| 664 |
+
>
|
| 665 |
+
> *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
|
| 666 |
+
|
| 667 |
+
### General Interpretation Guidelines
|
| 668 |
+
|
| 669 |
+
1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
|
| 670 |
+
2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
|
| 671 |
+
3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
|
| 672 |
+
4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
|
| 673 |
+
5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
|
| 674 |
+
|
| 675 |
+
|
| 676 |
+
### Visualizations Index
|
| 677 |
+
|
| 678 |
+
| Visualization | Description |
|
| 679 |
+
|---------------|-------------|
|
| 680 |
+
| Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
|
| 681 |
+
| Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
|
| 682 |
+
| Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
|
| 683 |
+
| Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
|
| 684 |
+
| N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
|
| 685 |
+
| N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
|
| 686 |
+
| N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
|
| 687 |
+
| N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
|
| 688 |
+
| Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
|
| 689 |
+
| Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
|
| 690 |
+
| Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
|
| 691 |
+
| Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
|
| 692 |
+
| Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
|
| 693 |
+
| Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
|
| 694 |
+
| Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
|
| 695 |
+
| Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
|
| 696 |
+
| Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
|
| 697 |
+
| Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
|
| 698 |
+
| Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
|
| 699 |
+
| t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
|
| 700 |
+
| t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
|
| 701 |
+
| Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
|
| 702 |
+
| Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
|
| 703 |
+
| Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
|
| 704 |
+
|
| 705 |
+
---
|
| 706 |
+
## About This Project
|
| 707 |
+
|
| 708 |
+
### Data Source
|
| 709 |
+
|
| 710 |
+
Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
|
| 711 |
+
|
| 712 |
+
### Project
|
| 713 |
+
|
| 714 |
+
A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
|
| 715 |
+
|
| 716 |
+
### Maintainer
|
| 717 |
+
|
| 718 |
+
[Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
|
| 719 |
+
|
| 720 |
+
### Citation
|
| 721 |
+
|
| 722 |
+
If you use these models in your research, please cite:
|
| 723 |
+
|
| 724 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 725 |
+
@misc{wikilangs2025,
|
| 726 |
+
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 727 |
+
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 728 |
+
year = {2025},
|
| 729 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 730 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 731 |
+
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 732 |
+
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 733 |
+
}
|
| 734 |
+
```
|
| 735 |
+
|
| 736 |
+
### License
|
| 737 |
+
|
| 738 |
+
MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
|
| 739 |
+
|
| 740 |
+
### Links
|
| 741 |
+
|
| 742 |
+
- 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
|
| 743 |
+
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 744 |
+
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 745 |
+
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 746 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 747 |
+
---
|
| 748 |
+
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 749 |
+
|
| 750 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-04 14:47:03*
|
models/embeddings/aligned/fon_128d.bin
ADDED
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/fon_128d.projection.npy
ADDED
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|
| 1 |
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|
| 2 |
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|
| 3 |
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|
| 4 |
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|
| 5 |
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|
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|
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|
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/fon_32d.bin
ADDED
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/fon_32d.projection.npy
ADDED
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|
| 1 |
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{
|
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"language": "fon",
|
| 3 |
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"dimension": 32,
|
| 4 |
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"version": "aligned",
|
| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/fon_64d.bin
ADDED
|
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/aligned/fon_64d.meta.json
ADDED
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "fon", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": true}
|
models/embeddings/aligned/fon_64d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/fon_64d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
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|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "fon",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 64,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "aligned",
|
| 5 |
+
"hub_language": "en",
|
| 6 |
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"seed_vocab_size": 1055,
|
| 7 |
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|
| 8 |
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|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_128d.bin
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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|
| 3 |
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size 1028542144
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_128d.meta.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "fon", "dim": 128, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_128d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "fon",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 128,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
+
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
+
"algorithm": "skipgram",
|
| 7 |
+
"min_count": 5,
|
| 8 |
+
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
+
"negative": 5,
|
| 10 |
+
"epochs": 5,
|
| 11 |
+
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
+
"dim": 128
|
| 13 |
+
},
|
| 14 |
+
"vocab_size": 4366
|
| 15 |
+
}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_32d.bin
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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|
| 3 |
+
size 257189056
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_32d.meta.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "fon", "dim": 32, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_32d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "fon",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 32,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
+
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
+
"algorithm": "skipgram",
|
| 7 |
+
"min_count": 5,
|
| 8 |
+
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
+
"negative": 5,
|
| 10 |
+
"epochs": 5,
|
| 11 |
+
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
+
"dim": 32
|
| 13 |
+
},
|
| 14 |
+
"vocab_size": 4366
|
| 15 |
+
}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_64d.bin
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
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oid sha256:c1a732fc1b4efe092ce0db680a6e71f3f97187b763ca504ac2ee022c47f6cfed
|
| 3 |
+
size 514306752
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_64d.meta.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "fon", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fon_64d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "fon",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 64,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
+
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
+
"algorithm": "skipgram",
|
| 7 |
+
"min_count": 5,
|
| 8 |
+
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
+
"negative": 5,
|
| 10 |
+
"epochs": 5,
|
| 11 |
+
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
+
"dim": 64
|
| 13 |
+
},
|
| 14 |
+
"vocab_size": 4366
|
| 15 |
+
}
|
models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:ae23c6f284493c43d37d9c3e4f8e2b8f0b2c87f0931c38b938181e0e01a9a994
|
| 3 |
+
size 35829
|
models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"context_size": 1,
|
| 3 |
+
"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
+
"language": "fon",
|
| 5 |
+
"unique_contexts": 265,
|
| 6 |
+
"total_transitions": 1795381
|
| 7 |
+
}
|
models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:ad205fda43adc4beec6d49350d896af001cac2498e022e70f7594c5213b67a6a
|
| 3 |
+
size 211108
|
models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"context_size": 2,
|
| 3 |
+
"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
+
"language": "fon",
|
| 5 |
+
"unique_contexts": 3884,
|
| 6 |
+
"total_transitions": 1791786
|
| 7 |
+
}
|
models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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| 1 |
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{
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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models/subword_markov/fon_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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| 1 |
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{
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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"variant": "subword",
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/subword_ngram/fon_2gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/fon_2gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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| 1 |
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{
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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"variant": "subword",
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| 4 |
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"language": "fon",
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| 5 |
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| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/subword_ngram/fon_3gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/fon_3gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
| 1 |
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{
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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"variant": "subword",
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| 4 |
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"language": "fon",
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| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/subword_ngram/fon_4gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/fon_4gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
| 1 |
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{
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| 2 |
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| 3 |
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| 4 |
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| 5 |
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| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/subword_ngram/fon_5gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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|
|
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|
|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/fon_5gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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|
| 1 |
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{
|
| 2 |
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| 3 |
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"variant": "subword",
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| 4 |
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"language": "fon",
|
| 5 |
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|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_16k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_16k.vocab
ADDED
|
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|
|
models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_32k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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|
| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_32k.vocab
ADDED
|
The diff for this file is too large to render.
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|
|
models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_64k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_64k.vocab
ADDED
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The diff for this file is too large to render.
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|
|
models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_8k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/fon_tokenizer_8k.vocab
ADDED
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The diff for this file is too large to render.
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|
|
|
models/vocabulary/fon_vocabulary.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/vocabulary/fon_vocabulary_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
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|
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|
|
| 1 |
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{
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|
| 3 |
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|
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|
| 16 |
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|
| 17 |
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|
models/word_markov/fon_markov_ctx1_word.parquet
ADDED
|
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
| 1 |
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