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  1. .gitattributes +7 -0
  2. README.md +773 -0
  3. ka_morph_tokenizer.json +0 -0
  4. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_128d.bin +3 -0
  5. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  6. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
  8. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_32d.bin +3 -0
  9. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  10. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
  11. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
  12. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_64d.bin +3 -0
  13. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  14. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
  15. models/embeddings/aligned/ka_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
  16. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_128d.bin +3 -0
  17. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  18. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_128d_metadata.json +16 -0
  19. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_32d.bin +3 -0
  20. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  21. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_32d_metadata.json +16 -0
  22. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_64d.bin +3 -0
  23. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  24. models/embeddings/monolingual/ka_64d_metadata.json +16 -0
  25. models/subword_markov/ka_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  26. models/subword_markov/ka_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  27. models/subword_markov/ka_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  28. models/subword_markov/ka_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  29. models/subword_markov/ka_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  30. models/subword_markov/ka_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  31. models/subword_markov/ka_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  32. models/subword_markov/ka_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  33. models/subword_ngram/ka_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  34. models/subword_ngram/ka_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  35. models/subword_ngram/ka_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  36. models/subword_ngram/ka_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  37. models/subword_ngram/ka_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  38. models/subword_ngram/ka_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  39. models/subword_ngram/ka_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  40. models/subword_ngram/ka_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  41. models/tokenizer/ka_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  42. models/tokenizer/ka_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  43. models/tokenizer/ka_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  44. models/tokenizer/ka_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  45. models/tokenizer/ka_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  46. models/tokenizer/ka_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  47. models/tokenizer/ka_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  48. models/tokenizer/ka_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  49. models/vocabulary/ka_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  50. models/vocabulary/ka_vocabulary_metadata.json +17 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  *tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
README.md ADDED
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1
+ ---
2
+ language: ka
3
+ language_name: Georgian
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+ language_family: kartvelian
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
10
+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - feature-extraction
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+ - sentence-similarity
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+ - tokenization
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+ - n-grams
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+ - markov-chain
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+ - text-mining
19
+ - fasttext
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+ - babelvec
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+ - vocabulous
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+ - vocabulary
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-kartvelian
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
27
+ pipeline_tag: text-generation
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
30
+ dataset_info:
31
+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
33
+ metrics:
34
+ - name: best_compression_ratio
35
+ type: compression
36
+ value: 5.034
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+ - name: best_isotropy
38
+ type: isotropy
39
+ value: 0.7869
40
+ - name: vocabulary_size
41
+ type: vocab
42
+ value: 0
43
+ generated: 2026-01-10
44
+ ---
45
+
46
+ # Georgian - Wikilangs Models
47
+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
48
+
49
+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Georgian** Wikipedia data.
50
+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
51
+
52
+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
53
+
54
+ ### Models & Assets
55
+
56
+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
57
+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
58
+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
59
+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
60
+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
61
+ - Language Vocabulary
62
+ - Language Statistics
63
+
64
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
65
+
66
+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
67
+
68
+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
69
+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
70
+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
71
+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
72
+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
73
+ - [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
74
+ - [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
75
+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
76
+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
77
+
78
+ ---
79
+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
80
+
81
+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
82
+
83
+ ![Tokenizer Fertility](visualizations/tokenizer_fertility.png)
84
+
85
+ ![Tokenizer OOV](visualizations/tokenizer_oov.png)
86
+
87
+ ![Total Tokens](visualizations/tokenizer_total_tokens.png)
88
+
89
+ ### Results
90
+
91
+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
92
+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
93
+ | **8k** | 3.607x | 3.61 | 0.0743% | 1,129,507 |
94
+ | **16k** | 4.126x | 4.13 | 0.0850% | 987,428 |
95
+ | **32k** | 4.611x | 4.61 | 0.0950% | 883,432 |
96
+ | **64k** | 5.034x 🏆 | 5.04 | 0.1037% | 809,192 |
97
+
98
+ ### Tokenization Examples
99
+
100
+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
101
+
102
+ **Sample 1:** `ბა () — მეორე ასო არაბულ დამწერლობაში. ბა არის არაბული ვარიანტი ებრაული ბეთისა. ...`
103
+
104
+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
105
+ |-------|--------|-------|
106
+ | 8k | `▁ბა ▁() ▁— ▁მეორე ▁ასო ▁არაბ ულ ▁დამწერ ლობაში . ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
107
+ | 16k | `▁ბა ▁() ▁— ▁მეორე ▁ასო ▁არაბულ ▁დამწერ ლობაში . ▁ბა ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
108
+ | 32k | `▁ბა ▁() ▁— ▁მეორე ▁ასო ▁არაბულ ▁დამწერ ლობაში . ▁ბა ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
109
+ | 64k | `▁ბა ▁() ▁— ▁მეორე ▁ასო ▁არაბულ ▁დამწერლობაში . ▁ბა ▁არის ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
110
+
111
+ **Sample 2:** `ხათინბულაყი () — სოფელი აზერბაიჯანში, ფუზულის რაიონში. რესურსები ინტერნეტში რაიო...`
112
+
113
+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
114
+ |-------|--------|-------|
115
+ | 8k | `▁ხ ათინ ბ ულა ყ ი ▁() ▁— ▁სოფელი ▁აზერბაიჯანში ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
116
+ | 16k | `▁ხ ათინ ბ ულა ყი ▁() ▁— ▁სოფელი ▁აზერბაიჯანში , ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
117
+ | 32k | `▁ხ ათინ ბულა ყი ▁() ▁— ▁სოფელი ▁აზერბაიჯანში , ▁ფუზულის ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
118
+ | 64k | `▁ხ ათინ ბულაყი ▁() ▁— ▁სოფელი ▁აზერბაიჯანში , ▁ფუზულის ▁რაიონში ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
119
+
120
+ **Sample 3:** `მერდინლი () — სოფელი აზერბაიჯანში, ფუზულის რაიონში. რესურსები ინტერნეტში რაიონის...`
121
+
122
+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
123
+ |-------|--------|-------|
124
+ | 8k | `▁მერ დინ ლი ▁() ▁— ▁სოფელი ▁აზერბაიჯანში , ▁ფ უზ ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
125
+ | 16k | `▁მერ დინ ლი ▁() ▁— ▁სოფელი ▁აზერბაიჯანში , ▁ფ უზ ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
126
+ | 32k | `▁მერ დინ ლი ▁() ▁— ▁სოფელი ▁აზერბაიჯანში , ▁ფუზულის ▁რაიონში ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
127
+ | 64k | `▁მერ დინ ლი ▁() ▁— ▁სოფელი ▁აზერბაიჯანში , ▁ფუზულის ▁რაიონში ... (+5 more)` | 15 |
128
+
129
+
130
+ ### Key Findings
131
+
132
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 5.034x compression
133
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0743% unknown tokens
134
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
135
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
136
+
137
+ ---
138
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
139
+
140
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
141
+
142
+ ![N-gram Unique](visualizations/ngram_unique.png)
143
+
144
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
145
+
146
+ ### Results
147
+
148
+ | N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
149
+ |--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
150
+ | **2-gram** | Word | 211,247 | 17.69 | 839,931 | 5.0% | 14.8% |
151
+ | **2-gram** | Subword | 423 🏆 | 8.73 | 18,881 | 58.4% | 96.6% |
152
+ | **3-gram** | Word | 297,944 | 18.18 | 972,504 | 4.8% | 13.7% |
153
+ | **3-gram** | Subword | 3,918 | 11.94 | 159,884 | 21.8% | 60.3% |
154
+ | **4-gram** | Word | 509,839 | 18.96 | 1,548,052 | 4.2% | 12.7% |
155
+ | **4-gram** | Subword | 22,811 | 14.48 | 936,455 | 10.0% | 32.5% |
156
+ | **5-gram** | Word | 359,649 | 18.46 | 1,104,097 | 4.9% | 14.4% |
157
+ | **5-gram** | Subword | 88,814 | 16.44 | 2,995,844 | 5.2% | 19.7% |
158
+
159
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
160
+
161
+ **2-grams (Word):**
162
+
163
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
164
+ |------|--------|-------|
165
+ | 1 | `რესურსები ინტერნეტში` | 100,310 |
166
+ | 2 | `იხილეთ აგრეთვე` | 38,767 |
167
+ | 3 | `ერთ ერთი` | 38,192 |
168
+ | 4 | `და სხვა` | 20,983 |
169
+ | 5 | `of the` | 20,829 |
170
+
171
+ **3-grams (Word):**
172
+
173
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
174
+ |------|--------|-------|
175
+ | 1 | `წლის მონაცემებით მოსახლეობა` | 9,844 |
176
+ | 2 | `რესურსები ინტერნეტში სქოლიო` | 8,451 |
177
+ | 3 | `მიუხედავად იმისა რომ` | 8,239 |
178
+ | 4 | `ოფიციალური საიტი სქოლიო` | 7,888 |
179
+ | 5 | `მდებარეობს ზღვის დონიდან` | 7,694 |
180
+
181
+ **4-grams (Word):**
182
+
183
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
184
+ |------|--------|-------|
185
+ | 1 | `კაცი წ იხილეთ აგრეთვე` | 6,676 |
186
+ | 2 | `მუნიციპალიტეტის ოფიციალური საიტი სქოლიო` | 5,942 |
187
+ | 3 | `ოფიციალური საიტი სქოლიო მუნიციპალიტეტები` | 5,878 |
188
+ | 4 | `კმ ია იხილეთ აგრეთვე` | 5,763 |
189
+ | 5 | `ჭიანჭველასებრთა ერთ ერთი ნაირსახეობა` | 5,614 |
190
+
191
+ **5-grams (Word):**
192
+
193
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
194
+ |------|--------|-------|
195
+ | 1 | `მუნიციპალიტეტის ოფიციალური საიტი სქოლიო მუნიციპალიტეტები` | 5,860 |
196
+ | 2 | `კლასის ჭიანჭველასებრთა ერთ ერთი ნაირსახეობა` | 5,614 |
197
+ | 3 | `მწერთა კლასის ჭიანჭველასებრთა ერთ ერთი` | 5,614 |
198
+ | 4 | `ფეხსახსრიანთა ტიპის მწერთა კლასის ჭიანჭველასებრთა` | 5,614 |
199
+ | 5 | `ტიპის მწერთა კლასის ჭიანჭველასებრთა ერთ` | 5,614 |
200
+
201
+ **2-grams (Subword):**
202
+
203
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
204
+ |------|--------|-------|
205
+ | 1 | `ს _` | 7,040,665 |
206
+ | 2 | `ი ს` | 7,006,427 |
207
+ | 3 | `ი _` | 6,580,536 |
208
+ | 4 | `ა _` | 4,984,758 |
209
+ | 5 | `ე ბ` | 4,979,269 |
210
+
211
+ **3-grams (Subword):**
212
+
213
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
214
+ |------|--------|-------|
215
+ | 1 | `ი ს _` | 5,017,584 |
216
+ | 2 | `ე ბ ი` | 2,375,826 |
217
+ | 3 | `_ დ ა` | 2,051,321 |
218
+ | 4 | `_ ს ა` | 1,739,078 |
219
+ | 5 | `დ ა _` | 1,650,928 |
220
+
221
+ **4-grams (Subword):**
222
+
223
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
224
+ |------|--------|-------|
225
+ | 1 | `_ დ ა _` | 1,089,218 |
226
+ | 2 | `ბ ი ს _` | 984,947 |
227
+ | 3 | `ე ბ ი ს` | 883,610 |
228
+ | 4 | `ე ბ ი _` | 738,436 |
229
+ | 5 | `ი ს _ მ` | 733,039 |
230
+
231
+ **5-grams (Subword):**
232
+
233
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
234
+ |------|--------|-------|
235
+ | 1 | `ე ბ ი ს _` | 734,333 |
236
+ | 2 | `ა _ დ ა _` | 430,206 |
237
+ | 3 | `, _ რ ო მ` | 406,399 |
238
+ | 4 | `ი ს _ ს ა` | 350,334 |
239
+ | 5 | `ე ბ უ ლ ი` | 307,583 |
240
+
241
+
242
+ ### Key Findings
243
+
244
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 423
245
+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
246
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~20% of corpus
247
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
248
+
249
+ ---
250
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
251
+
252
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
253
+
254
+ ![Markov Contexts](visualizations/markov_contexts.png)
255
+
256
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
257
+
258
+ ### Results
259
+
260
+ | Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
261
+ |---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
262
+ | **1** | Word | 0.9133 | 1.883 | 9.96 | 1,644,802 | 8.7% |
263
+ | **1** | Subword | 1.0685 | 2.097 | 7.59 | 8,326 | 0.0% |
264
+ | **2** | Word | 0.2778 | 1.212 | 1.75 | 16,356,120 | 72.2% |
265
+ | **2** | Subword | 0.7948 | 1.735 | 5.53 | 63,087 | 20.5% |
266
+ | **3** | Word | 0.0801 | 1.057 | 1.15 | 28,502,543 | 92.0% |
267
+ | **3** | Subword | 0.7992 | 1.740 | 4.61 | 348,410 | 20.1% |
268
+ | **4** | Word | 0.0282 🏆 | 1.020 | 1.04 | 32,622,645 | 97.2% |
269
+ | **4** | Subword | 0.7081 | 1.634 | 3.48 | 1,604,353 | 29.2% |
270
+
271
+ ### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
272
+
273
+ Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
274
+
275
+ **Context Size 1:**
276
+
277
+ 1. `და ფესტივალის roadburn festival at war chapter 8 6 7 489 ხელოვნებაში გაწაფული და დასავლური მარიული`
278
+ 2. `წლის აპრილში ჟურნალ modern philology v საუკუნეებით ძეგლი ვატერტონ გლასიერის მშვიდობის განმტკიცებაში ...`
279
+ 3. `წელს ტაძრის კრამიტი ცემენტქვიშის ხსნარის სიმკვრივე 0 1 ნოემბერი დეკემბერი მუნიციპალიტეტში ჭალის მუხი...`
280
+
281
+ **Context Size 2:**
282
+
283
+ 1. `რესურსები ინტერნეტში ოფიციალური საიტი სქოლიო მუნიციპალიტეტები ქალაქები და წელს ის მიიწვიეს პეტერბურგ...`
284
+ 2. `იხილეთ აგრეთვე მინას ჟერაისი ბრაზილიის შტატები რესურსები ინტერნეტში ოფიციალური საიტი ჰარპერი მუსიკოს...`
285
+ 3. `ერთ ერთი ინიციატორი სული და ამ დროიდან ციხესიმაგრემ შეწყვიტა მხოლოდ მაშინ ექვემდებარება თუ ოჯახს საკ...`
286
+
287
+ **Context Size 3:**
288
+
289
+ 1. `წლის მონაცემებით მოსახლეობა 84 469 ადამიანს შეადგენდა ფართობი 358 კმ მოსახლეობა 61 418 ადამიანი წლის...`
290
+ 2. `მიუხედავად იმისა რომ მპა მედიკამენტურად ვერ იკურნება მედიკამენტები შეიძლება გამოვიყენოთ სიმპტომების ...`
291
+ 3. `რესურსები ინტერნეტში სქოლიო მომღერლები 25 აგვისტო records ის შემსრულებლები records ის შემსრულებლები ...`
292
+
293
+ **Context Size 4:**
294
+
295
+ 1. `კაცი წ იხილეთ აგრეთვე სევილიის მუნიციპალიტეტები რესურსები ინტერნეტში ალანისის მუნიციპალიტეტის ოფიცია...`
296
+ 2. `მუნიციპალიტეტის ოფიციალური საიტი სქოლიო მუნიციპალიტეტები ქალაქები გვერდები გვარის შემცველი სიებით გვ...`
297
+ 3. `კმ ია იხილეთ აგრეთვე კოლუმბიის ქალაქების სია რესურსები ინტერნეტში ქალაქის მთავრობის საიტი ქალაქის სა...`
298
+
299
+
300
+ ### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
301
+
302
+ Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
303
+
304
+ **Context Size 1:**
305
+
306
+ 1. `_მეენა;_წლოგას_კ`
307
+ 2. `ა_მოს_მდისაღობულ`
308
+ 3. `ი���ა_ც_ბოჰას_სტჩი`
309
+
310
+ **Context Size 2:**
311
+
312
+ 1. `ს_ნიერალიერგიერის`
313
+ 2. `ის_ოქმნინის_მკვე_`
314
+ 3. `ი_ერთემელი,_nalos`
315
+
316
+ **Context Size 3:**
317
+
318
+ 1. `ის_ჯვრია_დაში,_რომ`
319
+ 2. `ების_წარმოდის_კრებ`
320
+ 3. `_დაიქცა._კიდერილთა`
321
+
322
+ **Context Size 4:**
323
+
324
+ 1. `_და_ამ_პროვი._თამაშ`
325
+ 2. `ბის_საჭირო._წელს._ხ`
326
+ 3. `ებისამე_სირიის_წყალ`
327
+
328
+
329
+ ### Key Findings
330
+
331
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 97.2% predictability
332
+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
333
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (1,604,353 contexts)
334
+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
335
+
336
+ ---
337
+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
338
+
339
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
340
+
341
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
342
+
343
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
344
+
345
+ ### Statistics
346
+
347
+ | Metric | Value |
348
+ |--------|-------|
349
+ | Vocabulary Size | 715,127 |
350
+ | Total Tokens | 37,347,310 |
351
+ | Mean Frequency | 52.22 |
352
+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
353
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 1624.79 |
354
+
355
+ ### Most Common Words
356
+
357
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
358
+ |------|------|-----------|
359
+ | 1 | და | 1,097,500 |
360
+ | 2 | წლის | 288,743 |
361
+ | 3 | წელს | 254,559 |
362
+ | 4 | იყო | 188,838 |
363
+ | 5 | ის | 162,453 |
364
+ | 6 | რომელიც | 141,611 |
365
+ | 7 | the | 128,418 |
366
+ | 8 | რომ | 124,976 |
367
+ | 9 | 1 | 122,280 |
368
+ | 10 | მისი | 118,080 |
369
+
370
+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
371
+
372
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
373
+ |------|------|-----------|
374
+ | 1 | pbsuccess | 2 |
375
+ | 2 | მანგუსი | 2 |
376
+ | 3 | ბარნჰამი | 2 |
377
+ | 4 | რაჩაკის | 2 |
378
+ | 5 | peig | 2 |
379
+ | 6 | ლემსის | 2 |
380
+ | 7 | smap | 2 |
381
+ | 8 | კამიტის | 2 |
382
+ | 9 | ვილაკამპას | 2 |
383
+ | 10 | დევორეს | 2 |
384
+
385
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
386
+
387
+ | Metric | Value |
388
+ |--------|-------|
389
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 0.9374 |
390
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.993145 |
391
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
392
+
393
+ ### Coverage Analysis
394
+
395
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
396
+ |-------------|----------|
397
+ | Top 100 | 19.3% |
398
+ | Top 1,000 | 42.2% |
399
+ | Top 5,000 | 62.0% |
400
+ | Top 10,000 | 70.3% |
401
+
402
+ ### Key Findings
403
+
404
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9931 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
405
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 19.3% of corpus
406
+ - **Long Tail:** 705,127 words needed for remaining 29.7% coverage
407
+
408
+ ---
409
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
410
+
411
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
412
+
413
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
414
+
415
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
416
+
417
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
418
+
419
+
420
+ ### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
421
+
422
+ ![Alignment Quality](visualizations/embedding_alignment_quality.png)
423
+
424
+ ![Multilingual t-SNE](visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png)
425
+
426
+
427
+ ### 5.2 Model Comparison
428
+
429
+ | Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
430
+ |-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
431
+ | **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.7869 | 0.3479 | N/A | N/A |
432
+ | **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.7389 | 0.2989 | N/A | N/A |
433
+ | **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.6243 | 0.2604 | N/A | N/A |
434
+ | **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.7869 🏆 | 0.3607 | 0.1100 | 0.4300 |
435
+ | **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.7389 | 0.3031 | 0.2300 | 0.6300 |
436
+ | **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.6243 | 0.2636 | 0.2980 | 0.7120 |
437
+
438
+ ### Key Findings
439
+
440
+ - **Best Isotropy:** aligned_32d with 0.7869 (more uniform distribution)
441
+ - **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.3057. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
442
+ - **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 29.8% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
443
+ - **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
444
+
445
+ ---
446
+ ## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
447
+
448
+ This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
449
+
450
+ ### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
451
+
452
+ | Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
453
+ |--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
454
+ | Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
455
+ | Idiomaticity Gap | **-0.271** | Low formulaic content | - |
456
+
457
+ ### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
458
+
459
+ These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
460
+
461
+ #### Productive Prefixes
462
+ | Prefix | Examples |
463
+ |--------|----------|
464
+ | `-სა` | სატომთაშ��რისო, საგანძურისა, სამართლიანი |
465
+ | `-ა` | ავტომატიზირებულ, აგროტექნიკის, აცაურას |
466
+ | `-გა` | გამოვლინებებამდე, გამაცალკევებელი, გათხრებისთვის |
467
+ | `-და` | დაგვანებეთ, დაკრძალულ, დაპყრობლი |
468
+ | `-მ` | მოკავშირეობაზე, მავრიკიოსს, მანიშნებელ |
469
+ | `-მა` | მავრიკიოსს, მანიშნებელ, მარჯანიშვილი |
470
+ | `-მო` | მოკავშირეობაზე, მომქნევი, მომლოცველთაგან |
471
+ | `-ს` | სატომთაშორისო, საგანძურისა, სამართლიანი |
472
+
473
+ #### Productive Suffixes
474
+ | Suffix | Examples |
475
+ |--------|----------|
476
+ | `-ს` | დრეიკს, მავრიკიოსს, დრაჩას |
477
+ | `-ი` | ბანიშევსკი, ეგზემპლარში, სამართლიანი |
478
+ | `-ის` | პარმელის, იასარის, ყუსარის |
479
+ | `-ა` | კირქვისაა, ზედამიოცენისა, საგანძურისა |
480
+ | `-ან` | დიაკონთან, ერდმან, ბრიტანელებისაგან |
481
+ | `-ნ` | დიაკონთან, ერდმან, ბრიტანელებისაგან |
482
+ | `-ლი` | მარჯანიშვილი, ჩამოშორებული, დაპყრობლი |
483
+ | `-სა` | ზედამიოცენისა, საგანძურისა, ტყვიავისა |
484
+
485
+ ### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
486
+
487
+ Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
488
+
489
+ | Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
490
+ |------|----------|------------------|----------|
491
+ | `ეთის` | 1.85x | 194 contexts | ჩეთის, შეთის, ბეთის |
492
+ | `ელებ` | 1.48x | 550 contexts | ელები, კელებ, ჯელებ |
493
+ | `მდეგ` | 2.33x | 52 contexts | ემდეგ, შამდეგ, დამდეგ |
494
+ | `ენებ` | 1.41x | 544 contexts | ენება, ენები, ენებს |
495
+ | `ებულ` | 1.59x | 250 contexts | ქებულ, კრებულ, ქებული |
496
+ | `დგენ` | 1.75x | 134 contexts | ადგენს, ვადგენ, უდგენს |
497
+ | `ართვ` | 1.68x | 147 contexts | ქართვ, მართვე, ჩართვა |
498
+ | `რთვე` | 1.81x | 96 contexts | მართვე, რთველს, ქართვე |
499
+ | `ომელ` | 1.63x | 118 contexts | ტომელ, რომელ, დომელი |
500
+ | `ნტერ` | 1.51x | 148 contexts | უნტერ, ინტერ, ენტერ |
501
+ | `ავლე` | 1.43x | 180 contexts | სავლე, ავლენ, პავლე |
502
+ | `ალაქ` | 1.58x | 106 contexts | ქალაქ, მალაქ, დალაქს |
503
+
504
+ ### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
505
+
506
+ This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
507
+
508
+ | Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
509
+ |--------|--------|-----------|----------|
510
+ | `-მ` | `-ს` | 186 words | მონოტონურობის, მოსულიშვილს |
511
+ | `-მ` | `-ი` | 167 words | მხატვრებში, მელანქოლიკური |
512
+ | `-მ` | `-ა` | 129 words | მღებავთა, მანდილოსნებმა |
513
+ | `-ა` | `-ი` | 124 words | ალტენბურგში, ატკინი |
514
+ | `-ა` | `-ს` | 120 words | ალდეს, ანდერსონის |
515
+ | `-გა` | `-ა` | 111 words | გამეგზავრა, გაკრიტიკება |
516
+ | `-მ` | `-ის` | 104 words | მონოტონურობის, მუსანდამის |
517
+ | `-ა` | `-ა` | 93 words | აბრევიაცია, აიუთაია |
518
+ | `-ს` | `-ს` | 88 words | სისლეის, სკიარას |
519
+ | `-ს` | `-ი` | 82 words | საფრთხეში, სტერეოსკოპული |
520
+
521
+ ### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
522
+
523
+ Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
524
+
525
+ | Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
526
+ |------|-----------------|------------|------|
527
+ | დაკარგვასა | **`დაკარგვა-ს-ა`** | 7.5 | `ს` |
528
+ | პედიატრიასა | **`პედიატრია-ს-ა`** | 7.5 | `ს` |
529
+ | ინდიკატორებია | **`ინდიკატორებ-ი-ა`** | 7.5 | `ი` |
530
+ | კარნახობდათ | **`კარნახობდ-ა-თ`** | 7.5 | `ა` |
531
+ | ნაციონალიზმსა | **`ნაციონალიზმ-ს-ა`** | 7.5 | `ს` |
532
+ | მიმოხილვაზე | **`მიმოხილვ-ა-ზე`** | 7.5 | `ა` |
533
+ | მეტყევეობაში | **`მეტყევეობ-ა-ში`** | 7.5 | `ა` |
534
+ | არისტოკრატია | **`არისტოკრატ-ი-ა`** | 7.5 | `ი` |
535
+ | გადაუხდელობას | **`გადაუხდელობ-ა-ს`** | 7.5 | `ა` |
536
+ | провинцииოსო | **`провинцииო-ს-ო`** | 7.5 | `ს` |
537
+ | ძეგლებსაც | **`ძეგლებ-ს-აც`** | 7.5 | `ს` |
538
+ | კონფისკაციასა | **`კონფისკაცია-ს-ა`** | 7.5 | `ს` |
539
+ | არაკატაკაში | **`არაკატაკ-ა-ში`** | 7.5 | `ა` |
540
+ | მონოკრისტალი | **`მონოკრისტ-ა-ლი`** | 7.5 | `ა` |
541
+ | ჰოლანდიას | **`ჰოლანდი-ა-ს`** | 7.5 | `ა` |
542
+
543
+ ### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
544
+
545
+ > **Automated Insight:**
546
+ The language Georgian shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
547
+
548
+ ---
549
+ ## 7. Summary & Recommendations
550
+
551
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
552
+
553
+ ### Production Recommendations
554
+
555
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
556
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
557
+ | Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (5.03x) |
558
+ | N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (423) |
559
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.2%) |
560
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
561
+
562
+
563
+ ---
564
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
565
+
566
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
567
+
568
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
569
+
570
+ **Compression Ratio**
571
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
572
+ >
573
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
574
+ >
575
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
576
+
577
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
578
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
579
+ >
580
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
581
+ >
582
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
583
+
584
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
585
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
586
+ >
587
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
588
+ >
589
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
590
+
591
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
592
+
593
+ **Perplexity**
594
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
595
+ >
596
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
597
+ >
598
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
599
+
600
+ **Entropy**
601
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
602
+ >
603
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
604
+ >
605
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
606
+
607
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
608
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
609
+ >
610
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
611
+ >
612
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
613
+
614
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
615
+
616
+ **Average Entropy**
617
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
618
+ >
619
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
620
+ >
621
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
622
+
623
+ **Branching Factor**
624
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
625
+ >
626
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
627
+ >
628
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
629
+
630
+ **Predictability**
631
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
632
+ >
633
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
634
+ >
635
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
636
+
637
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
638
+
639
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
640
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
641
+ >
642
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
643
+ >
644
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
645
+
646
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
647
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
648
+ >
649
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
650
+ >
651
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
652
+
653
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
654
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
655
+ >
656
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
657
+ >
658
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
659
+
660
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
661
+
662
+ **Isotropy**
663
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
664
+ >
665
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
666
+ >
667
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
668
+
669
+ **Average Norm**
670
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
671
+ >
672
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
673
+ >
674
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
675
+
676
+ **Cosine Similarity**
677
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
678
+ >
679
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
680
+ >
681
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
682
+
683
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
684
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
685
+ >
686
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
687
+ >
688
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
689
+
690
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
691
+
692
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
693
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
694
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
695
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
696
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
697
+
698
+
699
+ ### Visualizations Index
700
+
701
+ | Visualization | Description |
702
+ |---------------|-------------|
703
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
704
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
705
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
706
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
707
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
708
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
709
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
710
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
711
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
712
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
713
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
714
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
715
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
716
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
717
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
718
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
719
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
720
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
721
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
722
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
723
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
724
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
725
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
726
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
727
+
728
+ ---
729
+ ## About This Project
730
+
731
+ ### Data Source
732
+
733
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
734
+
735
+ ### Project
736
+
737
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
738
+
739
+ ### Maintainer
740
+
741
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
742
+
743
+ ### Citation
744
+
745
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
746
+
747
+ ```bibtex
748
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
749
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
750
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
751
+ year = {2025},
752
+ doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
753
+ publisher = {Zenodo},
754
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
755
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
756
+ }
757
+ ```
758
+
759
+ ### License
760
+
761
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
762
+
763
+ ### Links
764
+
765
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
766
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
767
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
768
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
769
+ - 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
770
+ ---
771
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
772
+
773
+ *Report Date: 2026-01-10 11:10:47*
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