Upload all models and assets for ml (latest)
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- .gitattributes +7 -0
- README.md +773 -0
- ml_morph_tokenizer.json +0 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/ml_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_128d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_32d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ml_64d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/subword_markov/ml_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/ml_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/ml_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/ml_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/ml_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/ml_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/ml_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/ml_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ml_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ml_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ml_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ml_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ml_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ml_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ml_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/ml_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/ml_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
- models/vocabulary/ml_vocabulary_metadata.json +17 -0
.gitattributes
CHANGED
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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|
| 1 |
+
---
|
| 2 |
+
language: ml
|
| 3 |
+
language_name: Malayalam
|
| 4 |
+
language_family: dravidian_south
|
| 5 |
+
tags:
|
| 6 |
+
- wikilangs
|
| 7 |
+
- nlp
|
| 8 |
+
- tokenizer
|
| 9 |
+
- embeddings
|
| 10 |
+
- n-gram
|
| 11 |
+
- markov
|
| 12 |
+
- wikipedia
|
| 13 |
+
- feature-extraction
|
| 14 |
+
- sentence-similarity
|
| 15 |
+
- tokenization
|
| 16 |
+
- n-grams
|
| 17 |
+
- markov-chain
|
| 18 |
+
- text-mining
|
| 19 |
+
- fasttext
|
| 20 |
+
- babelvec
|
| 21 |
+
- vocabulous
|
| 22 |
+
- vocabulary
|
| 23 |
+
- monolingual
|
| 24 |
+
- family-dravidian_south
|
| 25 |
+
license: mit
|
| 26 |
+
library_name: wikilangs
|
| 27 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
| 28 |
+
datasets:
|
| 29 |
+
- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
|
| 30 |
+
dataset_info:
|
| 31 |
+
name: wikipedia-monthly
|
| 32 |
+
description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
|
| 33 |
+
metrics:
|
| 34 |
+
- name: best_compression_ratio
|
| 35 |
+
type: compression
|
| 36 |
+
value: 5.366
|
| 37 |
+
- name: best_isotropy
|
| 38 |
+
type: isotropy
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.7956
|
| 40 |
+
- name: vocabulary_size
|
| 41 |
+
type: vocab
|
| 42 |
+
value: 0
|
| 43 |
+
generated: 2026-01-10
|
| 44 |
+
---
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
# Malayalam - Wikilangs Models
|
| 47 |
+
## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
|
| 48 |
+
|
| 49 |
+
This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Malayalam** Wikipedia data.
|
| 50 |
+
We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
|
| 51 |
+
|
| 52 |
+
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |
+
### Models & Assets
|
| 55 |
+
|
| 56 |
+
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 57 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 58 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 59 |
+
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 60 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 61 |
+
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 62 |
+
- Language Statistics
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |
+

|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
- [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
|
| 69 |
+
- [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
|
| 70 |
+
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 71 |
+
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 72 |
+
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 73 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 74 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 75 |
+
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 76 |
+
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 77 |
+
|
| 78 |
+
---
|
| 79 |
+
## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+

|
| 82 |
+
|
| 83 |
+

|
| 84 |
+
|
| 85 |
+

|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+

|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
### Results
|
| 90 |
+
|
| 91 |
+
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 92 |
+
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 93 |
+
| **8k** | 3.779x | 3.77 | 0.0796% | 1,899,588 |
|
| 94 |
+
| **16k** | 4.330x | 4.33 | 0.0913% | 1,657,653 |
|
| 95 |
+
| **32k** | 4.867x | 4.86 | 0.1026% | 1,474,841 |
|
| 96 |
+
| **64k** | 5.366x 🏆 | 5.36 | 0.1131% | 1,337,826 |
|
| 97 |
+
|
| 98 |
+
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 99 |
+
|
| 100 |
+
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 101 |
+
|
| 102 |
+
**Sample 1:** `സിറിയ പരസ്യമായി തുക്കുശിക്ഷ നടപ്പിലാക്കാറുണ്ട്. രണ്ട് ജൂതന്മാരെയും ഇസ്രായേൽ ചാരൻ...`
|
| 103 |
+
|
| 104 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 105 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 106 |
+
| 8k | `▁സി റിയ ▁പരസ്യ മായി ▁തു ക്കു ശിക്ഷ ▁നടപ്പില ാക്ക ാറുണ്ട് ... (+29 more)` | 39 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 16k | `▁സിറിയ ▁പരസ്യ മായി ▁തു ക്കു ശിക്ഷ ▁നടപ്പില ാക്ക ാറുണ്ട് . ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 32k | `▁സിറിയ ▁പരസ്യമായി ▁തു ക്കു ശിക്ഷ ▁നടപ്പിലാക്ക ാറുണ്ട് . ▁രണ്ട് ▁ജൂത ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
|
| 109 |
+
| 64k | `▁സിറിയ ▁പരസ്യമായി ▁തു ക്കു ശിക്ഷ ▁നടപ്പിലാക്ക ാറുണ്ട് . ▁രണ്ട് ▁ജൂത ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
|
| 110 |
+
|
| 111 |
+
**Sample 2:** `ജെസ്നറിയേസീ കുടുംബത്തിലെ പൂച്ചെടികളുടെ ഒരു ഇനമാണ് അച്ചിമെനെസ് സെറ്റോന. ലാണ് എച്ച...`
|
| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 114 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 115 |
+
| 8k | `▁ജെ സ് ന റിയ േസീ ▁കുടുംബത്തിലെ ▁പൂ ച്ചെ ട ികളുടെ ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 16k | `▁ജെ സ് ന റിയ േസീ ▁കുടുംബത്തിലെ ▁പൂ ച്ചെട ികളുടെ ▁ഒരു ... (+21 more)` | 31 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 32k | `▁ജെ സ്ന റിയ േസീ ▁കുടുംബത്തിലെ ▁പൂച്ചെടികളുടെ ▁ഒരു ▁ഇനമാണ് ▁അ ച്ചി ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
|
| 118 |
+
| 64k | `▁ജെ സ്ന റിയ േസീ ▁കുടുംബത്തിലെ ▁പൂച്ചെടികളുടെ ▁ഒരു ▁ഇനമാണ് ▁അ ച്ചി ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
|
| 119 |
+
|
| 120 |
+
**Sample 3:** `ച���വന്ന സൂര്യകാന്തി അല്ലെങ്കിൽ മെക്സിക്കൻ സൂര്യകാന്തി (Tithonia rotundifolia) എന്...`
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 123 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 124 |
+
| 8k | `▁ചുവന്ന ▁സൂര്യ കാ ന്തി ▁അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ▁മെക്സ ിക്കൻ ▁സൂര്യ കാ ന്തി ... (+15 more)` | 25 |
|
| 125 |
+
| 16k | `▁ചുവന്ന ▁സൂര്യ കാ ന്തി ▁അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ▁മെക്സിക്കൻ ▁സൂര്യ കാ ന്തി ▁( ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
|
| 126 |
+
| 32k | `▁ചുവന്ന ▁സൂര്യ കാന്തി ▁അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ▁മെക്സിക്കൻ ▁സൂര്യ കാന്തി ▁( t ith ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
|
| 127 |
+
| 64k | `▁ചുവന്ന ▁സൂര്യകാന്തി ▁അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ▁മെക്സിക്കൻ ▁സൂര്യകാന്തി ▁( t ith onia ▁rotund ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 5.366x compression
|
| 133 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0796% unknown tokens
|
| 134 |
+
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 135 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
+
---
|
| 138 |
+
## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |
+

|
| 141 |
+
|
| 142 |
+

|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |
+

|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
### Results
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 149 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 150 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 139,290 | 17.09 | 379,181 | 5.1% | 14.6% |
|
| 151 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 4,333 🏆 | 12.08 | 159,693 | 25.9% | 60.4% |
|
| 152 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 162,356 | 17.31 | 343,937 | 4.1% | 12.3% |
|
| 153 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 44,252 | 15.43 | 931,732 | 8.1% | 25.5% |
|
| 154 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 421,212 | 18.68 | 683,653 | 2.4% | 7.3% |
|
| 155 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 274,830 | 18.07 | 3,800,547 | 3.9% | 12.9% |
|
| 156 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 348,331 | 18.41 | 513,800 | 2.5% | 7.1% |
|
| 157 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 911,486 | 19.80 | 7,221,542 | 2.3% | 8.1% |
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 164 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 165 |
+
| 1 | `of the` | 18,339 |
|
| 166 |
+
| 2 | `പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ` | 13,257 |
|
| 167 |
+
| 3 | `അവലംബം പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള` | 8,470 |
|
| 168 |
+
| 4 | `എന്ന പേരിൽ` | 7,743 |
|
| 169 |
+
| 5 | `in the` | 7,446 |
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 174 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 175 |
+
| 1 | `അവലംബം പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ` | 8,392 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 2 | `അവലംബം പുറം കണ്ണികൾ` | 3,573 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 3 | `കെ ജെ യേശുദാസ്` | 3,343 |
|
| 178 |
+
| 4 | `സി പി ഐ` | 3,263 |
|
| 179 |
+
| 5 | `കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ്` | 2,878 |
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 184 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 185 |
+
| 1 | `സി പി ഐ എം` | 1,992 |
|
| 186 |
+
| 2 | `കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ്` | 1,978 |
|
| 187 |
+
| 3 | `കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം` | 1,461 |
|
| 188 |
+
| 4 | `comments endemic to india` | 990 |
|
| 189 |
+
| 5 | `സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം ലഭിച്ച` | 932 |
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 194 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 195 |
+
| 1 | `കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ്` | 1,225 |
|
| 196 |
+
| 2 | `സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം ലഭിച്ച കൃതികൾ` | 687 |
|
| 197 |
+
| 3 | `archived from the original on` | 637 |
|
| 198 |
+
| 4 | `കോൺഗ്രസ് ഐ യു ഡി എഫ്` | 589 |
|
| 199 |
+
| 5 | `ലേബർ ലേബർ ലേബർ ലേബർ ലേബർ` | 588 |
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 204 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 205 |
+
| 1 | `. _` | 1,783,270 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 2 | `ൽ _` | 1,276,589 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 3 | `_ അ` | 1,260,398 |
|
| 208 |
+
| 4 | `, _` | 1,069,781 |
|
| 209 |
+
| 5 | `ൻ _` | 661,867 |
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 212 |
+
|
| 213 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 214 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 215 |
+
| 1 | `ന്നു . _` | 322,382 |
|
| 216 |
+
| 2 | `_ അ വ` | 260,904 |
|
| 217 |
+
| 3 | `ക ൾ _` | 257,512 |
|
| 218 |
+
| 4 | `_ ഒ രു` | 245,468 |
|
| 219 |
+
| 5 | `ഒ രു _` | 243,826 |
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 222 |
+
|
| 223 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 224 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 225 |
+
| 1 | `_ ഒ രു _` | 235,393 |
|
| 226 |
+
| 2 | `രു ന്നു . _` | 110,664 |
|
| 227 |
+
| 3 | `_ എ ന്ന _` | 110,073 |
|
| 228 |
+
| 4 | `t h e _` | 94,998 |
|
| 229 |
+
| 5 | `_ t h e` | 94,093 |
|
| 230 |
+
|
| 231 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 234 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 235 |
+
| 1 | `_ t h e _` | 87,370 |
|
| 236 |
+
| 2 | `യി രു ന്നു . _` | 72,530 |
|
| 237 |
+
| 3 | `_ അ വ ലം ബം` | 64,383 |
|
| 238 |
+
| 4 | `അ വ ലം ബം _` | 54,405 |
|
| 239 |
+
| 5 | `_ ഉ പ യോ ഗി` | 50,935 |
|
| 240 |
+
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 4,333
|
| 245 |
+
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 246 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~8% of corpus
|
| 247 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 248 |
+
|
| 249 |
+
---
|
| 250 |
+
## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
|
| 251 |
+
|
| 252 |
+

|
| 253 |
+
|
| 254 |
+

|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |
+

|
| 257 |
+
|
| 258 |
+
### Results
|
| 259 |
+
|
| 260 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 261 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 262 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.6805 | 1.603 | 5.82 | 2,337,199 | 31.9% |
|
| 263 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 0.9605 | 1.946 | 14.48 | 34,171 | 3.9% |
|
| 264 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.1758 | 1.130 | 1.40 | 13,589,609 | 82.4% |
|
| 265 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.7010 | 1.626 | 5.25 | 494,724 | 29.9% |
|
| 266 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.0434 | 1.031 | 1.07 | 18,962,615 | 95.7% |
|
| 267 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.5422 | 1.456 | 3.38 | 2,596,737 | 45.8% |
|
| 268 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0148 🏆 | 1.010 | 1.02 | 20,273,957 | 98.5% |
|
| 269 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.4401 | 1.357 | 2.35 | 8,776,422 | 56.0% |
|
| 270 |
+
|
| 271 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 274 |
+
|
| 275 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
1. `ഒരു ദുരന്തനാടകമായ മാക്ബെത്തിലെ ലേഡി ബേർഡ് എന്നിവയെ ലയിപ്പിച്ച് ജിയോസ്റ്റാർ ഇന്ത്യ കോസ്റ്റാറിക്ക യു ഡ...`
|
| 278 |
+
2. `ഈ പ്രദേശത്തിന്റെ സാമൂഹിക സമത്വം എന്ന നിലയിലാണ് പ്രശസ്തൻ ജൊനാഥൻ വാൻ ഐക്കിന്റെ ചിത്രമാണ് sify archived...`
|
| 279 |
+
3. `എന്ന ഗാനത്തിന് ഹിന്ദി ടെലിവിഷനിലും അഭിനയം കൂടാതെ ഭസ്മലേപനം തപോവേഷം യോഗ്യമല്ലാത്ത വിഭവങ്ങൾ ഉപയോഗിക്കു...`
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
1. `of the vietnam war protests vietnam war in history set for tuesday observer reporter retrieved decem...`
|
| 284 |
+
2. `പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ സർവ്വകലാശാലക്കു കീഴിലുള്ള കലാലയങ്ങൾ പുറേത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ ഗവൺെമെന്റ് കാേളേജ...`
|
| 285 |
+
3. `അവലംബം പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ bananas org മുസെല്ല ലാസിയോകാർപമ്യൂസെല്ല ലാസിയോകാർപ മരങ്ങൾ സസ്യങ്ങൾ ബംഗ...`
|
| 286 |
+
|
| 287 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 288 |
+
|
| 289 |
+
1. `അവലംബം പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ strasbourg the most european french city official french website in en...`
|
| 290 |
+
2. `അവലംബം പുറം കണ്ണികൾ അമേരിക്കയിലെ സസ്യജാലം സസ്യജാലം സസ്യജാലം സസ്യജാലം സസ്യജാലം അധിനിവേശസസ്യങ്ങൾ`
|
| 291 |
+
3. `കെ ജെ യേശുദാസ് കൈതപ്രം ദാമോദരൻ നമ്പൂതിരി തങ്കനിലാ കെ എസ് ചിത്ര അണിയറ പ്രവർത്തകർ ഛായാഗ്രഹണം ആനന്ദക്കു...`
|
| 292 |
+
|
| 293 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 294 |
+
|
| 295 |
+
1. `സി പി ഐ എം ആക്കാവിള സതീക്ക് എൻ ഡി എ എം കെ രാഘവൻ കോൺഗ്രസ് ഐ യു ഡി എഫ് ഫിലിപ്പോസ് തോമസ്`
|
| 296 |
+
2. `കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് കൺസർവേറ്റീവ് ലേബർhull south west ലിബറൽ ലിബറൽ ലിബറൽ ലിബറൽ ലിബറ...`
|
| 297 |
+
3. `കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം ഈ കൃതിക്ക് ലഭിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട് ഈ പുസ്തകത്തിൽ നോവലിന്റെയോ കഥപറച്ചിലിന്റെയ...`
|
| 298 |
+
|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 303 |
+
|
| 304 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
1. `_234_ഭാവരിൽ_കളജില്ല._`
|
| 307 |
+
2. `._കുറൽ_._നാപുറൻസിന്റായിക്കു`
|
| 308 |
+
3. `കൾഡ്_ചലയുള്ളയ്ക്ക്_ഗുണങ്ങളെ_ൽ`
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
1. `._തരണത്തിലേർപ്പെട്ടില്ല._അക്കിലിനു`
|
| 313 |
+
2. `ൽ_ബസിയിൽ_നിക്കോളാസ്_പ്രകൃതിയുടെ`
|
| 314 |
+
3. `_അവനോടെ_പൗരന്മാർ_മന്നേയൻ_റി`
|
| 315 |
+
|
| 316 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 317 |
+
|
| 318 |
+
1. `ന്നു._അതിർത്തിയോ_കൃഷ്ണൻ_:_♂).`
|
| 319 |
+
2. `_അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നതുവരെ_പോരാട്ടത്തിനു_`
|
| 320 |
+
3. `കൾ_ഡാർട്ട്_ഗാലറി_ഡൈക്ലോഫെനാക്_ഉ`
|
| 321 |
+
|
| 322 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 323 |
+
|
| 324 |
+
1. `_ഒരു_മെമ്മറിയും_താലൂക്കുകൾ,_മകൾ`
|
| 325 |
+
2. `രുന്നു._ചൈനീസ്_ലിപി:_মোহাম্মদ_সাহা`
|
| 326 |
+
3. `_എന്ന_പട്ടണം._ഒന്നാം_ലോകമഹായുദ്ധസ`
|
| 327 |
+
|
| 328 |
+
|
| 329 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 330 |
+
|
| 331 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 98.5% predictability
|
| 332 |
+
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 333 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (8,776,422 contexts)
|
| 334 |
+
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 335 |
+
|
| 336 |
+
---
|
| 337 |
+
## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
|
| 338 |
+
|
| 339 |
+

|
| 340 |
+
|
| 341 |
+

|
| 342 |
+
|
| 343 |
+

|
| 344 |
+
|
| 345 |
+
### Statistics
|
| 346 |
+
|
| 347 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 348 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 349 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 801,863 |
|
| 350 |
+
| Total Tokens | 20,480,775 |
|
| 351 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 25.54 |
|
| 352 |
+
| Median Frequency | 3 |
|
| 353 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 511.27 |
|
| 354 |
+
|
| 355 |
+
### Most Common Words
|
| 356 |
+
|
| 357 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 358 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 359 |
+
| 1 | ഒരു | 243,510 |
|
| 360 |
+
| 2 | ഈ | 162,409 |
|
| 361 |
+
| 3 | എന്ന | 110,774 |
|
| 362 |
+
| 4 | the | 94,058 |
|
| 363 |
+
| 5 | of | 88,580 |
|
| 364 |
+
| 6 | അവലംബം | 64,447 |
|
| 365 |
+
| 7 | ഇത് | 55,817 |
|
| 366 |
+
| 8 | നിന്ന് | 50,269 |
|
| 367 |
+
| 9 | അദ്ദേഹം | 49,641 |
|
| 368 |
+
| 10 | and | 49,492 |
|
| 369 |
+
|
| 370 |
+
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 371 |
+
|
| 372 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 373 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 374 |
+
| 1 | areekode | 2 |
|
| 375 |
+
| 2 | ഭാഗമാകുവാനും | 2 |
|
| 376 |
+
| 3 | ഗായകനെയും | 2 |
|
| 377 |
+
| 4 | ഗഫൂറിനെ | 2 |
|
| 378 |
+
| 5 | സ്കൂളിനായി | 2 |
|
| 379 |
+
| 6 | തെല്ലിപ്പളൈ | 2 |
|
| 380 |
+
| 7 | എരവല്ലൻ | 2 |
|
| 381 |
+
| 8 | കൈകാടി | 2 |
|
| 382 |
+
| 9 | പട്ടപ്പു | 2 |
|
| 383 |
+
| 10 | ടെനോം | 2 |
|
| 384 |
+
|
| 385 |
+
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 386 |
+
|
| 387 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 388 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 389 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 0.8771 |
|
| 390 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.995192 |
|
| 391 |
+
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 392 |
+
|
| 393 |
+
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 394 |
+
|
| 395 |
+
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 396 |
+
|-------------|----------|
|
| 397 |
+
| Top 100 | 14.6% |
|
| 398 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 34.1% |
|
| 399 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 52.2% |
|
| 400 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 60.6% |
|
| 401 |
+
|
| 402 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 403 |
+
|
| 404 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9952 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 405 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 14.6% of corpus
|
| 406 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 791,863 words needed for remaining 39.4% coverage
|
| 407 |
+
|
| 408 |
+
---
|
| 409 |
+
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
| 410 |
+
|
| 411 |
+

|
| 412 |
+
|
| 413 |
+

|
| 414 |
+
|
| 415 |
+

|
| 416 |
+
|
| 417 |
+

|
| 418 |
+
|
| 419 |
+
|
| 420 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+

|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+

|
| 425 |
+
|
| 426 |
+
|
| 427 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 428 |
+
|
| 429 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 430 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 431 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.7956 | 0.3438 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 432 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.7180 | 0.2843 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 433 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.6063 | 0.2328 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 434 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.7956 🏆 | 0.3488 | 0.0920 | 0.4000 |
|
| 435 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.7180 | 0.2864 | 0.1940 | 0.5680 |
|
| 436 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.6063 | 0.2384 | 0.2720 | 0.6480 |
|
| 437 |
+
|
| 438 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 439 |
+
|
| 440 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** aligned_32d with 0.7956 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 441 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.2891. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 442 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 27.2% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 443 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 444 |
+
|
| 445 |
+
---
|
| 446 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 447 |
+
|
| 448 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 449 |
+
|
| 450 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 451 |
+
|
| 452 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 453 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 454 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 455 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **-0.114** | Low formulaic content | - |
|
| 456 |
+
|
| 457 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 458 |
+
|
| 459 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 462 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 463 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 464 |
+
| `-ക` | കൽപി, കുടുംബത്തിൽ, കൊയ്തിരുന്നു |
|
| 465 |
+
| `-മ` | മോപ്പസാങ്ങ്, മുറിയിലേയ്ക്കു, മെലിന |
|
| 466 |
+
| `-സ` | സമഗ്രസംഭാവനാ, സ്വാധീനിച്ചിരുന്നത്, സർവ്വകലാശാല |
|
| 467 |
+
| `-അ` | അറിയപ്പെടുന്നതായുണ്ട്, അഥാനം, അൽഗൊരിതത്തെ |
|
| 468 |
+
| `-പ` | പ്രസാദാത്മകതയും, പാർലമെന്റിലേയ്ക്ക്, പ്രവിശ്യാഭരണാധികാരികൾ |
|
| 469 |
+
| `-വ` | വ്യാകരണതലമെന്നും, വോൾഗാനദിയുടെ, വെട്ടിപ്പരുക്കേൽപ്പിച്ചതിൽ |
|
| 470 |
+
| `-ന` | നിരുത്സാഹപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതിനായി, നാകമൂറക്ക്, നസ്ർ |
|
| 471 |
+
| `-ബ` | ബക്ത്, ബന്ധിപ്പിക്കണം, ബാൽഡ്വിൻ |
|
| 472 |
+
|
| 473 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 474 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 475 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 476 |
+
| `-ൽ` | ദിവ്യശക്തിയിൽ, വെട്ടിപ്പരുക്കേൽപ്പിച്ചതിൽ, വ്യത്യാസപ്പെടുന്നുവെങ്കിൽ |
|
| 477 |
+
| `-ൾ` | പ്രവിശ്യാഭരണാധികാരികൾ, മോണോഗ്രാഫുകൾ, മനുഷ്യാവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ |
|
| 478 |
+
| `-യ` | വിടർത്തിയ, ഊർജസ്വലവുമായ, വ്യവസായഗ്രൂപ്പുകളിലൊന്നായ |
|
| 479 |
+
| `-ള` | തിരക്കുള്ള, വീട്ടാവശ്യത്തിനുള്ള, പുഞ്ചിരികണ്ണുള്ള |
|
| 480 |
+
| `-ൻ` | റെസിൻ, ഗ്രുൻ, ബാൽഡ്വിൻ |
|
| 481 |
+
| `-കൾ` | പ്രവിശ്യാഭരണാധികാരികൾ, മോണോഗ്രാഫുകൾ, ആദിമപ്രപഞ്ചമാതൃകകൾ |
|
| 482 |
+
| `-ന` | മെലിന, ഉപയോഗിക്കുകയെന്ന, ഭരിച്ചുപോന്ന |
|
| 483 |
+
| `-ർ` | എതിർത്തവർ, നസ്ർ, വിഷർ |
|
| 484 |
+
|
| 485 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 486 |
+
|
| 487 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 488 |
+
|
| 489 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 490 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 491 |
+
| `atio` | 3.14x | 71 contexts | ratio, jatio, ratios |
|
| 492 |
+
| `tion` | 3.05x | 76 contexts | tiong, action, nation |
|
| 493 |
+
| `ment` | 3.00x | 81 contexts | ament, mentz, mentv |
|
| 494 |
+
| `nter` | 2.90x | 79 contexts | inter, unter, enter |
|
| 495 |
+
| `stor` | 3.04x | 62 contexts | storm, stora, stork |
|
| 496 |
+
| `isto` | 3.32x | 40 contexts | histo, cristo, aristo |
|
| 497 |
+
| `ture` | 2.88x | 57 contexts | turek, future, suture |
|
| 498 |
+
| `mber` | 2.89x | 56 contexts | ember, amber, imber |
|
| 499 |
+
| `nati` | 3.23x | 36 contexts | nation, donati, naties |
|
| 500 |
+
| `ctio` | 3.04x | 39 contexts | action, sectio, lectio |
|
| 501 |
+
| `iver` | 2.86x | 48 contexts | river, liver, siver |
|
| 502 |
+
| `ersi` | 2.82x | 44 contexts | persia, mersin, bersih |
|
| 503 |
+
|
| 504 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 505 |
+
|
| 506 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 507 |
+
|
| 508 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 509 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 510 |
+
| `-ക` | `-ൽ` | 76 words | കാരണത്താൽ, കോട്ടമുറിക്കൽ |
|
| 511 |
+
| `-പ` | `-ൽ` | 58 words | പാരവശ്യത്തിൽ, പ്രഫഷനൽ |
|
| 512 |
+
| `-അ` | `-ൽ` | 36 words | അഞ്ചൽ, അക്ബർനാമയിൽ |
|
| 513 |
+
| `-ക` | `-ൾ` | 33 words | കാസ്റ്റിംഗുകൾ, കുടുംബവഴക്കുകൾ |
|
| 514 |
+
| `-ക` | `-ൻ` | 33 words | കാളിയൻ, കോടീശ്വരൻ |
|
| 515 |
+
| `-പ` | `-യ` | 33 words | പ്രായ, പ്രോഗ്രാമായ |
|
| 516 |
+
| `-സ` | `-ൽ` | 32 words | സൈപ്രസ്സിൽ, സെപ്റ്റംബരിൽ |
|
| 517 |
+
| `-ക` | `-ള` | 32 words | ക്ഷേത്രകടവിലുള്ള, കാഴ്ചപ്പാടിലുള്ള |
|
| 518 |
+
| `-വ` | `-ൽ` | 31 words | വിധേയരാകുന്നതിൽ, വെൽഡനാഗ്രത്തിൽ |
|
| 519 |
+
| `-വ` | `-ള` | 28 words | വംശങ്ങളോടുള്ള, വഞ്ചിമുട്ടംപിള്ള |
|
| 520 |
+
|
| 521 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 522 |
+
|
| 523 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 524 |
+
|
| 525 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 526 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 527 |
+
| theophilus | **`theophil-us`** | 4.5 | `theophil` |
|
| 528 |
+
| ഉന്നതപദവികൾ | **`ഉന്നതപദവി-കൾ`** | 4.5 | `ഉന്നതപദവി` |
|
| 529 |
+
| മലയാളലിപികൾ | **`മലയാളലിപി-കൾ`** | 4.5 | `മലയാളലിപി` |
|
| 530 |
+
| നക്ഷത്രമാണിത് | **`ന-ക-്ഷത്രമാണിത്`** | 4.5 | `്ഷത്രമാണിത്` |
|
| 531 |
+
| ഡക്കാന്റെ | **`ഡ-ക-്കാന്റെ`** | 4.5 | `്കാന്റെ` |
|
| 532 |
+
| അമരക്കാരും | **`അ-മരക്കാരും`** | 4.5 | `മരക്കാരും` |
|
| 533 |
+
| അറസ്റ്റിൽ | **`അ-റസ്റ്റിൽ`** | 4.5 | `റസ്റ്റിൽ` |
|
| 534 |
+
| അശ്രദ്ധയും | **`അ-ശ്രദ്ധയും`** | 4.5 | `ശ്രദ്ധയും` |
|
| 535 |
+
| നിംബാർക്കൻ | **`നിംബാർക്ക-ൻ`** | 4.5 | `നിംബാർക്ക` |
|
| 536 |
+
| michigans | **`michigan-s`** | 4.5 | `michigan` |
|
| 537 |
+
| schimperi | **`schimper-i`** | 4.5 | `schimper` |
|
| 538 |
+
| പാടിത്തുടങ്ങിയ | **`പാടിത്തുടങ്ങി-യ`** | 4.5 | `പാടിത്തുടങ്ങി` |
|
| 539 |
+
| orientales | **`oriental-es`** | 4.5 | `oriental` |
|
| 540 |
+
| കൊത്തുപണികൾ | **`കൊത്തുപണി-കൾ`** | 4.5 | `കൊത്തുപണി` |
|
| 541 |
+
| ശബ്ദംകേട്ട് | **`ശ-ബ-്ദംകേട്ട്`** | 3.0 | `്ദംകേട്ട്` |
|
| 542 |
+
|
| 543 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 544 |
+
|
| 545 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 546 |
+
The language Malayalam shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 547 |
+
|
| 548 |
+
---
|
| 549 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 550 |
+
|
| 551 |
+

|
| 552 |
+
|
| 553 |
+
### Production Recommendations
|
| 554 |
+
|
| 555 |
+
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 556 |
+
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 557 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (5.37x) |
|
| 558 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (4,333) |
|
| 559 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (98.5%) |
|
| 560 |
+
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 561 |
+
|
| 562 |
+
|
| 563 |
+
---
|
| 564 |
+
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 565 |
+
|
| 566 |
+
This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
|
| 567 |
+
|
| 568 |
+
### Tokenizer Metrics
|
| 569 |
+
|
| 570 |
+
**Compression Ratio**
|
| 571 |
+
> *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
|
| 572 |
+
>
|
| 573 |
+
> *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
|
| 574 |
+
>
|
| 575 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
|
| 576 |
+
|
| 577 |
+
**Average Token Length (Fertility)**
|
| 578 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
|
| 579 |
+
>
|
| 580 |
+
> *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
|
| 581 |
+
>
|
| 582 |
+
> *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
|
| 583 |
+
|
| 584 |
+
**Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
|
| 585 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
|
| 586 |
+
>
|
| 587 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
|
| 588 |
+
>
|
| 589 |
+
> *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
|
| 590 |
+
|
| 591 |
+
### N-gram Model Metrics
|
| 592 |
+
|
| 593 |
+
**Perplexity**
|
| 594 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
|
| 595 |
+
>
|
| 596 |
+
> *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
|
| 597 |
+
>
|
| 598 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
|
| 599 |
+
|
| 600 |
+
**Entropy**
|
| 601 |
+
> *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
|
| 602 |
+
>
|
| 603 |
+
> *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
|
| 604 |
+
>
|
| 605 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
|
| 606 |
+
|
| 607 |
+
**Coverage (Top-K)**
|
| 608 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
|
| 609 |
+
>
|
| 610 |
+
> *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
|
| 611 |
+
>
|
| 612 |
+
> *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
|
| 613 |
+
|
| 614 |
+
### Markov Chain Metrics
|
| 615 |
+
|
| 616 |
+
**Average Entropy**
|
| 617 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
|
| 618 |
+
>
|
| 619 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
|
| 620 |
+
>
|
| 621 |
+
> *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
|
| 622 |
+
|
| 623 |
+
**Branching Factor**
|
| 624 |
+
> *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
|
| 625 |
+
>
|
| 626 |
+
> *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
|
| 627 |
+
>
|
| 628 |
+
> *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
|
| 629 |
+
|
| 630 |
+
**Predictability**
|
| 631 |
+
> *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
|
| 632 |
+
>
|
| 633 |
+
> *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
|
| 634 |
+
>
|
| 635 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
|
| 636 |
+
|
| 637 |
+
### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
|
| 638 |
+
|
| 639 |
+
**Zipf's Coefficient**
|
| 640 |
+
> *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
|
| 641 |
+
>
|
| 642 |
+
> *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
|
| 643 |
+
>
|
| 644 |
+
> *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
|
| 645 |
+
|
| 646 |
+
**R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
|
| 647 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
|
| 648 |
+
>
|
| 649 |
+
> *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
|
| 650 |
+
>
|
| 651 |
+
> *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
|
| 652 |
+
|
| 653 |
+
**Vocabulary Coverage**
|
| 654 |
+
> *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
|
| 655 |
+
>
|
| 656 |
+
> *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
|
| 657 |
+
>
|
| 658 |
+
> *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
|
| 659 |
+
|
| 660 |
+
### Word Embedding Metrics
|
| 661 |
+
|
| 662 |
+
**Isotropy**
|
| 663 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
|
| 664 |
+
>
|
| 665 |
+
> *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
|
| 666 |
+
>
|
| 667 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
|
| 668 |
+
|
| 669 |
+
**Average Norm**
|
| 670 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
|
| 671 |
+
>
|
| 672 |
+
> *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
|
| 673 |
+
>
|
| 674 |
+
> *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
|
| 675 |
+
|
| 676 |
+
**Cosine Similarity**
|
| 677 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
|
| 678 |
+
>
|
| 679 |
+
> *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
|
| 680 |
+
>
|
| 681 |
+
> *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
|
| 682 |
+
|
| 683 |
+
**t-SNE Visualization**
|
| 684 |
+
> *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
|
| 685 |
+
>
|
| 686 |
+
> *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
|
| 687 |
+
>
|
| 688 |
+
> *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
|
| 689 |
+
|
| 690 |
+
### General Interpretation Guidelines
|
| 691 |
+
|
| 692 |
+
1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
|
| 693 |
+
2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
|
| 694 |
+
3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
|
| 695 |
+
4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
|
| 696 |
+
5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
|
| 697 |
+
|
| 698 |
+
|
| 699 |
+
### Visualizations Index
|
| 700 |
+
|
| 701 |
+
| Visualization | Description |
|
| 702 |
+
|---------------|-------------|
|
| 703 |
+
| Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
|
| 704 |
+
| Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
|
| 705 |
+
| Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
|
| 706 |
+
| Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
|
| 707 |
+
| N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
|
| 708 |
+
| N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
|
| 709 |
+
| N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
|
| 710 |
+
| N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
|
| 711 |
+
| Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
|
| 712 |
+
| Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
|
| 713 |
+
| Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
|
| 714 |
+
| Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
|
| 715 |
+
| Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
|
| 716 |
+
| Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
|
| 717 |
+
| Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
|
| 718 |
+
| Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
|
| 719 |
+
| Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
|
| 720 |
+
| Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
|
| 721 |
+
| Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
|
| 722 |
+
| t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
|
| 723 |
+
| t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
|
| 724 |
+
| Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
|
| 725 |
+
| Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
|
| 726 |
+
| Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
|
| 727 |
+
|
| 728 |
+
---
|
| 729 |
+
## About This Project
|
| 730 |
+
|
| 731 |
+
### Data Source
|
| 732 |
+
|
| 733 |
+
Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
|
| 734 |
+
|
| 735 |
+
### Project
|
| 736 |
+
|
| 737 |
+
A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
|
| 738 |
+
|
| 739 |
+
### Maintainer
|
| 740 |
+
|
| 741 |
+
[Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
|
| 742 |
+
|
| 743 |
+
### Citation
|
| 744 |
+
|
| 745 |
+
If you use these models in your research, please cite:
|
| 746 |
+
|
| 747 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 748 |
+
@misc{wikilangs2025,
|
| 749 |
+
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 750 |
+
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 751 |
+
year = {2025},
|
| 752 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 753 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 754 |
+
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 755 |
+
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 756 |
+
}
|
| 757 |
+
```
|
| 758 |
+
|
| 759 |
+
### License
|
| 760 |
+
|
| 761 |
+
MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
|
| 762 |
+
|
| 763 |
+
### Links
|
| 764 |
+
|
| 765 |
+
- 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
|
| 766 |
+
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 767 |
+
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 768 |
+
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 769 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 770 |
+
---
|
| 771 |
+
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 772 |
+
|
| 773 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-10 16:23:14*
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ml_morph_tokenizer.json
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models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_16k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:b57cde7f0d75a1e673b7bdf3320ba4fca4ef2ebe4d7fb6f6d8095afa4a96726c
|
| 3 |
+
size 651156
|
models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_16k.vocab
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_32k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
+
oid sha256:e92074b303b2ef2c1398df37fe7c1acd9303cbfbd407e67cf21e70a88465169f
|
| 3 |
+
size 1101520
|
models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_32k.vocab
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_64k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:f0824ecf253a94112084ca46dc232bddacebd6247a8e4b596f6d6f03f5883d0c
|
| 3 |
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size 2048133
|
models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_64k.vocab
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_8k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
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|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:44799c5dfc268687f287f475fc9f17ed611d9b80a92f65ce7ecbda281d343c24
|
| 3 |
+
size 435555
|
models/tokenizer/ml_tokenizer_8k.vocab
ADDED
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|
|
models/vocabulary/ml_vocabulary.parquet
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:277052890f8eac27e9b5e2c7be92506a6de52cf834f1b288d096d755bdc0a011
|
| 3 |
+
size 16365575
|
models/vocabulary/ml_vocabulary_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "ml",
|
| 3 |
+
"vocabulary_size": 801863,
|
| 4 |
+
"variant": "full",
|
| 5 |
+
"statistics": {
|
| 6 |
+
"type_token_ratio": 0.10620761773947136,
|
| 7 |
+
"coverage": {
|
| 8 |
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"top_100": 0.1353824686829491,
|
| 9 |
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"top_1000": 0.31688781000084526,
|
| 10 |
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"top_5000": 0.4857202187060105,
|
| 11 |
+
"top_10000": 0.5639239273410173
|
| 12 |
+
},
|
| 13 |
+
"hapax_count": 1536544,
|
| 14 |
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"hapax_ratio": 0.657090061738611,
|
| 15 |
+
"total_documents": 88054
|
| 16 |
+
}
|
| 17 |
+
}
|