Upload all models and assets for pnb (latest)
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- .gitattributes +7 -0
- README.md +773 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_128d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_32d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_64d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/pnb_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/pnb_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/pnb_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/pnb_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/pnb_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/pnb_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/pnb_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/pnb_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/pnb_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
- models/vocabulary/pnb_vocabulary_metadata.json +17 -0
- models/word_markov/pnb_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
.gitattributes
CHANGED
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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|
| 1 |
+
---
|
| 2 |
+
language: pnb
|
| 3 |
+
language_name: Western Panjabi
|
| 4 |
+
language_family: indoaryan_central
|
| 5 |
+
tags:
|
| 6 |
+
- wikilangs
|
| 7 |
+
- nlp
|
| 8 |
+
- tokenizer
|
| 9 |
+
- embeddings
|
| 10 |
+
- n-gram
|
| 11 |
+
- markov
|
| 12 |
+
- wikipedia
|
| 13 |
+
- feature-extraction
|
| 14 |
+
- sentence-similarity
|
| 15 |
+
- tokenization
|
| 16 |
+
- n-grams
|
| 17 |
+
- markov-chain
|
| 18 |
+
- text-mining
|
| 19 |
+
- fasttext
|
| 20 |
+
- babelvec
|
| 21 |
+
- vocabulous
|
| 22 |
+
- vocabulary
|
| 23 |
+
- monolingual
|
| 24 |
+
- family-indoaryan_central
|
| 25 |
+
license: mit
|
| 26 |
+
library_name: wikilangs
|
| 27 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
| 28 |
+
datasets:
|
| 29 |
+
- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
|
| 30 |
+
dataset_info:
|
| 31 |
+
name: wikipedia-monthly
|
| 32 |
+
description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
|
| 33 |
+
metrics:
|
| 34 |
+
- name: best_compression_ratio
|
| 35 |
+
type: compression
|
| 36 |
+
value: 3.987
|
| 37 |
+
- name: best_isotropy
|
| 38 |
+
type: isotropy
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.8211
|
| 40 |
+
- name: vocabulary_size
|
| 41 |
+
type: vocab
|
| 42 |
+
value: 0
|
| 43 |
+
generated: 2026-01-10
|
| 44 |
+
---
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
# Western Panjabi - Wikilangs Models
|
| 47 |
+
## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
|
| 48 |
+
|
| 49 |
+
This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Western Panjabi** Wikipedia data.
|
| 50 |
+
We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
|
| 51 |
+
|
| 52 |
+
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |
+
### Models & Assets
|
| 55 |
+
|
| 56 |
+
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 57 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 58 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 59 |
+
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 60 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 61 |
+
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 62 |
+
- Language Statistics
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |
+

|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
- [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
|
| 69 |
+
- [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
|
| 70 |
+
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 71 |
+
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 72 |
+
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 73 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 74 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 75 |
+
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 76 |
+
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 77 |
+
|
| 78 |
+
---
|
| 79 |
+
## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+

|
| 82 |
+
|
| 83 |
+

|
| 84 |
+
|
| 85 |
+

|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+

|
| 88 |
+
|
| 89 |
+
### Results
|
| 90 |
+
|
| 91 |
+
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 92 |
+
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 93 |
+
| **8k** | 3.374x | 3.35 | 0.0495% | 1,253,323 |
|
| 94 |
+
| **16k** | 3.663x | 3.64 | 0.0537% | 1,154,342 |
|
| 95 |
+
| **32k** | 3.861x | 3.84 | 0.0566% | 1,095,265 |
|
| 96 |
+
| **64k** | 3.987x 🏆 | 3.96 | 0.0585% | 1,060,503 |
|
| 97 |
+
|
| 98 |
+
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 99 |
+
|
| 100 |
+
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 101 |
+
|
| 102 |
+
**Sample 1:** `<font size="+1" بلی size="1" : : : ناں : Pseudotriakis microdon size="1" تے پھرن...`
|
| 103 |
+
|
| 104 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 105 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 106 |
+
| 8k | `▁< font ▁size ="+ 1 " ▁بلی ▁size =" 1 ... (+26 more)` | 36 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 16k | `▁< font ▁size ="+ 1 " ▁بلی ▁size =" 1 ... (+25 more)` | 35 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 32k | `▁< font ▁size ="+ 1 " ▁بلی ▁size =" 1 ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 109 |
+
| 64k | `▁< font ▁size ="+ 1 " ▁بلی ▁size =" 1 ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 110 |
+
|
| 111 |
+
**Sample 2:** `واقعے جم موت ہور دیکھو ہجری شمسی عیسوی کیلنڈر ہجری کیلنڈر حوالے باہرلےجوڑ ہجری ت...`
|
| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 114 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 115 |
+
| 8k | `▁واقعے ▁جم ▁موت ▁ہور ▁دیکھو ▁ہجری ▁شمسی ▁عیسوی ▁کیلنڈر ▁ہجری ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 16k | `▁واقعے ▁جم ▁موت ▁ہور ▁دیکھو ▁ہجری ▁شمسی ▁عیسوی ▁کیلنڈر ▁ہجری ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 32k | `▁واقعے ▁جم ▁موت ▁ہور ▁دیکھو ▁ہجری ▁شمسی ▁عیسوی ▁کیلنڈر ▁ہجری ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
|
| 118 |
+
| 64k | `▁واقعے ▁جم ▁موت ▁ہور ▁دیکھو ▁ہجری ▁شمسی ▁عیسوی ▁کیلنڈر ▁ہجری ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
|
| 119 |
+
|
| 120 |
+
**Sample 3:** `thumbnail یورپا مشتری پاندھی دا 6واں چند اے۔ ایہنوں 8 جنوری، وچ گلیلیو نے لبیا س...`
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 123 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 124 |
+
| 8k | `▁thumbnail ▁یورپ ا ▁مشت ری ▁پاندھی ▁دا ▁ 6 واں ... (+26 more)` | 36 |
|
| 125 |
+
| 16k | `▁thumbnail ▁یورپ ا ▁مشتری ▁پاندھی ▁دا ▁ 6 واں ▁چند ... (+23 more)` | 33 |
|
| 126 |
+
| 32k | `▁thumbnail ▁یورپ ا ▁مشتری ▁پاندھی ▁دا ▁ 6 واں ▁چند ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 127 |
+
| 64k | `▁thumbnail ▁یورپ ا ▁مشتری ▁پاندھی ▁دا ▁ 6 واں ▁چند ... (+21 more)` | 31 |
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 3.987x compression
|
| 133 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0495% unknown tokens
|
| 134 |
+
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 135 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
+
---
|
| 138 |
+
## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |
+

|
| 141 |
+
|
| 142 |
+

|
| 143 |
+
|
| 144 |
+

|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
### Results
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 149 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 150 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 75,798 | 16.21 | 740,485 | 13.0% | 25.5% |
|
| 151 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 455 🏆 | 8.83 | 31,574 | 58.1% | 95.3% |
|
| 152 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 362,363 | 18.47 | 1,592,960 | 4.5% | 12.9% |
|
| 153 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 4,157 | 12.02 | 200,891 | 24.0% | 60.3% |
|
| 154 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 1,268,078 | 20.27 | 3,340,374 | 2.5% | 7.4% |
|
| 155 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 25,110 | 14.62 | 1,043,941 | 12.3% | 32.8% |
|
| 156 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 1,264,061 | 20.27 | 2,644,505 | 2.5% | 7.3% |
|
| 157 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 106,026 | 16.69 | 3,000,396 | 7.2% | 21.1% |
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 164 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 165 |
+
| 1 | `د ی` | 636,166 |
|
| 166 |
+
| 2 | `تو ں` | 423,885 |
|
| 167 |
+
| 3 | `نو ں` | 352,128 |
|
| 168 |
+
| 4 | `ا ے` | 155,281 |
|
| 169 |
+
| 5 | `دے لئی` | 102,000 |
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 172 |
+
|
| 173 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 174 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 175 |
+
| 1 | `اس د ی` | 29,046 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 2 | `انہاں د ی` | 27,692 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 3 | `انہاں نو ں` | 24,454 |
|
| 178 |
+
| 4 | `font size 1` | 24,402 |
|
| 179 |
+
| 5 | `د ی طرف` | 22,242 |
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 184 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 185 |
+
| 1 | `ی وجہ تو ں` | 15,972 |
|
| 186 |
+
| 2 | `د ی وجہ تو` | 15,769 |
|
| 187 |
+
| 3 | `font size 1 size` | 9,010 |
|
| 188 |
+
| 4 | `size 1 color black` | 8,781 |
|
| 189 |
+
| 5 | `دے ناں تو ں` | 8,743 |
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 194 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 195 |
+
| 1 | `د ی وجہ تو ں` | 15,758 |
|
| 196 |
+
| 2 | `font size 1 size 1` | 8,428 |
|
| 197 |
+
| 3 | `د ی طرف تو ں` | 7,772 |
|
| 198 |
+
| 4 | `size 1 size 1 color` | 6,657 |
|
| 199 |
+
| 5 | `1 size 1 color black` | 5,232 |
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 204 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 205 |
+
| 1 | `ے _` | 5,428,043 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 2 | `ی _` | 4,517,358 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 3 | `_ ا` | 4,456,935 |
|
| 208 |
+
| 4 | `_ د` | 3,754,809 |
|
| 209 |
+
| 5 | `ں _` | 3,049,226 |
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 212 |
+
|
| 213 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 214 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 215 |
+
| 1 | `د ے _` | 1,633,658 |
|
| 216 |
+
| 2 | `ا ں _` | 1,428,031 |
|
| 217 |
+
| 3 | `_ د ے` | 1,418,307 |
|
| 218 |
+
| 4 | `ت ے _` | 1,198,221 |
|
| 219 |
+
| 5 | `_ و چ` | 983,245 |
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 222 |
+
|
| 223 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 224 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 225 |
+
| 1 | `_ د ے _` | 1,415,850 |
|
| 226 |
+
| 2 | `_ و چ _` | 931,900 |
|
| 227 |
+
| 3 | `_ ت ے _` | 767,638 |
|
| 228 |
+
| 4 | ` ی _` | 616,950 |
|
| 229 |
+
| 5 | `د ی` | 612,667 |
|
| 230 |
+
|
| 231 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 234 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 235 |
+
| 1 | `_ د ی` | 612,245 |
|
| 236 |
+
| 2 | `د ی _` | 604,110 |
|
| 237 |
+
| 3 | `_ ت و ں` | 423,919 |
|
| 238 |
+
| 4 | `ت و ں _` | 421,873 |
|
| 239 |
+
| 5 | `و ں _` | 329,449 |
|
| 240 |
+
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 455
|
| 245 |
+
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 246 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~21% of corpus
|
| 247 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 248 |
+
|
| 249 |
+
---
|
| 250 |
+
## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
|
| 251 |
+
|
| 252 |
+

|
| 253 |
+
|
| 254 |
+

|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |
+

|
| 257 |
+
|
| 258 |
+
### Results
|
| 259 |
+
|
| 260 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 261 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 262 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.7943 | 1.734 | 9.73 | 826,993 | 20.6% |
|
| 263 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 0.7157 | 1.642 | 6.80 | 15,827 | 28.4% |
|
| 264 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.3933 | 1.313 | 2.41 | 8,042,106 | 60.7% |
|
| 265 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.6609 | 1.581 | 4.50 | 107,498 | 33.9% |
|
| 266 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.1776 | 1.131 | 1.44 | 19,356,492 | 82.2% |
|
| 267 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.6554 | 1.575 | 3.88 | 483,762 | 34.5% |
|
| 268 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0843 🏆 | 1.060 | 1.16 | 27,821,467 | 91.6% |
|
| 269 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.6318 | 1.550 | 3.14 | 1,876,646 | 36.8% |
|
| 270 |
+
|
| 271 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 274 |
+
|
| 275 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
1. `دے مطابق لکڑی چھوٹی انتظامی ونڈ سمیں روچک کھیڈ کلب وغیرہ مسجد تعمیر کیتے اکبر خان`
|
| 278 |
+
2. `ں ختم ہوئے گئے جتھے تک نوبت وی کِسے نظام الدین جنرل دے لئی جو تپسیا`
|
| 279 |
+
3. `وچ ریک تو ں اپنے تعلق اُتے محمول منقول مشاہدہ کرنا چاہندا سی جو عورتاں د`
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
1. `د ی قدیم تریخ دی تریخ ہندستان دی ونڈ پیکنگ اوپیرا چین دا سارا دار و مدار`
|
| 284 |
+
2. `��و ں انہاں دا ناں خرزادہ سی اصل وچ کمانڈر کمیسار تے ممبر ملکاں د ی فیکٹری`
|
| 285 |
+
3. `نو ں جدید بناؤن لئی ورتے جاسکدے نیں کیلیفورنیا وچ اک آفریدی پشتون معاشرے دے رہنماواں تو`
|
| 286 |
+
|
| 287 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 288 |
+
|
| 289 |
+
1. `اس د ی معرفت کہیا گیا سی کہ علم مثلثات کوریاضی دے اک علیحدہ موضوع دے طورپرمتعارف کروائے`
|
| 290 |
+
2. `انہاں د ی نظر تو ں مضمون دے مسودہ نگاراں وچو ں اک برج د ی شناخت دا`
|
| 291 |
+
3. `انہاں نو ں عذاب خدا دے ذریعہ سزا یافتہ افراد وچو ں چار ملکہ بطور ملکہ نيں پہلی`
|
| 292 |
+
|
| 293 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 294 |
+
|
| 295 |
+
1. `ی وجہ تو ں غیر واضح نيں حالاں کہ تبت دے ناں نو ں شری حمیرہ لکھیا گیا سی`
|
| 296 |
+
2. `د ی وجہ تو ں قیدیاں نو ں قتل کر دتا فرانسیسی گورنر ڈوپلے نے مظفر جنگ کيت ی`
|
| 297 |
+
3. `font size 1 size 1 color black lonoke county arkansas font 250px دیس صوبہ ساؤتھ ڈیکوٹا راجکعر کلیر ل...`
|
| 298 |
+
|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 303 |
+
|
| 304 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 305 |
+
|
| 306 |
+
1. `_راٹی،_اٹہہد_حمی`
|
| 307 |
+
2. `اوچ_وہنے_منی_وں`
|
| 308 |
+
3. `یالأنیدے_آشدھ_مب`
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
1. `ے_علیسانہار_کيتاں`
|
| 313 |
+
2. `ی_اک_صد_نے_آخری_ش`
|
| 314 |
+
3. `_اپنے_بھ_کيتائنگ_`
|
| 315 |
+
|
| 316 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 317 |
+
|
| 318 |
+
1. `دے_لفظاں_وچ_انہ_مظ`
|
| 319 |
+
2. `اں_دار_تے_اس_گئی۔_`
|
| 320 |
+
3. `_دے_نيں_کہ_ہوری_بی`
|
| 321 |
+
|
| 322 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 323 |
+
|
| 324 |
+
1. `_دے_خیبر_پانی_ھود_ک`
|
| 325 |
+
2. `_وچ_سرکارڈ_،_क्रिस_कुलथा`
|
| 326 |
+
3. `_تے_انہاں_دے_ہور_اے`
|
| 327 |
+
|
| 328 |
+
|
| 329 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 330 |
+
|
| 331 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 91.6% predictability
|
| 332 |
+
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 333 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (1,876,646 contexts)
|
| 334 |
+
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 335 |
+
|
| 336 |
+
---
|
| 337 |
+
## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
|
| 338 |
+
|
| 339 |
+

|
| 340 |
+
|
| 341 |
+

|
| 342 |
+
|
| 343 |
+

|
| 344 |
+
|
| 345 |
+
### Statistics
|
| 346 |
+
|
| 347 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 348 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 349 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 354,441 |
|
| 350 |
+
| Total Tokens | 38,365,731 |
|
| 351 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 108.24 |
|
| 352 |
+
| Median Frequency | 4 |
|
| 353 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 4606.26 |
|
| 354 |
+
|
| 355 |
+
### Most Common Words
|
| 356 |
+
|
| 357 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 358 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 359 |
+
| 1 | دے | 1,417,871 |
|
| 360 |
+
| 2 | ں | 946,354 |
|
| 361 |
+
| 3 | وچ | 938,439 |
|
| 362 |
+
| 4 | تے | 775,429 |
|
| 363 |
+
| 5 | ی | 685,094 |
|
| 364 |
+
| 6 | د | 647,998 |
|
| 365 |
+
| 7 | دا | 502,834 |
|
| 366 |
+
| 8 | نے | 448,856 |
|
| 367 |
+
| 9 | اے | 445,649 |
|
| 368 |
+
| 10 | تو | 435,054 |
|
| 369 |
+
|
| 370 |
+
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 371 |
+
|
| 372 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 373 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 374 |
+
| 1 | گوکلے | 2 |
|
| 375 |
+
| 2 | gokula | 2 |
|
| 376 |
+
| 3 | سہورا | 2 |
|
| 377 |
+
| 4 | سنسنوار | 2 |
|
| 378 |
+
| 5 | کٹھمبر | 2 |
|
| 379 |
+
| 6 | آغر | 2 |
|
| 380 |
+
| 7 | انیردھ | 2 |
|
| 381 |
+
| 8 | imadus | 2 |
|
| 382 |
+
| 9 | چورامان | 2 |
|
| 383 |
+
| 10 | بُندیل | 2 |
|
| 384 |
+
|
| 385 |
+
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 386 |
+
|
| 387 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 388 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 389 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.1062 |
|
| 390 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.989961 |
|
| 391 |
+
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 392 |
+
|
| 393 |
+
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 394 |
+
|
| 395 |
+
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 396 |
+
|-------------|----------|
|
| 397 |
+
| Top 100 | 39.9% |
|
| 398 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 64.4% |
|
| 399 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 82.1% |
|
| 400 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 87.9% |
|
| 401 |
+
|
| 402 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 403 |
+
|
| 404 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9900 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 405 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 39.9% of corpus
|
| 406 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 344,441 words needed for remaining 12.1% coverage
|
| 407 |
+
|
| 408 |
+
---
|
| 409 |
+
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
| 410 |
+
|
| 411 |
+

|
| 412 |
+
|
| 413 |
+

|
| 414 |
+
|
| 415 |
+

|
| 416 |
+
|
| 417 |
+

|
| 418 |
+
|
| 419 |
+
|
| 420 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+

|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+

|
| 425 |
+
|
| 426 |
+
|
| 427 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 428 |
+
|
| 429 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 430 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 431 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.8211 🏆 | 0.4072 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 432 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.8095 | 0.3302 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 433 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.7605 | 0.2826 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 434 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.8211 | 0.3992 | 0.0680 | 0.2880 |
|
| 435 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.8095 | 0.3176 | 0.1360 | 0.4980 |
|
| 436 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.7605 | 0.2618 | 0.2180 | 0.6080 |
|
| 437 |
+
|
| 438 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 439 |
+
|
| 440 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8211 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 441 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.3331. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 442 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 21.8% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 443 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 444 |
+
|
| 445 |
+
---
|
| 446 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 447 |
+
|
| 448 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 449 |
+
|
| 450 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 451 |
+
|
| 452 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 453 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 454 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 455 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **-0.655** | Low formulaic content | - |
|
| 456 |
+
|
| 457 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 458 |
+
|
| 459 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 462 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 463 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 464 |
+
| `-ال` | الحرکۃ, الرُّکنِ, الجارود |
|
| 465 |
+
| `-ا` | اثرہويا, اورسرکشی, انورؔ |
|
| 466 |
+
| `-م` | مستنگ, مولاناعبدالرؤف, مرحمت |
|
| 467 |
+
| `-ب` | بیشکتاش, بیوکس, بانسری |
|
| 468 |
+
| `-ک` | کومچ, کاراگنڈا, کیبی |
|
| 469 |
+
| `-س` | سفین, سپردگی, سامع |
|
| 470 |
+
| `-و` | والصلۃ, ویلفئیر, وطواط |
|
| 471 |
+
| `-پ` | پرفائزتھے, پیچیدگى, پستاں |
|
| 472 |
+
|
| 473 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 474 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 475 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 476 |
+
| `-ی` | گھمری, کیبی, کوتای |
|
| 477 |
+
| `-ں` | دواخاناں, پستاں, تکبراں |
|
| 478 |
+
| `-ا` | کاراگنڈا, شانامتا, اثرہويا |
|
| 479 |
+
| `-ن` | ڈینوبیئن, سفین, ٹراجن |
|
| 480 |
+
| `-اں` | دواخاناں, پستاں, تکبراں |
|
| 481 |
+
| `-s` | uvs, hylocereus, sectors |
|
| 482 |
+
| `-ر` | جَور, نذير, فچنر |
|
| 483 |
+
| `-ہ` | آئنہ, تےحملہ, ریاضشہزادہ |
|
| 484 |
+
|
| 485 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 486 |
+
|
| 487 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 488 |
+
|
| 489 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 490 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 491 |
+
| `tion` | 3.07x | 58 contexts | tiong, action, kition |
|
| 492 |
+
| `ادشا` | 2.58x | 40 contexts | پادشا, ادشاہ, بادشا |
|
| 493 |
+
| `بادش` | 2.73x | 27 contexts | بادشا, بادشان, بادشاہ |
|
| 494 |
+
| `ھارت` | 2.32x | 48 contexts | طھارت, دھارت, مھارت |
|
| 495 |
+
| `یتاں` | 1.94x | 74 contexts | حیتاں, گیتاں, جیتاں |
|
| 496 |
+
| `مریک` | 2.32x | 35 contexts | امریک, مریکل, مریکہ |
|
| 497 |
+
| `لاقے` | 3.13x | 12 contexts | غلاقے, علاقے, علاقےِ |
|
| 498 |
+
| `ردار` | 1.66x | 119 contexts | كردار, قردار, کردار |
|
| 499 |
+
| `کومت` | 2.34x | 28 contexts | حکومت, کومتے, ہکومت |
|
| 500 |
+
| `حکوم` | 2.07x | 43 contexts | حکومت, حکومٹ, حکومۃ |
|
| 501 |
+
| `سلطن` | 2.35x | 26 contexts | سلطنت, سلطنة, سلطنتِ |
|
| 502 |
+
| `ستعم` | 2.21x | 26 contexts | مستعمل, استعمی, ستعمال |
|
| 503 |
+
|
| 504 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 505 |
+
|
| 506 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 507 |
+
|
| 508 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 509 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 510 |
+
| `-ا` | `-ی` | 59 words | ابچلی, البیرنی |
|
| 511 |
+
| `-ال` | `-ی` | 41 words | البیرنی, السلیمی |
|
| 512 |
+
| `-ا` | `-ں` | 40 words | ایواناں, اخواندیاں |
|
| 513 |
+
| `-ا` | `-ا` | 37 words | اڈاندا, اینٹونیا |
|
| 514 |
+
| `-ا` | `-اں` | 35 words | ایواناں, اخواندیاں |
|
| 515 |
+
| `-م` | `-ی` | 33 words | مائکرونیشی, مرزاجانی |
|
| 516 |
+
| `-ک` | `-ی` | 32 words | کابلی, کوریری |
|
| 517 |
+
| `-س` | `-ی` | 32 words | سرکھائی, سنگتراشی |
|
| 518 |
+
| `-ک` | `-ا` | 28 words | کانازاوا, کيتاگیاتھا |
|
| 519 |
+
| `-ا` | `-ن` | 27 words | اوزگین, اکورگان |
|
| 520 |
+
|
| 521 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 522 |
+
|
| 523 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 524 |
+
|
| 525 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 526 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 527 |
+
| انقلابیان | **`انقلاب-ی-ان`** | 7.5 | `ی` |
|
| 528 |
+
| حبیریمنیا | **`حبیریم-ن-یا`** | 7.5 | `ن` |
|
| 529 |
+
| منموہنیاں | **`منموہن-ی-اں`** | 7.5 | `ی` |
|
| 530 |
+
| بناچاہندے | **`ب-نا-چاہندے`** | 7.5 | `چاہندے` |
|
| 531 |
+
| والزیارات | **`و-ال-زیارات`** | 6.0 | `زیارات` |
|
| 532 |
+
| یونانیدیس | **`یونانی-دی-س`** | 6.0 | `یونانی` |
|
| 533 |
+
| protestants | **`protestant-s`** | 4.5 | `protestant` |
|
| 534 |
+
| destinations | **`destination-s`** | 4.5 | `destination` |
|
| 535 |
+
| والانحطاط | **`و-الانحطاط`** | 4.5 | `الانحطاط` |
|
| 536 |
+
| reprinted | **`reprint-ed`** | 4.5 | `reprint` |
|
| 537 |
+
| ناخوشگوار | **`نا-خوشگوار`** | 4.5 | `خوشگوار` |
|
| 538 |
+
| بازنطینیاں | **`بازنطینی-اں`** | 4.5 | `بازنطینی` |
|
| 539 |
+
| اسماعیلاں | **`اسماعیل-اں`** | 4.5 | `اسماعیل` |
|
| 540 |
+
| respected | **`respect-ed`** | 4.5 | `respect` |
|
| 541 |
+
| اندازاًجنوب | **`ان-د-ازاًجنوب`** | 4.5 | `ازاًجنوب` |
|
| 542 |
+
|
| 543 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 544 |
+
|
| 545 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 546 |
+
The language Western Panjabi shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 547 |
+
|
| 548 |
+
---
|
| 549 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 550 |
+
|
| 551 |
+

|
| 552 |
+
|
| 553 |
+
### Production Recommendations
|
| 554 |
+
|
| 555 |
+
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 556 |
+
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 557 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (3.99x) |
|
| 558 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (455) |
|
| 559 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (91.6%) |
|
| 560 |
+
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 561 |
+
|
| 562 |
+
|
| 563 |
+
---
|
| 564 |
+
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 565 |
+
|
| 566 |
+
This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
|
| 567 |
+
|
| 568 |
+
### Tokenizer Metrics
|
| 569 |
+
|
| 570 |
+
**Compression Ratio**
|
| 571 |
+
> *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
|
| 572 |
+
>
|
| 573 |
+
> *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
|
| 574 |
+
>
|
| 575 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
|
| 576 |
+
|
| 577 |
+
**Average Token Length (Fertility)**
|
| 578 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
|
| 579 |
+
>
|
| 580 |
+
> *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
|
| 581 |
+
>
|
| 582 |
+
> *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
|
| 583 |
+
|
| 584 |
+
**Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
|
| 585 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
|
| 586 |
+
>
|
| 587 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
|
| 588 |
+
>
|
| 589 |
+
> *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
|
| 590 |
+
|
| 591 |
+
### N-gram Model Metrics
|
| 592 |
+
|
| 593 |
+
**Perplexity**
|
| 594 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
|
| 595 |
+
>
|
| 596 |
+
> *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
|
| 597 |
+
>
|
| 598 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
|
| 599 |
+
|
| 600 |
+
**Entropy**
|
| 601 |
+
> *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
|
| 602 |
+
>
|
| 603 |
+
> *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
|
| 604 |
+
>
|
| 605 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
|
| 606 |
+
|
| 607 |
+
**Coverage (Top-K)**
|
| 608 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
|
| 609 |
+
>
|
| 610 |
+
> *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
|
| 611 |
+
>
|
| 612 |
+
> *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
|
| 613 |
+
|
| 614 |
+
### Markov Chain Metrics
|
| 615 |
+
|
| 616 |
+
**Average Entropy**
|
| 617 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
|
| 618 |
+
>
|
| 619 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
|
| 620 |
+
>
|
| 621 |
+
> *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
|
| 622 |
+
|
| 623 |
+
**Branching Factor**
|
| 624 |
+
> *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
|
| 625 |
+
>
|
| 626 |
+
> *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
|
| 627 |
+
>
|
| 628 |
+
> *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
|
| 629 |
+
|
| 630 |
+
**Predictability**
|
| 631 |
+
> *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
|
| 632 |
+
>
|
| 633 |
+
> *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
|
| 634 |
+
>
|
| 635 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
|
| 636 |
+
|
| 637 |
+
### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
|
| 638 |
+
|
| 639 |
+
**Zipf's Coefficient**
|
| 640 |
+
> *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
|
| 641 |
+
>
|
| 642 |
+
> *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
|
| 643 |
+
>
|
| 644 |
+
> *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
|
| 645 |
+
|
| 646 |
+
**R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
|
| 647 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
|
| 648 |
+
>
|
| 649 |
+
> *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
|
| 650 |
+
>
|
| 651 |
+
> *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
|
| 652 |
+
|
| 653 |
+
**Vocabulary Coverage**
|
| 654 |
+
> *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
|
| 655 |
+
>
|
| 656 |
+
> *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
|
| 657 |
+
>
|
| 658 |
+
> *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
|
| 659 |
+
|
| 660 |
+
### Word Embedding Metrics
|
| 661 |
+
|
| 662 |
+
**Isotropy**
|
| 663 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
|
| 664 |
+
>
|
| 665 |
+
> *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
|
| 666 |
+
>
|
| 667 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
|
| 668 |
+
|
| 669 |
+
**Average Norm**
|
| 670 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
|
| 671 |
+
>
|
| 672 |
+
> *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
|
| 673 |
+
>
|
| 674 |
+
> *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
|
| 675 |
+
|
| 676 |
+
**Cosine Similarity**
|
| 677 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
|
| 678 |
+
>
|
| 679 |
+
> *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
|
| 680 |
+
>
|
| 681 |
+
> *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
|
| 682 |
+
|
| 683 |
+
**t-SNE Visualization**
|
| 684 |
+
> *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
|
| 685 |
+
>
|
| 686 |
+
> *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
|
| 687 |
+
>
|
| 688 |
+
> *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
|
| 689 |
+
|
| 690 |
+
### General Interpretation Guidelines
|
| 691 |
+
|
| 692 |
+
1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
|
| 693 |
+
2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
|
| 694 |
+
3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
|
| 695 |
+
4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
|
| 696 |
+
5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
|
| 697 |
+
|
| 698 |
+
|
| 699 |
+
### Visualizations Index
|
| 700 |
+
|
| 701 |
+
| Visualization | Description |
|
| 702 |
+
|---------------|-------------|
|
| 703 |
+
| Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
|
| 704 |
+
| Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
|
| 705 |
+
| Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
|
| 706 |
+
| Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
|
| 707 |
+
| N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
|
| 708 |
+
| N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
|
| 709 |
+
| N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
|
| 710 |
+
| N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
|
| 711 |
+
| Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
|
| 712 |
+
| Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
|
| 713 |
+
| Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
|
| 714 |
+
| Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
|
| 715 |
+
| Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
|
| 716 |
+
| Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
|
| 717 |
+
| Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
|
| 718 |
+
| Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
|
| 719 |
+
| Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
|
| 720 |
+
| Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
|
| 721 |
+
| Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
|
| 722 |
+
| t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
|
| 723 |
+
| t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
|
| 724 |
+
| Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
|
| 725 |
+
| Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
|
| 726 |
+
| Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
|
| 727 |
+
|
| 728 |
+
---
|
| 729 |
+
## About This Project
|
| 730 |
+
|
| 731 |
+
### Data Source
|
| 732 |
+
|
| 733 |
+
Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
|
| 734 |
+
|
| 735 |
+
### Project
|
| 736 |
+
|
| 737 |
+
A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
|
| 738 |
+
|
| 739 |
+
### Maintainer
|
| 740 |
+
|
| 741 |
+
[Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
|
| 742 |
+
|
| 743 |
+
### Citation
|
| 744 |
+
|
| 745 |
+
If you use these models in your research, please cite:
|
| 746 |
+
|
| 747 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 748 |
+
@misc{wikilangs2025,
|
| 749 |
+
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 750 |
+
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 751 |
+
year = {2025},
|
| 752 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 753 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 754 |
+
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 755 |
+
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 756 |
+
}
|
| 757 |
+
```
|
| 758 |
+
|
| 759 |
+
### License
|
| 760 |
+
|
| 761 |
+
MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
|
| 762 |
+
|
| 763 |
+
### Links
|
| 764 |
+
|
| 765 |
+
- 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
|
| 766 |
+
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 767 |
+
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 768 |
+
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 769 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 770 |
+
---
|
| 771 |
+
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 772 |
+
|
| 773 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-10 21:07:05*
|
models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_128d.bin
ADDED
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|
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{
|
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|
| 3 |
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|
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|
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_32d.bin
ADDED
|
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_32d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_32d_metadata.json
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|
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{
|
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"language": "pnb",
|
| 3 |
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"dimension": 32,
|
| 4 |
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"version": "aligned",
|
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"hub_language": "en",
|
| 6 |
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|
| 7 |
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|
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_64d.bin
ADDED
|
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_64d.meta.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "pnb", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": true}
|
models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_64d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/aligned/pnb_64d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "pnb",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 64,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "aligned",
|
| 5 |
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"hub_language": "en",
|
| 6 |
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"seed_vocab_size": 33199,
|
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|
| 8 |
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}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_128d.bin
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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|
| 3 |
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size 1224736100
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_128d.meta.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "pnb", "dim": 128, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_128d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "pnb",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 128,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
+
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
+
"algorithm": "skipgram",
|
| 7 |
+
"min_count": 5,
|
| 8 |
+
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
+
"negative": 5,
|
| 10 |
+
"epochs": 5,
|
| 11 |
+
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
+
"dim": 128,
|
| 13 |
+
"threads": 5
|
| 14 |
+
},
|
| 15 |
+
"vocab_size": 192233
|
| 16 |
+
}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_32d.bin
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
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|
| 3 |
+
size 309101156
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_32d.meta.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "pnb", "dim": 32, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_32d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "pnb",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 32,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "monolingual",
|
| 5 |
+
"training_params": {
|
| 6 |
+
"algorithm": "skipgram",
|
| 7 |
+
"min_count": 5,
|
| 8 |
+
"window": 5,
|
| 9 |
+
"negative": 5,
|
| 10 |
+
"epochs": 5,
|
| 11 |
+
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
+
"dim": 32,
|
| 13 |
+
"threads": 5
|
| 14 |
+
},
|
| 15 |
+
"vocab_size": 192233
|
| 16 |
+
}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_64d.bin
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:9bd410676e18e8e77c88edc0046aebee3f2c13b677435488d206c282506b782c
|
| 3 |
+
size 614312804
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_64d.meta.json
ADDED
|
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{"lang": "pnb", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
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models/embeddings/monolingual/pnb_64d_metadata.json
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{
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"language": "pnb",
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"dimension": 64,
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"version": "monolingual",
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"training_params": {
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"algorithm": "skipgram",
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| 7 |
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"min_count": 5,
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"window": 5,
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"negative": 5,
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"epochs": 5,
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"encoding_method": "rope",
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"dim": 64,
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| 13 |
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"threads": 5
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| 14 |
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},
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| 15 |
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"vocab_size": 192233
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| 16 |
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}
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models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 774774
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models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json
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{
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"context_size": 1,
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"variant": "subword",
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"language": "pnb",
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"unique_contexts": 15827,
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"total_transitions": 183736838
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}
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models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 3886193
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models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json
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{
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"context_size": 2,
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"variant": "subword",
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"language": "pnb",
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"unique_contexts": 107498,
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"total_transitions": 183664385
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}
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models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json
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{
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"context_size": 3,
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"variant": "subword",
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"language": "pnb",
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"unique_contexts": 483762,
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}
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models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 52162800
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models/subword_markov/pnb_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json
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{
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"context_size": 4,
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"variant": "subword",
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"language": "pnb",
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"unique_contexts": 1876646,
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}
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models/subword_ngram/pnb_2gram_subword.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/pnb_2gram_subword_metadata.json
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{
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"n": 2,
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"variant": "subword",
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"language": "pnb",
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}
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models/subword_ngram/pnb_3gram_subword.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/pnb_3gram_subword_metadata.json
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{
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"n": 3,
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"variant": "subword",
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"language": "pnb",
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"unique_ngrams": 200891,
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}
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models/subword_ngram/pnb_4gram_subword.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 13787958
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models/subword_ngram/pnb_4gram_subword_metadata.json
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{
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"n": 4,
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"variant": "subword",
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"language": "pnb",
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}
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models/subword_ngram/pnb_5gram_subword.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/subword_ngram/pnb_5gram_subword_metadata.json
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{
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"n": 5,
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"variant": "subword",
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"language": "pnb",
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}
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models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_16k.model
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:794af6a53564d971dcf30af34a63e707b974716ca00cecf8b4316bb88433f6fb
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size 546022
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models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_16k.vocab
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models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_32k.model
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:db41012242ae539b475493e244f6033996b10945bdc63e96c44a4b22c66d8d41
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models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_32k.vocab
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models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_64k.model
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:aab600b8c1e421efbdf842129953741ef9e4fc2f4133bc5ad4249404f24f316e
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models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_64k.vocab
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models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_8k.model
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/pnb_tokenizer_8k.vocab
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models/vocabulary/pnb_vocabulary.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/vocabulary/pnb_vocabulary_metadata.json
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{
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"language": "pnb",
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| 3 |
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"vocabulary_size": 354441,
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| 4 |
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"variant": "full",
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| 5 |
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"statistics": {
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| 6 |
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"coverage": {
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},
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| 16 |
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}
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| 17 |
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}
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models/word_markov/pnb_markov_ctx1_word.parquet
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:44ccad2dfbc0232c69d144b5f155dfc5b1a153453fb811eaff5532aaf8fe691d
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size 75506465
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