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---
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language:
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- en
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license: cc-by-nc-nd-4.0
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library_name: generic
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tags:
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- emotion-recognition
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- bayesian-deep-learning
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- mc-dropout
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- uncertainty-quantification
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- multi-label-classification
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datasets:
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- Skylion007/openwebtext
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- google-research-datasets/go_emotions
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metrics:
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- precision
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- recall
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- f1
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model-index:
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- name: EmCoder (v1)
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results:
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- task:
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type: text-classification
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name: Multi-label Emotion Classification
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dataset:
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name: GoEmotions
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type: go_emotions
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split: test
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metrics:
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- name: Macro F1
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type: f1
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value: 0.44
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- name: Macro Precision
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type: precision
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value: 0.408
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- name: Macro Recall
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type: recall
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value: 0.495
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---
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# EmCoder
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<blockquote>
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<b>Probabilistic Emotion Recognition & Uncertainty Quantification</b><br>
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<b>28 Emotion multi-label classifier trained with MC Dropout methodology</b>
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</blockquote>
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Unlike standard classifiers, EmCoder quantifies what it doesn't know using Monte Carlo Dropout, making it suitable for high-stakes AI pipelines.<br>
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EmCoder is optimized for **MC Dropout inference**.
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## SOTA benchmark
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### Evaluation on the GoEmotions test split (macro avg metrics)
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EmCoder achieves competitive F1-scores while being ~35% smaller than RoBERTa-base and ~45% smaller than ModernBERT, offering a superior efficiency-to-uncertainty ratio.
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| Model | Precision | Recall | F1-Score | Params |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **EmCoder (v1)** | **0.408** | **0.495** | **0.440** | **82.1M** |
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| Google BERT (Original) | 0.400 | 0.630 | 0.460 | 110M |
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| RoBERTa-base | 0.575 | 0.396 | 0.450 | 125M |
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| ModernBERT-base | 0.652 | 0.443 | 0.500 | 149M |
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## How to use
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Since `.safetensors` files only store model weights and not the class logic, you need to use the provided `emcoder.py` to enable **MC Dropout inference**.<br>EmCoder v1.0 requires the `roberta-base` tokenizer for correct token-to-embedding mapping.
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### 1. Setup & Tokenization
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```python
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer
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from emcoder import EmCoder # Ensure emcoder.py is in your directory
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# Load the same tokenizer used during training
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("roberta-base")
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EMCODER_PATH = "path/to/emcoder"
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# Initialize with same config as training
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model = EmCoder.from_pretrained(EMCODER_PATH)
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```
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### 2. Bayesian inference
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To obtain probabilistic outputs and uncertainty metrics, use the mc_forward method:
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```python
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import torch
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# Perform 50 stochastic passes
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N_SAMPLES = 50
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model.eval()
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inputs = tokenizer("I am so happy you are here!", return_tensors="pt")
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logits_mc = model.mc_forward(inputs['input_ids'], inputs['attention_mask'], n_samples=N_SAMPLES) # Automatically keeps Dropout active, even when in model.eval
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# Bayesian Post-processing
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# logits_mc shape: (n_samples, batch_size, 28)
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probs_all = torch.sigmoid(logits_mc)
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mean_probs = probs_all.mean(dim=0) # Mean Predicted Probability
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uncertainty = probs_all.std(dim=0) # Epistemic Uncertainty (Standard Deviation)
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```
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## Model Architecture
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### Optimization
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The model is trained using a Weighted Bayesian Binary Cross Entropy loss:
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$$
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\mathcal{L}_{Bayesian} = \frac{1}{T} \sum_{t=1}^{T} \text{BCEWithLogits}(z^{(t)}, y; w)
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$$
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Where weights $w$ are calculated using a logarithmic class-balancing scale to handle extreme label imbalance:
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$$
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w_{c} = \max\left( 0.1, \min\left( 20, 1 + \ln \left( \frac{N_{neg,c} + \epsilon}{N_{pos,c} + \epsilon} \right) \right) \right)
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$$
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## Performance
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**Using threshold of 0.5 for binarizing predictions**
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| | precision | recall | f1-score | support |
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|:---------------|------------:|---------:|-----------:|----------:|
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| micro avg | 0.494 | 0.596 | 0.54 | 6329 |
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| macro avg | 0.408 | 0.495 | 0.44 | 6329 |
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| weighted avg | 0.492 | 0.596 | 0.535 | 6329 |
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| samples avg | 0.525 | 0.616 | 0.544 | 6329 |
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|----------------|-------------|----------|------------|-----------|
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| admiration | 0.541 | 0.673 | 0.599 | 504 |
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| amusement | 0.688 | 0.909 | 0.783 | 264 |
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| anger | 0.419 | 0.47 | 0.443 | 198 |
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| annoyance | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.277 | 320 |
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| approval | 0.304 | 0.271 | 0.287 | 351 |
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| caring | 0.229 | 0.281 | 0.252 | 135 |
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| confusion | 0.26 | 0.497 | 0.342 | 153 |
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| curiosity | 0.432 | 0.764 | 0.552 | 284 |
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| desire | 0.453 | 0.518 | 0.483 | 83 |
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| disappointment | 0.176 | 0.152 | 0.163 | 151 |
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| disapproval | 0.279 | 0.404 | 0.33 | 267 |
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| disgust | 0.447 | 0.545 | 0.491 | 123 |
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| embarrassment | 0.325 | 0.351 | 0.338 | 37 |
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| excitement | 0.288 | 0.427 | 0.344 | 103 |
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| fear | 0.47 | 0.692 | 0.56 | 78 |
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| gratitude | 0.834 | 0.943 | 0.885 | 352 |
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| grief | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
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| joy | 0.445 | 0.652 | 0.529 | 161 |
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| love | 0.724 | 0.895 | 0.801 | 238 |
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| nervousness | 0.24 | 0.261 | 0.25 | 23 |
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| optimism | 0.483 | 0.543 | 0.511 | 186 |
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| pride | 0.667 | 0.375 | 0.48 | 16 |
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| realization | 0.226 | 0.166 | 0.191 | 145 |
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| relief | 0.222 | 0.182 | 0.2 | 11 |
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| remorse | 0.516 | 0.857 | 0.644 | 56 |
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| sadness | 0.405 | 0.545 | 0.464 | 156 |
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| surprise | 0.429 | 0.539 | 0.478 | 141 |
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| neutral | 0.602 | 0.695 | 0.645 | 1787 |
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**Model uncertainty estimation**
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**Confusion matrix**
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## Workflow
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### Note
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Note that this model was trained on GoEmotions dataset (social networks domain) and it may not generalize well to other domains.
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## Citation
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If you use this model, please cite it as follows:
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```bibtex
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@software{jez2026emcoder,
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author = {Václav Jež},
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title = {EmCoder: Probabilistic Emotion Recognition & Uncertainty Quantification},
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year = {2026},
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publisher = {GitHub},
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journal = {GitHub repository},
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howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/yezdata/emcoder}},
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version = {1.0.0}
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}
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```
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