"""
PC-SHO-DLM: Predictive-Coding Diffusion Language Models
with Precision-Conditioned Second-Order Settling

Reference implementation of the core architecture.
"""

import math
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Optional, Tuple

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


# =============================================================================
# Configuration
# =============================================================================

@dataclass
class PCSHOConfig:
    """Configuration for PC-SHO-DLM."""
    vocab_size: int = 32000
    max_seq_len: int = 1024
    d_model: int = 512
    n_heads: int = 8
    n_layers: int = 12
    d_ff: int = 2048
    dropout: float = 0.1

    # Diffusion
    n_diffusion_steps: int = 1000
    mask_token_id: int = 0  # [MASK] token id

    # Predictive coding settling
    n_settling_steps: int = 8
    anchor_rho: float = 0.01
    denoising_lambda: float = 5.0  # For honest entropy-based settling (~30-50% of energy)

    # Second-order dynamics
    eta_base: float = 0.1
    c_eta: float = 1.0
    gamma_min: float = 0.1
    gamma_max: float = 0.99
    mass: float = 1.0

    # State continuation
    velocity_decay: float = 0.9

    # Adaptive settling (soft-gate)
    settling_threshold: float = 0.5
    settling_temperature: float = 0.1  # Sharpness of soft gate sigmoid
    entropy_coeff: float = 1.0
    error_coeff: float = 0.1

    # Feedback predictor
    feedback_rank: int = 64  # Low-rank feedback, 0 = tied weights

    # Online learning during inference
    online_learn_lr: float = 1e-5
    online_learn_grad_clip: float = 0.1
    online_learn_min_energy_ratio: float = 0.95  # only update if energy decreased by 5%+

    # Unified post-settle learning
    unified_param_lr: float = 1e-3
    unified_precision_lr_scale: float = 0.1
    unified_task_lr_scale: float = 1.0

    # Temporal hierarchy (per-layer scaling of SHO dynamics)
    mass_scale: float = 0.5       # mass increases with depth: m_l = mass * (1 + scale * l/L)
    gamma_scale: float = 0.3      # damping decreases with depth
    eta_scale: float = 0.3        # step size decreases with depth

    # Homeostatic plasticity (adaptive anchoring per layer)
    homeostatic_target: float = 0.0    # 0 = auto-detect from first batch
    homeostatic_rate: float = 0.0001   # very slow adaptation
    homeostatic_rho_min: float = 0.005
    homeostatic_rho_max: float = 0.02  # never exceed 2x the base anchor_rho

    # Lateral inhibition — DISABLED (breaks settling convergence via random sampling)
    lateral_inhibition: float = 0.0
    settling_budget_fraction: float = 0.5


# =============================================================================
# Precision Head
# =============================================================================

class PrecisionHead(nn.Module):
    """Learned tokenwise/channelwise precision for a single layer.

    Predicts diagonal precision from hidden states and timestep.
    Uses factored (token x channel) parameterization.
    """

    def __init__(self, d_model: int, n_diffusion_steps: int, eps: float = 1e-6):
        super().__init__()
        self.eps = eps
        # Token-level precision
        self.tok_proj = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(d_model, d_model // 4),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.Linear(d_model // 4, 1),
        )
        # Channel-level precision (shared across tokens)
        self.ch_proj = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(d_model, d_model // 4),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.Linear(d_model // 4, d_model),
        )
        # Timestep modulation
        self.time_embed = nn.Embedding(n_diffusion_steps + 1, d_model)

    def forward(
        self, h: torch.Tensor, t: torch.Tensor
    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        """
        Args:
            h: (batch, seq_len, d_model)
            t: (batch,) integer timesteps

        Returns:
            tok_precision: (batch, seq_len, 1)
            ch_precision:  (batch, 1, d_model)
        """
        t_emb = self.time_embed(t).unsqueeze(1)  # (B, 1, D)
        h_mod = h + t_emb

        # Aggregate over sequence for channel precision
        h_mean = h_mod.mean(dim=1, keepdim=True)  # (B, 1, D)

        tok_precision = F.softplus(self.tok_proj(h_mod)).clamp(max=10.0) + self.eps  # (B, S, 1)
        ch_precision = F.softplus(self.ch_proj(h_mean)).clamp(max=10.0) + self.eps   # (B, 1, D)

        return tok_precision, ch_precision


# =============================================================================
# Bidirectional Transformer Block (Forward / Bottom-Up)
# =============================================================================

class BidirectionalTransformerBlock(nn.Module):
    """Standard bidirectional transformer block (bottom-up pathway)."""

    def __init__(self, d_model: int, n_heads: int, d_ff: int, dropout: float = 0.1):
        super().__init__()
        self.self_attn = nn.MultiheadAttention(
            d_model, n_heads, dropout=dropout, batch_first=True
        )
        self.ff = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(d_model, d_ff),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.Linear(d_ff, d_model),
            nn.Dropout(dropout),
        )
        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        # Self-attention (bidirectional, no causal mask)
        residual = x
        x = self.norm1(x)
        attn_out, _ = self.self_attn(x, x, x)
        x = residual + self.dropout(attn_out)

        # Feedforward
        residual = x
        x = self.norm2(x)
        x = residual + self.ff(x)

        return x


# =============================================================================
# Feedback Predictor (Top-Down Pathway)
# =============================================================================

class FeedbackPredictor(nn.Module):
    """Lightweight top-down predictor g_l: predicts h_l from h_{l+1}.

    Uses low-rank projection by default for parameter efficiency.
    """

    def __init__(self, d_model: int, rank: int = 64):
        super().__init__()
        if rank > 0 and rank < d_model:
            self.proj = nn.Sequential(
                nn.LayerNorm(d_model),
                nn.Linear(d_model, rank, bias=False),
                nn.GELU(),
                nn.Linear(rank, d_model, bias=False),
            )
        else:
            # Full-rank feedback
            self.proj = nn.Sequential(
                nn.LayerNorm(d_model),
                nn.Linear(d_model, d_model),
                nn.GELU(),
                nn.Linear(d_model, d_model),
            )

    def forward(self, h_above: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.proj(h_above)


# =============================================================================
# Lightweight Settling Block (Linear Attention for Inner Loop)
# =============================================================================

class LinearAttention(nn.Module):
    """O(n*d^2) linear attention with recurrent SSM dual form.

    Supports two modes:
    - Batched: O(n*d^2) over full sequence (training)
    - Recurrent: O(d^2) per token with fixed-size state (inference)

    The recurrent state S = K^T @ V is the Mamba-2 duality:
    same math as linear attention but O(1) memory per new token.
    This eliminates KV-cache entirely — 393KB total for unlimited context.

    Per-head precision implements attention as active inference.
    """

    def __init__(self, d_model: int, n_heads: int, dropout: float = 0.0):
        super().__init__()
        self.n_heads = n_heads
        self.d_head = d_model // n_heads
        self.q_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
        self.k_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
        self.v_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
        self.o_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
        # Per-head precision (attention as active inference)
        self.head_precision = nn.Linear(d_model, n_heads)
        # Recurrent state: S[h] = (d_head, d_head), z[h] = (d_head,) per head
        self._recurrent_state = None  # (B, H, d, d)
        self._recurrent_norm = None   # (B, H, d)

    def _elu_feature(self, x):
        return F.elu(x, alpha=1.0) + 1.0

    def reset_recurrent_state(self):
        """Reset for new sequence."""
        self._recurrent_state = None
        self._recurrent_norm = None

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, recurrent: bool = False) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Forward pass.

        Args:
            x: (B, S, D) input
            recurrent: if True, use O(1) recurrent mode (incremental state update)
        """
        B, S, D = x.shape
        H, d = self.n_heads, self.d_head

        Q = self._elu_feature(self.q_proj(x).view(B, S, H, d).transpose(1, 2))
        K = self._elu_feature(self.k_proj(x).view(B, S, H, d).transpose(1, 2))
        V = self.v_proj(x).view(B, S, H, d).transpose(1, 2)

        # Per-head precision: active inference gating
        pi = F.softplus(self.head_precision(x.mean(dim=1)))  # (B, H)
        Q = Q * pi.unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)

        if recurrent:
            # === RECURRENT MODE: O(d^2) per token, replaces KV-cache ===
            # State: S = sum_t k_t @ v_t^T, shape (B, H, d, d)
            # Output: o_t = q_t @ S_t / (q_t @ z_t)
            device = x.device
            if self._recurrent_state is None:
                self._recurrent_state = torch.zeros(B, H, d, d, device=device)
                self._recurrent_norm = torch.zeros(B, H, d, device=device)

            outputs = []
            for t in range(S):
                k_t = K[:, :, t, :]  # (B, H, d)
                v_t = V[:, :, t, :]
                q_t = Q[:, :, t, :]

                # Update recurrent state: S += k @ v^T
                self._recurrent_state = self._recurrent_state + torch.einsum("bhd,bhe->bhde", k_t, v_t)
                self._recurrent_norm = self._recurrent_norm + k_t

                # Query: o = q @ S / (q @ z)
                o_t = torch.einsum("bhd,bhde->bhe", q_t, self._recurrent_state)
                z_t = torch.einsum("bhd,bhd->bh", q_t, self._recurrent_norm).unsqueeze(-1) + 1e-6
                outputs.append(o_t / z_t)

            out = torch.stack(outputs, dim=2).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, S, D)
        else:
            # === BATCHED MODE: O(n * d^2) over full sequence ===
            KV = torch.einsum("bhsd,bhse->bhde", K, V)
            QKV = torch.einsum("bhsd,bhde->bhse", Q, KV)
            normalizer = torch.einsum("bhsd,bhd->bhs", Q, K.sum(dim=2)).unsqueeze(-1) + 1e-6
            out = (QKV / normalizer).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, S, D)

            # Cache the final recurrent state for potential continuation
            self._recurrent_state = KV.detach()
            self._recurrent_norm = K.sum(dim=2).detach()

        return self.o_proj(out)


class LightweightSettlingBlock(nn.Module):
    """Settling block with linear attention — used in the K inner iterations.

    Same structure as BidirectionalTransformerBlock but O(n) instead of O(n^2).
    """

    def __init__(self, d_model: int, n_heads: int, d_ff: int, dropout: float = 0.1):
        super().__init__()
        self.attn = LinearAttention(d_model, n_heads, dropout)
        self.ff = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(d_model, d_ff),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.Linear(d_ff, d_model),
            nn.Dropout(dropout),
        )
        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        residual = x
        x = self.norm1(x)
        x = residual + self.dropout(self.attn(x))
        residual = x
        x = self.norm2(x)
        x = residual + self.ff(x)
        return x


# =============================================================================
# Masking Diffusion Schedule
# =============================================================================

class MaskDiffusionSchedule(nn.Module):
    """Absorbing-mask corruption schedule for discrete diffusion."""

    def __init__(self, n_steps: int):
        super().__init__()
        self.n_steps = n_steps
        # Cosine masking schedule
        alphas = torch.cos(
            (torch.arange(n_steps + 1) / n_steps) * (math.pi / 2)
        ) ** 2
        # alpha_bar: probability of NOT being masked
        # At t=0: alpha_bar ~ 1 (nothing masked)
        # At t=T: alpha_bar ~ 0 (everything masked)
        self.register_buffer("alpha_bar", alphas)

    def mask_rate(self, t: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Probability of a token being masked at timestep t."""
        return 1.0 - self.alpha_bar[t]

    def corrupt(
        self,
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        mask_token_id: int,
    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        """Apply forward corruption: mask tokens with probability alpha_bar_t.

        Args:
            x_0: (batch, seq_len) clean token ids
            t: (batch,) timesteps
            mask_token_id: id of [MASK] token

        Returns:
            x_t: corrupted sequence
            mask: boolean mask of corrupted positions
        """
        mask_prob = self.mask_rate(t).unsqueeze(-1)  # (B, 1)
        mask = torch.rand_like(x_0.float()) < mask_prob  # (B, S)
        empty_rows = ~mask.any(dim=1)
        if empty_rows.any():
            forced = torch.randint(0, x_0.shape[1], (int(empty_rows.sum().item()),), device=x_0.device)
            mask[empty_rows] = False
            mask[empty_rows, forced] = True
        x_t = x_0.clone()
        x_t[mask] = mask_token_id
        return x_t, mask


# =============================================================================
# PC-SHO-DLM Core Model
# =============================================================================

class PCSHODLM(nn.Module):
    """PC-SHO-DLM: Predictive-Coding Diffusion Language Model
    with Precision-Conditioned Second-Order Settling.
    """

    def __init__(self, config: PCSHOConfig):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self._inference_updater = None  # lazy init for online learning
        self._unified_batch_updater = None  # lazy init for post-settle unified training
        self._honest_settling = True   # no peeking at x_0 during settling

        # Embeddings
        self.token_embed = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.d_model)
        self.pos_embed = nn.Embedding(config.max_seq_len, config.d_model)
        self.time_embed = nn.Embedding(config.n_diffusion_steps + 1, config.d_model)

        # Bottom-up transformer blocks
        self.forward_blocks = nn.ModuleList([
            BidirectionalTransformerBlock(
                config.d_model, config.n_heads, config.d_ff, config.dropout
            )
            for _ in range(config.n_layers)
        ])

        # Top-down feedback predictors
        self.feedback_blocks = nn.ModuleList([
            FeedbackPredictor(config.d_model, config.feedback_rank)
            for _ in range(config.n_layers - 1)  # No feedback from above top layer
        ])

        # Precision heads (one per layer for both up and down)
        self.precision_up = nn.ModuleList([
            PrecisionHead(config.d_model, config.n_diffusion_steps)
            for _ in range(config.n_layers)
        ])
        self.precision_down = nn.ModuleList([
            PrecisionHead(config.d_model, config.n_diffusion_steps)
            for _ in range(config.n_layers - 1)
        ])

        # Readout head
        self.readout_norm = nn.LayerNorm(config.d_model)
        self.readout = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.vocab_size, bias=False)

        # Diffusion schedule
        self.schedule = MaskDiffusionSchedule(config.n_diffusion_steps)

        # Homeostatic plasticity: adaptive per-layer anchoring
        self.register_buffer('layer_rho', torch.full((config.n_layers,), config.anchor_rho))
        self.register_buffer('activity_ema', torch.ones(config.n_layers))

        # Lightweight settling blocks (linear attention for inner loop)
        self.settling_blocks = nn.ModuleList([
            LightweightSettlingBlock(config.d_model, config.n_heads, config.d_ff, config.dropout)
            for _ in range(config.n_layers)
        ])

    @property
    def n_active_layers(self) -> int:
        """Number of active layers (supports dynamic insertion/removal)."""
        return len(self.forward_blocks)

    def embed_input(
        self, x_t: torch.Tensor, t: torch.Tensor
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Create input embeddings from corrupted tokens and timestep."""
        B, S = x_t.shape
        positions = torch.arange(S, device=x_t.device).unsqueeze(0)

        h = (
            self.token_embed(x_t)
            + self.pos_embed(positions)
            + self.time_embed(t).unsqueeze(1)
        )
        return h

    def amortized_forward_pass(
        self, h_0: torch.Tensor
    ) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
        """Single feedforward pass for initialization."""
        h_init = [h_0]
        h = h_0
        for block in self.forward_blocks:
            h = block(h)
            h_init.append(h)
        return h_init  # len = n_layers + 1

    def compute_predictions(
        self,
        h: list[torch.Tensor],
    ) -> Tuple[list[torch.Tensor], list[torch.Tensor]]:
        """Compute bottom-up and top-down predictions.

        Args:
            h: list of hidden states [h_0, h_1, ..., h_L]

        Returns:
            mu_up: bottom-up proposals [mu_1^up, ..., mu_L^up]
            mu_down: top-down predictions [mu_0^down, ..., mu_{L-1}^down]
        """
        # Bottom-up: mu_l^up = f_l(h_{l-1})
        # Always use forward_blocks — they carry trained weights.
        # settling_blocks (linear attention) are available for explicit long-context mode
        # but should NOT replace forward_blocks during standard settling.
        mu_up = []
        for l, block in enumerate(self.forward_blocks):
            mu_up.append(block(h[l]))

        # Top-down: mu_l^down = g_l(h_{l+1})
        mu_down = []
        for l, fb_block in enumerate(self.feedback_blocks):
            mu_down.append(fb_block(h[l + 2]))  # g_l predicts h_{l+1} from h_{l+2}

        return mu_up, mu_down

    def compute_energy_gradient(
        self,
        h: list[torch.Tensor],
        h_init: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> Tuple[list[torch.Tensor], list[torch.Tensor], list[torch.Tensor], float]:
        """Compute gradient of E_t w.r.t. each h_l.

        Returns:
            grad_h: gradient for each layer [grad_h_1, ..., grad_h_L]
            eps_up: bottom-up errors
            eps_down: top-down errors
            energy: scalar energy value
        """
        config = self.config
        L = config.n_layers

        # Compute predictions
        mu_up, mu_down = self.compute_predictions(h)

        # Compute errors
        eps_up = [h[l + 1] - mu_up[l] for l in range(L)]
        eps_down = [h[l + 1] - mu_down[l] for l in range(L - 1)]

        # Compute precisions
        gamma_precs = []  # bottom-up precisions
        lambda_precs = []  # top-down precisions

        for l in range(L):
            tok_p, ch_p = self.precision_up[l](h[l + 1], t)
            gamma_precs.append((tok_p, ch_p))

        for l in range(L - 1):
            tok_p, ch_p = self.precision_down[l](h[l + 1], t)
            lambda_precs.append((tok_p, ch_p))

        # Energy computation — per-token normalization.
        # All terms use mean over D (channels), sum over B×S (batch×sequence).
        # This makes prediction errors and denoising on the SAME per-token scale,
        # so denoising_lambda directly controls their relative importance.
        # Gradients remain large enough (sum over B×S) for effective settling.
        energy = 0.0

        # Bottom-up consistency: Σ_{B,S} mean_D(0.5 * ||eps||_P^2)
        for l in range(L):
            tok_p, ch_p = gamma_precs[l]
            weighted_err = eps_up[l] * tok_p * ch_p  # (B, S, D)
            energy += 0.5 * (weighted_err * eps_up[l]).mean(dim=-1).sum()

        # Top-down consistency
        for l in range(L - 1):
            tok_p, ch_p = lambda_precs[l]
            weighted_err = eps_down[l] * tok_p * ch_p
            energy += 0.5 * (weighted_err * eps_down[l]).mean(dim=-1).sum()

        # Denoising loss at top layer — sum over masked tokens (already per-token).
        # HONEST SETTLING: entropy minimization pushes toward confident predictions
        # without peeking at x_0. Cross-entropy with x_0 is used in param updates only.
        logits = self.readout(self.readout_norm(h[L]))  # (B, S, V)
        mask_logits = logits[mask]

        if mask_logits.numel() > 0:
            if self._honest_settling:
                probs = F.softmax(mask_logits, dim=-1)
                entropy = -(probs * (probs + 1e-10).log()).sum(dim=-1)  # per-token entropy
                denoising_loss = entropy.sum()  # sum over masked tokens
            else:
                mask_targets = x_0[mask]
                denoising_loss = F.cross_entropy(mask_logits, mask_targets, reduction="sum")

            t_frac = t.float().mean() / config.n_diffusion_steps
            lambda_t = config.denoising_lambda * (1.0 + (1.0 - t_frac))
            energy += lambda_t * denoising_loss

        # Anchoring: per-token normalization
        for l in range(1, L + 1):
            rho_l = self.layer_rho[min(l - 1, len(self.layer_rho) - 1)]
            energy += rho_l * ((h[l] - h_init[l]) ** 2).mean(dim=-1).sum()

        # Lateral inhibition
        if config.lateral_inhibition > 0:
            for l in range(1, L + 1):
                h_norm = F.normalize(h[l], dim=-1)
                S_dim = h_norm.shape[1]
                if S_dim > 16:
                    idx = torch.randint(0, S_dim, (16,), device=h_norm.device)
                    sim = torch.einsum("bsd,btd->bst", h_norm[:, idx], h_norm[:, idx])
                    mask_diag = 1.0 - torch.eye(16, device=sim.device).unsqueeze(0)
                    energy += config.lateral_inhibition * (F.relu(sim - 0.5) * mask_diag).sum()

        # Compute gradients via autograd (local operation)
        h_params = [h[l + 1] for l in range(L)]
        grads = torch.autograd.grad(
            energy, h_params, create_graph=False, retain_graph=False
        )
        grad_h = list(grads)

        return grad_h, eps_up, eps_down, energy.item()

    def compute_aggregate_precision(
        self,
        h: list[torch.Tensor],
        t: torch.Tensor,
        active_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> list[float]:
        """Compute aggregate precision per layer for controller."""
        agg_precs = []
        for l in range(self.config.n_layers):
            tok_p, ch_p = self.precision_up[l](h[l + 1], t)
            # Mean precision over active tokens
            if active_mask is not None:
                mean_p = (tok_p.squeeze(-1) * active_mask.float()).sum() / (
                    active_mask.float().sum() + 1e-8
                )
            else:
                mean_p = tok_p.mean()
            agg_precs.append(mean_p.item())
        return agg_precs

    def _resolve_param_lr(
        self,
        param_lr: Optional[float] = None,
        param_lr_scale: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> float:
        """Resolve backward-compatible unified learning-rate arguments."""
        if param_lr is None and param_lr_scale is None:
            return self.config.unified_param_lr
        if param_lr is None:
            return float(param_lr_scale)
        if param_lr_scale is None:
            return float(param_lr)
        if not math.isclose(float(param_lr), float(param_lr_scale), rel_tol=1e-6, abs_tol=1e-12):
            raise ValueError(
                "Received conflicting values for param_lr and param_lr_scale."
            )
        return float(param_lr)

    def _compute_active_tokens(
        self,
        h: list[torch.Tensor],
        settling_step: int,
    ) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
        """Compute soft activity gates for adaptive settling."""
        if settling_step <= 0:
            return None

        with torch.no_grad():
            uncertainty = self.compute_token_uncertainty(h)
        return torch.sigmoid(
            (uncertainty - self.config.settling_threshold)
            / self.config.settling_temperature
        )

    def _apply_state_dynamics(
        self,
        h: list[torch.Tensor],
        v: list[torch.Tensor],
        grad_h: list[torch.Tensor],
        agg_precs: list[float],
        active_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[list[torch.Tensor], list[torch.Tensor]]:
        """Apply the shared SHO latent-state update used by all settling paths."""
        config = self.config
        L = self.n_active_layers

        h_new = [h[0]]
        v_new = []

        for l in range(L):
            prec = agg_precs[l]
            layer_frac = l / max(L - 1, 1)
            m_l = config.mass * (1.0 + config.mass_scale * layer_frac)
            eta_scale = 1.0 / (1.0 + config.eta_scale * layer_frac)

            eta = config.eta_base * eta_scale / (1.0 + config.c_eta * prec)
            gamma_raw = 2.0 * math.sqrt(m_l * prec)
            gamma = max(config.gamma_min, min(config.gamma_max, gamma_raw))

            v_l_new = (1.0 - gamma) * v[l] - eta * grad_h[l].detach()
            h_l_new = h[l + 1].detach() + v_l_new

            if active_tokens is not None:
                gate = active_tokens.unsqueeze(-1)
                h_l_new = gate * h_l_new + (1.0 - gate) * h[l + 1].detach()
                v_l_new = gate * v_l_new + (1.0 - gate) * v[l]

            v_new.append(v_l_new)
            h_new.append(h_l_new)

        return h_new, v_new

    def _apply_homeostatic_update(self, h: list[torch.Tensor]) -> None:
        """Adapt per-layer anchoring after settling."""
        config = self.config
        if not self.training or config.homeostatic_rate <= 0:
            return

        L = self.n_active_layers
        with torch.no_grad():
            for l in range(min(L, len(self.layer_rho))):
                activity = h[l + 1].detach().norm(dim=-1).mean().item()
                self.activity_ema[l] = 0.99 * self.activity_ema[l] + 0.01 * activity
                target = (
                    config.homeostatic_target
                    if config.homeostatic_target > 0
                    else self.activity_ema[l]
                )
                error = self.activity_ema[l] - target
                self.layer_rho[l] = (
                    self.layer_rho[l] + config.homeostatic_rate * error
                ).clamp(config.homeostatic_rho_min, config.homeostatic_rho_max)

    def _masked_cross_entropy(
        self,
        h_top: torch.Tensor,
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Compute masked-token cross-entropy from top-layer hidden states."""
        logits = self.readout(self.readout_norm(h_top))
        mask_logits = logits[mask]
        mask_targets = x_0[mask]
        if mask_logits.numel() > 0:
            return F.cross_entropy(mask_logits, mask_targets)
        return torch.tensor(0.0, device=h_top.device)

    def measure_energy(
        self,
        h: list[torch.Tensor],
        h_init: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> float:
        """Measure predictive-coding energy for a fixed latent state."""
        with torch.enable_grad():
            h_eval = [h[0].detach()]
            for l in range(1, self.n_active_layers + 1):
                h_eval.append(h[l].detach().requires_grad_(True))
            _, _, _, energy = self.compute_energy_gradient(h_eval, h_init, x_0, mask, t)
        return energy

    def settling_step(
        self,
        h: list[torch.Tensor],
        v: list[torch.Tensor],
        h_init: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        active_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[list[torch.Tensor], list[torch.Tensor], float]:
        """One step of precision-conditioned second-order settling.

        Args:
            h: current hidden states [h_0, h_1, ..., h_L]
            v: current velocities [v_1, ..., v_L]
            h_init: initialization states
            x_0: clean tokens (for denoising loss)
            mask: masked positions
            t: timesteps
            active_tokens: (B, S) boolean mask of tokens still settling

        Returns:
            h_new: updated hidden states
            v_new: updated velocities
            energy: current energy value
        """
        config = self.config
        L = config.n_layers

        # Enable grad for h (layers 1..L) - use enable_grad to work inside no_grad contexts
        with torch.enable_grad():
            for l in range(1, L + 1):
                h[l] = h[l].detach().requires_grad_(True)

            # Compute energy gradient
            grad_h, eps_up, eps_down, energy = self.compute_energy_gradient(
                h, h_init, x_0, mask, t
            )

        # Get aggregate precisions for controller
        with torch.no_grad():
            agg_precs = self.compute_aggregate_precision(h, t, active_tokens)

        h_new, v_new = self._apply_state_dynamics(
            h, v, grad_h, agg_precs, active_tokens
        )

        return h_new, v_new, energy

    def compute_token_uncertainty(
        self, h: list[torch.Tensor], eps_up: Optional[list] = None
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Compute per-token uncertainty for adaptive settling.

        Args:
            h: hidden states [h_0, ..., h_L]

        Returns:
            uncertainty: (batch, seq_len) uncertainty scores
        """
        config = self.config
        logits = self.readout(self.readout_norm(h[-1]))
        probs = F.softmax(logits, dim=-1)

        # Entropy of predicted distribution
        entropy = -(probs * (probs + 1e-10).log()).sum(dim=-1)  # (B, S)

        # Prediction error magnitude (if available)
        if eps_up is not None:
            err_magnitude = sum(
                e.detach().norm(dim=-1) for e in eps_up
            ) * config.error_coeff
        else:
            err_magnitude = 0.0

        uncertainty = config.entropy_coeff * entropy + err_magnitude
        return uncertainty

    def settle(
        self,
        h_init: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        prev_h: Optional[list[torch.Tensor]] = None,
        prev_v: Optional[list[torch.Tensor]] = None,
        return_errors: bool = False,
    ):
        """Run K steps of second-order predictive-coding settling.

        Args:
            h_init: feedforward initialization
            x_0: clean tokens
            mask: masked positions
            t: timesteps
            prev_h: warm-start hidden states from previous diffusion step
            prev_v: warm-start velocities from previous diffusion step

        Returns:
            h: settled hidden states
            v: final velocities
            energies: energy trace over settling steps
        """
        config = self.config
        L = config.n_layers

        # Initialize: warm start or from scratch
        if prev_h is not None and prev_v is not None:
            h = [h_init[0]] + [ph.detach() for ph in prev_h[1:]]
            v = [config.velocity_decay * pv.detach() for pv in prev_v]
        else:
            h = [hi.detach() for hi in h_init]
            v = [torch.zeros_like(h_init[l + 1]) for l in range(L)]

        energies = []
        self._in_settling = True  # flag for lightweight blocks

        for k in range(config.n_settling_steps):
            active_tokens = self._compute_active_tokens(h, k)

            h, v, energy = self.settling_step(
                h, v, h_init, x_0, mask, t, active_tokens
            )
            energies.append(energy)

        self._in_settling = False  # done settling

        self._apply_homeostatic_update(h)

        # Stationarity residual — expensive, only compute periodically
        stationarity_residual = None

        # Optionally compute final prediction errors (for online learning)
        final_errors = None
        if return_errors:
            with torch.no_grad():
                mu_up, mu_down = self.compute_predictions(h)
                eps_up = [h[l + 1] - mu_up[l] for l in range(L)]
                eps_down = [h[l + 1] - mu_down[l] for l in range(L - 1)]
                final_errors = (eps_up, eps_down)

        return h, v, energies, stationarity_residual, final_errors

    def forward(
        self,
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        t: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> dict:
        """Training forward pass.

        Uses the amortized forward pass (with full gradient flow) for the
        training loss. Settling runs under no_grad for energy monitoring only.

        This ensures all forward blocks receive gradient signal from the
        denoising loss, not just inter-layer consistency.
        """
        B, S = x_0.shape
        device = x_0.device

        # Sample timestep
        if t is None:
            t = torch.randint(1, self.config.n_diffusion_steps + 1, (B,), device=device)

        # Corrupt
        x_t, mask = self.schedule.corrupt(x_0, t, self.config.mask_token_id)

        # Embed
        h_0 = self.embed_input(x_t, t)

        # Amortized forward pass (gradients flow through all forward blocks)
        h_init = self.amortized_forward_pass(h_0)

        # Decode from amortized pass — all layers get gradient signal
        logits = self.readout(self.readout_norm(h_init[-1]))

        # Compute denoising loss
        mask_logits = logits[mask]
        mask_targets = x_0[mask]

        if mask_logits.numel() > 0:
            loss = F.cross_entropy(mask_logits, mask_targets)
        else:
            loss = torch.tensor(0.0, device=device)

        # Skip settling during training — it's K× extra compute for monitoring only.
        # Settling is used at inference time (generate method).
        return {
            "loss": loss,
            "logits": logits,
            "energies": [],
            "mask": mask,
            "h_settled": None,
            "v_final": None,
            "stationarity_residual": None,
        }

    @torch.no_grad()
    def settled_forward(
        self,
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        t: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        prev_h: Optional[list[torch.Tensor]] = None,
        prev_v: Optional[list[torch.Tensor]] = None,
    ) -> dict:
        """Evaluate a batch using the settled hidden states."""
        B = x_0.shape[0]
        device = x_0.device

        if t is None:
            t = torch.randint(1, self.config.n_diffusion_steps + 1, (B,), device=device)

        x_t, mask = self.schedule.corrupt(x_0, t, self.config.mask_token_id)
        h_0 = self.embed_input(x_t, t)
        h_init = self.amortized_forward_pass(h_0)
        h_settled, v_final, energies, stationarity, _ = self.settle(
            h_init, x_0, mask, t, prev_h=prev_h, prev_v=prev_v
        )

        logits = self.readout(self.readout_norm(h_settled[-1]))
        mask_logits = logits[mask]
        mask_targets = x_0[mask]
        if mask_logits.numel() > 0:
            loss = F.cross_entropy(mask_logits, mask_targets)
        else:
            loss = torch.tensor(0.0, device=device)

        return {
            "loss": loss,
            "logits": logits,
            "energies": energies,
            "mask": mask,
            "h_settled": h_settled,
            "v_final": v_final,
            "stationarity_residual": stationarity,
        }

    def generate(
        self,
        seq_len: int,
        batch_size: int = 1,
        device: str = "cpu",
        online_learn: bool = False,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Generate sequences via reverse diffusion with state continuation.

        Args:
            seq_len: length of sequences to generate
            batch_size: number of sequences
            online_learn: if True, apply local weight updates during generation
                         (the model learns from its own denoising in real time)

        Returns:
            x_0: (batch, seq_len) generated token ids
        """
        config = self.config
        T = config.n_diffusion_steps
        mask_id = config.mask_token_id

        # Initialize online learning if requested
        if online_learn:
            if self._inference_updater is None:
                self._inference_updater = InferenceUpdater(
                    self, lr=config.online_learn_lr, grad_clip=config.online_learn_grad_clip
                )
            self._inference_updater.snapshot()

        # Use no_grad unless online learning needs gradients
        ctx = torch.enable_grad() if online_learn else torch.no_grad()

        with ctx:
            # Start fully masked
            x = torch.full(
                (batch_size, seq_len), mask_id, dtype=torch.long, device=device
            )

            prev_h = None
            prev_v = None

            for t_val in range(T, 0, -1):
                t = torch.full((batch_size,), t_val, dtype=torch.long, device=device)

                # Only process still-masked positions
                mask = (x == mask_id)
                if not mask.any():
                    break

                # Embed
                h_0 = self.embed_input(x, t)

                # Amortized pass
                h_init = self.amortized_forward_pass(h_0)

                # Settle with warm start (return errors if online learning)
                h_settled, v_final, energies, _, errors = self.settle(
                    h_init, x, mask, t,
                    prev_h=prev_h, prev_v=prev_v,
                    return_errors=online_learn,
                )

                # Online learning: update weights from settling errors
                if online_learn and errors is not None and len(energies) >= 2:
                    energy_ratio = energies[-1] / max(energies[0], 1e-8)
                    if energy_ratio < config.online_learn_min_energy_ratio:
                        eps_up, eps_down = errors
                        self._inference_updater.update_from_errors(
                            h_settled, eps_up, eps_down, x, mask, t
                        )

                # State continuation
                prev_h = h_settled
                prev_v = v_final

                # Decode
                logits = self.readout(self.readout_norm(h_settled[-1]))

                # Determine how many tokens to unmask this step
                n_masked = mask.sum(dim=-1)
                t_prev = t_val - 1
                target_mask_rate = self.schedule.mask_rate(
                    torch.tensor([t_prev], device=device)
                ).squeeze()
                n_to_keep_masked = (target_mask_rate * seq_len).long()

                # For each sequence, unmask highest-confidence masked tokens
                probs = F.softmax(logits, dim=-1)
                confidence = probs.max(dim=-1).values  # (B, S)
                confidence[~mask] = float("inf")  # Don't re-unmask

                for b in range(batch_size):
                    b_mask_idx = mask[b].nonzero(as_tuple=True)[0]
                    if len(b_mask_idx) == 0:
                        continue

                    b_conf = confidence[b, b_mask_idx]
                    n_to_unmask = max(0, len(b_mask_idx) - n_to_keep_masked.item())

                    if n_to_unmask > 0:
                        _, top_idx = b_conf.topk(min(n_to_unmask, len(b_conf)))
                        unmask_positions = b_mask_idx[top_idx]
                        predicted_tokens = logits[b, unmask_positions].argmax(dim=-1)
                        x[b, unmask_positions] = predicted_tokens

            # Final: unmask any remaining
            still_masked = (x == mask_id)
            if still_masked.any():
                t_final = torch.ones(batch_size, dtype=torch.long, device=device)
                h_0 = self.embed_input(x, t_final)
                h_init = self.amortized_forward_pass(h_0)
                h_settled, _, _, _, _ = self.settle(
                    h_init, x, still_masked, t_final,
                    prev_h=prev_h, prev_v=prev_v,
                )
                logits = self.readout(self.readout_norm(h_settled[-1]))
                final_tokens = logits[still_masked].argmax(dim=-1)
                x[still_masked] = final_tokens

        return x

    def unified_step(
        self,
        h: list[torch.Tensor],
        v: list[torch.Tensor],
        h_init: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        param_lr: Optional[float] = None,
        param_lr_scale: Optional[float] = None,
        active_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[list[torch.Tensor], list[torch.Tensor], float]:
        """Experimental microstep-coupled inference-and-learning primitive.

        The repaired training stack uses ``unified_train_batch`` for
        post-settle updates. This method is retained for modules that
        explicitly want a per-microstep in-place parameter update.
        """
        config = self.config
        scaled_lr = self._resolve_param_lr(param_lr, param_lr_scale)
        L = self.n_active_layers

        # Track energies for adaptive two-timescale ratio
        if not hasattr(self, '_unified_energies'):
            self._unified_energies = []

        # Enable grad for h
        with torch.enable_grad():
            for l in range(1, L + 1):
                h[l] = h[l].detach().requires_grad_(True)

            # Compute energy gradient w.r.t. hidden states
            grad_h, eps_up, eps_down, energy = self.compute_energy_gradient(
                h, h_init, x_0, mask, t
            )

        self._unified_energies.append(energy)

        # Get precisions for controller
        with torch.no_grad():
            agg_precs = self.compute_aggregate_precision(h, t, active_tokens)

        # Fast latent dynamics use the same controller as canonical settling.
        h_new, v_new = self._apply_state_dynamics(
            h, v, grad_h, agg_precs, active_tokens
        )

        # Slow parameter updates remain experimental in this primitive.

        for l in range(L):
            h_below = h[l].detach()
            h_current = h[l + 1].detach()

            # Bottom-up: local gradient for forward block
            mu_up = self.forward_blocks[l](h_below)
            with torch.no_grad():
                tok_p, ch_p = self.precision_up[l](h_current, t)
            eps = h_current - mu_up
            local_loss = 0.5 * (eps * tok_p * ch_p * eps).mean(dim=-1).sum()
            local_loss.backward()

            with torch.no_grad():
                nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(self.forward_blocks[l].parameters(), 1.0)
                for p in self.forward_blocks[l].parameters():
                    if p.grad is not None:
                        p.data -= scaled_lr * p.grad
                        p.grad.zero_()

        # Top-down feedback
        for l in range(L - 1):
            h_above = h[l + 2].detach()
            h_current = h[l + 1].detach()
            mu_down = self.feedback_blocks[l](h_above)
            with torch.no_grad():
                tok_p, ch_p = self.precision_down[l](h_current, t)
            eps = h_current - mu_down
            local_loss = 0.5 * (eps * tok_p * ch_p * eps).mean(dim=-1).sum()
            local_loss.backward()
            with torch.no_grad():
                nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(self.feedback_blocks[l].parameters(), 1.0)
                for p in self.feedback_blocks[l].parameters():
                    if p.grad is not None:
                        p.data -= scaled_lr * p.grad
                        p.grad.zero_()

        # Task-directed update: readout loss propagates through all blocks.
        # This gives every component (forward blocks, readout, embeddings)
        # direct task signal — the cross-entropy gradient tells each layer
        # what features to produce for correct token prediction.
        # Combined with the local consistency updates above, each forward block
        # receives TWO gradients: (1) local prediction error and (2) task loss.
        x_t_input = x_0.clone()
        x_t_input[mask] = config.mask_token_id
        h_0_fresh = self.embed_input(x_t_input, t)
        h_through = h_0_fresh
        for block in self.forward_blocks:
            h_through = block(h_through)
        logits = self.readout(self.readout_norm(h_through))
        mask_logits = logits[mask]
        mask_targets = x_0[mask]
        if mask_logits.numel() > 0:
            readout_loss = F.cross_entropy(mask_logits, mask_targets)
            readout_loss.backward()
            # Update ALL trainable components with task signal
            all_params = list(self.parameters())
            with torch.no_grad():
                nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(all_params, 1.0)
                for p in all_params:
                    if p.grad is not None:
                        p.data -= scaled_lr * p.grad
                        p.grad.zero_()

        # Precision heads: calibrate using settled error statistics
        prec_params = list(self.precision_up.parameters()) + list(self.precision_down.parameters())
        prec_loss = 0.0
        for l in range(L):
            tok_p, ch_p = self.precision_up[l](h[l + 1].detach(), t)
            eps = (h[l + 1].detach() - self.forward_blocks[l](h[l].detach()).detach())
            # Gaussian NLL: 0.5 * P * eps^2 - 0.5 * log(P)
            prec_loss = prec_loss + 0.5 * (eps * tok_p * ch_p * eps).mean(dim=-1).sum()
            prec_loss = prec_loss - 0.5 * (tok_p.log().mean(dim=-1).sum() + ch_p.log().mean(dim=-1).sum())
        if isinstance(prec_loss, torch.Tensor) and prec_loss.requires_grad:
            prec_loss.backward()
            with torch.no_grad():
                nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(prec_params, 1.0)
                for p in prec_params:
                    if p.grad is not None:
                        p.data -= scaled_lr * 0.1 * p.grad  # slower for precision
                        p.grad.zero_()

        return h_new, v_new, energy

    def unified_settle(
        self,
        h_init: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        param_lr: Optional[float] = None,
        param_lr_scale: Optional[float] = None,
        prev_h: Optional[list[torch.Tensor]] = None,
        prev_v: Optional[list[torch.Tensor]] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[list[torch.Tensor], list[torch.Tensor], list[float]]:
        """Run K experimental microstep-coupled unified updates."""
        config = self.config
        L = self.n_active_layers
        scaled_lr = self._resolve_param_lr(param_lr, param_lr_scale)
        self._unified_energies = []  # reset

        if prev_h is not None and prev_v is not None:
            h = [h_init[0]] + [ph.detach() for ph in prev_h[1:]]
            v = [config.velocity_decay * pv.detach() for pv in prev_v]
        else:
            h = [hi.detach() for hi in h_init]
            v = [torch.zeros_like(h_init[l + 1]) for l in range(L)]

        energies = []
        for k in range(config.n_settling_steps):
            active_tokens = self._compute_active_tokens(h, k)

            h, v, energy = self.unified_step(
                h, v, h_init, x_0, mask, t,
                param_lr=scaled_lr,
                active_tokens=active_tokens,
            )
            energies.append(energy)

        self._apply_homeostatic_update(h)
        return h, v, energies

    def unified_train_batch(
        self,
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        t: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        param_lr: Optional[float] = None,
        param_lr_scale: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> dict:
        """Canonical unified training step: settle first, then update."""
        lr = self._resolve_param_lr(param_lr, param_lr_scale)
        if self._unified_batch_updater is None:
            self._unified_batch_updater = UnifiedParameterUpdater(
                self,
                lr_forward=lr,
                lr_feedback=lr,
                lr_readout=lr,
                lr_precision=lr * self.config.unified_precision_lr_scale,
                lr_embed=lr,
                task_lr_scale=self.config.unified_task_lr_scale,
            )
        self._unified_batch_updater.set_learning_rates(
            lr_forward=lr,
            lr_feedback=lr,
            lr_readout=lr,
            lr_precision=lr * self.config.unified_precision_lr_scale,
            lr_embed=lr,
            task_lr_scale=self.config.unified_task_lr_scale,
        )
        return self._unified_batch_updater.step({"input_ids": x_0}, t=t)

    def post_settle_update(
        self,
        h_settled: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_input: torch.Tensor,
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        param_lr: Optional[float] = None,
        param_lr_scale: Optional[float] = None,
        stationarity: float = 0.0,
        energies: Optional[list[float]] = None,
    ) -> dict:
        """Apply canonical unified updates from an externally settled state."""
        lr = self._resolve_param_lr(param_lr, param_lr_scale)
        if self._unified_batch_updater is None:
            self._unified_batch_updater = UnifiedParameterUpdater(
                self,
                lr_forward=lr,
                lr_feedback=lr,
                lr_readout=lr,
                lr_precision=lr * self.config.unified_precision_lr_scale,
                lr_embed=lr,
                task_lr_scale=self.config.unified_task_lr_scale,
            )
        self._unified_batch_updater.set_learning_rates(
            lr_forward=lr,
            lr_feedback=lr,
            lr_readout=lr,
            lr_precision=lr * self.config.unified_precision_lr_scale,
            lr_embed=lr,
            task_lr_scale=self.config.unified_task_lr_scale,
        )
        return self._unified_batch_updater.step_from_settled(
            h_settled,
            x_input=x_input,
            x_0=x_0,
            mask=mask,
            t=t,
            stationarity=stationarity,
            energies=energies,
        )


# =============================================================================
# Local Parameter Update (for training without global backprop)
# =============================================================================

class LocalParameterUpdater:
    """Implements local parameter updates for PC-SHO-DLM.

    After settling, updates each layer's parameters using only
    local prediction errors and local Jacobians.
    This is the 'globally backprop-free' training procedure.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        model: PCSHODLM,
        lr_forward: float = 1e-4,
        lr_feedback: float = 1e-4,
        lr_readout: float = 1e-4,
        lr_precision: float = 1e-4,
        lr_embed: Optional[float] = None,
    ):
        self.model = model
        self.lr_forward = lr_forward
        self.lr_feedback = lr_feedback
        self.lr_readout = lr_readout
        self.lr_precision = lr_precision
        self.lr_embed = lr_forward if lr_embed is None else lr_embed

        # Separate optimizers for each component
        self.forward_optimizers = [
            torch.optim.AdamW(block.parameters(), lr=lr_forward)
            for block in model.forward_blocks
        ]
        self.feedback_optimizers = [
            torch.optim.AdamW(block.parameters(), lr=lr_feedback)
            for block in model.feedback_blocks
        ]
        self.readout_optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(
            list(model.readout.parameters()) + list(model.readout_norm.parameters()),
            lr=lr_readout,
        )
        self.precision_optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(
            list(model.precision_up.parameters())
            + list(model.precision_down.parameters()),
            lr=lr_precision,
        )
        self.embed_optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(
            list(model.token_embed.parameters())
            + list(model.pos_embed.parameters())
            + list(model.time_embed.parameters()),
            lr=self.lr_embed,
        )

    def set_learning_rates(
        self,
        lr_forward: Optional[float] = None,
        lr_feedback: Optional[float] = None,
        lr_readout: Optional[float] = None,
        lr_precision: Optional[float] = None,
        lr_embed: Optional[float] = None,
        task_lr_scale: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> None:
        """Update optimizer learning rates without recreating state."""
        if lr_forward is not None:
            self.lr_forward = lr_forward
            for opt in self.forward_optimizers:
                for group in opt.param_groups:
                    group["lr"] = lr_forward
        if lr_feedback is not None:
            self.lr_feedback = lr_feedback
            for opt in self.feedback_optimizers:
                for group in opt.param_groups:
                    group["lr"] = lr_feedback
        if lr_readout is not None:
            self.lr_readout = lr_readout
            for group in self.readout_optimizer.param_groups:
                group["lr"] = lr_readout
        if lr_precision is not None:
            self.lr_precision = lr_precision
            for group in self.precision_optimizer.param_groups:
                group["lr"] = lr_precision
        if lr_embed is not None:
            self.lr_embed = lr_embed
            for group in self.embed_optimizer.param_groups:
                group["lr"] = lr_embed

    def local_update(
        self,
        h_settled: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        update_readout: bool = True,
    ) -> float:
        """Perform local parameter updates using settled prediction errors.

        This is the key: we only need local Jacobians, not global backprop.
        """
        model = self.model
        config = model.config
        L = config.n_layers
        readout_loss_value = 0.0

        # Re-enable gradients for parameters
        # Compute fresh predictions from settled states
        for l in range(L):
            h_below = h_settled[l].detach()
            h_current = h_settled[l + 1].detach()

            # Bottom-up: local loss for forward block
            self.forward_optimizers[l].zero_grad()
            mu_up = model.forward_blocks[l](h_below)

            # Get precision
            with torch.no_grad():
                tok_p, ch_p = model.precision_up[l](h_current, t)

            # Precision-weighted error
            eps_up = h_current - mu_up
            local_loss_up = 0.5 * (eps_up * tok_p * ch_p * eps_up).mean(dim=-1).sum()
            local_loss_up.backward()
            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.forward_blocks[l].parameters(), 1.0)
            self.forward_optimizers[l].step()

        # Top-down: local loss for feedback blocks
        for l in range(L - 1):
            self.feedback_optimizers[l].zero_grad()
            h_above = h_settled[l + 2].detach()
            h_current = h_settled[l + 1].detach()

            mu_down = model.feedback_blocks[l](h_above)

            with torch.no_grad():
                tok_p, ch_p = model.precision_down[l](h_current, t)

            eps_down = h_current - mu_down
            local_loss_down = 0.5 * (eps_down * tok_p * ch_p * eps_down).mean(dim=-1).sum()
            local_loss_down.backward()
            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.feedback_blocks[l].parameters(), 1.0)
            self.feedback_optimizers[l].step()

        if update_readout:
            self.readout_optimizer.zero_grad()
            readout_loss = model._masked_cross_entropy(h_settled[L].detach(), x_0, mask)
            if readout_loss.requires_grad:
                readout_loss.backward()
                torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
                    list(model.readout.parameters()) + list(model.readout_norm.parameters()),
                    1.0,
                )
                self.readout_optimizer.step()
                readout_loss_value = float(readout_loss.item())

        return readout_loss_value

    def task_update(
        self,
        x_t: torch.Tensor,
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        *,
        train_forward: bool,
        train_embed: bool,
        train_readout: bool,
    ) -> float:
        """Apply task loss to the amortized path using explicit optimizer groups."""
        model = self.model

        for opt in self.forward_optimizers:
            opt.zero_grad()
        self.embed_optimizer.zero_grad()
        self.readout_optimizer.zero_grad()

        with torch.enable_grad():
            h_0_fresh = model.embed_input(x_t, t)
            h_init_fresh = model.amortized_forward_pass(h_0_fresh)
            task_loss = model._masked_cross_entropy(h_init_fresh[model.config.n_layers], x_0, mask)

            if task_loss.requires_grad:
                task_loss.backward()

                if train_forward:
                    torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.forward_blocks.parameters(), 1.0)
                    for opt in self.forward_optimizers:
                        opt.step()

                if train_embed:
                    torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
                        list(model.token_embed.parameters())
                        + list(model.pos_embed.parameters())
                        + list(model.time_embed.parameters()),
                        1.0,
                    )
                    self.embed_optimizer.step()

                if train_readout:
                    torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
                        list(model.readout.parameters()) + list(model.readout_norm.parameters()),
                        1.0,
                    )
                    self.readout_optimizer.step()

                if not train_forward:
                    for opt in self.forward_optimizers:
                        opt.zero_grad()
                if not train_embed:
                    self.embed_optimizer.zero_grad()
                if not train_readout:
                    self.readout_optimizer.zero_grad()

                return float(task_loss.item())

        return 0.0

    def precision_update(
        self,
        h_settled: list[torch.Tensor],
        t: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> float:
        """Calibrate precision heads from settled prediction errors."""
        model = self.model
        self.precision_optimizer.zero_grad()

        for l in range(1, model.config.n_layers + 1):
            h_settled[l] = h_settled[l].detach()

        mu_up_list, _ = model.compute_predictions(h_settled)
        prec_loss = 0.0
        for l in range(model.config.n_layers):
            tok_p, ch_p = model.precision_up[l](h_settled[l + 1].detach(), t)
            eps = h_settled[l + 1].detach() - mu_up_list[l].detach()
            prec_loss = prec_loss + 0.5 * (eps * tok_p * ch_p * eps).mean()
            prec_loss = prec_loss - 0.5 * (tok_p.log().mean() + ch_p.log().mean())

        if isinstance(prec_loss, torch.Tensor) and prec_loss.requires_grad:
            prec_loss.backward()
            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
                list(model.precision_up.parameters()) + list(model.precision_down.parameters()),
                1.0,
            )
            self.precision_optimizer.step()
            return float(prec_loss.item())

        return 0.0

    def step(self, batch: dict, t: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None):
        """Complete training step: corrupt, settle, locally update."""
        model = self.model
        x_0 = batch["input_ids"]
        B, S = x_0.shape
        device = x_0.device

        # Sample timestep
        if t is None:
            t = torch.randint(1, model.config.n_diffusion_steps + 1, (B,), device=device)

        # Corrupt
        x_t, mask = model.schedule.corrupt(x_0, t, model.config.mask_token_id)

        h_0 = model.embed_input(x_t, t)
        h_init = model.amortized_forward_pass(h_0)

        # Settle (no global gradients needed)
        with torch.no_grad():
            h_settled, v_final, energies, stationarity, _ = model.settle(h_init, x_0, mask, t)

        # Local updates
        self.local_update(h_settled, x_0, mask, t, update_readout=True)
        self.task_update(
            x_t, x_0, mask, t,
            train_forward=False,
            train_embed=True,
            train_readout=False,
        )
        precision_loss = self.precision_update(h_settled, t)

        with torch.no_grad():
            settled_eval = float(model._masked_cross_entropy(h_settled[model.config.n_layers], x_0, mask).item())
            h_0_eval = model.embed_input(x_t, t)
            h_init_eval = model.amortized_forward_pass(h_0_eval)
            amortized_eval = float(
                model._masked_cross_entropy(h_init_eval[model.config.n_layers], x_0, mask).item()
            )

        return {
            "loss": settled_eval,
            "settled_loss": settled_eval,
            "amortized_loss": amortized_eval,
            "precision_loss": precision_loss,
            "energies": energies,
            "stationarity": stationarity if stationarity else 0.0,
            "n_masked": mask.sum().item(),
        }


class UnifiedParameterUpdater(LocalParameterUpdater):
    """Canonical unified trainer: settle first, then update all trainable components."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        model: PCSHODLM,
        lr_forward: float = 1e-3,
        lr_feedback: float = 1e-3,
        lr_readout: float = 1e-3,
        lr_precision: float = 1e-4,
        lr_embed: float = 1e-3,
        task_lr_scale: float = 1.0,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            model,
            lr_forward=lr_forward,
            lr_feedback=lr_feedback,
            lr_readout=lr_readout,
            lr_precision=lr_precision,
            lr_embed=lr_embed,
        )
        self.task_lr_scale = task_lr_scale

    def set_learning_rates(
        self,
        lr_forward: Optional[float] = None,
        lr_feedback: Optional[float] = None,
        lr_readout: Optional[float] = None,
        lr_precision: Optional[float] = None,
        lr_embed: Optional[float] = None,
        task_lr_scale: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().set_learning_rates(
            lr_forward=lr_forward,
            lr_feedback=lr_feedback,
            lr_readout=lr_readout,
            lr_precision=lr_precision,
            lr_embed=lr_embed,
        )
        if task_lr_scale is not None:
            self.task_lr_scale = task_lr_scale

    def step(self, batch: dict, t: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None):
        """Unified training step with post-settle local updates and amortized task learning."""
        model = self.model
        x_0 = batch["input_ids"]
        B, S = x_0.shape
        device = x_0.device

        if t is None:
            t = torch.randint(1, model.config.n_diffusion_steps + 1, (B,), device=device)

        x_t, mask = model.schedule.corrupt(x_0, t, model.config.mask_token_id)
        h_0 = model.embed_input(x_t, t)
        h_init = model.amortized_forward_pass(h_0)

        with torch.no_grad():
            h_settled, v_final, energies, stationarity, _ = model.settle(h_init, x_0, mask, t)

        return self.step_from_settled(
            h_settled,
            x_input=x_t,
            x_0=x_0,
            mask=mask,
            t=t,
            stationarity=stationarity if stationarity else 0.0,
            energies=energies,
            v_final=v_final,
        )

    def step_from_settled(
        self,
        h_settled: list[torch.Tensor],
        *,
        x_input: torch.Tensor,
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
        stationarity: float = 0.0,
        energies: Optional[list[float]] = None,
        v_final: Optional[list[torch.Tensor]] = None,
    ) -> dict:
        """Apply unified updates from a caller-provided settled state."""
        model = self.model

        self.local_update(h_settled, x_0, mask, t, update_readout=True)

        task_lr_scale = self.task_lr_scale
        base_forward_lr = self.lr_forward
        base_embed_lr = self.lr_embed
        if task_lr_scale != 1.0:
            self.set_learning_rates(
                lr_forward=base_forward_lr * task_lr_scale,
                lr_embed=base_embed_lr * task_lr_scale,
            )

        task_loss = self.task_update(
            x_input, x_0, mask, t,
            train_forward=True,
            train_embed=True,
            train_readout=False,
        )

        if task_lr_scale != 1.0:
            self.set_learning_rates(
                lr_forward=base_forward_lr,
                lr_embed=base_embed_lr,
            )

        precision_loss = self.precision_update(h_settled, t)

        with torch.no_grad():
            settled_eval = float(model._masked_cross_entropy(h_settled[model.config.n_layers], x_0, mask).item())
            h_0_eval = model.embed_input(x_input, t)
            h_init_eval = model.amortized_forward_pass(h_0_eval)
            amortized_eval = float(
                model._masked_cross_entropy(h_init_eval[model.config.n_layers], x_0, mask).item()
            )

        return {
            "loss": settled_eval,
            "settled_loss": settled_eval,
            "amortized_loss": amortized_eval,
            "task_loss": task_loss,
            "precision_loss": precision_loss,
            "energies": energies or [],
            "stationarity": stationarity if stationarity else 0.0,
            "n_masked": mask.sum().item(),
            "h_settled": h_settled,
            "v_final": v_final,
            "mask": mask,
            "t": t,
            "energy": energies[-1] if energies else model.measure_energy(h_settled, h_settled, x_0, mask, t),
        }


# =============================================================================
# Online Learning During Inference
# =============================================================================

class InferenceUpdater:
    """Lightweight local updater for online learning during generation.

    Uses prediction errors already computed during settling — no additional
    forward/backward passes needed. This is the key PC advantage: the settling
    process computes everything required for weight updates.

    Uses SGD with momentum (not AdamW) to minimize memory overhead at inference.
    """

    def __init__(self, model: PCSHODLM, lr: float = 1e-5, grad_clip: float = 0.1):
        self.model = model
        self.lr = lr
        self.grad_clip = grad_clip
        self._snapshot = None

        # Per-layer SGD optimizers (lightweight)
        self.forward_opts = [
            torch.optim.SGD(block.parameters(), lr=lr, momentum=0.9)
            for block in model.forward_blocks
        ]
        self.feedback_opts = [
            torch.optim.SGD(block.parameters(), lr=lr, momentum=0.9)
            for block in model.feedback_blocks
        ]
        self.readout_opt = torch.optim.SGD(
            list(model.readout.parameters()) + list(model.readout_norm.parameters()),
            lr=lr, momentum=0.9,
        )

    def snapshot(self):
        """Save parameter snapshot for potential rollback."""
        self._snapshot = {
            name: p.data.clone() for name, p in self.model.named_parameters()
        }

    def rollback(self):
        """Restore parameters from snapshot."""
        if self._snapshot is None:
            return
        for name, p in self.model.named_parameters():
            if name in self._snapshot:
                p.data.copy_(self._snapshot[name])

    def update_from_errors(
        self,
        h_settled: list[torch.Tensor],
        eps_up: list[torch.Tensor],
        eps_down: list[torch.Tensor],
        x_0: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        t: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> float:
        """Apply local weight updates using pre-computed prediction errors.

        Returns total update norm for monitoring.
        """
        model = self.model
        L = model.n_active_layers
        total_norm = 0.0

        # Bottom-up blocks: minimize precision-weighted eps_up
        for l in range(L):
            self.forward_opts[l].zero_grad()
            h_below = h_settled[l].detach()
            mu_up = model.forward_blocks[l](h_below)

            with torch.no_grad():
                tok_p, ch_p = model.precision_up[l](h_settled[l + 1].detach(), t)

            eps = h_settled[l + 1].detach() - mu_up
            loss = 0.5 * (eps * tok_p * ch_p * eps).sum() / x_0.shape[0]
            loss.backward()
            nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.forward_blocks[l].parameters(), self.grad_clip)
            self.forward_opts[l].step()
            total_norm += loss.item()

        # Top-down blocks
        for l in range(L - 1):
            self.feedback_opts[l].zero_grad()
            h_above = h_settled[l + 2].detach()
            mu_down = model.feedback_blocks[l](h_above)

            with torch.no_grad():
                tok_p, ch_p = model.precision_down[l](h_settled[l + 1].detach(), t)

            eps = h_settled[l + 1].detach() - mu_down
            loss = 0.5 * (eps * tok_p * ch_p * eps).sum() / x_0.shape[0]
            loss.backward()
            nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.feedback_blocks[l].parameters(), self.grad_clip)
            self.feedback_opts[l].step()

        # Readout
        self.readout_opt.zero_grad()
        logits = model.readout(model.readout_norm(h_settled[L].detach()))
        mask_logits = logits[mask]
        mask_targets = x_0[mask]
        if mask_logits.numel() > 0:
            rl = F.cross_entropy(mask_logits, mask_targets)
            rl.backward()
            nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
                list(model.readout.parameters()) + list(model.readout_norm.parameters()),
                self.grad_clip,
            )
            self.readout_opt.step()

        return total_norm


# =============================================================================
# Dynamic Layer Manager
# =============================================================================

class DynamicLayerManager:
    """Manages runtime insertion and removal of layers.

    Exploits PC locality: a new layer only needs to become consistent
    with its immediate neighbors. Distant layers are unaffected.
    """

    def __init__(self, model: PCSHODLM):
        self.model = model
        self.history: list[dict] = []

    def insert_layer(self, position: int, init_strategy: str = "identity") -> None:
        """Insert a new layer at the given position.

        Args:
            position: index in the layer stack (0-indexed)
            init_strategy: "identity" (near-identity init) or "random"
        """
        model = self.model
        config = model.config
        device = next(model.parameters()).device

        # Create new modules
        new_forward = BidirectionalTransformerBlock(
            config.d_model, config.n_heads, config.d_ff, config.dropout
        ).to(device)
        new_feedback = FeedbackPredictor(config.d_model, config.feedback_rank).to(device)
        new_prec_up = PrecisionHead(config.d_model, config.n_diffusion_steps).to(device)
        new_prec_down = PrecisionHead(config.d_model, config.n_diffusion_steps).to(device)

        # Identity initialization: zero out the residual path so output ≈ input
        if init_strategy == "identity":
            with torch.no_grad():
                # Zero the final linear in the feedforward and attention output
                for name, param in new_forward.named_parameters():
                    if "ff.3" in name or "ff.2" in name:  # last linear in FF
                        param.zero_()

        # Insert into module lists
        model.forward_blocks.insert(position, new_forward)
        model.precision_up.insert(position, new_prec_up)

        # Feedback and precision_down have n_layers-1 entries
        fb_pos = min(position, len(model.feedback_blocks))
        model.feedback_blocks.insert(fb_pos, new_feedback)
        model.precision_down.insert(min(position, len(model.precision_down)), new_prec_down)

        # Update config
        config.n_layers += 1

        self.history.append({
            "action": "insert",
            "position": position,
            "strategy": init_strategy,
            "new_n_layers": config.n_layers,
        })

    def remove_layer(self, position: int) -> None:
        """Remove a layer at the given position."""
        model = self.model
        config = model.config

        if config.n_layers <= 2:
            raise ValueError("Cannot remove layer: minimum 2 layers required")

        del model.forward_blocks[position]
        del model.precision_up[position]

        fb_pos = min(position, len(model.feedback_blocks) - 1)
        del model.feedback_blocks[fb_pos]
        del model.precision_down[min(position, len(model.precision_down) - 1)]

        config.n_layers -= 1

        self.history.append({
            "action": "remove",
            "position": position,
            "new_n_layers": config.n_layers,
        })


# =============================================================================
# Utility: Model Size
# =============================================================================

def count_parameters(model: nn.Module) -> int:
    return sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters() if p.requires_grad)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Quick sanity check
    config = PCSHOConfig(
        vocab_size=1000,
        max_seq_len=128,
        d_model=256,
        n_heads=4,
        n_layers=4,
        d_ff=512,
        n_diffusion_steps=100,
        n_settling_steps=4,
    )

    model = PCSHODLM(config)
    print(f"PC-SHO-DLM parameters: {count_parameters(model):,}")

    # Test forward pass
    x_0 = torch.randint(1, 1000, (2, 64))
    output = model(x_0)
    print(f"Loss: {output['loss'].item():.4f}")
    print(f"Energy trace: {output['energies']}")
    print(f"Logits shape: {output['logits'].shape}")

    # Test generation
    generated = model.generate(seq_len=32, batch_size=2)
    print(f"Generated shape: {generated.shape}")
    print(f"Generated sample: {generated[0, :10].tolist()}")