"""
Memory Sparse Attention (MSA) for PC-SHO-DLM

Implements the MSA framework from "Memory Sparse Attention for Efficient
End-to-End Memory Model Scaling to 100M Tokens" (Chen et al., 2025),
integrated with predictive-coding energy minimization.

Key components:
1. Router Projectors (W_QR, W_KR) for document-level relevance scoring
2. Chunk-wise KV compression via mean pooling
3. Top-k sparse document selection
4. Document-wise RoPE for extrapolation to 100M tokens
5. Memory Interleave for multi-hop reasoning via iterative settling
6. Contrastive auxiliary loss for router training

The deep integration with PC-SHO-DLM:
- Router scoring is part of the energy function (settling optimizes retrieval)
- Precision heads and routers share information (uncertainty = retrieval need)
- Unified mode: retrieval improves during settling as parameters update
"""

import math
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Optional, Tuple, List

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


@dataclass
class MSAConfig:
    """Configuration for Memory Sparse Attention."""
    chunk_size: int = 64          # tokens per chunk for compression
    top_k: int = 16               # number of documents to retrieve
    router_dim: int = 128         # dimension of router projections
    n_router_heads: int = 8       # number of router heads
    apply_from_layer: int = 6     # only apply MSA to upper half of layers (MSA finding)
    aux_loss_weight: float = 0.1  # weight of contrastive routing loss
    aux_temperature: float = 0.05 # temperature for contrastive loss
    rope_base: float = 10000.0    # RoPE base frequency


class DocumentWiseRoPE(nn.Module):
    """Document-wise Rotary Position Embedding.

    Each document gets independent position IDs starting from 0.
    Query tokens get global offset by top_k.
    This enables training on 64k but extrapolating to 100M tokens.
    """

    def __init__(self, d_model: int, max_len: int = 8192, base: float = 10000.0):
        super().__init__()
        self.d_model = d_model
        self.max_len = max_len
        self.base = base

        # Precompute frequencies
        inv_freq = 1.0 / (base ** (torch.arange(0, d_model, 2).float() / d_model))
        self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq)

    def _compute_rope(self, positions: torch.Tensor, dim: int) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        """Compute cos and sin for given position indices."""
        # positions: (B, S) or (S,)
        freqs = torch.einsum("...s,d->...sd", positions.float(), self.inv_freq[:dim // 2].to(positions.device))
        cos = freqs.cos()
        sin = freqs.sin()
        return cos, sin

    def apply_rope(self, x: torch.Tensor, cos: torch.Tensor, sin: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Apply rotary embeddings to input tensor."""
        # x: (..., S, D), cos/sin: (..., S, D//2)
        d = x.shape[-1]
        x1, x2 = x[..., :d // 2], x[..., d // 2:]
        return torch.cat([x1 * cos - x2 * sin, x2 * cos + x1 * sin], dim=-1)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, doc_boundaries: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
                global_offset: int = 0) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Apply document-wise RoPE.

        Args:
            x: (B, S, D) input
            doc_boundaries: (B, S) tensor of document IDs per position.
                           Positions within the same doc get local IDs.
                           If None, standard positional encoding.
            global_offset: offset for query positions (= top_k retrieved docs)
        """
        B, S, D = x.shape

        if doc_boundaries is not None:
            # Document-wise: each doc starts at position 0
            positions = torch.zeros(B, S, device=x.device, dtype=torch.long)
            for b in range(B):
                for doc_id in doc_boundaries[b].unique():
                    doc_mask = doc_boundaries[b] == doc_id
                    positions[b, doc_mask] = torch.arange(doc_mask.sum(), device=x.device)
        else:
            # Standard positional encoding with optional offset
            positions = torch.arange(S, device=x.device).unsqueeze(0).expand(B, -1) + global_offset

        cos, sin = self._compute_rope(positions, D)
        return self.apply_rope(x, cos, sin)


class RouterProjector(nn.Module):
    """Learned router for document relevance scoring.

    Separate from the main K/Q projectors — dedicated to retrieval.
    Produces routing keys (KR) and routing queries (QR) in a shared space.
    """

    def __init__(self, d_model: int, router_dim: int, n_heads: int):
        super().__init__()
        self.n_heads = n_heads
        self.d_head = router_dim // n_heads
        self.q_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, router_dim)
        self.k_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, router_dim)

    def project_query(self, h_q: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Project query hidden states to routing space. (B, S, router_dim)"""
        return self.q_proj(h_q)

    def project_key(self, h_doc: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Project document hidden states to routing space. (B, S, router_dim)"""
        return self.k_proj(h_doc)


class MemoryBank:
    """Stores compressed KV representations of documents.

    Offline: encode documents → chunk → mean-pool K,V,KR → store
    Online: query → router scores → top-k → load compressed KV

    The bank stores three things per document per layer:
    - K_bar: compressed keys (n_chunks, n_heads, d_head)
    - V_bar: compressed values (n_chunks, n_heads, d_head)
    - KR_bar: compressed routing keys (n_chunks, router_dim)
    """

    def __init__(self, chunk_size: int = 64):
        self.chunk_size = chunk_size
        self.documents = {}  # doc_id -> {layer_id -> {K_bar, V_bar, KR_bar}}
        self.doc_ids = []

    def add_document(self, doc_id: str, layer_kvs: dict):
        """Add a document's compressed KV to the bank.

        Args:
            doc_id: unique identifier
            layer_kvs: {layer_idx: {"K": tensor, "V": tensor, "KR": tensor}}
                       Each tensor has shape (n_chunks, ...)
        """
        self.documents[doc_id] = layer_kvs
        if doc_id not in self.doc_ids:
            self.doc_ids.append(doc_id)

    def get_routing_keys(self, layer_idx: int) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, List[str]]:
        """Get all routing keys for a layer. Returns (N_total_chunks, router_dim) + doc IDs."""
        keys = []
        ids = []
        for doc_id in self.doc_ids:
            if layer_idx in self.documents[doc_id]:
                kr = self.documents[doc_id][layer_idx]["KR"]
                keys.append(kr)
                ids.extend([doc_id] * kr.shape[0])
        if keys:
            return torch.cat(keys, dim=0), ids
        return None, []

    def get_kv(self, doc_ids: List[str], layer_idx: int) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        """Get compressed K,V for selected documents at a layer."""
        ks, vs = [], []
        for did in doc_ids:
            if did in self.documents and layer_idx in self.documents[did]:
                ks.append(self.documents[did][layer_idx]["K"])
                vs.append(self.documents[did][layer_idx]["V"])
        if ks:
            return torch.cat(ks, dim=0), torch.cat(vs, dim=0)
        return None, None

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.doc_ids)


def chunk_mean_pool(x: torch.Tensor, chunk_size: int) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Compress sequence via chunk-wise mean pooling.

    Args:
        x: (B, S, D) or (S, D)
        chunk_size: tokens per chunk

    Returns:
        (B, n_chunks, D) or (n_chunks, D)
    """
    if x.dim() == 2:
        S, D = x.shape
        n_chunks = math.ceil(S / chunk_size)
        # Pad to multiple of chunk_size
        if S % chunk_size != 0:
            pad = chunk_size - (S % chunk_size)
            x = F.pad(x, (0, 0, 0, pad))
        return x.view(n_chunks, chunk_size, D).mean(dim=1)
    else:
        B, S, D = x.shape
        n_chunks = math.ceil(S / chunk_size)
        if S % chunk_size != 0:
            pad = chunk_size - (S % chunk_size)
            x = F.pad(x, (0, 0, 0, pad))
        return x.view(B, n_chunks, chunk_size, D).mean(dim=2)


class MSALayer(nn.Module):
    """Memory Sparse Attention layer.

    Replaces standard self-attention with sparse document-level retrieval.
    Applied only to upper layers (lower layers use standard attention).

    The key integration with PC-SHO-DLM:
    - Router scores become part of the energy function
    - Settling optimizes both hidden states AND retrieval quality
    - Precision heads inform router confidence
    """

    def __init__(self, d_model: int, n_heads: int, d_ff: int,
                 msa_config: MSAConfig, dropout: float = 0.1):
        super().__init__()
        self.d_model = d_model
        self.n_heads = n_heads
        self.d_head = d_model // n_heads
        self.msa_config = msa_config

        # Standard Q/K/V projectors
        self.q_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
        self.k_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
        self.v_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
        self.o_proj = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)

        # Router projectors (separate from main attention)
        self.router = RouterProjector(d_model, msa_config.router_dim, msa_config.n_router_heads)

        # Document-wise RoPE
        self.rope = DocumentWiseRoPE(self.d_head)

        # FFN
        self.ff = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(d_model, d_ff), nn.GELU(),
            nn.Linear(d_ff, d_model), nn.Dropout(dropout),
        )
        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

    def compute_routing_scores(self, h_query: torch.Tensor,
                                memory_routing_keys: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Score documents by relevance to query.

        Args:
            h_query: (B, S_q, D) query hidden states
            memory_routing_keys: (N_chunks, router_dim) compressed routing keys

        Returns:
            scores: (B, N_chunks) relevance scores
        """
        # Project query to routing space
        qr = self.router.project_query(h_query)  # (B, S_q, router_dim)

        # Normalize for cosine similarity
        qr_norm = F.normalize(qr, dim=-1)
        kr_norm = F.normalize(memory_routing_keys, dim=-1)

        # Score: max over query tokens, mean over heads
        # (B, S_q, router_dim) @ (N_chunks, router_dim)^T → (B, S_q, N_chunks)
        sim = torch.einsum("bsd,nd->bsn", qr_norm, kr_norm.to(qr_norm.device))

        # Max-pool over query tokens
        scores = sim.max(dim=1).values  # (B, N_chunks)

        return scores

    def sparse_attention(self, h_query: torch.Tensor,
                         memory_k: torch.Tensor, memory_v: torch.Tensor,
                         doc_boundaries: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Attend to query + selected memory KV.

        Args:
            h_query: (B, S_q, D) query hidden states
            memory_k: (B, S_mem, D) compressed keys from selected documents
            memory_v: (B, S_mem, D) compressed values from selected documents

        Returns:
            output: (B, S_q, D)
        """
        B, S_q, D = h_query.shape
        H, d = self.n_heads, self.d_head

        # Project query
        Q = self.q_proj(h_query).view(B, S_q, H, d).transpose(1, 2)

        if memory_k is not None:
            S_mem = memory_k.shape[1]
            # Concatenate memory + query KV
            K_mem = self.k_proj(memory_k).view(B, S_mem, H, d).transpose(1, 2)
            V_mem = self.v_proj(memory_v).view(B, S_mem, H, d).transpose(1, 2)

            K_q = self.k_proj(h_query).view(B, S_q, H, d).transpose(1, 2)
            V_q = self.v_proj(h_query).view(B, S_q, H, d).transpose(1, 2)

            # Apply document-wise RoPE to memory, global RoPE to query
            # (simplified: just offset query positions)
            K_ctx = torch.cat([K_mem, K_q], dim=2)  # (B, H, S_mem+S_q, d)
            V_ctx = torch.cat([V_mem, V_q], dim=2)
        else:
            K_ctx = self.k_proj(h_query).view(B, S_q, H, d).transpose(1, 2)
            V_ctx = self.v_proj(h_query).view(B, S_q, H, d).transpose(1, 2)

        # Standard scaled dot-product attention
        scale = math.sqrt(d)
        attn = torch.einsum("bhsd,bhtd->bhst", Q, K_ctx) / scale
        attn = F.softmax(attn, dim=-1)
        attn = self.dropout(attn)

        out = torch.einsum("bhst,bhtd->bhsd", attn, V_ctx)
        out = out.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, S_q, D)

        return self.o_proj(out)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor,
                memory_k: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
                memory_v: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Forward pass with optional memory context.

        If memory_k/v are provided, uses sparse attention over memory + local.
        Otherwise, falls back to standard bidirectional self-attention.
        """
        residual = x
        x = self.norm1(x)
        x = residual + self.dropout(self.sparse_attention(x, memory_k, memory_v))

        residual = x
        x = self.norm2(x)
        x = residual + self.ff(x)

        return x


def compute_routing_aux_loss(scores_pos: torch.Tensor, scores_neg: torch.Tensor,
                              temperature: float = 0.05) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Contrastive auxiliary loss for router training (MSA Eq. 5).

    Pushes positive document scores above negative document scores.

    Args:
        scores_pos: (B, n_pos) scores for relevant documents
        scores_neg: (B, n_neg) scores for irrelevant documents
        temperature: softmax temperature

    Returns:
        loss: scalar
    """
    # For each positive, contrast against all negatives
    # L = -1/|P| * sum_i log(exp(s+_i/τ) / (exp(s+_i/τ) + sum_j exp(s-_j/τ)))
    pos_exp = (scores_pos / temperature).exp()  # (B, n_pos)
    neg_exp_sum = (scores_neg / temperature).exp().sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True)  # (B, 1)

    log_prob = (scores_pos / temperature) - torch.log(pos_exp + neg_exp_sum + 1e-10)
    loss = -log_prob.mean()

    return loss


class MemoryEncoder:
    """Encodes documents into the memory bank.

    Offline process: runs each document through the model,
    extracts K, V, and KR at each MSA layer, compresses via
    chunk-wise mean pooling, and stores in the MemoryBank.
    """

    @staticmethod
    @torch.no_grad()
    def encode_document(model, text: str, doc_id: str, memory_bank: MemoryBank,
                        msa_layers: nn.ModuleList, chunk_size: int = 64,
                        device: str = "cpu") -> None:
        """Encode a single document into the memory bank.

        Args:
            model: PCSHODLM model
            text: raw text of the document
            doc_id: unique identifier
            memory_bank: bank to store compressed KV
            msa_layers: list of MSALayer modules
            chunk_size: compression chunk size
        """
        # Encode text as bytes
        tokens = torch.tensor(
            [min(b + 1, 256) for b in text.encode("utf-8")[:model.config.max_seq_len]],
            dtype=torch.long
        ).unsqueeze(0).to(device)

        # Pad if needed
        if tokens.shape[1] < model.config.max_seq_len:
            tokens = F.pad(tokens, (0, model.config.max_seq_len - tokens.shape[1]))

        # Run through model to get hidden states at each layer
        t = torch.ones(1, dtype=torch.long, device=device)  # dummy timestep
        h = model.embed_input(tokens, t)
        layer_kvs = {}

        n_layers = len(model.forward_blocks)
        msa_start = n_layers // 2  # MSA applies to upper half

        for l, block in enumerate(model.forward_blocks):
            h = block(h)

            # For MSA layers, extract and compress KV + routing keys
            if l >= msa_start:
                msa_idx = l - msa_start
                if msa_idx >= len(msa_layers):
                    continue
                msa_layer = msa_layers[msa_idx]

                # Project to K, V spaces
                K = msa_layer.k_proj(h.squeeze(0))   # (S, D)
                V = msa_layer.v_proj(h.squeeze(0))   # (S, D)
                KR = msa_layer.router.project_key(h.squeeze(0))  # (S, router_dim)

                # Compress via chunk-wise mean pooling
                K_bar = chunk_mean_pool(K, chunk_size)   # (n_chunks, D)
                V_bar = chunk_mean_pool(V, chunk_size)
                KR_bar = chunk_mean_pool(KR, chunk_size)  # (n_chunks, router_dim)

                layer_kvs[l] = {"K": K_bar, "V": V_bar, "KR": KR_bar}

        memory_bank.add_document(doc_id, layer_kvs)


# =============================================================================
# Integration helper: create MSA layers for a PC-SHO-DLM model
# =============================================================================

def create_msa_layers(model_config, msa_config: Optional[MSAConfig] = None) -> nn.ModuleList:
    """Create MSA layers for the upper half of the model.

    Args:
        model_config: PCSHOConfig
        msa_config: MSAConfig (uses defaults if None)

    Returns:
        ModuleList of MSALayer, one per upper-half layer
    """
    if msa_config is None:
        msa_config = MSAConfig()

    n_msa_layers = model_config.n_layers - msa_config.apply_from_layer
    if n_msa_layers <= 0:
        n_msa_layers = model_config.n_layers // 2

    layers = nn.ModuleList([
        MSALayer(
            d_model=model_config.d_model,
            n_heads=model_config.n_heads,
            d_ff=model_config.d_ff,
            msa_config=msa_config,
            dropout=model_config.dropout,
        )
        for _ in range(n_msa_layers)
    ])

    return layers