SentenceTransformer based on dunzhang/stella_en_400M_v5

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from dunzhang/stella_en_400M_v5. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: dunzhang/stella_en_400M_v5
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 1024 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: NewModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Dense({'in_features': 1024, 'out_features': 1024, 'bias': True, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity'})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("BelisaDi/stella-tuned-rirag")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What are the recommended best practices for ensuring that all disclosures are prepared in accordance with the PRMS, and how can we validate that our classification and reporting of Petroleum Resources meet the standards set forth?',
    'DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS .\nMaterial Exploration and drilling results\nRule 12.5.1 sets out the reporting requirements relevant to disclosures of material Exploration and drilling results in relation to Petroleum Resources.  Such disclosures should be presented in a factual and balanced manner, and contain sufficient information to allow investors and their advisers to make an informed judgement of its materiality.  Care needs to be taken to ensure that a disclosure does not suggest, without reasonable grounds, that commercially recoverable or potentially recoverable quantities of Petroleum have been discovered, in the absence of determining and disclosing estimates of Petroleum Resources in accordance with Chapter 12 and the PRMS.\n',
    "Notwithstanding this Rule, an Authorised Person would generally be expected to separate the roles of Compliance Officer and Senior Executive Officer. In addition, the roles of Compliance Officer, Finance Officer and Money Laundering Reporting Officer would not be expected to be combined with any other Controlled Functions unless appropriate monitoring and control arrangements independent of the individual concerned will be implemented by the Authorised Person. This may be possible in the case of a Branch, where monitoring and controlling of the individual (carrying out more than one role in the Branch) is conducted from the Authorised Person's home state by an appropriate individual for each of the relevant Controlled Functions as applicable. However, it is recognised that, on a case by case basis, there may be exceptional circumstances in which this may not always be practical or possible.",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 29,547 training samples
Columns: anchor and positive
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive
type string string
details
min: 15 tokens
mean: 34.89 tokens
max: 96 tokens

min: 14 tokens
mean: 115.67 tokens
max: 512 tokens

	anchor	positive
type	string	string
details	min: 15 tokens mean: 34.89 tokens max: 96 tokens	min: 14 tokens mean: 115.67 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive
`Under Rules 7.3.2 and 7.3.3, what are the two specific conditions related to the maturity of a financial instrument that would trigger a disclosure requirement?`	`Events that trigger a disclosure. For the purposes of Rules 7.3.2 and 7.3.3, a Person is taken to hold Financial Instruments in or relating to a Reporting Entity, if the Person holds a Financial Instrument that on its maturity will confer on him: (1) an unconditional right to acquire the Financial Instrument; or (2) the discretion as to his right to acquire the Financial Instrument.`
`Best Execution and Transaction Handling: What constitutes 'Best Execution' under Rule 6.5 in the context of virtual assets, and how should Authorised Persons document and demonstrate this?`	The following COBS Rules should be read as applying to all Transactions undertaken by an Authorised Person conducting a Regulated Activity in relation to Virtual Assets, irrespective of any restrictions on application or any exception to these Rules elsewhere in COBS - (a) Rule 3.4 (Suitability); (b) Rule 6.5 (Best Execution); (c) Rule 6.7 (Aggregation and Allocation); (d) Rule 6.10 (Confirmation Notes); (e) Rule 6.11 (Periodic Statements); and (f) Chapter 12 (Key Information and Client Agreement).
`How does the FSRA define and evaluate "principal risks and uncertainties" for a Petroleum Reporting Entity, particularly for the remaining six months of the financial year?`	A Reporting Entity must: (a) prepare such report: (i) for the first six months of each financial year or period, and if there is a change to the accounting reference date, prepare such report in respect of the period up to the old accounting reference date; and (ii) in accordance with the applicable IFRS standards or other standards acceptable to the Regulator; (b) ensure the financial statements have either been audited or reviewed by auditors, and the audit or review by the auditor is included within the report; and (c) ensure that the report includes: (i) except in the case of a Mining Exploration Reporting Entity or a Petroleum Exploration Reporting Entity, an indication of important events that have occurred during the first six months of the financial year, and their impact on the financial statements; (ii) except in the case of a Mining Exploration Reporting Entity or a Petroleum Exploration Reporting Entity, a description of the principal risks and uncertainties for the remaining six months of the financial year; and (iii) a condensed set of financial statements, an interim management report and associated responsibility statements.

Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

{
    "scale": 20.0,
    "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

learning_rate: 2e-05
auto_find_batch_size: True

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: no
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 8
per_device_eval_batch_size: 8
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 3
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: True
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss
0.1354	500	0.3078
0.2707	1000	0.3142
0.4061	1500	0.2546
0.5414	2000	0.2574
0.6768	2500	0.247
0.8121	3000	0.2532
0.9475	3500	0.2321
1.0828	4000	0.1794
1.2182	4500	0.1588
1.3535	5000	0.154
1.4889	5500	0.1592
1.6243	6000	0.1632
1.7596	6500	0.1471
1.8950	7000	0.1669
2.0303	7500	0.1368
2.1657	8000	0.0982
2.3010	8500	0.1125
2.4364	9000	0.089
2.5717	9500	0.0902
2.7071	10000	0.0867
2.8424	10500	0.1017
2.9778	11000	0.0835

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.1.1
Transformers: 4.45.2
PyTorch: 2.5.0+cu124
Accelerate: 1.0.1
Datasets: 3.0.2
Tokenizers: 0.20.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}