best_bvv_zh

📚 Paper (Emergent Semantics Beyond Token Embeddings: Transformer LMs with Frozen Visual Unicode Representations) - 📚 Paper (Growing Transformers: Modular Composition and Layer-wise Expansion on a Frozen Substrate) - 💻 Code

best_bvv_zh is a conceptual bilingual (English + Chinese) transformer language model trained from scratch on a limited-size 9B-token corpus, as a demonstration of the frozen-embedding hypothesis for robust, language-agnostic and easily-combinable language models.

• Embedding matrix is frozen after visual-based (Unicode-morpheme) initialization.
• All transformer layers and output head are trainable.

Key features

• Trained on small English+Chinese dataset.

• Vocabulary: 131072 (Unicode/visual + frequent n-grams).

• 16-layer transformer, 1024 hidden dim, 32 heads.

• Demonstrates that frozen, compositional, language-agnostic embeddings allow for stable representation learning and can be directly combined into Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models.

• Direct comparison to "unfrozen" version Bochkov/best_bvv_unfrozen_zh.

Intended use

• Academic and engineering demonstration.
• Proof-of-concept for multilingual/fusion/frozen-embedding MoE research.
• NOT intended or suitable for actual production generation or factual knowledge (corpus ~9B tokens only).

Model comparison (vs unfrozen baseline)

Model	Total Params	MMLU avg (%)	BLEU en-zh (%)	BLEU zh-en (%)
Bochkov/best_bvv_zh (frozen)	0.5B	19.4	1.41	7.78
Bochkov/best_bvv_unfrozen_zh (baseline)	0.5B	14.0	1.65	5.93

Quick Start

You can load the tokenizer and the frozen embedding matrix using the transformers library and huggingface_hub:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained('Bochkov/best_bvv_ru', trust_remote_code=True).to('cuda')
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('Bochkov/best_bvv_ru')
inputs = tokenizer("Hello, мир! ", return_tensors="pt").to('cuda')
outputs = model.generate(
    **inputs, 
    max_new_tokens=100, 
    temperature=0.8, 
    top_k=50, 
    top_p=0.95, 
    do_sample=True
)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Citation

If you use or build upon this work, please cite the associated papers:

@article{
      bochkov2025emergent,
      title={Emergent Semantics Beyond Token Embeddings: Transformer {LM}s with Frozen Visual Unicode Representations},
      author={Andrey Bochkov},
      journal={Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
      issn={2835-8856},
      year={2025},
      url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=Odh8IynO1o},
      note={}
}

@misc{bochkov2025growingtransformersmodularcomposition,
      title={Growing Transformers: Modular Composition and Layer-wise Expansion on a Frozen Substrate}, 
      author={A. Bochkov},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2507.07129},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07129}, 
}