from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
model = SentenceTransformer("DIS-Project/bert_lang_trained_on_all_data_model_push_00")
sentences = [
"Quelles sont les missions assurées par le DCRE à Bel-Abbès après la cessation du REI le ?",
"Dana Tyrone Rohrabacher (; born June 21, 1947) is a former American politician, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1989 to 2019. A Republican, he formerly represented for the last three terms of his House tenure.\n\nRohrabacher ran for re-election to Congress in 2018, losing to Democrat Harley Rouda. He was the longest-serving House incumbent to lose reelection in 2018. Rohrabacher has expressed strong pro-Russia and pro-Putin opinions, which have raised questions about his relationship with Vladimir Putin and the Russian government.\n\nEarly life, education, and career\nRohrabacher was born on June 21, 1947, in Coronado, California, the son of Doris M. (née Haring) and Donald Tyler Rohrabacher. He attended elementary school locally, and during his college years, he lived in Sunset Beach. Rohrabacher graduated from Palos Verdes High School in Palos Verdes Estates, California, attended community college at Los Angeles Harbor College, and earned a bachelor's degree in history at California State University, Long Beach in 1969. He received his master's degree in American Studies at the University of Southern California.\n\nWhile in graduate school and during the early 1970s, Rohrabacher had a side activity as a folk singer. He was also a writer for the Orange County Register. At this time he was considered a free-market anarchist and libertarian activist, following his previous membership in Young Americans for Freedom. Libertarian author Samuel Konkin recalled Rohrabacher as \"a charismatic campus activist, radicalized by Robert LeFevre who provided him with small funding to travel the country with his instrument and folk songs from campus to campus, converting YAF chapters into Libertarian Alliances and SIL chapters.\"\n\nRohrabacher served as assistant press secretary to Ronald Reagan during his 1976 and 1980 presidential campaigns. Rohrabacher then worked as a speechwriter and special assistant to President Reagan from 1981 to 1988. During his tenure at the White House, Rohrabacher played a leading role in the formulation of the Reagan Doctrine.\n\nU.S. House of Representatives\n\nElections\nRohrabacher left the Reagan administration in 1988 to pursue Dan Lungren's recently vacated House seat. With his friend Oliver North's fundraising help, Rohrabacher won the Republican primary with a plurality of 35%. He won the general election with 64% of the vote. He twice experienced serious primary competition, in 1992 and 1998. After redistricting, he won a three-candidate primary election in 1992 with a plurality of 48%. In 1998, he won an open primary with 54% of the vote. In general elections, only one time, in 2008, did he receive less than 55% of the vote, until he was defeated.\n\n2008\n\nIn 2008, Rohrabacher defeated Democratic nominee Debbie Cook, mayor of Huntington Beach, 53%–43%, the lowest winning percentage of Rohrabacher's career.\n\n2010\n\nIn 2010, Rohrabacher defeated Democratic nominee Ken Arnold 62%–38%.\n\n2012\n\nAfter redistricting, Rohrabacher announced in 2012 that he would run in the newly redrawn 48th Congressional district. He said \"The new 48th District is a good fit and something that will enable me to serve my constituents and the country well.\" He won re-election in this Orange County district, with 61% of the vote.\n\n2014\n\nRohrabacher won reelection with 64.1% of the vote.\n\n2016\n\nRohrabacher won reelection with 58.3% of the vote.\n\n2018\n\nIn March 2018, CNN reported that Erik Prince, a former intern of Rohrabacher while he was freshman congressman in 1990 and very close ally of Rohrabacher, hosted a fundraiser at Prince's Virginia home with expected attendees including Oliver North on March 18, 2018. On October 12, 2018, the Los Angeles Times reported that the Congressional Leadership Fund, a Super PAC closely associated with House Speaker Paul Ryan, had passed over Rohrabacher in its initial round of broadcast television advertising across Southern California. Rohrabacher's campaign denied this, saying that CLF had spent \"about $2.4 million and they have an additional $1 million in media buys scheduled\" for Rohrabacher.\n\nDemocrat Harley Rouda was declared the winner on November 10, 2018.\n\nTenure\n\nIn 1990, Rohrabacher opposed the National Endowment of the Arts and joined Mel Hancock in demanding its abolition. In a February letter to other members of Congress, Rohrabacher sent a photograph by artist and AIDS activist David Wojnarowicz. In April, liberal constitutional rights group People for the American Way announced its intent to launch a newspaper advert campaign against Rohrabacher.\n\nWestern vice president of the organization Michael Hudson stated, \"Americans overwhelmingly reject censorship of the arts and support the NEA. Rep. Rohrabacher has taken the leading role in the House calling for the abolishment of the NEA. If we are to win this battle, we must energize and mobilize the creative community here in Los Angeles.\" Rohrabacher welcomed the announcement, stating that his constituents \"don't want federal dollars to go to sacrilegious or obscene art\" and that it would help voters to understand the issue. Explaining his position, Rohrabacher stated that he did not believe \"anyone should be prevented from seeing what they want to see or painting what they want to paint...on their own time and their own dime. But if you get a government subsidy, that's another question.\"\n\nIn October, the House passed a bill to reauthorize funds for the NEA with the directive that the organization could not fund obscene art. Rohrabacher introduced an amendment that would include specific guidelines on the kind of art projects that could not be funded, such as works that were sexually explicit or denigrated the American flag or religions, the amendment being rejected by a vote of 249-175. Rohrabacher stated his amendment was supposed to ensure that the federal government was \"not subsidizing obscenity, child pornography, attacks on religion, desecration of the American flag or any other of the outrages we have seen in the past.\" By the time the House passed the bill, Rohrabacher had become known as \" the House's most outspoken critic of the NEA\".\n\nRace quotas\nIn October 1991, Rohrabacher wrote a letter to the civil rights division of the Education Department after seven Filipino students complained to the media that they were denied admission to the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Rohrabacher requested the department conduct a federal civil rights investigation on what seemed to be \"a quota based upon race that illegally discriminates against Filipino-Americans and possibly applicants of other races\". UCSD vice chancellor for undergraduate affairs Joseph Watson refused the letter, dismissing Rohrabacher as \"wrong when he says that 40% of admissions are reserved for certain races\". He stated that the school ranks all applicants using a grade-based formula. Watson charged Rohrabacher with fanning hysteria over discrimination: \"The Rohrabacher approach is to play to public fears that something fishy is going on. We don't want anyone to feel we're not giving everyone a fair and equitable review that can stand up to any scrutiny.\"\n\nElection fraud and conviction\nRohrabacher was charged with improper use of campaign contributions in the 1995 state assembly election for providing money from his campaign and giving it to his Campaign Manager, and future wife, Rhonda Carmony (R) in order to promote a decoy Democratic candidate, Laurie Campbell, to draw away votes from the primary Democratic candidate Linda Moulton-Patterson, who was running against Republican Candidate Scott R. Baugh. Rohrabacher was found guilty and fined $50,000. (1995)\n\nImpeachment of Bill Clinton\n\nIn November 1997, Rohrabacher was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry against President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations. This was an early effort to impeach Clinton, predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998. On October 8, 1998, Rohrabacher voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry. On December 19, 1998, Rohrabacher voted in favor of all four articles of impeachment against Clinton (only two of which received the needed majority of votes).\n\nNational Defense Bill\nIn 2011, Rohrabacher voted against the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012.\n\nJack Wu embezzlement\nIn June 2015, Rohrabacher released a statement accusing former treasurer of his reelection committee, Jack Wu, of embezzling more than $170,000 from his campaign. Rohrabacher's attorney Charles H. Bell Jr. stated that the congressman had filed criminal charges against Wu with the Orange County district attorney and state attorney general.\n\n2011 visit to Iraq\nDuring a trip to Iraq in June 2011, he said that Iraq should pay back the US for all the money it had spent since the invasion, when it becomes a wealthy country. Rohrabacher also commented he would be holding a hearing with the Sub-Committee on Oversight and Investigations into whether Iraq committed \"crimes against humanity\" during an attack on Camp Ashraf in April 2011. The incident left 34 residents killed and over 300 wounded. The delegation was denied access to the camp by Iraqi government, citing their sovereignty. Rohrabacher's delegation was subsequently asked to leave the country.\n\nPayment for 30-year-old screenplay\nOn November 4, 2005, the Los Angeles Times reported that Rohrabacher was paid $23,000 for a 30-year-old screen play he had written. At issue was whether the producer paid him for the screenplay or for introductions to congressional and federal officials. Rohrabacher said that the introductions were made in good faith, were nothing that was not done regularly for legitimate causes, and that the introductions had only become an issue because of Joseph Medawar's alleged misdeeds. In May 2006, Rohrabacher announced through his press secretary that he would return the $23,000. The decision was made public shortly before Medawar took responsibility in a United States District Court for bilking $3.4 million from about 50 investors.\n\n2016 consideration for Secretary of State\nFollowing the election of Donald Trump in 2016, Rohrabacher was on the shortlist for Secretary of State along with Mitt Romney and eventual pick Rex Tillerson.\n\nTrump protesters turned away from office\nIn February 2017, Rohrabacher faced criticism for refusing to meet with constituents that showed up at his local Huntington Beach office. The constituents were upset with his support of President Donald Trump. Police were called to remove the constituents.\n\nCommittee assignments\n\n Committee on Foreign Affairs\n Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia\n Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (Chairman)\n Committee on Science, Space and Technology\n Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics\n Subcommittee on Energy and Environment\n\nRohrabacher chaired the Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee of the House Science Committee from 1997 until January 2005; he received a two-year waiver to serve beyond the six-year term limit.\n\nAs a senior member of the International Relations Committee, Rohrabacher led the effort to deny Most Favored Nation trading status to the People's Republic of China, citing that nation's dismal human rights record and opposition to democracy. His subcommittee assignments were East Asia and Pacific, and Middle East and South Asia.\n\nCaucus memberships\n Congressional Cannabis Caucus\n Congressional Human Rights Caucus\nUnited States Congressional International Conservation Caucus\n Congressional Taiwan Caucus\n Sportsmen's Caucus\n Freedom Caucus\n House Baltic Caucus\n\nForeign and security policy positions\n\nRussia\nEarly in Rohrabacher's congressional career in 1990 or 1991, KGB agent and deputy mayor of Saint Petersburg Vladimir Putin and two other Russians entered Rohrabacher's congressional office in Washington D.C. who subsequently became close friends according to Rohrabacher during a 2013 interview with KPCC.\n\nRohrabacher called the Russian banker Aleksandr Torshin, a Putin ally, \"sort of the conservatives' favorite Russian\".\n\nOn September 8, 2008, at a House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee meeting, Rohrabacher argued that the Georgians had initiated a recent military confrontation in the ongoing Russia–Georgia war.\n\nIn 2012, the FBI warned Rohrabacher that Rohrabacher's support for Russia's interests was allowing Russia to cultivate him for its purposes.\n\nIn February 2013, Rohrabacher gave a speech urging the right to self-determination for the Baloch people in Pakistan at an UNPO conference in London.\n\nIn April 2014, he tweeted that \"If majority of people legally residing in Alaska want to be part of Russia then its OK with me.\" In February 2017, he responded to the April 2014 tweet by writing \"We fought a war against slavery. With out that factor if majority in any state wants out, let them go.\"\n\nIn April 2016, Rohrabacher and a member of his staff, Paul Behrends, traveled to Russia and returned with Yuri Chaika's confidential talking points memo about incriminating information on Democratic donors which were later discussed in the Trump Tower meeting on June 9, 2016. The talking points paper used at the Trump Tower meeting in June by Natalia Veselnitskaya was very similar to the document Rohrabacher had obtained from Chaika in April and included some paragraphs verbatim.\n\nIt has been reported in multiple sources that Rohrabacher is known for his long-time friendship with Russia's Vladimir Putin and his defense of \"the Russian point of view.\" On June 15, 2016, then-House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy told a group of Republicans, \"There's two people I think Putin pays: Rohrabacher and Trump. Swear to God.\" Then-House Speaker Paul Ryan ended the conversation, saying \"No leaks. This is how we know we're a real family here.\" The Republicans present were sworn to secrecy. Brendan Buck, counselor to Paul Ryan, initially denied these reports, but was then told The Washington Post had a recording. After the recording was leaked by the Post in May 2017, McCarthy said the comment was intended as a joke which had not worked.\n\nIt was not reported for another year that around that time, Rohrabacher had planned, in his capacity as chair of the Europe subcommittee, to hold a hearing on the Magnitsky Act, which bars certain Russian officials from entering the United States or holding any financial assets in American banks. At the hearing Bill Browder, the American-born investor who had lobbied for the act's passage after what he claims was the illegal appropriation of his hedge fund's assets and the subsequent murder of his Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky, was to testify. Rohrabacher planned to subject him to what was described as a \"show trial\", where in addition to questioning Browder closely and skeptically about his claims, a feature-length documentary film critical of the Magnitsky claims, directed by Andrei Nekrasov, was to be shown in its entirety. Among the other witnesses scheduled to testify were Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya, a longtime lobbyist against the Magnitsky Act; at around the same time, she had attended a meeting with Donald Trump Jr, Jared Kushner and Trump's then-campaign manager Paul Manafort at which the Russians purportedly offered to share negative information about Hillary Clinton, Trump's opponent in that year's election. In July 2017, Browder testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee that persons supporting the interests of foreign governments or acting on their behalf, especially Russia, must comply with Foreign Agents Registratin Act (FARA) requirements and that no one behind the screening of the Andrei Nekrasov film had met the disclosure filings under FARA.\n\nWhen Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Ed Royce learned of the plans, he canceled the hearing and forbade Rohrabacher from showing the film. In its stead, he held a full committee hearing on U.S.-Russia relations at which Rohrabacher was allowed to submit some of the pro-Russian claims into evidence. The film was ultimately shown at the Newseum, and an intern in Rohrabacher's office who later worked for the Trump transition team sent emails promoting the film from the subcommittee offices.\n\nAfter Donald Trump won the 2016 presidential election, Rohrabacher defended his approach to improving Russian–American relations. He had previously met at least twice to discuss Russian sanctions with Rinat Akhmetshin, a former Soviet spy \"who met with President Trump's son, son-in-law and campaign manager in June 2016\".\n\nIn a May 2017 interview with CNN, Rohrabacher said, \"We have a huge double standard with Russia when it comes to prisoners and other things,\" and further stated that interference by the Russian intelligence services' in the 2016 U.S. election was the same as the National Security Agency (NSA) bugging German Chancellor Angela Merkel's phone.\n\nIn July 2017, Rohrabacher voted for imposing new sanctions on Iran, North Korea, and Russia.\n\nIn February 2020, it was reported that in August 2017, Rohrabacher met with Julian Assange in the Ecuadorian Embassy in London to offer Assange a pardon from President Trump if Assange can offer material supporting Seth Rich as the source of email leaks from the Democratic National Committee during 2016 and not Russians.\n\nIn October 2017, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs placed restrictions on Rohrabacher's ability to use committee money to pay for foreign travel due to concerns over his interest in Russia.\n\nIn an interview with Fox Business Channel on August 24, 2018, Rohrabacher attacked Attorney General Jeff Sessions, because Sessions had refused to fire Robert Mueller and shut down the Russia collusion investigation. He said: \"The fact that Jeff Sessions has not quit is a disloyalty to this president and to the country, the fact is, if he disagrees with what the president wants him to do, he should resign.\"\n\nIt was reported in February 2020 Rohrabacher told Yahoo News his goal during a meeting with Julian Assange was to find evidence for a widely debunked conspiracy theory that WikiLeaks' real source was not Russian intelligence agents for the DNC emails but former DNC staffer Seth Rich. Stephanie Grisham, White House spokesperson for President Trump, stated that Trump barely knew Rohrabacher, except that he was an ex-congressman, and has not spoken with Rohrabacher \"on this subject or almost any subject\". On February 19, 2020, Edward Fitzgerald, Julian Assange's barrister, asserted at Westminster Magistrates' Court in London that Rohrabacher had been sent on behalf of President Trump in August 2017 to offer Assange a pardon from Trump if Assange could release material to show that Russian intelligence were not involved in the 2016 United States election interference.\n\nTerrorism\nIn 2006, Rohrabacher chaired the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the U.S. House Committee on International Relations, which investigated whether the Oklahoma City bombers had assistance from foreign sources; the committee determined there was no conclusive evidence of a foreign connection. In the 113th Congress, Rohrabacher was chair of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats.\n\nSpeaking about Islam, he said during a hearing in April 2013, \"I hope we all work together against a religion that will motivate people to murder children and other threats to us as a civilization.\"\n\nIn 2014, Rohrabacher suggested that Iraq's borders be redrawn in response to the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.\n\nIn the wake of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, Rohrabacher put out a press release stating that he felt \"outrage\" and a \"renewed commitment to defeat and destroy the radical Islamic movement that fosters such mayhem.\" He stressed that Americans must \"be sure not to label all Muslims as terrorist murderers.\" Rohrabacher met Seddique Mateen, the father of the shooter, in 2014 during routine meetings with constituents. He called Mateen an \"estranged individual.\"\n\nOn June 10, 2017, during a House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing on Lebanon's Hezbollah, a day after two ISIL attacks in Tehran, Rohrabacher said that:\n\nIn a further statement to clarify his position, Rohrabacher wrote that he opposes \"the use of force against unarmed civilians no matter who is the victim or who is doing the killing\" but he is also against \"Iran's vicious Mullah monarchy\" and \"when it comes to Sunni terrorists or Shiite terrorists, I prefer them to target each other rather than any other victims, especially innocent civilians and Americans.\" He added that it will \"require support for those proud Iranians who want to win their freedom and heritage from Mullahs and are willing to fight for it. That does not include Isis, but it may include a lot of Iranians who see blowing up Khomeini's mausoleum as an expression of freedom from the yolk [sic] of Islamic terror.\"\n\nDefense of interrogation techniques and extraordinary rendition\nOn April 17, 2007, during a House hearing on trans-Atlantic relations, Rohrabacher defended the Bush administration's program of extraordinary rendition. He said that the unfair treatment of one innocent suspect is an acceptable \"unfortunate consequence\" of holding others who would otherwise be free to commit terror acts. After he received boos and groans from the gallery, Rohrabacher responded, \"Well, I hope it's your families, I hope it's your families that suffer the consequences,\" and \"I hope it's your family members that die.\" Rohrabacher was subsequently interrupted by protesters wearing orange jumpsuits who were removed from the gallery. For his comment that imprisoning and torturing one innocent person was a fair price to pay for locking up 50 terrorists who would \"go out and plant a bomb and kill 20,000 people\", on April 25 Rohrabacher was named Countdown with Keith Olbermann's \"Worst Person in the World\".\n\nAfghanistan\nRohrabacher's interest in Afghanistan extends back at least to the late 1980s, before his time in office, when he entered the country in the company of mujahedin fighters who were fighting Soviet occupation forces. Reportedly, these fighters \"actually engaged Soviet troops in combat near the city of Jalalabad during the two months Rohrabacher was with them.\" In the years after the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989), Rohrabacher said his \"passion\" was to bring back the country's exiled king, Muhammad Zahir Shah.\n\nIn 2003, Rohrabacher defended the new Afghan constitution against those who saw in it mainly empowerment of warlords, saying:\n\nRohrabacher has since become a proponent of withdrawing from Afghanistan. He protested against the troop build-up in Afghanistan by President Obama, saying \"If the Taliban is going is be defeated, it's got to be by the Afghan people themselves, not by sending more U.S. troops, which could actually be counterproductive.\" When Congressman Jim McGovern offered an amendment in 2011 requiring the Pentagon to draw up an exit plan from Afghanistan, Rohrabacher was just one of six Republicans to sign on. Rohrabacher voted for McGovern's Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act, requiring an exit plan from Afghanistan. The bill failed by a 204–215 margin.\n\nRohrabacher was against former President Obama's gradual drawdown of troops, instead supporting a full withdrawal. Saying \"If we're going to leave, we should leave.\" Rohrabacher has said that \"The centralized system of government foisted upon the Afghan people is not going to hold after we leave.\" And \"So let's quit prolonging the agony and inevitable. Karzai's regime is corrupt and non representative of Afghanistan's tribal culture. This failed strategy is not worth one more drop of American blood. Under the current strategy, our military presence alienates more Afghans that it pacifies. So if you're going to pull the plug, then we need to get the hell out now.\" Rohrabacher has repeatedly raised high-level concerns in the US Congress and Washington, D.C., about the significant corruption in Afghanistan, including the Kabul Bank scandal, where hundreds of millions of U.S. taxpayers' dollars allegedly disappeared in a short period of time at the apparent hands of close Karzai family members, including brothers Mahmoud Karzai (a.k.a. Mahmood Karzai) and Ahmed Wali Karzai. Rohrabacher worked to bring attention to the systemic corruption in the Karzai government and cut U.S. taxpayers' funding for these wasteful projects and programs, involving corruption within the Hamid Karzai government.\n\nIn April 2012, CNN reported that \"A top Republican on the House Foreign Affairs committee was asked by the State Department not to go to Afghanistan because President Hamid Karzai objected to the visit. ... Dana Rohrabacher, R-California, told Security Clearance he was readying to travel with five other Republicans from Dubai to Afghanistan's capital, Kabul, when the State Department requested he stay behind.\"\n\nBosnia and Kosovo independence\n\nRohrabacher was opposed to the involvement of American ground troops in the Yugoslav Wars. He advocated for the direct bombing of the military on Yugoslav soil, criticizing the ineffectiveness of western forces against the Bosnian Serbs. (NATO was limited to small fixed attacks, as these Serbs penetrated UN safe areas and attacked Bosniak forces.) Rohrabacher said they \"should bomb Serbia's military infrastructure, in Serbia – get that, in Serbia – rather than dropping a couple of duds on tents, which only proves the West's gutlessness, and emboldens Serbian cutthroats.\" Rohrabacher considered the events in Bosnia to constitute genocide. In 1995, Rohrabacher personally visited Sarajevo in Bosnia, criticizing the devastation Serb forces inflicted on the city, saying \"This is a loss to all mankind, not just to the people of Sarajevo.\" He also encountered vagabond children asking for money.\n\nIn 2001, the leader of the Albanian American Civic League ethnic lobby group, Joseph J. DioGuardi, praised Rohrabacher for his support to the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), a militia that was once labeled by Bill Clinton's special envoy to the Balkans Robert Gelbard as a terrorist organization, saying \"He was the first member of Congress to insist that the United States arm the Kosova Liberation Army, and one of the few members who to this day publicly supports the independence of Kosova.\" Also in 2001, Rohrabacher gave a speech in support of American equipping the KLA with weaponry, comparing it to French support of America in the Revolutionary War, saying \"Based on our own experience, the Kosova Liberation Army should have been armed. ... If the U.S. had armed the KLA in 1998, we would not be where we are today. The 'freedom fighters' would have secured their freedom and Kosova would be independent.\"\n\nChina \nAfter a reconnaissance flight over the Spratly Islands in 1998, Rohrabacher said, \"We can't ignore this bullying by the Communist Chinese in the Spratlys. The presence of the Chinese military troops...is not only a concern of the Philippines. It is also a concern of the U.S. and other democratic countries in the world.\"\n\nIn July 1999, Rohrabacher led the House floor in opposition to legislation normalizing trade ties between the United States and China. The following year, as the House weighed another China trade bill, Rohrabacher said the trade bill was a giveaway to a select number of American billionaires and the Beijing regime, adding that President Bill Clinton could call \"communist China 'our strategic partner' until his face turns blue, but it won't make them any less red.\"\n\nIn 2011 interviews, Rohrabacher described the Chinese government under the leadership of Hu Jintao as \"a gangster regime that murders its own people\" and described the Chinese government as Nazis.\n\nIn December 2016, after President-elect Trump had a phone call with President of Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen, Rohrabacher said the call had \"showed the dictators in Beijing that he's not a pushover\" and that China \"has had an enormously aggressive foreign policy\".\n\nOrgan harvesting in China\n\nIn 2012 Rohrabacher stated,\n\nand\n\nIraq War\nRohrabacher voted in support of the Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq in 2002, a position that he later said was \"a mistake\".\n\nIran\nIn August 2012, Rohrabacher noted on his official website that he had written a letter addressed to the U.S. State Department, noting his support of U.S. sponsorship of separatist movements in Iran. This elicited criticism from the Iranian-American community, which included challenging Rohrabacher's understanding of the historical background alluded to in his letter to the Department of State.\n\nIn June 2017, a day after an ISIL attack in Tehran, during a House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing, Rohrabacher stated: \"Isn't it a good thing for us to have the United States finally backing up Sunnis who will attack Hezbollah and the Shiite threat to us, isn't that a good thing?\" This comment was strongly criticized by the National Iranian American Council, which wrote, \"Rohrabacher has a long history of bizarre and offensive statements on Iran, but his callousness toward the Iranian victims of ISIS terror might be his most callous and extreme thus far.\"\n\nRohrabacher supported removing the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) from the United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations; it was included on the list from 1997 to 2012. Rohrabacher received $10,300 from the MEK between 2013 and 2015.\n\nAid to Pakistan\nIn May 2011, in the wake of Osama Bin Laden's death, Rohrabacher introduced a bill to stop aid to Pakistan, stating that members of the government and of Pakistan's security force, the ISI, were either sheltering Bin Laden or completely incompetent. \"We can no longer afford this foolishness. ... The time has come for us to stop subsidizing those who actively oppose us. Pakistan has shown itself not to be America's ally.\" Rohrabacher also demanded the return of the US helicopter that crashed in the operation to kill Bin Laden, stating \"If this is not done immediately, it is probable, given Pakistan's history, that our technology has already found its way into the hands of the Communist Chinese military that is buying, building, and stealing the necessary military technology to challenge the United States.\"\n\nIn June 2017, while speaking to Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs Tina Kaidanow, Rohrabacher said, \"We need to go on the record here, in this part of our government, to say that we're not going to be providing weapons systems to Pakistan that we're afraid are going to shoot down our own people. And we know they're engaged in terrorism.\"\n\nSupport for Mohiuddin Ahmed\nIn 2007, Rohrabacher supported Mohiuddin Ahmed, a detainee in the U.S., who was said to be involved in an attempted coup in Bangladesh, during which several people were murdered. He was convicted of the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first President of Bangladesh. Bangladesh's extradition request was halted as Rohrabacher voiced concern about his legal rights, saying that he should be sent somewhere with no death penalty. His support was applauded by both Amnesty International and the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Mohiuddin Ahmed was found guilty of being a participant in the assassinations and was executed on January 28, 2010.\n\nTaiwan\n\nAfter President-elect Donald Trump answered a congratulatory phone call from democratically elected President of Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen on December 2, 2016, Rohrabacher said Trump's phone call with Taiwan's president was \"terrific\" because of the diplomatic warning it sent to China. \"He showed the dictators in Beijing that he's not a pushover.\" He emphasized, \"China has had an enormously aggressive foreign policy and by him actually going to Taiwan, he's showing the people in Beijing that they cannot have this aggressive foreign policy and expect to be treated just the same by an American president.\"\n\nUkraine\nRohrabacher gave a \"qualified defense\" of the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014. On March 6, 2014, he was one of 23 members of the House of Representatives to vote against a $1 billion loan guarantee to support the new government of Ukraine. In the March 11, 2014, House of Representatives vote (402 voting yes; 7 opposed) to condemn Russia for violating Ukraine's sovereignty, Rohrabacher voted \"present\". Commenting on the issue, he stated, \"Starting with our own American Revolution, groups of people have declared themselves, rightfully, to be under a different government or a government of their choosing. People forget that's what our Declaration of Independence is all about.\" He also said, \"The sanctions are an abomination of hypocrisy. This is ridiculous: What we were doing with the violence and military action we took to secure the Kosovars' right to self-determination was far more destructive and had far more loss of life than what Putin's done trying to ensure the people of Crimea are not cut off from what they would choose as their destiny with Russia.\"\n\nUzbekistan\nDuring a US Congressional delegation's visit to Uzbekistan in February 2013, Rohrabacher made several controversial statements. The chief among those statements was that the United States should treat Uzbekistan like Saudi Arabia by disregarding the former's human rights abuses in achieving America's national interests, particularly in selling armaments and drones to Uzbekistan.\n\nNorth Macedonia\nIn 2017, in an interview for an Albanian TV channel Vizion Plus Rohrabacher suggested that Macedonia \"is not a country\" and that the \"Kosovars and Albanians from Macedonia should be part of Kosovo and the rest of Macedonia should be part of Bulgaria or any other country to which they believe they are related\", which provoked a response from the Macedonian foreign ministry which accused him of inflaming \"nationalistic rhetoric\".\n\nTurkey \nIn the wake of the clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in May 2017, Rohrabacher called Donald Trump to never invite Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan again to the United States, and to bar Americans from purchasing Turkish government debt.\n\nEritrea \nIn August 2017, Rohrabacher proposed amending the Department of Defense budget whereby the United States would establish military ties with Eritrea. Rohrabacher suggested that the two countries should cooperate in fighting the War on Terror, curbing Iranian influence in the Yemeni Civil War, and securing the Red Sea region. At the time of Rohrabacher's proposal, Eritrea was subject to international sanctions due to its alleged support of Al-Shabaab in Somalia, and to U.S. sanctions against the Eritrean Navy following an alleged shipment of North Korean military hardware to Eritrea.\n\nJulian Assange \nIn August 2017, Rohrabacher attended a meeting in London with Julian Assange organized and attended by right-wing political activist Charles C. Johnson. Rohrabacher said that the discussion was about the possibility of a presidential pardon in exchange for Assange supplying information on the theft of emails from the Democratic National Committee, which were published by WikiLeaks before the 2016 presidential election. In October 2017, Rohrabacher and Johnson met with Senator Rand Paul (R-Kentucky) to discuss Assange supplying information about the source of leaked emails. However, Assange responded to news accounts of the meeting, tweeting, \"WikiLeaks never has and never will reveal a source. Offers have been made to me—not the other way around. I do not speak to the public through third parties.\"\n\nOther foreign policy\n\nIn March 2005, Rohrabacher introduced HR 1061, the American Property Claims Against Ethiopia Act, which would \"prohibit United States assistance to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia until the Ethiopian government returns all property of United States citizens\". The bill was introduced by Rohrabacher at the behest of Gebremedhin Berhane, a former Eritrean national and friend of the Rohrabacher family, after his business was expropriated by the Ethiopian government.\n\nOn March 7, 2006, Rohrabacher introduced HR 4895, an amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, \"to limit the provision of the United States military assistance and the sale, transfer, or licensing of United States military equipment or technology to Ethiopia\".\n\nDuring an appearance on MSNBC's The Ed Show, Rohrabacher accused Barack Obama of allowing violence in Iran to get out of hand because he did not speak forcefully enough against the country's leadership. He also said that Gorbachev tore down the Berlin Wall because Reagan told him to (\"Tear down this wall\").\n\nIn early 2010, he went to Honduras to commend the election of the new president. His entourage included a group of Californian property investors and businessmen, a dealer in rare coins, and CEOs from San Diego biofuels corporation (which is headed by a family friend).\n\nDomestic political positions\n\nRohrabacher voted to repeal Obamacare, disputed evidence of man-made global warming, was a staunch opponent of illegal immigration, and favored the legalization of cannabis. In foreign policy, he supported withdrawing U.S. troops from Afghanistan, called for Trump to punish Turkish President Erdoğan on embassy violence, sided with Russia in the Russia–Georgia war, gave a qualified defense of the annexation of Crimea in 2014.\n\nRohrabacher was warned in 2012 in a secure room at the Capitol building by an agent from the FBI that Russian spies may have been trying to recruit him to act on Russia's behalf as an \"agent of influence\", after he met with a member of the Russian foreign ministry privately in Moscow. Following the ISIS terrorist attacks in Tehran on June 7, 2017, in which 17 innocent civilians were killed, he suggested that the attack could be viewed as 'a good thing', and surmised that President Trump might have been behind the coordination of this terrorist attack. An article in The Atlantic suggested that there was serious concern in the State Department of ties between Rohrabacher and the Russian government.\n\nOn November 21, 2017, The New York Times reported that Rohrabacher had come under scrutiny from special counsel Robert Mueller and the Senate Intelligence Committee for his close ties to the Kremlin.\n\nRohrabacher had drawn public criticism for some of his positions. His controversial statements included the conspiracy theory claims, first promoted by the politically-biased conspiracy theory website Infowars, that Democrats secretly organized the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville to provoke the violence by the alt-right (which led to the murder of one anti-Nazi protester) in order to discredit President Trump. Rohrabacher had also consistently supported Russian interests in Congress and had defended Trump's controversial remarks regarding Russia.\n\nHe had been a staunch supporter of President Donald Trump.\n\nFirearms\nIn 2018 Sacha Baron Cohen's television program Who Is America? premiered showing Rohrabacher supporting the hoax \"kinderguardians program\" which supported training toddlers with firearms. Rohrabacher claims that he never spoke to Cohen, that he was taken out of context, and that he spoke, \"broadly of making sure young people could get training in self-defense\".\n\nGlobal warming\nRohrabacher doubts the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by humans. During a congressional hearing on climate change on February 8, 2007, Rohrabacher mused that previous warming cycles may have been caused by carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by \"dinosaur flatulence\": \"In fact, it is assumed at best to be unproven and at worst a liberal claptrap, trendy, but soon to go out of style in our new Congress.\" Politico and The New York Times reported that on May 25, 2011, Rohrabacher expressed further skepticism regarding the existence of man-made global warming and suggested that, if global warming is an issue, a possible solution could be clear-cutting rain forests, and replanting. These reports sparked strong criticism by some scientists, including Oliver Phillips, a geography professor at the University of Leeds. They noted the consensus that intact forests act as net absorbers of carbon, reducing global warming. In response, Rohrabacher stated,\n\nRohrabacher does not believe that global warming is a problem. At a town hall meeting with the Newport Mesa Tea Party in August 2013, Rohrabacher said \"global warming is a total fraud\" and part of a \"game plan\" by liberals to \"create global government\".\n\nHealthcare\nOn May 4, 2017, Rohrabacher voted in favor of repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and passing the American Health Care Act. During his 2018 re-election campaign, Rohrabacher pledged to protect protections for individuals with preexisting conditions. Rohrabacher voted for his party's Obamacare replacement bill that included state waivers from rules that prohibit charging higher prices to people with pre-existing conditions.\n\nImmigration\nRohrabacher was an advocate for the state of California's Proposition 187, which prohibited illegal immigrants from acquiring government services. In 2004, he sponsored an amendment that would have prohibited federal reimbursement of hospital-provided emergency care and certain transportation services to undocumented aliens unless the hospital provided information about the aliens' citizenship, immigration status, financial data, and employer to the Secretary of Homeland Security. Aliens who were in the country illegally would receive reimbursement only after they were deported. The proposed bill was defeated, 331–88.\n\nIn 2005, Rohrabacher opined that the Republican Party was split on the issue of immigration: \"There are those of us who identify with the national wing and patriotic wing of the party who have always been adamant on the illegal immigration issues. And, on the other side, you have those people who believe in the business and global marketplace concept. So, you have a party with two different views on one of the major issues of the day.\"\n\nIn early 2008, Rohrabacher endorsed Mitt Romney in the Republican presidential primary, citing his positions on stemming illegal immigration and criticizing John McCain. About McCain, he said: \"He's been the enemy of those of us who have stemmed the flow of illegals into our country, whereas Romney has made some very tough commitments.\"\n\nIn 2011, Rohrabacher proposed the bill H.R. 787 known as the \"No Social Security for Illegal Immigrants Act of 2011\". The bill: \"Amends title II of the Social Security Act to exclude from creditable wages and self-employment income any wages earned for services by aliens performed in the United States, and self-employment income derived from a trade or business conducted in the United States, while the alien was not authorized to be so employed or to perform a function or service in such a trade or business.\"\n\nIn 2013, an 18-year-old student visited Rohrabacher's office to discuss immigration reform. At some point their conversation became disagreeable, and the student said the congressman yelled at her: \"I hate illegals!\" He also allegedly threatened to deport her family. Rohrabacher's spokesperson has disputed both statements, averring that it was actually the student who started the confrontation by yelling at the spokesperson and telling her to \"butt out\".\n\nIn September 2017, Rohrabacher supported the Trump administration's rescinding of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, saying that those \"in Congress must work to prevent such cynical loopholes from being created again by executive fiat\" despite their possible empathy for the immigrants.\n\nThe organization NumbersUSA has given Rep. Rohrabacher an A+ rating in accordance to his stance on illegal immigration.\n\nLGBT issues\nRohrabacher has drawn controversy over his views on LGBT rights. He opposed same-sex marriage and endorsed Proposition 8, the ballot initiative in 2008 that would have prohibited same-sex marriage in California, during a debate at Orange Coast College, stating he \"would suggest not changing the definition of marriage in our society to make a small number of people feel more comfortable\".\n\nRohrabacher voted in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment in both 2004 and 2006, a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have defined marriage as between a man and a woman and forbade states from recognizing or legalizing same-sex marriage. After the Supreme Court issued its decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry in 2013, that legalized same-sex marriage in California, Rohrabacher criticized the decision, stating that the decision was \"not based on the merits of the issue but on a technicality\". However, Rohrabacher has appeared to have endorsed the idea of leaving marriage to religious institutions only, stating on Twitter that churches should be solely responsible for conducting marriages but that the government should only recognize them.\n\nIn May 2018, Rohrabacher provoked severe criticism after telling a meeting of the Orange County Association of Realtors that homeowners \"should be able to make a decision not to sell their home to someone (if) they don't agree with their lifestyle.\" Though the statement did not explicitly refer to LGBT people, it was widely interpreted as such. LGBT groups denounced Rohrabacher for the remarks, and the National Association of Realtors, which had previously donated to Rohrabacher's re-election campaigns, condemned Rohrabacher, halted all of its financial support for him and repudiated its past donations to him. After Rohrabacher's constituents unseated him in favor of Harley Rouda, The Advocate praised the results and condemned Rohrabacher.\n\nDespite criticism from the LGBT community later in his career, early in his political career, Rohrabacher supported a proposal by gays to move to a rural California county and take leadership roles. Rohrabacher's \"California Libertarian Alliance endorsed the project. 'Your main resources are the freedom you offer plus the environment you are locating in,' Dana Rohrabacher, one of the libertarian group’s founders and later speechwriter to then-President Reagan, wrote in a letter to GLF. 'The economic goods are perfect for some kind of a combination ski gambling resort.'\"\n\nCannabis\n\nRohrabacher supported the legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes. He spoke against the policy of cannabis prohibition as early as May 2013, calling it a \"colossal failure\" in an op-ed penned for the Orange County Register. He further outlined his views in a May 2014 op-ed in National Review, arguing that the prohibition of cannabis has incurred a number of undesirable costs upon free society, such as an increase in gang violence, soaring incarceration rates, unconstitutional seizure of private property through civil forfeiture, corruption and militarization of police forces, and negative impacts on minority communities and relationships with Latin-American countries. Rohrabacher has called on fellow Republicans to reconsider their stance towards cannabis, citing core conservative principles such as limited government, individual liberty, respect for the Tenth Amendment, and respect for the doctor–patient relationship that Rohrabacher says lend support to loosening current laws. He also notes conservative leaders such as Milton Friedman, William F. Buckley, and Grover Norquist that have espoused similar drug policy views. In April 2016, Rohrabacher announced his endorsement of California's Proposition 64, the Adult Use of Marijuana Act.\n\nRohrabacher is a strong proponent of states' rights when it comes to cannabis policy. He has introduced the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment for a number of years beginning in 2003, to prohibit the Justice Department from spending funds to interfere with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws. The amendment passed the House for the first time in May 2014, becoming law in December 2014 as part of an omnibus spending bill. Additional legislation that Rohrabacher has introduced includes the Respect State Marijuana Laws Act and the Veterans Equal Access Act. Rohrabacher has called on the DEA / DOJ to remove cannabis from the list of Schedule I drugs. In February 2017, Rohrabacher co-founded the Congressional Cannabis Caucus – along with Reps. Don Young (R–AK), Jared Polis (D–CO), and Earl Blumenauer (D–OR) – to help advance policy change regarding cannabis at the federal level. Rohrabacher earned an \"A+\" rating from NORML for his voting record regarding cannabis-related matters.\n\nPatent reform\nRohrabacher was an opponent of the America Invents Act, a bill that is attempting to change the current Patent System. Rohrabacher opposes changing from a \"first to invent system\" to a \"first to file system\" saying it \"hurts the little guy\". Rohrabacher commented: \"Make no mistake, 'first to file' weakens patent protection. It is likely to make vulnerable individual and small inventors, who don't have an army of lawyers on retainer. These 'little guys' have been the lifeblood of American progress and competitiveness for more than 200 years. Our system was designed to protect individual rights, and it has worked for all – not just the corporate elite.\" Rohrabacher went on to comment in a Politico op-ed: \"We're told this is necessary to harmonize with Japanese and European patent law. But those systems were established by elitists and economic shoguns interested in corporate power, not individual rights.\"\n\nSpace\nRohrabacher was chairman of the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics from 1997 to January 2005 and has been active on space-related issues. In 2000, Space.com described Rohrabacher as \"a strident advocate for supremacy in space, a philosophy shaped along a winding road from libertarian activist to White House speech writer in the Reagan administration\". In 2007, Rohrabacher introduced a bill that would direct NASA to develop a strategy \"for deflecting and mitigating potentially hazardous near-Earth objects\". Rohrabacher has applauded the Apollo astronauts, calling them unofficial ambassadors. Rohrabacher stated \"I applaud their efforts and accomplishments over the past fifty years. And I encourage all Americans to join with me in thanking them for their accomplishments and for the international role they have played in serving as unofficial Ambassadors to the world on our behalf.\"\n\nOn July 18, 2017, Rohrabacher asked a panel of space experts testifying before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology if civilizations could have existed on Mars in the past. Kenneth Farley, a project scientist on NASA's Mars Rover 2020 Project, said: \"I would say that is extremely unlikely.\"\n\nTax reform\nRohrabacher voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Despite efforts made by Republicans to change the bill to be more generous regarding cap deductions on new home mortgages, Rohrabacher remained staunch at voting nay on the bill, as the more than half of the new mortgages in his district are above the $750,000 cap. He stated on his Facebook page that \"Due to the pressure of several members like me, the bill was improved, but not enough for my constituents.\"\n\n2020 presidential election\n\nAfter leaving office, Rohrabacher participated in \"Stop the Steal\" rallies in support of Donald Trump. On January 6, 2021, Rohrabacher was filmed breaching a United States Capitol Police barricade during the 2021 United States Capitol attack, although Rohrabacher was not charged with an offense.\n\nPersonal life\n\nRohrabacher has been married to his wife, Rhonda Carmony, since 1997. In 2004, they became parents of triplets.\n\nRohrabacher was described by the Los Angeles Times as \"an avid surfer\". He also sings, plays guitar, and has written his own song about freedom and America.\n\nRohrabacher revealed in May 2016 that he uses a cannabis-infused topical rub to treat his arthritis pain, allowing him to sleep through the night. The product is legal under California state law but remains a banned substance under U.S. federal law.\n\nIn December 2018, a month after losing his bid for reelection, Rohrabacher announced that he would be moving to Maine to, among other things, write film scripts. In May 2019 he announced his appointment to the advisory board of BudTrader.com, a company that provides cannabis-related advertising services.\n\nElectoral history\n\nSee also\n List of federal political scandals in the United States\n Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n Planetary Defense, Baltimore Chronicle, March 15, 2007\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1947 births\n20th-century American politicians\n21st-century American politicians\nAmerican anti–illegal immigration activists\nBusinesspeople in the cannabis industry\nCalifornia Republicans\nCalifornia State University, Long Beach alumni\nLiving people\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from California\nPeople from Coronado, California\nPeople from Costa Mesa, California\nPoliticians from San Diego\nReagan administration personnel\nRepublican Party members of the United States House of Representatives\nTea Party movement activists\nUniversity of Southern California alumni\nAmerican libertarians",
"La ligne 45 (Infrabel) est une ligne ferroviaire (désaffectée) du réseau des chemins de fer belges, qui était notamment un ancien embranchement de la Vennbahn. Elle est fermée définitivement en 2006. \n\nAprès d'importants travaux elle devient, en 2010, un RAVeL sur la totalité de son parcours entre Trois-Ponts et Waimes.\n\nChronologie \n 20 février 1867, ouverture de Trois-Ponts à Stavelot par Société royale grand-ducale des chemins de fer Guillaume-Luxembourg\n décembre 1885, ouverture de Waimes à Malmedy par les Chemins de fer d'État de la Prusse (KPEV)\n1872, nationalisation de la ligne Trois-Ponts - Stavelot\n5 janvier 1914, ouverture de Stavelot à Malmedy par les KPEV et les Chemins de fer de l'État belge.\n 30 mai 1959, fermeture trafic voyageurs sur la totalité de la ligne.\n 2010 l'ensemble de la ligne est un RAVeL.\n\nHistoire\n\nDe Trois-Ponts à Stavelot \nLa section de Trois-Ponts à Stavelot est un tronçon de la ligne de Gouvy à Spa (actuelles lignes 44 et 42), réalisée en prolongement de la ligne de Luxembourg à Troisvierges (actuelle ligne 1), construite par Société royale grand-ducale des chemins de fer Guillaume-Luxembourg, mise en service et exploitée, à partir du , par la société, française, des Chemins de fer de l'Est.\n\nAprès la guerre de 1870 perdue par les Français, l'État belge rachète la ligne et l'exploite lui-même à partir de 1872.\n\nDe Waimes à Malmédy \nLa deuxième section mise en service va de Waimes à Malmedy est à cette époque entièrement située sur le territoire de la Prusse. C'est le premier tronçon de la future Vennbahn qui reliait Aix-la-Chapelle à Malmedy. Ce tronçon de ligne est établi dans une vallée encaissée où coule la Warchenne, une petite rivière que la ligne franchit à au moins 10 reprises. Il est construit par l'administration des chemins de fer de l'État prussien et inauguré le .\n\nDe Malmédy à Stavelot \nLa section centrale de Malmedy à Stavelot est alors située en Prusse de Malmedy à Masta et en Belgique de Masta à Stavelot. La voie est prolongée de Malmedy à la frontière Belgique-Prusse en 1909 par les chemins de fer prussiens, mais l'État Belge inquiet des visées stratégiques prussiennes repoussera la jonction des deux réseaux avant de la mettre en service le .\n\nLe petit village de Masta accueillit une gare-frontière, qui comportait par conséquent un bâtiment largement dimensionné. Il fut démoli, sans doute après la fin du service des voyageurs.\n\nDébut du \nLors de la Première Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) l'armée de l'Empire allemand envahit la Belgique, la ligne est utilisée pour le transport des troupes vers le front. \n\nÀ la fin du conflit, la défaite allemande, permet à l'État belge de récupérer le réseau situé sur son territoire. Un important trafic de « charbons réparation » maintient l'activité jusqu'au début des années 1930 mais le trafic des marchandises entre Trois-Ponts et le bassin liégeois abandonne l'itinéraire historique via Stavelot. La Deuxième Guerre mondiale apporte de nouveau une utilisation militaire allemande de la ligne.\n\nDéclin et fermeture \nAprès 1945 la SNCB reprend l'exploitation de la ligne, mais le trafic voyageurs étant de plus en plus faible elle le ferme le entre Trois-Ponts et Waimes et reporte ce transport sur la route. Seul subsiste un faible trafic marchandise complété par des trains touristiques événementiels, affrétés par la SNCB dès le début des années 1970. Néanmoins, à la fin des années 1980, la voie est remise en état, sur les fonds de la défense nationale, pour permettre la desserte de Sourbrodt par l'armée qui ne peut plus y accéder par le nord. L'inauguration de cette réhabilitation de la voie a lieu le avec un train circulant de Trois-Ponts à Waimes puis Weywerts. Un nouveau trafic de trains touristiques utilisa la ligne jusqu'à la fin de l'année 2001, notamment ceux de l'association créée pour circuler sur la Vennbahn et ses embranchements et divers trains spéciaux. En 2003 circulent le dernier train de grumes et le dernier train militaire. En 2004 des trains spéciaux sont organisés pour une dernière circulation sur la ligne et ses voisines.\n\nPour le tronçon de Trois-Ponts à Malmédy une commande ponctuelle d'une entreprise privée repousse l'échéance en apportant de nouvelles circulations du au , dernier trafic commercial de la ligne. Le conseil d'administration d'Infrabel approuve la fermeture et le déclassement de la ligne, le . \n\nLe , a lieu l'inauguration du RAVeL qui utilise la plateforme de l'ancienne voie ferrée entre Trois-Ponts et Waimes.\n\nGalerie de photographies\n\nNotes et références\n\nBibliographie \n Georges Henrard, Malmedy - Stavelot - Trois-Ponts, la voie ressuscitée, Histoire des Tortillards ardennais, Tome 2, édition Sahel, 184 pages (résumé).\n\nVoir aussi\n\nArticles connexes \n Liste des lignes de chemin de fer de Belgique\n Réseau RAVeL\n\nLiens externes \n Wallorail.be : Histoire de la Vennbahn dont la ligne 45 est un embranchement\n Parcours du RAVel de Trois-Ponts à Waimes\n\n*\n45\nCatégorie:Section du RAVeL",
"Le étranger ( RE) est le plus ancien des régiments de la Légion étrangère. Il est stationné au « Camp de la Demande » devenu « Quartier Vienot » à Aubagne depuis 1962, date du transfert de la Légion depuis Sidi Bel Abbès.\n\nCréé en 1841, il est le doyen des régiments de la Légion. Au-delà de cet aspect historique, le RE représente l'étape majeure dans le parcours du légionnaire. Il y commence sa carrière, au centre de sélection et d'incorporation (CSI), et y accomplit ses formalités de départ. Si aujourd'hui, c'est un régiment à vocation essentiellement administrative, il n'en a pas toujours été ainsi.\n\nCréation et différentes dénominations \n : création du étranger\n 1859 : il fusionne avec le RE et devient le Régiment étranger.\n 1875 devient Légion étrangère.\n redevient Régiment étranger.\n\nListe des chefs de corps du étranger \n\n étranger de la Légion étrangère (1841-1856)\n 1841 Col de Mollenbeck\n 1842 Col Despinoy\n 1843 Col Mouret\n 1846 Col Mellinet\n 1850 Col Lesueur de Givry\n 1851 Col Bazaine\n 1854 Col Vienot mort au champ d'honneur\n 1855 Col Levy\n 1855 Col Martenot de Cordoue\n étranger (1856-1862)\n 1856 Col Meyer\n 1858 Col de Saint-André\n 1858 Col Granchette\n 1858 Col Brayer\n 1859 Col Martinez\n Régiment étranger (1862-1875)\n 1862 Col Butet\n 1862 Col Jeanningros\n 1865 Col Lavoignet\n 1865 Col d'Ornano\n 1866 Gén Jeanningros\n 1866 Col de Courcy\n 1866 Col Guilhem\n 1867 Col Deplanque\n 1870 Col de Curten\n 1870 Col Thierry\n 1871 Col Chaulan\n 1871 Col de Mallaret\n Légion étrangère (1875-1884)\n 1875 Col de Mallaret\n 1881 Col de Negrier\n 1883 Col Grisot\n étranger (1885-1942)\n 1885 Col Grisot\n 1886 Col Wattringue\n 1890 Col Barberet\n 1891 Col Zeni\n 1895 Col de Villebois-Mareuil\n 1896 Col Bertrand\n 1900 Col Dautelle\n 1904 Col René Boutegourd\n 1907 Col Girardot\n 1910 Col Bavouzet\n 1913 Col Boyer\n 1914 Lt-Col Cosman\n 18/11/1914- 11/04/1915 Col Tahon\n 1915 Lt-Col Met\n 1916 Lt-Col Heliot\n 1918 Lt-Col Forey\n 1920 Col Boulet-Desbarreau\n 1925 Col Rollet\n 1931 Col Nicolas\n 1934 Col Maire \t\n 1934 Col Debas\n 1935 Col Azan \t\n 1939 Col Robert\t\n 1940 Col Flan\t \n 1940 Col Girard\n 1940 Col Bouty\n 1941 Col Lambert\n 1941 Col Barre\n 1942 Col Vias\n étranger d'infanterie de marche 1943\n 1943 Lt-Col Gentis\t\n étranger d'infanterie (recréé 1949 – 1955)\n (1949 Col René Babonneau,?)\n 1946 Col Gaultier (ou 1949 ?)\n 1950 Col Pénicaut\n 1953 Col Thomas\n 1955 Col Raberin\n étranger (1955 - 2012)\n 1956 Col Thomas \n 1959 Col Brothier\t\n 1961 Col Vaillant\n 1963 Col Vadot\n 1966 Col Chenel\t\n 1968 Col Fuhr\n 1970 Col Letestu\n 1972 Lcl Plantevin\n 1974 Col Riou\n 1976 Col Delsuc mort en service\n 1976 Col Thibout\n 1978 Col Ameline\n 1980 Col Talbourdet\n 1982 Lcl Bénézit\n 1984 Col Cler\n 1986 Col Carles\n 1989 Col Bernier\n 1992 Col Cayrou\n 1994 Col Raymond\t\t\n 1996 Col Blevin\n 1998 Col Pierson\n 2000 Col Relave\n 2002 Col Guenin\t \n 2004 Lcl Xavier Lantaires\t\t\n 2006 Col Jean-François Hackenbruch \n 2008 Col André Labat\n 2010 Col Alban des Courtils \n 2012 Lcl Damien de Besombes \n 2014 Col Remy Rousseau\n 2016 Lcl Guillaume Dujon \n 2019 Lcl Jérôme Clée\n\nHistorique des garnisons, campagnes et batailles\n\n1841 à 1852 \nLe Régiment étranger ( RE) est créé en Algérie le à partir des trois premiers bataillons de la Légion.\n\nAu , le RE, sous le commandement du colonel Émile Mellinet, est en garnison à Oran en Algérie.\n\nSecond Empire \nLe , il reçoit son drapeau \"l'Empereur Napoléon III au Etranger\" avant de partir faire campagne en Kabylie. \n\nIl participe d'abord à la pacification de l'Algérie puis est acheminé en Crimée (1853-1856) où il forme une brigade avec son régiment frère, le RE, au sein de la . Il participe à la bataille de l'Alma et au siège de Sébastopol. Son chef de corps, le colonel Vienot, est tué au combat le . Le , les ouvrages blancs sont enlevés. Enfin, il participe à la prise de la tour de Malakoff le .\n\nLe régiment participe ensuite à la campagne d'Italie en 1859, au sein de la d'infanterie du d'armée (Mac Mahon), et s'illustre lors de la bataille de Magenta. il rentre triomphalement dan Milan libérée le .\n\nÀ son retour en Algérie, il est licencié le par décret impérial. Ses effectifs sont reversés au Etranger qui change d'appellation le et devient le Régiment étranger.\n\n1861-1867 : expédition du Mexique. Le régiment arrive au Mexique le et débarque le à Veracruz. Sa se couvre de gloire en se sacrifiant lors de la Bataille de Camerone le . Les et participent au siège d'Oaxaca qui capitule en . Le perd le au combat de Santa Isabel. Le de la même année, le régiment quitte le Mexique.\n\nLors de la Guerre de 1870-1871, la Légion est tardivement engagée. C'est fin que le régiment est intégré dans le (, ) et se trouve engagé vers Orléans (ou le régiment refuse par 3 fois l'ordre de retraiter et où s'illustre le sous-lieutenant à titre étranger Kara, futur Pierre de Serbie) en et puis à Montbéliard en où il oblige les Allemands à quitter la ville.\n\n1871 à 1914 \nDurant la Commune de Paris en 1871, le régiment participe avec l'armée versaillaise à la semaine sanglante.\n\nLe régiment retourne en Algérie en (Mascara près d'Oran).\n\nLe la « Légion étrangère », nom donné au Régiment étranger le , se dédouble en deux régiments étrangers constitués chacun de et d'une compagnie de dépôt.\n\nLors de l'expédition de Madagascar en 1895-1896, il forme avec le un bataillon de marche qui dépend du Régiment Algérie, de l'armée d'Afrique sous les ordres du colonel Oudri du étranger.\n\nEn 1881, le RE est engagé au Maroc (combats de Chellaha du ) et dans le Sud Oranais (combat de Chott Tigri le où affrontent ). Le Étranger combat dès 1900 lors de la bataille des Oasis de nouveau dans le Sud-Oranais et les confins marocains. Le , la du RE écrase le rezzou de Bou Amama qui avait participé au combat d'El Moungar (où la du RE avait subi de très lourdes pertes, et dont la bataille fut surnommée le « Camerone des sables »). \n\nDès 1883, les bataillons (, ) du RE sont envoyés au Tonkin. Ils prennent Sontay le . Du au , les de Tuyen-Quang dont repoussent chinois.\n\nEn 1892, le RE est engagé au Dahomey (actuel Bénin) et débarquent à Cotonou le . Ils combattent en septembre et en octobre. Les de la colonne Faurax affrontent des milliers de combattants du roi Béhanzin et rembarquent victorieux le .\n\nEntre 1892 et 1894, les compagnies du RE interviennent également au Soudan. Le , les légionnaires du lieutenant Betheder et du sergent Minnaêrt se battent avec acharnement à Bossé. Ils perdent et blessés au prix d'une victoire qui verra cet héroïque sergent (qui s'est déjà distingué au Tonkin) décoré de la Légion d'honneur pour sa vaillance au feu.\n\nEn 1895-96, le régiment fait partie de l'expédition qui va conquérir Madagascar. Si les combats voient l'ennemi vite céder du terrain, les conditions climatiques sont terribles et causent des ravages. les pertes par maladies sont énormes (). Les légionnaires s'épuisent à donner le maximum sans se plaindre. On a coutume de dire dans tout le corps expéditionnaire : « quand un troupier de France rentre à l'hôpital, c'est pour être rapatrié, un tirailleur c'est pour guérir, un légionnaire c'est pour mourir ». La pacification débute en 1895 et s'étend jusqu'en 1905, date du retour définitif des unités du RE sur l'Algérie.\n\nL'épopée marocaine commence dès 1906. Le , le chef de bataillon Provost est tué à Casablanca en repoussant une violente attaque. En 1908, le RE se distingue à Menabah. en 1911, la du capitaine Labordette perd dont son chef à Alouana.\n\nPremière Guerre mondiale \nLe régiment ne participe pas directement à la Grande guerre. Il continue à administrer l'institution et à fournir les effectifs pour l'ensemble des unités engagées. En 1914, il forme la totalité ou l'ossature de plusieurs unités.\n\n : le RE fournit l'effectif complet du RM du RE (constitué des , , ). Ces unités combattront au prix de et s'illustrent à Taza ou à Sidi-Amar. Le RM sera dissout le et ses bataillons et compagnies montées deviennent autonomes.\n\n : le RE fournit l'ossature des RM, RM et RM (« Légion garibaldienne ») engagés en France, dont l'essentiel de la troupe est constitué d'engagés volontaires pour la durée de la guerre (dont le vainqueur du tour de France François Faber, les poètes Blaise Cendrars, Camil Campanyà ou Alan Seeger). Entre et , les et de Marche disparaissent après de terribles pertes. Le de Marche qui sera cité à est anéanti () avec son régiment frère ( de Marche du REI) en lors des combats de Navarrin. Les survivants constitueront le célèbre Régiment de marche de la Légion étrangère (RMLE) qui sera confié au lieutenant-colonel Rollet. Le RMLE sera la seconde unité la plus décorée de l'armée française (après le Régiment d'infanterie coloniale du Maroc, actuel RICM).\n\n : le REI forme un bataillon de marche pour le Régiment de Marche d'Afrique qui sera engagé en Orient (Dardanelles, Serbie). L'unité est formée à l'origine de du REI et du REI. L'état-major vient du REI et le chef de bataillon du REI. Perdant au feu, le bataillon de Légion du RMA sera cité à dont 2 à l'ordre de l'armée avant d'être dissout en 1917.\n\nAu Tonkin, des attaques sont menées par des agitateurs annamites entre et . Ses actions se répèteront jusqu'en 1940. Le perdra pendant cette période.\n\nEntre-deux-guerres \nEn 1925, le REI compte répartis en (huit de combat et un d'instruction, le ), de spécialisées et du dépôt commun des régiments étranger (DCRE).\n\nLe formant corps est au Tonkin, rejoint par le créé en 1926. Il combat entre 1914 et 1940 les agitateurs annamites au prix de plus de .\n\nLe et la sont en Syrie. Ils affrontent les Druzes à Messifré et Soueida le . Le sera cité à l'ordre de l'armée (sa première citation fut obtenue alors qu'il appartenait au REI, avant de devenir du REI).\n\nLes , , , , et ainsi que les unités spécialisées sont en Algérie.\n\n : La conquête du Maroc va nécessiter à plusieurs reprises l'engagement des unités du REI et ce dès 1918, en particulier dans la lutte contre Abdelkrim. \n\nLe , la montée perd dans de terribles combats dont . Son chef, le capitaine Timm, grièvement blessé à la jambe et au visage, se fait attacher sur un mulet pour continuer à commander. Le , le attaque le piton de Taghzout et perd et .\n\nLe paroxysme de ces interventions est atteint en 1925-1926 lors de la guerre du Rif. Quatre bataillons (, , et ) et les deux compagnies de sapeurs-pionniers du REI sont engagées (soit ). Au prix de plus de , les bataillons s'illustrent dans de furieux combats au corps à corps bien souvent. Comme le où le corps franc du est décimé au prix de tués et lors d'une opération de nuit pour libérer le poste de Mediouna. Le chef du , le commandant Deslandre est tué à la tête de ses légionnaires le près de Tezual.\n\nLe , l'offensive générale es déclenchée. Toutes les unités du RE y participent, en particulier les , et . La victoire est définitive le . Pourtant, le chef de bataillon Le Roch trouve encore la mort dans de violents combats résiduels le à la tête du sur les crêtes de Tizi-N'Ouidel.\n\nLes quatre bataillons seront cités à (dont pour le ).\n\nSeconde Guerre mondiale \n : En 1939, le Etranger dirige sur la France et légionnaires sur les qui formeront les et REI. Trois anciens chefs de corps du REI commanderont le REI. Ces deux régiments disparaissent lors de la défaite de 1940 au prix de lourdes pertes. Le REI est cité à l'ordre de l'armée, le à l'ordre de la division. \n\nParallèlement, le du REI est versé à la DBLE qui part à Narvik. \n\nEn 1941, deux bataillons du REI et la compagnie hors rang (CHR) constitue la DBLE envoyée au Sénégal. Le REI regonfle ses effectifs en accueillants les rescapes du REI qui se sont battus en Syrie. \n\nEn , le Bataillon du REI s'illustre lors de combats contre l'Afrika Korps en Tunisie. Sa est anéantie dans le Djebel Mansour et se voit citer à l'ordre de l'armée.\n\nAvec le retour de la Demi-brigade de Légion étrangère à Sidi-Bel-Abbès et le début de la campagne de Tunisie en 1943, le REI devient Régiment étranger d'infanterie de marche ( REIM) le . Formé de trois bataillons, il combat et s'illustre au prix de en infligeant des pertes sévère l'ennemi au Pont du Fhas et dans le djebel Zaghouan. Pour son action, il est cité à l'ordre de l'armée, citation qui orne actuellement le drapeau du régiment. Les rescapés du REIM et du REIM vont former de nouveau le fameux RMLE qui participera glorieusement à la libération totale du territoire national. \n\nLe REI cesse d'exister le . Ses missions sont assurées par le DCRE à Bel-Abbès.\n\nGuerre d'Indochine \nLe Régiment étranger renaît le . il participe au travers d'unités de combat spécialisées aux opérations que la Légion va mener jusqu'en 1962 (Compagnies sahariennes portées notamment). Il s'adonne alors pleinement à la sélection, l'instruction des engagés volontaires, l'administration de l'Institution et achemine via le dépôt commun les renforts pour les unités engagées en Indochine. Il ne participera donc pas directement au conflit. \n\nLe , le groupement autonome de la Légion étrangère est créé. C'est l'ancêtre du Commandement de la Légion étrangère actuelle.\n\nGuerre d'Algérie \nLors du déclenchement des « évènements d'Algérie », le RE comme l'ensemble de la Légion qui vit en Algérie depuis 1831 va participer aux combats qui vont durer jusqu'en 1962; Il y perdra , sous-officiers et légionnaires en mettant hors de combat et en récupérant individuelles et collectives.\n\n : , mort d'un sous-lieutenant du de marche dans le djebel Orbata. Le , la du Centre d'instruction détruit une bande rebelle au nord-ouest de Franchetti. Le , l'État-major tactique du RE aux ordres du chef de bataillon Fournier est engagé dans la région de Sebdou puis sur la piste de Djilali. la section d'élèves sous-officiers de l'Adc Kemenceî se heurte aux rebelles et en abat 24, au prix de . Le , des rebelles s'infiltrent dans Sidi-Bel-Abbès. repérés, ils se retranchent dans une maison. les légionnaires du RE donnent l'assaut au prix de , dont le légionnaire Zimmermann qui sera le dernier légionnaire tué sur le sol d'Algérie. \n\n : le , les corps du général Rollet, du chef de bataillon (prince) Aage de Danemark et du légionnaire Zimmermann (représentant l'ensemble des légionnaires morts sur cette terre d'Algérie) sont transférés au cimetière de Puyloubier (Bouches du Rhône). : cérémonie de départ au pied du Monument aux Morts (qui sera démonté et rapatrié sur Aubagne). Les pavillons noirs rapportés de Tuyen-Quang en 1885 par le capitaine Borelli sont brûlés en application de ses souhaits de ne jamais les voir quitter Sidi-Bel-Abbès. , départ de Bel-Abbès.\n\nLe Etranger va néanmoins conserver des unités au Sahara en vertu des accords d'Evian (défense du site nucléaire de Reggane). Les derniers légionnaires de ces compagnies sahariennes regagneront Aubagne en 1969 et seront notamment cantonnés à Bou-Sfer (avec le REP et le REC qui en partiront en 1967).\n\nDepuis 1962 \nLe , les précurseurs arrivent au camp de la Demande à Aubagne, qui va devenir le quartier Vienot. Le colonel Vaillant, chef de corps, débarque avec le drapeau le .\n\nLe , la première veillée de Camerone en métropole a lieu à Gémenos, petit village situé près d'Aubagne. Le se déroule l'inauguration du Monument aux Morts rapatrié d'Algérie et la célébration du centenaire du combat de Camerone avec défilé sur la Canebière à Marseille.\n\nLe Groupement d'instruction (GILE) s'implante quant à lui à Corte (Haute-Corse) et à Bonifacio (Corse du Sud).\n\n : la compagnie motorisée de la Légion étrangère (CMLE) du RE est mise sur pied à Corte. Elle est déployée au Tchad à l'occasion de l'opération Tacaud. Elle déplorera au combat aux côtés du REP jusqu'à son désengagement en 1970. Elle devient la compagnie du Groupement opérationnel (GOLE, crée le ).\n\nLe RE se scinde en deux pour redonner naissance au REI, qui récupère le GILE et le GOLE stationnés en Corse.\n\n : création de la dont le RE fera partie. Une unité est déployée au Liban dans le cadre de la FMSB de mai à (Élément de commandement et de soutien immédiat, de la valeur d'une compagnie). \n\n à : le RE engage un peloton de transport dans le cadre de l'opération Daguet dans le Golfe. \n\nDepuis 1991, le régiment fourni régulièrement des renforts aux unités de Légion déployées en opération extérieures et intérieures (notamment Sentinelle depuis 2015).\n\nTraditions\n\nInsigne \n\nCe premier insigne du REI (1950-1955) reprend la symbolique de la Légion étrangère avec la grenade à sept flamme et les couleurs vert et rouge. Le numéro du régiment est indiqué dans la bombe tandis que le globe rappelle celui du monument aux morts de la Légion étrangère à Sidi Bel Abbès.\n\nL'insigne actuel du RE reprend la symbolique du ruban de la médaille commémorative de l'expédition du Mexique créée en 1863. Cet insigne était initialement destiné à la du étranger (1936). Il devient en 1950, l'insigne du GALE (groupement autonome de la Légion étrangère) puis enfin en 1955 celui du RE.\n\nIl s'agit d'un losange blanc sur lequel figurent les armes du Mexique (un circaète noir tenant dans ses serres un serpent vert) et une croix de Saint-André aux couleurs de la Légion et du Mexique (le vert et le rouge).\n\nCette symbolique du Mexique serait elle-même héritée d'une légende Aztèque concernant la fondation de Tenochtitlan. La croix est d'ailleurs présente sur le Codex de Mendoza (Cf. article sur les Armoiries du Mexique).\n\nDrapeau \n\nLes noms des campagnes suivantes s'inscrivent en lettres d'or sur le drapeau:\n\n Sébastopol 1855\n Kabylie 1857\n Magenta 1859\n Camerone 1863\n Extrême-Orient 1884-1885\n Dahomey-Maroc 1892-1907-1925\n Madagascar 1895-1905\n Orient 1915-1917\n AFN 1952-1962\n\nChant \nNous sommes tous des volontaires\n\nNous marchons gaiement en cadence,\nMalgré le vent, malgré la pluie,\nLes meilleurs soldats de la France,\nsont là devant vous les voici.\n\n(Refrain)\nNous sommes tous des volontaires,\nLes gars du Étranger,\nNotre devise est légendaire,\nHonneur, fidélité-fidélité,\nMarchons Légionnaires,\nDans la boue, dans le sable brûlant,\nMarchons l'âme légère\nEt le cœur vaillant,\nMarchons Légionnaires.\n\nPartout où le combat fait rage,\nL'on voit le Étranger,\nExemple d'héroisme, de courage,\nSe couvrir de glorieux lauriers.\n\nGardons dans le fond de nos âmes,\nLe souvenir de nos aînés.\nEt pour la grenade à sept flammes,\nLoyal prêt à tout sacrifier.\n\nDécorations \nLe drapeau du régiment est décoré de :\n la Croix de la Légion d'honneur depuis le \n de la Croix de guerre 1939-1945 avec une palme\nde la Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieurs avec 2 palmes au titre des actions du 6e bataillon au Maroc (guerre du Rif) 1925-1926\n de la fourragère aux couleurs de la croix de croix de guerre des TOE\n la Médaille d'or de la ville de Milan depuis le \n la croix avec épée du mérite de l'ordre souverain de Malte\n\nFaits d'armes faisant particulièrement honneur au régiment \n Siège de Sébastopol (1854)\n Bataille de Magenta (1859)\n Bataille de Camerone (1863)\n\nPersonnalités ayant servi au sein du régiment \n\n Eugene Bullard\n Capitaine Jean Danjou\n Joseph Arthur Dufaure du Bessol alors capitaine\n Siegfried Freytag, as de l'aviation allemande\n le général de brigade Peppino Garibaldi avec ses 5 frères, dont deux meurent lors des combats en Argonne en 1915\n Lord Kitchener of Khartoum\n Pierre de Serbie\n\nUn certain nombre de Compagnons de la Libération ont servi au RE :\n\n Gabriel Bablon\n Henri Bénévène\n Joseph Bakos\n Hermann Eckstein\n Georges Ungerman\n\nLe régiment aujourd'hui\n\nMissions \nLa mission principale du régiment est de soutenir le commandement de la Légion étrangère qui est chargé de la gestion administrative de toute la Légion, et des spécificités qui y sont rattachées.\n\nOrganisation \nLe étranger est articulé en trois compagnies d'effectifs très variables :\n\n La CCSR, ou compagnie de commandement et des services régimentaire, regroupe tous les services contribuant au bon fonctionnement de la vie quotidienne de l'unité (cuisines, infirmerie, ateliers mécaniques, pionniers, etc.) ;\n La CSLE ou compagnie des services de la Légion étrangère, compte quant à elle les services propres au fonctionnement de la Légion en général (division des ressources humaines, de la sécurité, histoire et patrimoine, communication, musique de la Légion étrangère, etc.) ;\n La CAPLE ou compagnie administrative de la Légion étrangère s'occupe plus particulièrement de l'accueil des candidats à l'engagement, de la sélection, de l'administration du personnel « hors corps » (grands malades, etc.). Elle comptait aussi en son sein l'équipe de cross jusqu'en 2012 avant que celle-ci ne disparaisse au profit d'une section du club sportif.\n\nLe régiment a la particularité d'avoir plusieurs emprises :\n l'Institution des invalides de la Légion étrangère (IILE) à Puyloubier (Bouches-du-Rhône) accueille les anciens dans une structure médicalisée leur permettant, pour les plus valides, de continuer à travailler ;\n le Centre d'hébergement et d'accueil de la Légion étrangère (CHALE) à La Ciotat (Bouches-du-Rhône) qui permet d'héberger les légionnaires en permission longue durée avec ou sans leurs familles ;\n le Centre de Convalescence et des permissionnaires de la Légion étrangère de La Malmousque (CCPLEM) à Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) qui accueille les légionnaires blessés et permissionnaires célibataires.\n la Maison du Légionnaire à Auriol (13) qui accueille des anciens légionnaires valides en pension complète. Cette Maison a été fondée en 1934 par le Général Rollet\n\nMatériels \nLe RE est un régiment à vocation administrative qui n'a pas de matériels majeurs.\n\nBibliographie \n Service d'Information et de Relations Publique de l'Armée de Terre (SIRPA Terre)\n Division communication et information de la Légion étrangère\n Camerone, Pierre Sergent, Éditions Fayard, 1980 – \n L'armée d'Afrique 1930-1962, Collectif, Éditions Lavauzelle, 1980.\n Histoire de la Légion, de Narvik à Kolwesi, Henri Le Mire, Éditions Albin Michel, 1978 – \n Le Étranger, Tibor Szecsko et Philippe Cart Tanneur, Éditions B.I.P, 1986 -\n\nNotes et références\n\nVoir aussi\n\nArticles connexes \n Légion étrangère\n Commandement de la Légion étrangère\n Pionniers de la Légion étrangère\n étranger de cavalerie\n étranger\n étranger de parachutistes\n étranger de génie\n étranger de génie\n étranger d'infanterie\n étranger d'infanterie\n de Légion étrangère\n Détachement de Légion étrangère de Mayotte\n Groupement du recrutement de la Légion étrangère\n\nLiens externes \n étranger (1RE)\n\nINF, 001\nCatégorie:Régiment décoré de la Légion d'honneur\nCatégorie:Régiment décoré de la croix de guerre 1939-1945\nCatégorie:Guerre d'Algérie\nCatégorie:Chevalier de l'ordre souverain de Malte"
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [4, 4]
SentenceTransformer based on google-bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased
This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from google-bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("DIS-Project/bert_lang_trained_on_all_data_model_push_00")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'안녕하세요! 저는 호기심 많은 AI 비서입니다. 위의 글을 바탕으로 구체적이고 가치 있는 질문을 하나 생성해 드리겠습니다.\n\n"안녕하세요, 安倍なつみ의 공연 일정을 보면 2009년부터 2014년까지 매년 생일을 기념하는 라이브 공연을 개최했습니다. 이러한 생일 라이브 공연이 그녀에게 어떤 의미를 가지고 있는지 알 수 있을까요?"',
'아베 나츠미(, 1981년 8월 10일 ~ )는 일본 홋카이도 무로란시 출신의 가수이자 배우로, 모닝구무스메의 옛 멤버이면서 첫 메인 싱어였다. 업프런트 크리에이트(업프런트 그룹)에 소속하고 있으며, 다른 소속사에서 가수로 활동중인 아베 아사미와는 친자매로 그녀의 언니이다.\n\n소개 \n아베 나츠미는 1981년 8월 10일에 태어났다. 그 당시 나쓰미의 친어머니가 감상한 텔레비전 드라마인 “조금 제멋대로”의 등장인물중 주인공인 아자이 나쓰미의 이름을 원본으로 하여 이름이 지어졌다. 가수의 길을 걷고자 결심하게 된 계기는 중학교 시절에 이지메를 겪고 침울해져 있을 때 들은 라디오를 통해 흘러나온 쥬디 앤 마리의 어릴적부터()를 들은 것이다. 그 후, 재학 중이던 홋카이도 노보리벳쓰 고등학교를 자퇴하고 1997년 오디션에 참가하지만 우승하지 못했다. 대신 함께 최종예선까지 오른 나카자와 유코, 이이다 카오리, 후쿠다 아스카와 함께 모닝구무스메를 결성하였고 이듬해 1998년 1월 28일에 성공적으로 메이저 데뷰를 마쳤다. 같은 해 제40회 일본 레코드대상을 수상하고 NHK 홍백가합전에 출현하였다.\n\n2000년 영화 핀치 런너에서 처음으로 배우로서 다른 멤버들과 함께 주연을 맡았고, 처음으로 크라시에 홀딩스의 샴푸 SALA의 광고에도 출연하였다. 이듬해 2001년에는 텔레비전 드라마 무카이 아라다의 동물일기 ~애견 로시난테의 재난~에서 엔도 하루나를 연기하여 드라마 배우로도 데뷰하였다.\n\n2003년 모닝구무스메를 반으로 나눈 2개의 하위 그룹 중 모닝구무스메 사쿠라구미의 초대 리더를 맡았다. 7월 27일에 있었던 헬로! 프로젝트의 겨울 공연 중 층쿠에 의해 모닝구무스메에서의 졸업(=탈퇴)를 발표하고 8월 13일 싱글 음반 “22歳の私”를 출시하고 솔로로 데뷰를 마쳤다. 이듬해 2004년 1월 25일, 겨울 투어를 끝으로 정식으로 무닝구무스메를 졸업함과 동시에 모닝구무스메 사쿠라구미 또한 탈퇴하였다. 2월에 처음으로 뮤지컬 “오카에리”와 4월에 방영된 텔레비전 드라마 “강아지의 왈츠”에서도 주연 배우로서 연기하였다. 헬로! 프로젝트의 2번째 연말 특별 그룹으로서 결성된 노치우라 나츠미에 고토 마키, 마츠우라 아야와 함께 발탁되어 활동하였다.\n\n2005년 3번째 연말 특별 그룹인 데프.디바의 멤버로 고토 마키, 이시카와 리카, 마츠우라 아야와 함께 밭탁된다. Gyao의 인터넷 배급 드라마 “소중한 것”에서 무라다 센을 연기하였고, 센의 이름으로 주제가인 다카라노모를 불렀다.\n\n2006년, 후지테레비의 특별 드라마인 더 히트 퍼레이드 ~예능계를 바꾼 사내 · 와타나베 신 이야기~에서 1958년부터 1975년까지 활동한 더 피넛츠의 이토 에미를, 여동생인 아베 아사미는 이토 유미를 연기하였는데, 이것은 처음으로 자매가 함께 연기한 드라마이다. 그리고 두 번째로 만화를 원작으로 한 뮤지컬 리본의 기사에서 프란츠 왕자의 역할을 맡아 연기하였다.\n\n2007년 모닝구무스메 탄생 10년 기념대의 멤버로 이이다 카오리, 고토 마키, 니이가키 리사, 쿠스미 코하루와 함께 발탁되었다. 같은 해 10월 7일, 쇼핑하기 위해 나서던 중 지나가던 모터바이크를 보지 못하고 치는 교통사고를 일으켰다. 피해자가 허리와 우측 무릎에 가벼운 상처만을 입었고, 도쿄 지방 경찰청으로부터 자동차 운전 과실상해 및 도로교통법 위반으로 서류송검 처리되었다.\n\n인물 / 에피소드 \n자타공인 "궁극의 동안"의 소유자. 한국의 인기 배우 최진실과 외모가 비슷한 것으로 유명하다. "나츠미"란 이름의 유래는, "조금 내 맘대로"라는 드라마에 아베의 어머니가 감동, 모모이 카오리가 연기한 주인공 아자이 나츠미란 이름을 따 자신의 딸에게 붙인 것이다. 참고삼아 이 드라마는 1979년 10월 13일부터 1980년 3월 29일까지 매주 토요일 밤 9시부터 니혼테레비 계열에서 방송된 것으로, 아베가 주연한 "강아지의 왈츠"와 같은 토요 그랜드 극장축에 해당한다.\n\n취미를 "웃는 것"이라고 쓰는 등, 웃는 얼굴이 인상적인 여성이다. 잠자는 모습이 흉해, 헬로! 프로젝트 멤버들로부터 자주 지적당한다. 이 점은 본인도 인정하고 있다. 사투리를 아직도 고치지 못해, 방송중에도 텐션이 높아지면 "~했드래요" 등의 발언을 해버리는 경우가 있다. 아베와 오랫동안 알고 지낸 나카자와 유코에 의하면, 아베가 방언을 쓰는 때는 "일을 잊어버리고 있는 순간"이라고 한다. 요리가 특기로, 헬로! 프로젝트 멤버들로부터 곧잘 "엄마가 되어 주면 좋겠다"란 소리를 듣는다. 아이들을 좋아하며, 고단샤의 유아 잡지 "친구들"이나 "틴틴 TOWN!"에서 노래 언니를 담당했을 정도이다.\n\n모닝구무스메。재적시에는 후배와 놀거나 할 경우, 후배보다도 더 푹 빠져 뛰놀곤 하는 일이 많았다고 "하로! 모닝구。"에서 후배들에게 폭로당했다. 반 년에 한 번 있는 "CDTV・연인으로 삼고 싶은 아티스트 랭킹"에서 전인미답의 V7을 달성했다. 현재도 베스트 10의 단골이다.\n\ntvk(TV 카나가와)의 인기 방송 "사쿠사쿠"의 캐릭터 "시라이 빈센트"를 좋아한다. 같은 방송국의 토크쇼 "심해어"에서 "사쿠사쿠"팬을 의미하는 "사쿠사커"임을 공언하고 있다(2006년 9월 29일 방송에서). 이것이 훗날 "사쿠사쿠"에서도 화제가 되어, 나카무라 유우를 필두로 하는 출연자(특히 흑막)가 몹시 기뻐했다 한다.\n\n헬로! 프로젝트 내의 교우관계 \n헬로! 프로젝트 내에서는 야구치 마리와 사이가 좋다. "웃음을 터트리는 포인트가 같다"는 이유에서라고 한다. 그 외, 아베와는 같은 모닝구무스메。 오리지널 멤버인 나카자와 유코, 이이다 카오리 및 야구치와 같은 2기 멤버의 야스다 케이와는 모닝구무스메。에서 고락을 함께한 "무엇과도 바꿀 수 없는 멤버"로 현재도 친교가 두텁다. 나카자와는 2008년 8월 10일에 개최된 아베의 생일기념 콘서트에도 축하하기 위해 참가했다.\n\n쯔지 노조미, 카고 아이에게는 동생처럼 대하는 경우가 많다. 이 두 사람의 이야기를 하는 것만으로도 "이유없이 덥썩! 껴안고 싶어진다.", "헬로!에는 어린 애들이라던가도 많지만, 쯔지, 카고만은 특별"이라고 본인도 언급하고 있다. 분카 방송 "에어모니。"에서는, 쯔지 본인이 에어모니。에 출현하지 않았음에도 불구하고 쯔지의 이야기를 곧잘 하곤 했다. 쯔지는 아베를 "나찌미"라고 부르며 잘 따른다. 쯔지 이외에도, 니이가키 리사, 카메이 에리, 후쿠다 카논 등, 그녀의 영향을 크게 받은 "여동생 격"이 많다.\n\nYUKI \n본인 말로는, 가수를 지망하게 된 계기는 "중학생 시절 왕따를 당해 낙심하고 있던 때, 라디오에서 쥬디 앤 마리의 곡 \'어린 시절부터\'를 들은 것"이라 한다. 현재도 가수 지망의 계기가 된 YUKI (쥬디 앤 마리의 전 보컬)를 존경하고 있다. 본인은 그녀를 쨩을 붙여 부르고 있다.\n\n약력 \n1981년\n 8월 10일 - 모닝구무스메。의 동기 멤버 이이다 카오리와 이틀 차이(이이다 쪽이 빠름)로 홋카이도 무로란시의 같은 산부인과에서 태어났다. 같은 신생아실에 있었다고 한다.\n1997년\n 테레비도쿄의 오디션 방송 "ASAYAN" 내의 "シャ乱Q女性ロックボーカリストオーディション(샤란Q 여성 록 보컬리스트 오디션)" (우승은 헤이케 미치요)의 3차 선발에서, 재발주 없이 최종 후보로 선발되었으나 낙선.\n 같이 최종 후보에 선발된 나카자와 유코, 이시구로 아야, 이이다 카오리, 후쿠다 아스카와 함께 과제곡 "愛の種(사랑의 씨앗)"을 5일 안에 5만장 완매하면 메이저 데뷔 가능이란 조건하에 "모닝구무스메。"를 결성.\n 11월 30일 - 과제곡을 완매(나고야 구장).\n1998년\n 1월 28일 - "モーニングコーヒー(모닝 커피)"에서 메이저 데뷔했다.\n 12월 31일 - 모닝구무스메。로서 제40회 일본 레코드 대상 최우수 신인상을 획득, NHK 홍백가합전에 첫 출장.\n1999년\n 12월 10일 - 첫 솔로 사진집 "ナッチ(낫치)"를 발매.\n2000년\n 4월 26일 - 앨범 "プッチベスト〜黄青あか〜(작은 베스트 ~황청빨강~)"에서 첫 솔로곡 "トウモロコシと空と風(옥수수와 하늘과 바람)"을 수록.\n 5월 - 영화 핀치 러너에서 다른 모닝구무스메。멤버와 출연.\n 카네보 샴푸 "SALA"의 광고에 솔로로 출연. 모닝구무스메。로서도 첫 CM 출연이 되었다.\n2001년\n 1월 - 3월 - 연속 TV 드라마 "무카이 아라다의 동물일기 ~애견 로시난테의 재난~" (니혼테레비)에서, 솔로로서 TV 드라마에 첫 출연.\n 12월 6일 - 2nd 사진집 "나츠미"를 발매.\n2003년\n 1월 - 모닝구무스메。사쿠라구미의 초대 리더로 취임.\n 5월 2일 - 요스미 케이코 (전 육문전 멤버) 와의 유닛, "오케이상과 아베 나츠미 (모닝구무스메。)"를 결성. 싱글 릴리즈.\n 6월 29일 - "FNS27시간 테레비"에서 야구치 마리와 "심야의 폭소 히트 퍼레이드 2003"의 종합 사회를 담당.\n 7월 27일 - 헬로! 프로젝트 콘서트의 최종일, 공연중에 프로듀서인 층쿠♂가 모닝구무스메。졸업을 발표.\n 8월 13일 - "22歳の私"로 솔로 데뷔.\n 10월 - "하로! 모닝구。" 4대째 사회자에 취임.\n2004년\n 1월 25일 - Hello! Project 2004 Winter ~C\'MON! 댄스 월드~의 요코하마 아레나 공연을 끝으로 모닝구무스메。를 졸업. 본격적인 솔로 활동에 들어간다.\n 2월 - 도쿄, 오사카, 나고야에서 첫 주연 뮤지컬 어서와 개최.\n 2월 4일 - 첫 솔로 앨범 "외톨이"를 발매.\n 3월 - 3rd 사진집 "만남"을 발매.\n 4월 - 6월 - 연속 TV 드라마 "강아지의 왈츠" (니혼테레비 계열)에서, 연속 TV 드라마 첫 주연.\n 10월 - 고토 마키, 마츠우라 아야와 기간 한정 유닛 "노치우라 나츠미" 결성. 싱글 "연애전대 시츠렌쟈"를 릴리즈.\n 12월 - 과거의 사진집, 에세이집에서의 시 도용 의혹이 발각되어 2개월간 활동을 자숙했다. 도용되었다고 하는 시를 게재한 사진집과 에세이집 2편은 발매중지・절판, 연초에 발매 예정되었던 싱글은 발매중지. 노치우라 나츠미로서의 출연이 결정되어있던 NHK 홍백가합전도 출장을 사임.\n2005년\n 2월 - 활동 자숙 끝남. 리뷰 むらたさ〜ん、ごきっ? 출연. 리뷰 종료 후, "하로! 모닝구。"에도 복귀했다.\n 4월 - 노치우라 나츠미 콘서트 투어 2005 봄 "트라이앵글 에너지" 투어\n 6월 - 지구 온난화 방지 캠페인 "뜨~거운 지구를 식히는거닷." 아베 나츠미 노래와 토크의 만남 콘서트. 4th 사진집 "fu(후우)"를 발매.\n 8월 - 팬클럽 한정 하와이 투어.\n 10월 - 고토 마키, 마츠우라 아야, 이시카와 리카와 함께 데프.디바를 결성, 싱글을 발매.\n 11월 - GyaO 단발 드라마 "소중한 것" 무라타 센으로 주연을 담당. 5th 사진집 "아로하로! 아베 나쓰미 사진집", 이미지 DVD "아로하로! 아베 나츠미 DVD"를 발매.\n 12월 - 그믐 날 홍백가합전에 데프.디바 및 드림 모닝구무스메。로 출연.\n2006년\n 1월 - 헬로! 프로젝트 콘서트에 엘더클럽으로서 출연.\n 3월 - GyaO 단발 드라마 "소중한 것" DVD가 발매. 29일에는 약 2년만의 2nd 앨범 "2nd〜染みわたる想い〜" 발매.\n 4월 - GEORGIA의 신제품 "GABA"에서 이미지 캐릭터를 담당. 콘서트 투어 "아가씨틱 Bank"에서 이이다 카오리를 게스트로 맞이해 전국을 돌았다. 일본 테레비 드라마 컴플렉스 "프리즌 걸"에서 주연.\n 5월 - 후지 테레비의 스페셜 드라마 "더 히트 퍼레이드 ~예능계를 바꾼 사나이, 와타나메 신 이야기~"에서, 여동생이자 가수인 아베 아사미와 함께 더 피넛으로서 출연.\n 6월 - 6th 사진집 "ecru" 발매.\n 8월 - 뮤지컬 "리본의 기사 더 뮤지컬"에서 프란츠 왕자역으로서 출연(이시카와 리카, 마츠우라 아야와의 트리플 캐스트).\n2007년\n 3월 - 미니 앨범 "25〜ヴァンサンク〜", 7th 사진집 "SCENE. 아베 나츠미 사진집", 이미지 DVD "아로하로!2 아베 나츠미 DVD"를 발매.\n 6월 - 7월 - NHK 목요시대극 "여름 구름이여 걷혀라." 히로인 온다 시호 역으로 출연.\n 10월 7일 - 도쿄 도 시부야구에서 승용차를 운전중 교통 사고를 일으켜, 토쿄 지검에 자동차 운전 과실상해의 혐으로 서류 송검되었으나, 상대방이 경상이었다는 점 등을 이유로 기소 유예 처리되었다. 아베는 이 해 8월에 운전면허를 취득했다. 그때까지는 사무소에서 반대하고 있었으나, OK 되었다는 모양이다(같은 해 8월 15일의 "나루 토모!"에서 고백).\n 11월 - 8th 사진집 "Cam on" 발매.\n2008년\n 1월 16일 - 아베 나츠미 & 야지마 마이미 (℃-ute) 명의로 "16歳の恋なんて(16살의 사랑따위)"를 릴리즈.\n 3월 - 5월 - 무대 "축제 음악극 트란도트" (미야모토 아몬 출연)에 류 역으로서 출연.\n 7월 - Inter FM의 방송, "FIVE STARS"의 월요일 담당 퍼스널리티에 취임.\n 8월 - 9th 사진집 "End of Summer" 발매.\n 8월 - 마츠야마 치하루의 63rd 싱글 "추억"의 프로모션 비디오에 게스트 출연. 재정파산한 유바리시를 응원하기 위한 콘서트에서 같이 출연한 것이 계기.\n 9월 - 이미지 DVD "Nacchural。(넷츄럴.)" 을 발매.\n 12월 10일 - 솔로로서의 첫 베스트 앨범 "安倍なつみ 〜Best Selection〜 15色の似顔絵たち(아베 나츠미 ~ Best Selection ~ 15색의 초상화들)"을 발매.\n2009년\n 3월 - 헬로! 프로젝트를 졸업. 다음 달부터 신팬클럽 "M-line club"에 소속.\n 4월 5일 ~ 5월 9일 - 무대 "삼문 오페라" (미야모토 아문 연출)에 폴리-역으로서 출연.\n 6월 6일 - 공식 홈페이지 오픈.\n 11월 - 주니어 베지터블 & 프루츠 마스터(야채 소물리에)의 자격을 취득.\n2010년\n 3월 - 주니어 식육대가의 자격을 취득.\n 5월 - 6월 - 뮤지컬 "리틀 숍 오브 호라즈"에 오드리 역으로 출연.\n2013년\n 10월 1일 - 소속사 업프런트 크리에이트로 이적.\n2015년\n 12월 29일 - 배우 야마자키 이쿠사부로와의 혼인 신고를 발표.\n2016년\n 7월 26일 - 첫 아이가 될 남자 아이를 출산.\n2018년\n 10월 31일 - 둘째 아이가 될 남자 아이를 출산.\n\n음반\n\n싱글 \n 22歳の私(22살의 나) - 2003년 8월 13일\n だって 生きてかなくちゃ(그게 살아가지 않으면) - 2004년 6월 2일\n 恋のテレフォン GOAL(사랑의 전화기 골) - 2004년 8월 11일\n 夢ならば(꿈이라면) - 2005년 4월 20일\n 恋の花(사랑의 꽃) - 2005년 8월 31일\n スイートホリック(Sweet holic) - 2006년 4월 12일\n ザ・ストレス(The Stress) - 2006년 6월 28일\n 甘すぎた果実(너무나 단 과실) - 2006년 10월 4일\n Too far away ～女のこころ～(여자의 마음) - 2007년 5월 9일\n 息を重ねましょう(숨을 겹쳐요) - 2007년 10월 24일\n スクリーン(스크린) - 2008년 12월 3일\n 雨上がりの虹のように(비가 갠 뒤의 무지개와 같이) - 2010년 9월 15일\n 오케이상과 아베 나츠미 (모닝구무스메。) 명의\n 母と娘のデュエットソング(엄마와 딸의 Duet song) - 2003년 5월 1일\n 아베 나츠미 · 이시카와 리카 명의\n GOOD BYE HELLO! (2004년 12월 12일,「풋치베스트5」수록)\n NHK 단발 드라마「라스트 프레젠트」주제가\n 千 (아베 나츠미) 명의\n たからもの(보물) - 2005년 11월 30일\n\n앨범 \n 一人ぼっち(외톨이) - 2004년 2월 4일\n 2nd～染みわたる想い～(스며드는 마음) - 2006년 3월 29일\n\n미니 앨범 \n 25～ヴァンサンク～ - 2007년 3월 14일\n\n베스트 앨범 \n 安倍なつみ ～Best Selection～ 15色の似顔絵たち - 2008년 12월 10일\n\n커버 앨범 \n Smile…❤ - 2014년 8월 13일\n 光へ -Classical & Crossover- - 2014년 10월 22일\n Dreams - 2015년 6월 17일\n\n전달 악곡 \n Best Friend - 2013년 8월 13일\n\nDVD/VHS (싱글) \n 싱글V「22歳の私」 - 2003년 8월 13일\n 싱글V「だって生きてかなくちゃ」 - 2004년 6월 2일\n 싱글V「恋のテレフォン GOAL」 - 2004년 8월 11일\n 싱글V「夢ならば」 - 2005년 5월 18일\n 싱글V「恋の花」 - 2005년 9월 7일\n 싱글V「スイートホリック」 - 2006년 4월 19일\n 싱글V「ザ・ストレス」 - 2006년 7월 26일\n 싱글V「Too far away 〜女のこころ〜」 - 2007년 5월 30일\n 싱글V「息を重ねましょう」 - 2007년 11월 14일\n 싱글V「スクリーン」 - 2008년 12월 17일\n\nDVD (PV집) \n 安倍なつみ シングルVクリップス① - 2006년 12월 20일\n\nDVD/Blu-ray (콘서트) \n 安倍なつみファーストコンサートツアー 2004 〜あなた色〜 - 2004년 10월 27일\n 安倍なつみコンサートツアー2005秋 〜24カラット〜 - 2006년 1월 25일\n 安倍なつみコンサートツアー2006春 〜おとめちっくBank〜 - 2006년 8월 23일\n NATSUMI ABE ACOUSTIC LIVE at Shibuya O-EAST - 2006년 12월 27일\n 安倍なつみコンサートツアー2007春 25〜ヴァンサンク〜 - 2007년 7월 11일\n 安倍なつみSpecial Live 2007 秋~Acoustic なっち~ - 2008년 2월 6일\n NATSUMI ABE BIRTHDAY SPECIAL CONCERT - 2008년 11월 5일\n 安倍なつみコンサートツアー2008秋 ～Angelic～ - 2009년 1월 28일\n 安倍なつみSummer Live Tour 2009 ~やっぱりスニーカーがすき!-Tour FINAL-“新たな誓い”- 2009년 11월 11일\n 安倍なつみ秋ツアー2010～Autumn voice～ - 2011년 3월 2일\n 安倍なつみBirthday Live 2012 ～thanks all～ - 2012년 12월 19일\n 安倍なつみBirthday Live 2013 +♪The Beating♪+ - 2013년 12월 18일\n 安倍なつみSummer Live 2014～Smile...♥～Birthday Spacial - 2014년 12월 17일\n 安倍なつみ Birthday Special Live 2015 at LIQUIDROOM - 2015년 12월 16일\n\nDVD (그 외) \n ミュージカル「おかえり」 - 2004년 5월 19일\n 安倍なつみ 〜モーニング娘。卒業メモリアル〜 - 2004년 7월 28일\n アロハロ！安倍なつみDVD - 2005년 11월 2일\n ミュージカル「白蛇伝～White Lovers～」DVD - 2007년 2월 28일\n アロハロ！２ 安倍なつみDVD - 2007년 3월 28일\n 劇団シニアグラフティ 昭和歌謡シアター「FAR AWAY」 - 2007년 12월 19일\n Nacchural。 - 2008년 9월 3일\n 夏 海 - 2010년 11월 3일\n 舞台『安倍内閣』 - 2011년 3월 23일\n\n출연\n\n텔레비전\n\n드라마 \n 무카이 아라다의 동물일기 ~애견 로시난테의 재난~ (2001년 1월 ~ 3월, 니혼테레비) - 엔도 하루나 역\n 24시간 테레비 ~사랑은 지구를 구한다~ 스페셜 드라마 마지막 여름방학 (2001년 8월, 니혼테레비) - 주연\n 시간을 달리는 소녀 (2002년 1월, TBS ) - 요시야마 카즈코 역\n 너스맨 (2002년 1월 ~ 3월, 니혼테레비) - 사카구치 미와\n 신춘 월드 시대극 미부기시덴 ~신센구미에서 가장 강했던 사내~ (2002년 1월, 테레비도쿄)\n 삼색고양이 홈즈의 범죄학강좌 (2002년 12월, TBS, 주연)\n 라스트 프레젠트 (2003년 12월, NHK) - 아마미야 료코\n 강아지의 왈츠 (2004년 4월 ~ 6월, 니혼테레비) - 사쿠라기 하오토 역\n 보물 (2005년 11월, 인터넷 배급된 드라마(배급소 - GyaO) - 무라다 센 역\n 드림 컴플렉스 프리즌 걸 (2006년 4월 18일, 니혼테레비, 주연) - 아리무라 토모미 역\n 더 히트・퍼레이드 ~예능계를 바꾼 사내 · 와타나베 신 이야기~ (2006년 5월 26일, 27일 후지테레비) - 이토 에미(=이토 히데요) 역\n 24시간 테레비 ~사랑은 지구를 구한다~ “약혼자로부터의 유서 ~특공대원에게 마친 60년의 사랑~” (2006년 8월, 니혼테레비)\n 나츠쿠모 아가레 (2007년 6월 7일 ~ 7월 5일, NHK) - 온다 치호 역\n\n프로그램 \n 헬로! 모닝구。(2000년 4월 9일 ~ 2007년 4월 1일, 2005년 3월 6일 ~ 2007년, 테레비도쿄) - 사회\n 불상사가 알려진 직후인 2004년 12월 5일과 1주일 후의 12일은 녹화일의 텔롭을 넣은 채로 평소대로 방송. 2004년 12월 19일 ~ 2005년 2월 27일은 근신.\n 솔트레이크 시티 올림픽 & 2002년계피규어 스케이트 선수권 (2002년, TBS) - 캐스터\n 틴틴 TOWN! (2002년 7월 5일 ~ 2004년 3월 26일) - 성우\n 마츠우라 아야의 중화민국 아야야화 계획! (2002년, TBS) - 나레이션\n 후타리고토 (2004년 4월 5일 ~ 13일, 8월 30일 ~ 9월 8일, 테레비도쿄)\n 미디어 봤는걸 승리! 제루마 (2004년 7월 3일 ~ 2004년 9월 25일, 후지테레비) - 사회\n 엔터! 봤는걸 승리 (2004년 10월 2일 ~ 2004년 11월 27일, 2005년 2월 12일 ~ 2005년 3월19일, 후지테레비) - 사회\n 미녀방담 (2010년 3월 11일 · 18일, 테레비도쿄)\n\n라디오 \n 아베 나츠미의 슈퍼 모닝 라이더 (1999년 10월 7일 - 2000년 12월 28일, 도쿄 FM)\n 영타운 토요일 (2000년 10월 ~ 2002년 3월, MBS 라디오)\n 에어모니。(2001년 10월 ~ 2003년 3월, 분카 방송)\n TBC FUN 후루도 모레시모 닷슈 (2005년 8월 29일 ~ 9월 2일, 도호쿠 방송)\n Gotcha! Fun\'s Radio (2007년 9월 ~ 2007년 11월, FM 홋카이도)\n FIVE STARS (2008년 7월 7일 ~ 2009년 3월 30일, Inter FM)\n 당신을 만나면 (2009년 4월 3일 ~ , bay-fm)\n\n광고 \n 크라시엘 홀딩스 - 카네보우 샴프 “SALA” (2000년)\n 오츠카 제약 - 젤리음료 “칼로리 메이트 젤리” (2004년 6월 8일)\n 조지아 (2006년 4월 11일 ~ )\n 미르그란드 홋카이도 (2006년 ~ ) - 나레이션\n\n무대 · 뮤지컬 \n 오카에리。(2004년 2월)\n 오사카 고세이 연금회관 예술홀 - 7회\n 아오야마 극장 - 8회\n 나고야 메이테츠 홀 - 8회\n 리본의 기사 The Musical (2006년 8월, 신주쿠 코마극장)\n 백사전 (2006년 11월 8일 ~ 11월 26일, 루 티아톨 긴자)\n 극단 시니어 그라피티 쇼와 가요 씨어터「FAR AWAY」(2007년 9월 27일 - 30일, 기타센주 THEATRE1010)\n 축제 음악극 트란좃트 - 류역\n 아카사카 ACT 씨어터 (2008년 3월 27일 ~ 4월 27일)\n 우메다 예술 극장 (2008년 5월 2일 ~ 5월 9일)\n 미소노좌 (2008년 5월 13일 ~ 5월 22일)\n 삼문 오페라\n Bunkamura 씨어터 코쿤 (2009년 4월 5일 ~ 4월 29일)\n 오사카 후생연금 회관 예술 홀 (2009년 5월 4일 ~ 5월 9일)\n off Broadway 뮤지컬「리틀 숍 오브 호라즈」- 오드리역\n 시모키타자와 혼다 극장(2010년 5월 13일 ~ 30일)\n 2010년 6월 1일 센다이, 6월 4일 인자이, 6월 5일 키미츠, 6월 11일 후쿠오카, 6월 12일 · 13일 오사카, 6월 19일 요코하마, 6월 21일 토야마에서 공연\n 아베 내각 (2010년 12월 22일 ~ 27일, 혼다 극장)\n\n그룹 활동 \n 애프터눈무스메。(2010년, 일본 코카콜라 조지아 광고 캐릭터)\n 드림 모닝구무스메。(2011년 ~ 2012년)\n\n같이 보기 \n 헬로! 프로젝트\n M-line club\n\n각주\n\n외부 링크 \n \n 아베 나츠미 공식 사이트\n UP-FRONT WORKS 공식 프로필\n 아베 나츠미 공식 팬클럽 사이트\n 소속사의 음반 목록\n 일본 컬럼비아 공식 사이트\n 아베 나츠미 공식 유튜브 채널\n\n1981년 출생\n살아있는 사람\n일본의 여자 가수\n일본의 여자 텔레비전 배우\n아이돌 가수\n일본의 아이돌\n일본의 여자 가수\n홋카이도 출신\n무로란시 출신\n헬로! 프로젝트 출신\nM-라인 클럽\n모닝구무스메\n일본 컬럼비아',
"《대전통편》(大典通編)은 《경국대전》과 《속대전》 및 그 이후에 임금이 내린 교명과 현행 법령을 증보하여 편찬한 조선의 법전으로, 현존하는 책은 6권 5책으로 된 인쇄본. 목판본. 장서각도서이다.《경국대전》의 예에 따라 서술하고, 경국대전의 본문에는 원(原), 속대전의 본문에는 속(續), 새로 증보한 것에는 증(增) 자를 음각(陰刻)해 넣어 서로 구별하였다.\n\n1785년(정조 9) '경국대전', '속대전' 및 그 뒤의 법령을 통합하여 김치인 등이 왕명에 따라 편찬한 통일법전. 1784년 찬집청을 설치하여 김노진 등이 편찬하여 1786년부터 시행되었다.\n\n편찬/발간 경위 \n\n조선시대 법전은 ≪경국대전≫과 ≪속대전≫ 두 책으로 되었으나, 그 밖에도 ≪오례의 五禮儀≫ 등 법전과 같은 효력이 있는 전서들이 나뉘어 있어 법제 운용에 불편이 많았다.\n\n1781년 2월 당시의 법전을 통합하기로 결정하고, 1784년 찬집청을 설치하였다. 이어서 김노진(金魯鎭)·엄숙(嚴璹)·정창순(鄭昌順)을 찬집당상(纂輯堂上), 이가환(李家煥)을 찬집낭청(纂輯郎廳)으로 임명, 편찬에 착수하였다.\n\n찬집당상들은 업무를 분담하고 각자의 작업분을 대신들과 상의해 초고를 완성한 뒤, 각 전(典)별로 모두 정조의 결재를 거쳤다.\n\n정조는 이를 다시 전임과 현임의 대신들에게 재검토하게 하였다. 또, 각 전마다 당해 판서에게 축조 교정(逐條校正)하도록 하였다. 이 일의 총재(總裁)로는 일찍이 ≪속대전≫ 편찬을 주관한 김재로(金在魯)의 아들 김치인(金致仁)을 임명하였다.\n\n교정 실무자로 이가환·신대계(申大季)를 임명해 교정을 마친 뒤, 이복원(李福源)의 서문, 김치인의 전문(箋文)을 첨부하였다.\n\n1785년 6월 15일 목판본 인쇄에 들어가 그 해 9월 6일 220부의 인쇄를 마쳤다. 이 때 감인관(監印官)으로는 정창성(鄭昌聖)·이가환·이덕무(李德懋)·유득공(柳得恭)·박제가(朴齊家) 등 규장각검서관들이 맡았다. 또한, 지방 관아에 보낼 것은 각 감영에서 별도로 번각(翻刻), 배포하도록 하여 1786년 1월 1일부터 시행되었다.\n\n내용 \n\n6전(六典)의 조문은 ≪경국대전≫을 맨 앞에, ≪속대전≫을 그 다음에, 그리고 그 뒤의 법령 순으로 수록하고 각각 ‘원(原)’·‘속(續)’·‘증(增)’자로 표시하였다. 또한 종래 횡조로 되었던 것을 모두 종조로 바꾸었다.\n\n특히, 조종성헌존중(祖宗成憲尊重)의 대 원칙에 따라 ≪경국대전≫이나 ≪속대전≫의 조문 중에서 공식적으로 폐지된 조문은 ‘금폐(今廢)’라고 표시하였다.\n\n그리고 숫자나 명칭이 뒤바뀌거나 오류가 명백한 것만 바로잡는 것 외에 ≪경국대전≫과 ≪속대전≫의 조문은 그대로 수록하였다.\n\n≪대전통편≫에는 이전(吏典) 212개조, 호전(戶典) 73개조, 예전(禮典) 101개조, 병전(兵典) 265개조, 형전(刑典) 60개조, 공전(工典) 12개조 등 도합 723개 조문이 그 전의 법전에 추가되었다.\n\n≪대전통편≫의 편찬으로 ≪경국대전≫ 이후 300년만에 새로운 통일 법전이 이룩되었다. 1865년(고종 2) 9월의 조선시대 최후의 법전인 ≪대전회통≫은 ≪대전통편≫을 약간 증보한 것에 지나지 않았다.\n\n참고 문헌 \n『정조실록』\n『순조실록』\n\n같이 보기 \n 경국대전\n 속대전\n 대전회통\n\n조선의 법전\n1785년 책",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
TripletLoss
@misc{hermans2017defense,
title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification},
author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
year={2017},
eprint={1703.07737},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV}
}
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Safetensors
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Model tree for DIS-Project/bert_lang_trained_on_all_data_model_push_00
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer model = SentenceTransformer("DIS-Project/bert_lang_trained_on_all_data_model_push_00") sentences = [ "Quelles sont les missions assurées par le DCRE à Bel-Abbès après la cessation du REI le ?", "Dana Tyrone Rohrabacher (; born June 21, 1947) is a former American politician, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1989 to 2019. A Republican, he formerly represented for the last three terms of his House tenure.\n\nRohrabacher ran for re-election to Congress in 2018, losing to Democrat Harley Rouda. He was the longest-serving House incumbent to lose reelection in 2018. Rohrabacher has expressed strong pro-Russia and pro-Putin opinions, which have raised questions about his relationship with Vladimir Putin and the Russian government.\n\nEarly life, education, and career\nRohrabacher was born on June 21, 1947, in Coronado, California, the son of Doris M. (née Haring) and Donald Tyler Rohrabacher. He attended elementary school locally, and during his college years, he lived in Sunset Beach. Rohrabacher graduated from Palos Verdes High School in Palos Verdes Estates, California, attended community college at Los Angeles Harbor College, and earned a bachelor's degree in history at California State University, Long Beach in 1969. He received his master's degree in American Studies at the University of Southern California.\n\nWhile in graduate school and during the early 1970s, Rohrabacher had a side activity as a folk singer. He was also a writer for the Orange County Register. At this time he was considered a free-market anarchist and libertarian activist, following his previous membership in Young Americans for Freedom. Libertarian author Samuel Konkin recalled Rohrabacher as \"a charismatic campus activist, radicalized by Robert LeFevre who provided him with small funding to travel the country with his instrument and folk songs from campus to campus, converting YAF chapters into Libertarian Alliances and SIL chapters.\"\n\nRohrabacher served as assistant press secretary to Ronald Reagan during his 1976 and 1980 presidential campaigns. Rohrabacher then worked as a speechwriter and special assistant to President Reagan from 1981 to 1988. During his tenure at the White House, Rohrabacher played a leading role in the formulation of the Reagan Doctrine.\n\nU.S. House of Representatives\n\nElections\nRohrabacher left the Reagan administration in 1988 to pursue Dan Lungren's recently vacated House seat. With his friend Oliver North's fundraising help, Rohrabacher won the Republican primary with a plurality of 35%. He won the general election with 64% of the vote. He twice experienced serious primary competition, in 1992 and 1998. After redistricting, he won a three-candidate primary election in 1992 with a plurality of 48%. In 1998, he won an open primary with 54% of the vote. In general elections, only one time, in 2008, did he receive less than 55% of the vote, until he was defeated.\n\n2008\n\nIn 2008, Rohrabacher defeated Democratic nominee Debbie Cook, mayor of Huntington Beach, 53%–43%, the lowest winning percentage of Rohrabacher's career.\n\n2010\n\nIn 2010, Rohrabacher defeated Democratic nominee Ken Arnold 62%–38%.\n\n2012\n\nAfter redistricting, Rohrabacher announced in 2012 that he would run in the newly redrawn 48th Congressional district. He said \"The new 48th District is a good fit and something that will enable me to serve my constituents and the country well.\" He won re-election in this Orange County district, with 61% of the vote.\n\n2014\n\nRohrabacher won reelection with 64.1% of the vote.\n\n2016\n\nRohrabacher won reelection with 58.3% of the vote.\n\n2018\n\nIn March 2018, CNN reported that Erik Prince, a former intern of Rohrabacher while he was freshman congressman in 1990 and very close ally of Rohrabacher, hosted a fundraiser at Prince's Virginia home with expected attendees including Oliver North on March 18, 2018. On October 12, 2018, the Los Angeles Times reported that the Congressional Leadership Fund, a Super PAC closely associated with House Speaker Paul Ryan, had passed over Rohrabacher in its initial round of broadcast television advertising across Southern California. Rohrabacher's campaign denied this, saying that CLF had spent \"about $2.4 million and they have an additional $1 million in media buys scheduled\" for Rohrabacher.\n\nDemocrat Harley Rouda was declared the winner on November 10, 2018.\n\nTenure\n\nIn 1990, Rohrabacher opposed the National Endowment of the Arts and joined Mel Hancock in demanding its abolition. In a February letter to other members of Congress, Rohrabacher sent a photograph by artist and AIDS activist David Wojnarowicz. In April, liberal constitutional rights group People for the American Way announced its intent to launch a newspaper advert campaign against Rohrabacher.\n\nWestern vice president of the organization Michael Hudson stated, \"Americans overwhelmingly reject censorship of the arts and support the NEA. Rep. Rohrabacher has taken the leading role in the House calling for the abolishment of the NEA. If we are to win this battle, we must energize and mobilize the creative community here in Los Angeles.\" Rohrabacher welcomed the announcement, stating that his constituents \"don't want federal dollars to go to sacrilegious or obscene art\" and that it would help voters to understand the issue. Explaining his position, Rohrabacher stated that he did not believe \"anyone should be prevented from seeing what they want to see or painting what they want to paint...on their own time and their own dime. But if you get a government subsidy, that's another question.\"\n\nIn October, the House passed a bill to reauthorize funds for the NEA with the directive that the organization could not fund obscene art. Rohrabacher introduced an amendment that would include specific guidelines on the kind of art projects that could not be funded, such as works that were sexually explicit or denigrated the American flag or religions, the amendment being rejected by a vote of 249-175. Rohrabacher stated his amendment was supposed to ensure that the federal government was \"not subsidizing obscenity, child pornography, attacks on religion, desecration of the American flag or any other of the outrages we have seen in the past.\" By the time the House passed the bill, Rohrabacher had become known as \" the House's most outspoken critic of the NEA\".\n\nRace quotas\nIn October 1991, Rohrabacher wrote a letter to the civil rights division of the Education Department after seven Filipino students complained to the media that they were denied admission to the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Rohrabacher requested the department conduct a federal civil rights investigation on what seemed to be \"a quota based upon race that illegally discriminates against Filipino-Americans and possibly applicants of other races\". UCSD vice chancellor for undergraduate affairs Joseph Watson refused the letter, dismissing Rohrabacher as \"wrong when he says that 40% of admissions are reserved for certain races\". He stated that the school ranks all applicants using a grade-based formula. Watson charged Rohrabacher with fanning hysteria over discrimination: \"The Rohrabacher approach is to play to public fears that something fishy is going on. We don't want anyone to feel we're not giving everyone a fair and equitable review that can stand up to any scrutiny.\"\n\nElection fraud and conviction\nRohrabacher was charged with improper use of campaign contributions in the 1995 state assembly election for providing money from his campaign and giving it to his Campaign Manager, and future wife, Rhonda Carmony (R) in order to promote a decoy Democratic candidate, Laurie Campbell, to draw away votes from the primary Democratic candidate Linda Moulton-Patterson, who was running against Republican Candidate Scott R. Baugh. Rohrabacher was found guilty and fined $50,000. (1995)\n\nImpeachment of Bill Clinton\n\nIn November 1997, Rohrabacher was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry against President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations. This was an early effort to impeach Clinton, predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998. On October 8, 1998, Rohrabacher voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry. On December 19, 1998, Rohrabacher voted in favor of all four articles of impeachment against Clinton (only two of which received the needed majority of votes).\n\nNational Defense Bill\nIn 2011, Rohrabacher voted against the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012.\n\nJack Wu embezzlement\nIn June 2015, Rohrabacher released a statement accusing former treasurer of his reelection committee, Jack Wu, of embezzling more than $170,000 from his campaign. Rohrabacher's attorney Charles H. Bell Jr. stated that the congressman had filed criminal charges against Wu with the Orange County district attorney and state attorney general.\n\n2011 visit to Iraq\nDuring a trip to Iraq in June 2011, he said that Iraq should pay back the US for all the money it had spent since the invasion, when it becomes a wealthy country. Rohrabacher also commented he would be holding a hearing with the Sub-Committee on Oversight and Investigations into whether Iraq committed \"crimes against humanity\" during an attack on Camp Ashraf in April 2011. The incident left 34 residents killed and over 300 wounded. The delegation was denied access to the camp by Iraqi government, citing their sovereignty. Rohrabacher's delegation was subsequently asked to leave the country.\n\nPayment for 30-year-old screenplay\nOn November 4, 2005, the Los Angeles Times reported that Rohrabacher was paid $23,000 for a 30-year-old screen play he had written. At issue was whether the producer paid him for the screenplay or for introductions to congressional and federal officials. Rohrabacher said that the introductions were made in good faith, were nothing that was not done regularly for legitimate causes, and that the introductions had only become an issue because of Joseph Medawar's alleged misdeeds. In May 2006, Rohrabacher announced through his press secretary that he would return the $23,000. The decision was made public shortly before Medawar took responsibility in a United States District Court for bilking $3.4 million from about 50 investors.\n\n2016 consideration for Secretary of State\nFollowing the election of Donald Trump in 2016, Rohrabacher was on the shortlist for Secretary of State along with Mitt Romney and eventual pick Rex Tillerson.\n\nTrump protesters turned away from office\nIn February 2017, Rohrabacher faced criticism for refusing to meet with constituents that showed up at his local Huntington Beach office. The constituents were upset with his support of President Donald Trump. Police were called to remove the constituents.\n\nCommittee assignments\n\n Committee on Foreign Affairs\n Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia\n Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (Chairman)\n Committee on Science, Space and Technology\n Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics\n Subcommittee on Energy and Environment\n\nRohrabacher chaired the Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee of the House Science Committee from 1997 until January 2005; he received a two-year waiver to serve beyond the six-year term limit.\n\nAs a senior member of the International Relations Committee, Rohrabacher led the effort to deny Most Favored Nation trading status to the People's Republic of China, citing that nation's dismal human rights record and opposition to democracy. His subcommittee assignments were East Asia and Pacific, and Middle East and South Asia.\n\nCaucus memberships\n Congressional Cannabis Caucus\n Congressional Human Rights Caucus\nUnited States Congressional International Conservation Caucus\n Congressional Taiwan Caucus\n Sportsmen's Caucus\n Freedom Caucus\n House Baltic Caucus\n\nForeign and security policy positions\n\nRussia\nEarly in Rohrabacher's congressional career in 1990 or 1991, KGB agent and deputy mayor of Saint Petersburg Vladimir Putin and two other Russians entered Rohrabacher's congressional office in Washington D.C. who subsequently became close friends according to Rohrabacher during a 2013 interview with KPCC.\n\nRohrabacher called the Russian banker Aleksandr Torshin, a Putin ally, \"sort of the conservatives' favorite Russian\".\n\nOn September 8, 2008, at a House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee meeting, Rohrabacher argued that the Georgians had initiated a recent military confrontation in the ongoing Russia–Georgia war.\n\nIn 2012, the FBI warned Rohrabacher that Rohrabacher's support for Russia's interests was allowing Russia to cultivate him for its purposes.\n\nIn February 2013, Rohrabacher gave a speech urging the right to self-determination for the Baloch people in Pakistan at an UNPO conference in London.\n\nIn April 2014, he tweeted that \"If majority of people legally residing in Alaska want to be part of Russia then its OK with me.\" In February 2017, he responded to the April 2014 tweet by writing \"We fought a war against slavery. With out that factor if majority in any state wants out, let them go.\"\n\nIn April 2016, Rohrabacher and a member of his staff, Paul Behrends, traveled to Russia and returned with Yuri Chaika's confidential talking points memo about incriminating information on Democratic donors which were later discussed in the Trump Tower meeting on June 9, 2016. The talking points paper used at the Trump Tower meeting in June by Natalia Veselnitskaya was very similar to the document Rohrabacher had obtained from Chaika in April and included some paragraphs verbatim.\n\nIt has been reported in multiple sources that Rohrabacher is known for his long-time friendship with Russia's Vladimir Putin and his defense of \"the Russian point of view.\" On June 15, 2016, then-House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy told a group of Republicans, \"There's two people I think Putin pays: Rohrabacher and Trump. Swear to God.\" Then-House Speaker Paul Ryan ended the conversation, saying \"No leaks. This is how we know we're a real family here.\" The Republicans present were sworn to secrecy. Brendan Buck, counselor to Paul Ryan, initially denied these reports, but was then told The Washington Post had a recording. After the recording was leaked by the Post in May 2017, McCarthy said the comment was intended as a joke which had not worked.\n\nIt was not reported for another year that around that time, Rohrabacher had planned, in his capacity as chair of the Europe subcommittee, to hold a hearing on the Magnitsky Act, which bars certain Russian officials from entering the United States or holding any financial assets in American banks. At the hearing Bill Browder, the American-born investor who had lobbied for the act's passage after what he claims was the illegal appropriation of his hedge fund's assets and the subsequent murder of his Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky, was to testify. Rohrabacher planned to subject him to what was described as a \"show trial\", where in addition to questioning Browder closely and skeptically about his claims, a feature-length documentary film critical of the Magnitsky claims, directed by Andrei Nekrasov, was to be shown in its entirety. Among the other witnesses scheduled to testify were Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya, a longtime lobbyist against the Magnitsky Act; at around the same time, she had attended a meeting with Donald Trump Jr, Jared Kushner and Trump's then-campaign manager Paul Manafort at which the Russians purportedly offered to share negative information about Hillary Clinton, Trump's opponent in that year's election. In July 2017, Browder testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee that persons supporting the interests of foreign governments or acting on their behalf, especially Russia, must comply with Foreign Agents Registratin Act (FARA) requirements and that no one behind the screening of the Andrei Nekrasov film had met the disclosure filings under FARA.\n\nWhen Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Ed Royce learned of the plans, he canceled the hearing and forbade Rohrabacher from showing the film. In its stead, he held a full committee hearing on U.S.-Russia relations at which Rohrabacher was allowed to submit some of the pro-Russian claims into evidence. The film was ultimately shown at the Newseum, and an intern in Rohrabacher's office who later worked for the Trump transition team sent emails promoting the film from the subcommittee offices.\n\nAfter Donald Trump won the 2016 presidential election, Rohrabacher defended his approach to improving Russian–American relations. He had previously met at least twice to discuss Russian sanctions with Rinat Akhmetshin, a former Soviet spy \"who met with President Trump's son, son-in-law and campaign manager in June 2016\".\n\nIn a May 2017 interview with CNN, Rohrabacher said, \"We have a huge double standard with Russia when it comes to prisoners and other things,\" and further stated that interference by the Russian intelligence services' in the 2016 U.S. election was the same as the National Security Agency (NSA) bugging German Chancellor Angela Merkel's phone.\n\nIn July 2017, Rohrabacher voted for imposing new sanctions on Iran, North Korea, and Russia.\n\nIn February 2020, it was reported that in August 2017, Rohrabacher met with Julian Assange in the Ecuadorian Embassy in London to offer Assange a pardon from President Trump if Assange can offer material supporting Seth Rich as the source of email leaks from the Democratic National Committee during 2016 and not Russians.\n\nIn October 2017, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs placed restrictions on Rohrabacher's ability to use committee money to pay for foreign travel due to concerns over his interest in Russia.\n\nIn an interview with Fox Business Channel on August 24, 2018, Rohrabacher attacked Attorney General Jeff Sessions, because Sessions had refused to fire Robert Mueller and shut down the Russia collusion investigation. He said: \"The fact that Jeff Sessions has not quit is a disloyalty to this president and to the country, the fact is, if he disagrees with what the president wants him to do, he should resign.\"\n\nIt was reported in February 2020 Rohrabacher told Yahoo News his goal during a meeting with Julian Assange was to find evidence for a widely debunked conspiracy theory that WikiLeaks' real source was not Russian intelligence agents for the DNC emails but former DNC staffer Seth Rich. Stephanie Grisham, White House spokesperson for President Trump, stated that Trump barely knew Rohrabacher, except that he was an ex-congressman, and has not spoken with Rohrabacher \"on this subject or almost any subject\". On February 19, 2020, Edward Fitzgerald, Julian Assange's barrister, asserted at Westminster Magistrates' Court in London that Rohrabacher had been sent on behalf of President Trump in August 2017 to offer Assange a pardon from Trump if Assange could release material to show that Russian intelligence were not involved in the 2016 United States election interference.\n\nTerrorism\nIn 2006, Rohrabacher chaired the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the U.S. House Committee on International Relations, which investigated whether the Oklahoma City bombers had assistance from foreign sources; the committee determined there was no conclusive evidence of a foreign connection. In the 113th Congress, Rohrabacher was chair of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats.\n\nSpeaking about Islam, he said during a hearing in April 2013, \"I hope we all work together against a religion that will motivate people to murder children and other threats to us as a civilization.\"\n\nIn 2014, Rohrabacher suggested that Iraq's borders be redrawn in response to the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.\n\nIn the wake of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, Rohrabacher put out a press release stating that he felt \"outrage\" and a \"renewed commitment to defeat and destroy the radical Islamic movement that fosters such mayhem.\" He stressed that Americans must \"be sure not to label all Muslims as terrorist murderers.\" Rohrabacher met Seddique Mateen, the father of the shooter, in 2014 during routine meetings with constituents. He called Mateen an \"estranged individual.\"\n\nOn June 10, 2017, during a House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing on Lebanon's Hezbollah, a day after two ISIL attacks in Tehran, Rohrabacher said that:\n\nIn a further statement to clarify his position, Rohrabacher wrote that he opposes \"the use of force against unarmed civilians no matter who is the victim or who is doing the killing\" but he is also against \"Iran's vicious Mullah monarchy\" and \"when it comes to Sunni terrorists or Shiite terrorists, I prefer them to target each other rather than any other victims, especially innocent civilians and Americans.\" He added that it will \"require support for those proud Iranians who want to win their freedom and heritage from Mullahs and are willing to fight for it. That does not include Isis, but it may include a lot of Iranians who see blowing up Khomeini's mausoleum as an expression of freedom from the yolk [sic] of Islamic terror.\"\n\nDefense of interrogation techniques and extraordinary rendition\nOn April 17, 2007, during a House hearing on trans-Atlantic relations, Rohrabacher defended the Bush administration's program of extraordinary rendition. He said that the unfair treatment of one innocent suspect is an acceptable \"unfortunate consequence\" of holding others who would otherwise be free to commit terror acts. After he received boos and groans from the gallery, Rohrabacher responded, \"Well, I hope it's your families, I hope it's your families that suffer the consequences,\" and \"I hope it's your family members that die.\" Rohrabacher was subsequently interrupted by protesters wearing orange jumpsuits who were removed from the gallery. For his comment that imprisoning and torturing one innocent person was a fair price to pay for locking up 50 terrorists who would \"go out and plant a bomb and kill 20,000 people\", on April 25 Rohrabacher was named Countdown with Keith Olbermann's \"Worst Person in the World\".\n\nAfghanistan\nRohrabacher's interest in Afghanistan extends back at least to the late 1980s, before his time in office, when he entered the country in the company of mujahedin fighters who were fighting Soviet occupation forces. Reportedly, these fighters \"actually engaged Soviet troops in combat near the city of Jalalabad during the two months Rohrabacher was with them.\" In the years after the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989), Rohrabacher said his \"passion\" was to bring back the country's exiled king, Muhammad Zahir Shah.\n\nIn 2003, Rohrabacher defended the new Afghan constitution against those who saw in it mainly empowerment of warlords, saying:\n\nRohrabacher has since become a proponent of withdrawing from Afghanistan. He protested against the troop build-up in Afghanistan by President Obama, saying \"If the Taliban is going is be defeated, it's got to be by the Afghan people themselves, not by sending more U.S. troops, which could actually be counterproductive.\" When Congressman Jim McGovern offered an amendment in 2011 requiring the Pentagon to draw up an exit plan from Afghanistan, Rohrabacher was just one of six Republicans to sign on. Rohrabacher voted for McGovern's Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act, requiring an exit plan from Afghanistan. The bill failed by a 204–215 margin.\n\nRohrabacher was against former President Obama's gradual drawdown of troops, instead supporting a full withdrawal. Saying \"If we're going to leave, we should leave.\" Rohrabacher has said that \"The centralized system of government foisted upon the Afghan people is not going to hold after we leave.\" And \"So let's quit prolonging the agony and inevitable. Karzai's regime is corrupt and non representative of Afghanistan's tribal culture. This failed strategy is not worth one more drop of American blood. Under the current strategy, our military presence alienates more Afghans that it pacifies. So if you're going to pull the plug, then we need to get the hell out now.\" Rohrabacher has repeatedly raised high-level concerns in the US Congress and Washington, D.C., about the significant corruption in Afghanistan, including the Kabul Bank scandal, where hundreds of millions of U.S. taxpayers' dollars allegedly disappeared in a short period of time at the apparent hands of close Karzai family members, including brothers Mahmoud Karzai (a.k.a. Mahmood Karzai) and Ahmed Wali Karzai. Rohrabacher worked to bring attention to the systemic corruption in the Karzai government and cut U.S. taxpayers' funding for these wasteful projects and programs, involving corruption within the Hamid Karzai government.\n\nIn April 2012, CNN reported that \"A top Republican on the House Foreign Affairs committee was asked by the State Department not to go to Afghanistan because President Hamid Karzai objected to the visit. ... Dana Rohrabacher, R-California, told Security Clearance he was readying to travel with five other Republicans from Dubai to Afghanistan's capital, Kabul, when the State Department requested he stay behind.\"\n\nBosnia and Kosovo independence\n\nRohrabacher was opposed to the involvement of American ground troops in the Yugoslav Wars. He advocated for the direct bombing of the military on Yugoslav soil, criticizing the ineffectiveness of western forces against the Bosnian Serbs. (NATO was limited to small fixed attacks, as these Serbs penetrated UN safe areas and attacked Bosniak forces.) Rohrabacher said they \"should bomb Serbia's military infrastructure, in Serbia – get that, in Serbia – rather than dropping a couple of duds on tents, which only proves the West's gutlessness, and emboldens Serbian cutthroats.\" Rohrabacher considered the events in Bosnia to constitute genocide. In 1995, Rohrabacher personally visited Sarajevo in Bosnia, criticizing the devastation Serb forces inflicted on the city, saying \"This is a loss to all mankind, not just to the people of Sarajevo.\" He also encountered vagabond children asking for money.\n\nIn 2001, the leader of the Albanian American Civic League ethnic lobby group, Joseph J. DioGuardi, praised Rohrabacher for his support to the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), a militia that was once labeled by Bill Clinton's special envoy to the Balkans Robert Gelbard as a terrorist organization, saying \"He was the first member of Congress to insist that the United States arm the Kosova Liberation Army, and one of the few members who to this day publicly supports the independence of Kosova.\" Also in 2001, Rohrabacher gave a speech in support of American equipping the KLA with weaponry, comparing it to French support of America in the Revolutionary War, saying \"Based on our own experience, the Kosova Liberation Army should have been armed. ... If the U.S. had armed the KLA in 1998, we would not be where we are today. The 'freedom fighters' would have secured their freedom and Kosova would be independent.\"\n\nChina \nAfter a reconnaissance flight over the Spratly Islands in 1998, Rohrabacher said, \"We can't ignore this bullying by the Communist Chinese in the Spratlys. The presence of the Chinese military troops...is not only a concern of the Philippines. It is also a concern of the U.S. and other democratic countries in the world.\"\n\nIn July 1999, Rohrabacher led the House floor in opposition to legislation normalizing trade ties between the United States and China. The following year, as the House weighed another China trade bill, Rohrabacher said the trade bill was a giveaway to a select number of American billionaires and the Beijing regime, adding that President Bill Clinton could call \"communist China 'our strategic partner' until his face turns blue, but it won't make them any less red.\"\n\nIn 2011 interviews, Rohrabacher described the Chinese government under the leadership of Hu Jintao as \"a gangster regime that murders its own people\" and described the Chinese government as Nazis.\n\nIn December 2016, after President-elect Trump had a phone call with President of Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen, Rohrabacher said the call had \"showed the dictators in Beijing that he's not a pushover\" and that China \"has had an enormously aggressive foreign policy\".\n\nOrgan harvesting in China\n\nIn 2012 Rohrabacher stated,\n\nand\n\nIraq War\nRohrabacher voted in support of the Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq in 2002, a position that he later said was \"a mistake\".\n\nIran\nIn August 2012, Rohrabacher noted on his official website that he had written a letter addressed to the U.S. State Department, noting his support of U.S. sponsorship of separatist movements in Iran. This elicited criticism from the Iranian-American community, which included challenging Rohrabacher's understanding of the historical background alluded to in his letter to the Department of State.\n\nIn June 2017, a day after an ISIL attack in Tehran, during a House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing, Rohrabacher stated: \"Isn't it a good thing for us to have the United States finally backing up Sunnis who will attack Hezbollah and the Shiite threat to us, isn't that a good thing?\" This comment was strongly criticized by the National Iranian American Council, which wrote, \"Rohrabacher has a long history of bizarre and offensive statements on Iran, but his callousness toward the Iranian victims of ISIS terror might be his most callous and extreme thus far.\"\n\nRohrabacher supported removing the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) from the United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations; it was included on the list from 1997 to 2012. Rohrabacher received $10,300 from the MEK between 2013 and 2015.\n\nAid to Pakistan\nIn May 2011, in the wake of Osama Bin Laden's death, Rohrabacher introduced a bill to stop aid to Pakistan, stating that members of the government and of Pakistan's security force, the ISI, were either sheltering Bin Laden or completely incompetent. \"We can no longer afford this foolishness. ... The time has come for us to stop subsidizing those who actively oppose us. Pakistan has shown itself not to be America's ally.\" Rohrabacher also demanded the return of the US helicopter that crashed in the operation to kill Bin Laden, stating \"If this is not done immediately, it is probable, given Pakistan's history, that our technology has already found its way into the hands of the Communist Chinese military that is buying, building, and stealing the necessary military technology to challenge the United States.\"\n\nIn June 2017, while speaking to Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs Tina Kaidanow, Rohrabacher said, \"We need to go on the record here, in this part of our government, to say that we're not going to be providing weapons systems to Pakistan that we're afraid are going to shoot down our own people. And we know they're engaged in terrorism.\"\n\nSupport for Mohiuddin Ahmed\nIn 2007, Rohrabacher supported Mohiuddin Ahmed, a detainee in the U.S., who was said to be involved in an attempted coup in Bangladesh, during which several people were murdered. He was convicted of the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first President of Bangladesh. Bangladesh's extradition request was halted as Rohrabacher voiced concern about his legal rights, saying that he should be sent somewhere with no death penalty. His support was applauded by both Amnesty International and the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Mohiuddin Ahmed was found guilty of being a participant in the assassinations and was executed on January 28, 2010.\n\nTaiwan\n\nAfter President-elect Donald Trump answered a congratulatory phone call from democratically elected President of Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen on December 2, 2016, Rohrabacher said Trump's phone call with Taiwan's president was \"terrific\" because of the diplomatic warning it sent to China. \"He showed the dictators in Beijing that he's not a pushover.\" He emphasized, \"China has had an enormously aggressive foreign policy and by him actually going to Taiwan, he's showing the people in Beijing that they cannot have this aggressive foreign policy and expect to be treated just the same by an American president.\"\n\nUkraine\nRohrabacher gave a \"qualified defense\" of the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014. On March 6, 2014, he was one of 23 members of the House of Representatives to vote against a $1 billion loan guarantee to support the new government of Ukraine. In the March 11, 2014, House of Representatives vote (402 voting yes; 7 opposed) to condemn Russia for violating Ukraine's sovereignty, Rohrabacher voted \"present\". Commenting on the issue, he stated, \"Starting with our own American Revolution, groups of people have declared themselves, rightfully, to be under a different government or a government of their choosing. People forget that's what our Declaration of Independence is all about.\" He also said, \"The sanctions are an abomination of hypocrisy. This is ridiculous: What we were doing with the violence and military action we took to secure the Kosovars' right to self-determination was far more destructive and had far more loss of life than what Putin's done trying to ensure the people of Crimea are not cut off from what they would choose as their destiny with Russia.\"\n\nUzbekistan\nDuring a US Congressional delegation's visit to Uzbekistan in February 2013, Rohrabacher made several controversial statements. The chief among those statements was that the United States should treat Uzbekistan like Saudi Arabia by disregarding the former's human rights abuses in achieving America's national interests, particularly in selling armaments and drones to Uzbekistan.\n\nNorth Macedonia\nIn 2017, in an interview for an Albanian TV channel Vizion Plus Rohrabacher suggested that Macedonia \"is not a country\" and that the \"Kosovars and Albanians from Macedonia should be part of Kosovo and the rest of Macedonia should be part of Bulgaria or any other country to which they believe they are related\", which provoked a response from the Macedonian foreign ministry which accused him of inflaming \"nationalistic rhetoric\".\n\nTurkey \nIn the wake of the clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in May 2017, Rohrabacher called Donald Trump to never invite Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan again to the United States, and to bar Americans from purchasing Turkish government debt.\n\nEritrea \nIn August 2017, Rohrabacher proposed amending the Department of Defense budget whereby the United States would establish military ties with Eritrea. Rohrabacher suggested that the two countries should cooperate in fighting the War on Terror, curbing Iranian influence in the Yemeni Civil War, and securing the Red Sea region. At the time of Rohrabacher's proposal, Eritrea was subject to international sanctions due to its alleged support of Al-Shabaab in Somalia, and to U.S. sanctions against the Eritrean Navy following an alleged shipment of North Korean military hardware to Eritrea.\n\nJulian Assange \nIn August 2017, Rohrabacher attended a meeting in London with Julian Assange organized and attended by right-wing political activist Charles C. Johnson. Rohrabacher said that the discussion was about the possibility of a presidential pardon in exchange for Assange supplying information on the theft of emails from the Democratic National Committee, which were published by WikiLeaks before the 2016 presidential election. In October 2017, Rohrabacher and Johnson met with Senator Rand Paul (R-Kentucky) to discuss Assange supplying information about the source of leaked emails. However, Assange responded to news accounts of the meeting, tweeting, \"WikiLeaks never has and never will reveal a source. Offers have been made to me—not the other way around. I do not speak to the public through third parties.\"\n\nOther foreign policy\n\nIn March 2005, Rohrabacher introduced HR 1061, the American Property Claims Against Ethiopia Act, which would \"prohibit United States assistance to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia until the Ethiopian government returns all property of United States citizens\". The bill was introduced by Rohrabacher at the behest of Gebremedhin Berhane, a former Eritrean national and friend of the Rohrabacher family, after his business was expropriated by the Ethiopian government.\n\nOn March 7, 2006, Rohrabacher introduced HR 4895, an amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, \"to limit the provision of the United States military assistance and the sale, transfer, or licensing of United States military equipment or technology to Ethiopia\".\n\nDuring an appearance on MSNBC's The Ed Show, Rohrabacher accused Barack Obama of allowing violence in Iran to get out of hand because he did not speak forcefully enough against the country's leadership. He also said that Gorbachev tore down the Berlin Wall because Reagan told him to (\"Tear down this wall\").\n\nIn early 2010, he went to Honduras to commend the election of the new president. His entourage included a group of Californian property investors and businessmen, a dealer in rare coins, and CEOs from San Diego biofuels corporation (which is headed by a family friend).\n\nDomestic political positions\n\nRohrabacher voted to repeal Obamacare, disputed evidence of man-made global warming, was a staunch opponent of illegal immigration, and favored the legalization of cannabis. In foreign policy, he supported withdrawing U.S. troops from Afghanistan, called for Trump to punish Turkish President Erdoğan on embassy violence, sided with Russia in the Russia–Georgia war, gave a qualified defense of the annexation of Crimea in 2014.\n\nRohrabacher was warned in 2012 in a secure room at the Capitol building by an agent from the FBI that Russian spies may have been trying to recruit him to act on Russia's behalf as an \"agent of influence\", after he met with a member of the Russian foreign ministry privately in Moscow. Following the ISIS terrorist attacks in Tehran on June 7, 2017, in which 17 innocent civilians were killed, he suggested that the attack could be viewed as 'a good thing', and surmised that President Trump might have been behind the coordination of this terrorist attack. An article in The Atlantic suggested that there was serious concern in the State Department of ties between Rohrabacher and the Russian government.\n\nOn November 21, 2017, The New York Times reported that Rohrabacher had come under scrutiny from special counsel Robert Mueller and the Senate Intelligence Committee for his close ties to the Kremlin.\n\nRohrabacher had drawn public criticism for some of his positions. His controversial statements included the conspiracy theory claims, first promoted by the politically-biased conspiracy theory website Infowars, that Democrats secretly organized the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville to provoke the violence by the alt-right (which led to the murder of one anti-Nazi protester) in order to discredit President Trump. Rohrabacher had also consistently supported Russian interests in Congress and had defended Trump's controversial remarks regarding Russia.\n\nHe had been a staunch supporter of President Donald Trump.\n\nFirearms\nIn 2018 Sacha Baron Cohen's television program Who Is America? premiered showing Rohrabacher supporting the hoax \"kinderguardians program\" which supported training toddlers with firearms. Rohrabacher claims that he never spoke to Cohen, that he was taken out of context, and that he spoke, \"broadly of making sure young people could get training in self-defense\".\n\nGlobal warming\nRohrabacher doubts the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by humans. During a congressional hearing on climate change on February 8, 2007, Rohrabacher mused that previous warming cycles may have been caused by carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by \"dinosaur flatulence\": \"In fact, it is assumed at best to be unproven and at worst a liberal claptrap, trendy, but soon to go out of style in our new Congress.\" Politico and The New York Times reported that on May 25, 2011, Rohrabacher expressed further skepticism regarding the existence of man-made global warming and suggested that, if global warming is an issue, a possible solution could be clear-cutting rain forests, and replanting. These reports sparked strong criticism by some scientists, including Oliver Phillips, a geography professor at the University of Leeds. They noted the consensus that intact forests act as net absorbers of carbon, reducing global warming. In response, Rohrabacher stated,\n\nRohrabacher does not believe that global warming is a problem. At a town hall meeting with the Newport Mesa Tea Party in August 2013, Rohrabacher said \"global warming is a total fraud\" and part of a \"game plan\" by liberals to \"create global government\".\n\nHealthcare\nOn May 4, 2017, Rohrabacher voted in favor of repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and passing the American Health Care Act. During his 2018 re-election campaign, Rohrabacher pledged to protect protections for individuals with preexisting conditions. Rohrabacher voted for his party's Obamacare replacement bill that included state waivers from rules that prohibit charging higher prices to people with pre-existing conditions.\n\nImmigration\nRohrabacher was an advocate for the state of California's Proposition 187, which prohibited illegal immigrants from acquiring government services. In 2004, he sponsored an amendment that would have prohibited federal reimbursement of hospital-provided emergency care and certain transportation services to undocumented aliens unless the hospital provided information about the aliens' citizenship, immigration status, financial data, and employer to the Secretary of Homeland Security. Aliens who were in the country illegally would receive reimbursement only after they were deported. The proposed bill was defeated, 331–88.\n\nIn 2005, Rohrabacher opined that the Republican Party was split on the issue of immigration: \"There are those of us who identify with the national wing and patriotic wing of the party who have always been adamant on the illegal immigration issues. And, on the other side, you have those people who believe in the business and global marketplace concept. So, you have a party with two different views on one of the major issues of the day.\"\n\nIn early 2008, Rohrabacher endorsed Mitt Romney in the Republican presidential primary, citing his positions on stemming illegal immigration and criticizing John McCain. About McCain, he said: \"He's been the enemy of those of us who have stemmed the flow of illegals into our country, whereas Romney has made some very tough commitments.\"\n\nIn 2011, Rohrabacher proposed the bill H.R. 787 known as the \"No Social Security for Illegal Immigrants Act of 2011\". The bill: \"Amends title II of the Social Security Act to exclude from creditable wages and self-employment income any wages earned for services by aliens performed in the United States, and self-employment income derived from a trade or business conducted in the United States, while the alien was not authorized to be so employed or to perform a function or service in such a trade or business.\"\n\nIn 2013, an 18-year-old student visited Rohrabacher's office to discuss immigration reform. At some point their conversation became disagreeable, and the student said the congressman yelled at her: \"I hate illegals!\" He also allegedly threatened to deport her family. Rohrabacher's spokesperson has disputed both statements, averring that it was actually the student who started the confrontation by yelling at the spokesperson and telling her to \"butt out\".\n\nIn September 2017, Rohrabacher supported the Trump administration's rescinding of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, saying that those \"in Congress must work to prevent such cynical loopholes from being created again by executive fiat\" despite their possible empathy for the immigrants.\n\nThe organization NumbersUSA has given Rep. Rohrabacher an A+ rating in accordance to his stance on illegal immigration.\n\nLGBT issues\nRohrabacher has drawn controversy over his views on LGBT rights. He opposed same-sex marriage and endorsed Proposition 8, the ballot initiative in 2008 that would have prohibited same-sex marriage in California, during a debate at Orange Coast College, stating he \"would suggest not changing the definition of marriage in our society to make a small number of people feel more comfortable\".\n\nRohrabacher voted in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment in both 2004 and 2006, a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have defined marriage as between a man and a woman and forbade states from recognizing or legalizing same-sex marriage. After the Supreme Court issued its decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry in 2013, that legalized same-sex marriage in California, Rohrabacher criticized the decision, stating that the decision was \"not based on the merits of the issue but on a technicality\". However, Rohrabacher has appeared to have endorsed the idea of leaving marriage to religious institutions only, stating on Twitter that churches should be solely responsible for conducting marriages but that the government should only recognize them.\n\nIn May 2018, Rohrabacher provoked severe criticism after telling a meeting of the Orange County Association of Realtors that homeowners \"should be able to make a decision not to sell their home to someone (if) they don't agree with their lifestyle.\" Though the statement did not explicitly refer to LGBT people, it was widely interpreted as such. LGBT groups denounced Rohrabacher for the remarks, and the National Association of Realtors, which had previously donated to Rohrabacher's re-election campaigns, condemned Rohrabacher, halted all of its financial support for him and repudiated its past donations to him. After Rohrabacher's constituents unseated him in favor of Harley Rouda, The Advocate praised the results and condemned Rohrabacher.\n\nDespite criticism from the LGBT community later in his career, early in his political career, Rohrabacher supported a proposal by gays to move to a rural California county and take leadership roles. Rohrabacher's \"California Libertarian Alliance endorsed the project. 'Your main resources are the freedom you offer plus the environment you are locating in,' Dana Rohrabacher, one of the libertarian group’s founders and later speechwriter to then-President Reagan, wrote in a letter to GLF. 'The economic goods are perfect for some kind of a combination ski gambling resort.'\"\n\nCannabis\n\nRohrabacher supported the legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes. He spoke against the policy of cannabis prohibition as early as May 2013, calling it a \"colossal failure\" in an op-ed penned for the Orange County Register. He further outlined his views in a May 2014 op-ed in National Review, arguing that the prohibition of cannabis has incurred a number of undesirable costs upon free society, such as an increase in gang violence, soaring incarceration rates, unconstitutional seizure of private property through civil forfeiture, corruption and militarization of police forces, and negative impacts on minority communities and relationships with Latin-American countries. Rohrabacher has called on fellow Republicans to reconsider their stance towards cannabis, citing core conservative principles such as limited government, individual liberty, respect for the Tenth Amendment, and respect for the doctor–patient relationship that Rohrabacher says lend support to loosening current laws. He also notes conservative leaders such as Milton Friedman, William F. Buckley, and Grover Norquist that have espoused similar drug policy views. In April 2016, Rohrabacher announced his endorsement of California's Proposition 64, the Adult Use of Marijuana Act.\n\nRohrabacher is a strong proponent of states' rights when it comes to cannabis policy. He has introduced the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment for a number of years beginning in 2003, to prohibit the Justice Department from spending funds to interfere with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws. The amendment passed the House for the first time in May 2014, becoming law in December 2014 as part of an omnibus spending bill. Additional legislation that Rohrabacher has introduced includes the Respect State Marijuana Laws Act and the Veterans Equal Access Act. Rohrabacher has called on the DEA / DOJ to remove cannabis from the list of Schedule I drugs. In February 2017, Rohrabacher co-founded the Congressional Cannabis Caucus – along with Reps. Don Young (R–AK), Jared Polis (D–CO), and Earl Blumenauer (D–OR) – to help advance policy change regarding cannabis at the federal level. Rohrabacher earned an \"A+\" rating from NORML for his voting record regarding cannabis-related matters.\n\nPatent reform\nRohrabacher was an opponent of the America Invents Act, a bill that is attempting to change the current Patent System. Rohrabacher opposes changing from a \"first to invent system\" to a \"first to file system\" saying it \"hurts the little guy\". Rohrabacher commented: \"Make no mistake, 'first to file' weakens patent protection. It is likely to make vulnerable individual and small inventors, who don't have an army of lawyers on retainer. These 'little guys' have been the lifeblood of American progress and competitiveness for more than 200 years. Our system was designed to protect individual rights, and it has worked for all – not just the corporate elite.\" Rohrabacher went on to comment in a Politico op-ed: \"We're told this is necessary to harmonize with Japanese and European patent law. But those systems were established by elitists and economic shoguns interested in corporate power, not individual rights.\"\n\nSpace\nRohrabacher was chairman of the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics from 1997 to January 2005 and has been active on space-related issues. In 2000, Space.com described Rohrabacher as \"a strident advocate for supremacy in space, a philosophy shaped along a winding road from libertarian activist to White House speech writer in the Reagan administration\". In 2007, Rohrabacher introduced a bill that would direct NASA to develop a strategy \"for deflecting and mitigating potentially hazardous near-Earth objects\". Rohrabacher has applauded the Apollo astronauts, calling them unofficial ambassadors. Rohrabacher stated \"I applaud their efforts and accomplishments over the past fifty years. And I encourage all Americans to join with me in thanking them for their accomplishments and for the international role they have played in serving as unofficial Ambassadors to the world on our behalf.\"\n\nOn July 18, 2017, Rohrabacher asked a panel of space experts testifying before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology if civilizations could have existed on Mars in the past. Kenneth Farley, a project scientist on NASA's Mars Rover 2020 Project, said: \"I would say that is extremely unlikely.\"\n\nTax reform\nRohrabacher voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Despite efforts made by Republicans to change the bill to be more generous regarding cap deductions on new home mortgages, Rohrabacher remained staunch at voting nay on the bill, as the more than half of the new mortgages in his district are above the $750,000 cap. He stated on his Facebook page that \"Due to the pressure of several members like me, the bill was improved, but not enough for my constituents.\"\n\n2020 presidential election\n\nAfter leaving office, Rohrabacher participated in \"Stop the Steal\" rallies in support of Donald Trump. On January 6, 2021, Rohrabacher was filmed breaching a United States Capitol Police barricade during the 2021 United States Capitol attack, although Rohrabacher was not charged with an offense.\n\nPersonal life\n\nRohrabacher has been married to his wife, Rhonda Carmony, since 1997. In 2004, they became parents of triplets.\n\nRohrabacher was described by the Los Angeles Times as \"an avid surfer\". He also sings, plays guitar, and has written his own song about freedom and America.\n\nRohrabacher revealed in May 2016 that he uses a cannabis-infused topical rub to treat his arthritis pain, allowing him to sleep through the night. The product is legal under California state law but remains a banned substance under U.S. federal law.\n\nIn December 2018, a month after losing his bid for reelection, Rohrabacher announced that he would be moving to Maine to, among other things, write film scripts. In May 2019 he announced his appointment to the advisory board of BudTrader.com, a company that provides cannabis-related advertising services.\n\nElectoral history\n\nSee also\n List of federal political scandals in the United States\n Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n Planetary Defense, Baltimore Chronicle, March 15, 2007\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1947 births\n20th-century American politicians\n21st-century American politicians\nAmerican anti–illegal immigration activists\nBusinesspeople in the cannabis industry\nCalifornia Republicans\nCalifornia State University, Long Beach alumni\nLiving people\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from California\nPeople from Coronado, California\nPeople from Costa Mesa, California\nPoliticians from San Diego\nReagan administration personnel\nRepublican Party members of the United States House of Representatives\nTea Party movement activists\nUniversity of Southern California alumni\nAmerican libertarians", "La ligne 45 (Infrabel) est une ligne ferroviaire (désaffectée) du réseau des chemins de fer belges, qui était notamment un ancien embranchement de la Vennbahn. Elle est fermée définitivement en 2006. \n\nAprès d'importants travaux elle devient, en 2010, un RAVeL sur la totalité de son parcours entre Trois-Ponts et Waimes.\n\nChronologie \n 20 février 1867, ouverture de Trois-Ponts à Stavelot par Société royale grand-ducale des chemins de fer Guillaume-Luxembourg\n décembre 1885, ouverture de Waimes à Malmedy par les Chemins de fer d'État de la Prusse (KPEV)\n1872, nationalisation de la ligne Trois-Ponts - Stavelot\n5 janvier 1914, ouverture de Stavelot à Malmedy par les KPEV et les Chemins de fer de l'État belge.\n 30 mai 1959, fermeture trafic voyageurs sur la totalité de la ligne.\n 2010 l'ensemble de la ligne est un RAVeL.\n\nHistoire\n\nDe Trois-Ponts à Stavelot \nLa section de Trois-Ponts à Stavelot est un tronçon de la ligne de Gouvy à Spa (actuelles lignes 44 et 42), réalisée en prolongement de la ligne de Luxembourg à Troisvierges (actuelle ligne 1), construite par Société royale grand-ducale des chemins de fer Guillaume-Luxembourg, mise en service et exploitée, à partir du , par la société, française, des Chemins de fer de l'Est.\n\nAprès la guerre de 1870 perdue par les Français, l'État belge rachète la ligne et l'exploite lui-même à partir de 1872.\n\nDe Waimes à Malmédy \nLa deuxième section mise en service va de Waimes à Malmedy est à cette époque entièrement située sur le territoire de la Prusse. C'est le premier tronçon de la future Vennbahn qui reliait Aix-la-Chapelle à Malmedy. Ce tronçon de ligne est établi dans une vallée encaissée où coule la Warchenne, une petite rivière que la ligne franchit à au moins 10 reprises. Il est construit par l'administration des chemins de fer de l'État prussien et inauguré le .\n\nDe Malmédy à Stavelot \nLa section centrale de Malmedy à Stavelot est alors située en Prusse de Malmedy à Masta et en Belgique de Masta à Stavelot. La voie est prolongée de Malmedy à la frontière Belgique-Prusse en 1909 par les chemins de fer prussiens, mais l'État Belge inquiet des visées stratégiques prussiennes repoussera la jonction des deux réseaux avant de la mettre en service le .\n\nLe petit village de Masta accueillit une gare-frontière, qui comportait par conséquent un bâtiment largement dimensionné. Il fut démoli, sans doute après la fin du service des voyageurs.\n\nDébut du \nLors de la Première Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) l'armée de l'Empire allemand envahit la Belgique, la ligne est utilisée pour le transport des troupes vers le front. \n\nÀ la fin du conflit, la défaite allemande, permet à l'État belge de récupérer le réseau situé sur son territoire. Un important trafic de « charbons réparation » maintient l'activité jusqu'au début des années 1930 mais le trafic des marchandises entre Trois-Ponts et le bassin liégeois abandonne l'itinéraire historique via Stavelot. La Deuxième Guerre mondiale apporte de nouveau une utilisation militaire allemande de la ligne.\n\nDéclin et fermeture \nAprès 1945 la SNCB reprend l'exploitation de la ligne, mais le trafic voyageurs étant de plus en plus faible elle le ferme le entre Trois-Ponts et Waimes et reporte ce transport sur la route. Seul subsiste un faible trafic marchandise complété par des trains touristiques événementiels, affrétés par la SNCB dès le début des années 1970. Néanmoins, à la fin des années 1980, la voie est remise en état, sur les fonds de la défense nationale, pour permettre la desserte de Sourbrodt par l'armée qui ne peut plus y accéder par le nord. L'inauguration de cette réhabilitation de la voie a lieu le avec un train circulant de Trois-Ponts à Waimes puis Weywerts. Un nouveau trafic de trains touristiques utilisa la ligne jusqu'à la fin de l'année 2001, notamment ceux de l'association créée pour circuler sur la Vennbahn et ses embranchements et divers trains spéciaux. En 2003 circulent le dernier train de grumes et le dernier train militaire. En 2004 des trains spéciaux sont organisés pour une dernière circulation sur la ligne et ses voisines.\n\nPour le tronçon de Trois-Ponts à Malmédy une commande ponctuelle d'une entreprise privée repousse l'échéance en apportant de nouvelles circulations du au , dernier trafic commercial de la ligne. Le conseil d'administration d'Infrabel approuve la fermeture et le déclassement de la ligne, le . \n\nLe , a lieu l'inauguration du RAVeL qui utilise la plateforme de l'ancienne voie ferrée entre Trois-Ponts et Waimes.\n\nGalerie de photographies\n\nNotes et références\n\nBibliographie \n Georges Henrard, Malmedy - Stavelot - Trois-Ponts, la voie ressuscitée, Histoire des Tortillards ardennais, Tome 2, édition Sahel, 184 pages (résumé).\n\nVoir aussi\n\nArticles connexes \n Liste des lignes de chemin de fer de Belgique\n Réseau RAVeL\n\nLiens externes \n Wallorail.be : Histoire de la Vennbahn dont la ligne 45 est un embranchement\n Parcours du RAVel de Trois-Ponts à Waimes\n\n*\n45\nCatégorie:Section du RAVeL", "Le étranger ( RE) est le plus ancien des régiments de la Légion étrangère. Il est stationné au « Camp de la Demande » devenu « Quartier Vienot » à Aubagne depuis 1962, date du transfert de la Légion depuis Sidi Bel Abbès.\n\nCréé en 1841, il est le doyen des régiments de la Légion. Au-delà de cet aspect historique, le RE représente l'étape majeure dans le parcours du légionnaire. Il y commence sa carrière, au centre de sélection et d'incorporation (CSI), et y accomplit ses formalités de départ. Si aujourd'hui, c'est un régiment à vocation essentiellement administrative, il n'en a pas toujours été ainsi.\n\nCréation et différentes dénominations \n : création du étranger\n 1859 : il fusionne avec le RE et devient le Régiment étranger.\n 1875 devient Légion étrangère.\n redevient Régiment étranger.\n\nListe des chefs de corps du étranger \n\n étranger de la Légion étrangère (1841-1856)\n 1841 Col de Mollenbeck\n 1842 Col Despinoy\n 1843 Col Mouret\n 1846 Col Mellinet\n 1850 Col Lesueur de Givry\n 1851 Col Bazaine\n 1854 Col Vienot mort au champ d'honneur\n 1855 Col Levy\n 1855 Col Martenot de Cordoue\n étranger (1856-1862)\n 1856 Col Meyer\n 1858 Col de Saint-André\n 1858 Col Granchette\n 1858 Col Brayer\n 1859 Col Martinez\n Régiment étranger (1862-1875)\n 1862 Col Butet\n 1862 Col Jeanningros\n 1865 Col Lavoignet\n 1865 Col d'Ornano\n 1866 Gén Jeanningros\n 1866 Col de Courcy\n 1866 Col Guilhem\n 1867 Col Deplanque\n 1870 Col de Curten\n 1870 Col Thierry\n 1871 Col Chaulan\n 1871 Col de Mallaret\n Légion étrangère (1875-1884)\n 1875 Col de Mallaret\n 1881 Col de Negrier\n 1883 Col Grisot\n étranger (1885-1942)\n 1885 Col Grisot\n 1886 Col Wattringue\n 1890 Col Barberet\n 1891 Col Zeni\n 1895 Col de Villebois-Mareuil\n 1896 Col Bertrand\n 1900 Col Dautelle\n 1904 Col René Boutegourd\n 1907 Col Girardot\n 1910 Col Bavouzet\n 1913 Col Boyer\n 1914 Lt-Col Cosman\n 18/11/1914- 11/04/1915 Col Tahon\n 1915 Lt-Col Met\n 1916 Lt-Col Heliot\n 1918 Lt-Col Forey\n 1920 Col Boulet-Desbarreau\n 1925 Col Rollet\n 1931 Col Nicolas\n 1934 Col Maire \t\n 1934 Col Debas\n 1935 Col Azan \t\n 1939 Col Robert\t\n 1940 Col Flan\t \n 1940 Col Girard\n 1940 Col Bouty\n 1941 Col Lambert\n 1941 Col Barre\n 1942 Col Vias\n étranger d'infanterie de marche 1943\n 1943 Lt-Col Gentis\t\n étranger d'infanterie (recréé 1949 – 1955)\n (1949 Col René Babonneau,?)\n 1946 Col Gaultier (ou 1949 ?)\n 1950 Col Pénicaut\n 1953 Col Thomas\n 1955 Col Raberin\n étranger (1955 - 2012)\n 1956 Col Thomas \n 1959 Col Brothier\t\n 1961 Col Vaillant\n 1963 Col Vadot\n 1966 Col Chenel\t\n 1968 Col Fuhr\n 1970 Col Letestu\n 1972 Lcl Plantevin\n 1974 Col Riou\n 1976 Col Delsuc mort en service\n 1976 Col Thibout\n 1978 Col Ameline\n 1980 Col Talbourdet\n 1982 Lcl Bénézit\n 1984 Col Cler\n 1986 Col Carles\n 1989 Col Bernier\n 1992 Col Cayrou\n 1994 Col Raymond\t\t\n 1996 Col Blevin\n 1998 Col Pierson\n 2000 Col Relave\n 2002 Col Guenin\t \n 2004 Lcl Xavier Lantaires\t\t\n 2006 Col Jean-François Hackenbruch \n 2008 Col André Labat\n 2010 Col Alban des Courtils \n 2012 Lcl Damien de Besombes \n 2014 Col Remy Rousseau\n 2016 Lcl Guillaume Dujon \n 2019 Lcl Jérôme Clée\n\nHistorique des garnisons, campagnes et batailles\n\n1841 à 1852 \nLe Régiment étranger ( RE) est créé en Algérie le à partir des trois premiers bataillons de la Légion.\n\nAu , le RE, sous le commandement du colonel Émile Mellinet, est en garnison à Oran en Algérie.\n\nSecond Empire \nLe , il reçoit son drapeau \"l'Empereur Napoléon III au Etranger\" avant de partir faire campagne en Kabylie. \n\nIl participe d'abord à la pacification de l'Algérie puis est acheminé en Crimée (1853-1856) où il forme une brigade avec son régiment frère, le RE, au sein de la . Il participe à la bataille de l'Alma et au siège de Sébastopol. Son chef de corps, le colonel Vienot, est tué au combat le . Le , les ouvrages blancs sont enlevés. Enfin, il participe à la prise de la tour de Malakoff le .\n\nLe régiment participe ensuite à la campagne d'Italie en 1859, au sein de la d'infanterie du d'armée (Mac Mahon), et s'illustre lors de la bataille de Magenta. il rentre triomphalement dan Milan libérée le .\n\nÀ son retour en Algérie, il est licencié le par décret impérial. Ses effectifs sont reversés au Etranger qui change d'appellation le et devient le Régiment étranger.\n\n1861-1867 : expédition du Mexique. Le régiment arrive au Mexique le et débarque le à Veracruz. Sa se couvre de gloire en se sacrifiant lors de la Bataille de Camerone le . Les et participent au siège d'Oaxaca qui capitule en . Le perd le au combat de Santa Isabel. Le de la même année, le régiment quitte le Mexique.\n\nLors de la Guerre de 1870-1871, la Légion est tardivement engagée. C'est fin que le régiment est intégré dans le (, ) et se trouve engagé vers Orléans (ou le régiment refuse par 3 fois l'ordre de retraiter et où s'illustre le sous-lieutenant à titre étranger Kara, futur Pierre de Serbie) en et puis à Montbéliard en où il oblige les Allemands à quitter la ville.\n\n1871 à 1914 \nDurant la Commune de Paris en 1871, le régiment participe avec l'armée versaillaise à la semaine sanglante.\n\nLe régiment retourne en Algérie en (Mascara près d'Oran).\n\nLe la « Légion étrangère », nom donné au Régiment étranger le , se dédouble en deux régiments étrangers constitués chacun de et d'une compagnie de dépôt.\n\nLors de l'expédition de Madagascar en 1895-1896, il forme avec le un bataillon de marche qui dépend du Régiment Algérie, de l'armée d'Afrique sous les ordres du colonel Oudri du étranger.\n\nEn 1881, le RE est engagé au Maroc (combats de Chellaha du ) et dans le Sud Oranais (combat de Chott Tigri le où affrontent ). Le Étranger combat dès 1900 lors de la bataille des Oasis de nouveau dans le Sud-Oranais et les confins marocains. Le , la du RE écrase le rezzou de Bou Amama qui avait participé au combat d'El Moungar (où la du RE avait subi de très lourdes pertes, et dont la bataille fut surnommée le « Camerone des sables »). \n\nDès 1883, les bataillons (, ) du RE sont envoyés au Tonkin. Ils prennent Sontay le . Du au , les de Tuyen-Quang dont repoussent chinois.\n\nEn 1892, le RE est engagé au Dahomey (actuel Bénin) et débarquent à Cotonou le . Ils combattent en septembre et en octobre. Les de la colonne Faurax affrontent des milliers de combattants du roi Béhanzin et rembarquent victorieux le .\n\nEntre 1892 et 1894, les compagnies du RE interviennent également au Soudan. Le , les légionnaires du lieutenant Betheder et du sergent Minnaêrt se battent avec acharnement à Bossé. Ils perdent et blessés au prix d'une victoire qui verra cet héroïque sergent (qui s'est déjà distingué au Tonkin) décoré de la Légion d'honneur pour sa vaillance au feu.\n\nEn 1895-96, le régiment fait partie de l'expédition qui va conquérir Madagascar. Si les combats voient l'ennemi vite céder du terrain, les conditions climatiques sont terribles et causent des ravages. les pertes par maladies sont énormes (). Les légionnaires s'épuisent à donner le maximum sans se plaindre. On a coutume de dire dans tout le corps expéditionnaire : « quand un troupier de France rentre à l'hôpital, c'est pour être rapatrié, un tirailleur c'est pour guérir, un légionnaire c'est pour mourir ». La pacification débute en 1895 et s'étend jusqu'en 1905, date du retour définitif des unités du RE sur l'Algérie.\n\nL'épopée marocaine commence dès 1906. Le , le chef de bataillon Provost est tué à Casablanca en repoussant une violente attaque. En 1908, le RE se distingue à Menabah. en 1911, la du capitaine Labordette perd dont son chef à Alouana.\n\nPremière Guerre mondiale \nLe régiment ne participe pas directement à la Grande guerre. Il continue à administrer l'institution et à fournir les effectifs pour l'ensemble des unités engagées. En 1914, il forme la totalité ou l'ossature de plusieurs unités.\n\n : le RE fournit l'effectif complet du RM du RE (constitué des , , ). Ces unités combattront au prix de et s'illustrent à Taza ou à Sidi-Amar. Le RM sera dissout le et ses bataillons et compagnies montées deviennent autonomes.\n\n : le RE fournit l'ossature des RM, RM et RM (« Légion garibaldienne ») engagés en France, dont l'essentiel de la troupe est constitué d'engagés volontaires pour la durée de la guerre (dont le vainqueur du tour de France François Faber, les poètes Blaise Cendrars, Camil Campanyà ou Alan Seeger). Entre et , les et de Marche disparaissent après de terribles pertes. Le de Marche qui sera cité à est anéanti () avec son régiment frère ( de Marche du REI) en lors des combats de Navarrin. Les survivants constitueront le célèbre Régiment de marche de la Légion étrangère (RMLE) qui sera confié au lieutenant-colonel Rollet. Le RMLE sera la seconde unité la plus décorée de l'armée française (après le Régiment d'infanterie coloniale du Maroc, actuel RICM).\n\n : le REI forme un bataillon de marche pour le Régiment de Marche d'Afrique qui sera engagé en Orient (Dardanelles, Serbie). L'unité est formée à l'origine de du REI et du REI. L'état-major vient du REI et le chef de bataillon du REI. Perdant au feu, le bataillon de Légion du RMA sera cité à dont 2 à l'ordre de l'armée avant d'être dissout en 1917.\n\nAu Tonkin, des attaques sont menées par des agitateurs annamites entre et . Ses actions se répèteront jusqu'en 1940. Le perdra pendant cette période.\n\nEntre-deux-guerres \nEn 1925, le REI compte répartis en (huit de combat et un d'instruction, le ), de spécialisées et du dépôt commun des régiments étranger (DCRE).\n\nLe formant corps est au Tonkin, rejoint par le créé en 1926. Il combat entre 1914 et 1940 les agitateurs annamites au prix de plus de .\n\nLe et la sont en Syrie. Ils affrontent les Druzes à Messifré et Soueida le . Le sera cité à l'ordre de l'armée (sa première citation fut obtenue alors qu'il appartenait au REI, avant de devenir du REI).\n\nLes , , , , et ainsi que les unités spécialisées sont en Algérie.\n\n : La conquête du Maroc va nécessiter à plusieurs reprises l'engagement des unités du REI et ce dès 1918, en particulier dans la lutte contre Abdelkrim. \n\nLe , la montée perd dans de terribles combats dont . Son chef, le capitaine Timm, grièvement blessé à la jambe et au visage, se fait attacher sur un mulet pour continuer à commander. Le , le attaque le piton de Taghzout et perd et .\n\nLe paroxysme de ces interventions est atteint en 1925-1926 lors de la guerre du Rif. Quatre bataillons (, , et ) et les deux compagnies de sapeurs-pionniers du REI sont engagées (soit ). Au prix de plus de , les bataillons s'illustrent dans de furieux combats au corps à corps bien souvent. Comme le où le corps franc du est décimé au prix de tués et lors d'une opération de nuit pour libérer le poste de Mediouna. Le chef du , le commandant Deslandre est tué à la tête de ses légionnaires le près de Tezual.\n\nLe , l'offensive générale es déclenchée. Toutes les unités du RE y participent, en particulier les , et . La victoire est définitive le . Pourtant, le chef de bataillon Le Roch trouve encore la mort dans de violents combats résiduels le à la tête du sur les crêtes de Tizi-N'Ouidel.\n\nLes quatre bataillons seront cités à (dont pour le ).\n\nSeconde Guerre mondiale \n : En 1939, le Etranger dirige sur la France et légionnaires sur les qui formeront les et REI. Trois anciens chefs de corps du REI commanderont le REI. Ces deux régiments disparaissent lors de la défaite de 1940 au prix de lourdes pertes. Le REI est cité à l'ordre de l'armée, le à l'ordre de la division. \n\nParallèlement, le du REI est versé à la DBLE qui part à Narvik. \n\nEn 1941, deux bataillons du REI et la compagnie hors rang (CHR) constitue la DBLE envoyée au Sénégal. Le REI regonfle ses effectifs en accueillants les rescapes du REI qui se sont battus en Syrie. \n\nEn , le Bataillon du REI s'illustre lors de combats contre l'Afrika Korps en Tunisie. Sa est anéantie dans le Djebel Mansour et se voit citer à l'ordre de l'armée.\n\nAvec le retour de la Demi-brigade de Légion étrangère à Sidi-Bel-Abbès et le début de la campagne de Tunisie en 1943, le REI devient Régiment étranger d'infanterie de marche ( REIM) le . Formé de trois bataillons, il combat et s'illustre au prix de en infligeant des pertes sévère l'ennemi au Pont du Fhas et dans le djebel Zaghouan. Pour son action, il est cité à l'ordre de l'armée, citation qui orne actuellement le drapeau du régiment. Les rescapés du REIM et du REIM vont former de nouveau le fameux RMLE qui participera glorieusement à la libération totale du territoire national. \n\nLe REI cesse d'exister le . Ses missions sont assurées par le DCRE à Bel-Abbès.\n\nGuerre d'Indochine \nLe Régiment étranger renaît le . il participe au travers d'unités de combat spécialisées aux opérations que la Légion va mener jusqu'en 1962 (Compagnies sahariennes portées notamment). Il s'adonne alors pleinement à la sélection, l'instruction des engagés volontaires, l'administration de l'Institution et achemine via le dépôt commun les renforts pour les unités engagées en Indochine. Il ne participera donc pas directement au conflit. \n\nLe , le groupement autonome de la Légion étrangère est créé. C'est l'ancêtre du Commandement de la Légion étrangère actuelle.\n\nGuerre d'Algérie \nLors du déclenchement des « évènements d'Algérie », le RE comme l'ensemble de la Légion qui vit en Algérie depuis 1831 va participer aux combats qui vont durer jusqu'en 1962; Il y perdra , sous-officiers et légionnaires en mettant hors de combat et en récupérant individuelles et collectives.\n\n : , mort d'un sous-lieutenant du de marche dans le djebel Orbata. Le , la du Centre d'instruction détruit une bande rebelle au nord-ouest de Franchetti. Le , l'État-major tactique du RE aux ordres du chef de bataillon Fournier est engagé dans la région de Sebdou puis sur la piste de Djilali. la section d'élèves sous-officiers de l'Adc Kemenceî se heurte aux rebelles et en abat 24, au prix de . Le , des rebelles s'infiltrent dans Sidi-Bel-Abbès. repérés, ils se retranchent dans une maison. les légionnaires du RE donnent l'assaut au prix de , dont le légionnaire Zimmermann qui sera le dernier légionnaire tué sur le sol d'Algérie. \n\n : le , les corps du général Rollet, du chef de bataillon (prince) Aage de Danemark et du légionnaire Zimmermann (représentant l'ensemble des légionnaires morts sur cette terre d'Algérie) sont transférés au cimetière de Puyloubier (Bouches du Rhône). : cérémonie de départ au pied du Monument aux Morts (qui sera démonté et rapatrié sur Aubagne). Les pavillons noirs rapportés de Tuyen-Quang en 1885 par le capitaine Borelli sont brûlés en application de ses souhaits de ne jamais les voir quitter Sidi-Bel-Abbès. , départ de Bel-Abbès.\n\nLe Etranger va néanmoins conserver des unités au Sahara en vertu des accords d'Evian (défense du site nucléaire de Reggane). Les derniers légionnaires de ces compagnies sahariennes regagneront Aubagne en 1969 et seront notamment cantonnés à Bou-Sfer (avec le REP et le REC qui en partiront en 1967).\n\nDepuis 1962 \nLe , les précurseurs arrivent au camp de la Demande à Aubagne, qui va devenir le quartier Vienot. Le colonel Vaillant, chef de corps, débarque avec le drapeau le .\n\nLe , la première veillée de Camerone en métropole a lieu à Gémenos, petit village situé près d'Aubagne. Le se déroule l'inauguration du Monument aux Morts rapatrié d'Algérie et la célébration du centenaire du combat de Camerone avec défilé sur la Canebière à Marseille.\n\nLe Groupement d'instruction (GILE) s'implante quant à lui à Corte (Haute-Corse) et à Bonifacio (Corse du Sud).\n\n : la compagnie motorisée de la Légion étrangère (CMLE) du RE est mise sur pied à Corte. Elle est déployée au Tchad à l'occasion de l'opération Tacaud. Elle déplorera au combat aux côtés du REP jusqu'à son désengagement en 1970. Elle devient la compagnie du Groupement opérationnel (GOLE, crée le ).\n\nLe RE se scinde en deux pour redonner naissance au REI, qui récupère le GILE et le GOLE stationnés en Corse.\n\n : création de la dont le RE fera partie. Une unité est déployée au Liban dans le cadre de la FMSB de mai à (Élément de commandement et de soutien immédiat, de la valeur d'une compagnie). \n\n à : le RE engage un peloton de transport dans le cadre de l'opération Daguet dans le Golfe. \n\nDepuis 1991, le régiment fourni régulièrement des renforts aux unités de Légion déployées en opération extérieures et intérieures (notamment Sentinelle depuis 2015).\n\nTraditions\n\nInsigne \n\nCe premier insigne du REI (1950-1955) reprend la symbolique de la Légion étrangère avec la grenade à sept flamme et les couleurs vert et rouge. Le numéro du régiment est indiqué dans la bombe tandis que le globe rappelle celui du monument aux morts de la Légion étrangère à Sidi Bel Abbès.\n\nL'insigne actuel du RE reprend la symbolique du ruban de la médaille commémorative de l'expédition du Mexique créée en 1863. Cet insigne était initialement destiné à la du étranger (1936). Il devient en 1950, l'insigne du GALE (groupement autonome de la Légion étrangère) puis enfin en 1955 celui du RE.\n\nIl s'agit d'un losange blanc sur lequel figurent les armes du Mexique (un circaète noir tenant dans ses serres un serpent vert) et une croix de Saint-André aux couleurs de la Légion et du Mexique (le vert et le rouge).\n\nCette symbolique du Mexique serait elle-même héritée d'une légende Aztèque concernant la fondation de Tenochtitlan. La croix est d'ailleurs présente sur le Codex de Mendoza (Cf. article sur les Armoiries du Mexique).\n\nDrapeau \n\nLes noms des campagnes suivantes s'inscrivent en lettres d'or sur le drapeau:\n\n Sébastopol 1855\n Kabylie 1857\n Magenta 1859\n Camerone 1863\n Extrême-Orient 1884-1885\n Dahomey-Maroc 1892-1907-1925\n Madagascar 1895-1905\n Orient 1915-1917\n AFN 1952-1962\n\nChant \nNous sommes tous des volontaires\n\nNous marchons gaiement en cadence,\nMalgré le vent, malgré la pluie,\nLes meilleurs soldats de la France,\nsont là devant vous les voici.\n\n(Refrain)\nNous sommes tous des volontaires,\nLes gars du Étranger,\nNotre devise est légendaire,\nHonneur, fidélité-fidélité,\nMarchons Légionnaires,\nDans la boue, dans le sable brûlant,\nMarchons l'âme légère\nEt le cœur vaillant,\nMarchons Légionnaires.\n\nPartout où le combat fait rage,\nL'on voit le Étranger,\nExemple d'héroisme, de courage,\nSe couvrir de glorieux lauriers.\n\nGardons dans le fond de nos âmes,\nLe souvenir de nos aînés.\nEt pour la grenade à sept flammes,\nLoyal prêt à tout sacrifier.\n\nDécorations \nLe drapeau du régiment est décoré de :\n la Croix de la Légion d'honneur depuis le \n de la Croix de guerre 1939-1945 avec une palme\nde la Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieurs avec 2 palmes au titre des actions du 6e bataillon au Maroc (guerre du Rif) 1925-1926\n de la fourragère aux couleurs de la croix de croix de guerre des TOE\n la Médaille d'or de la ville de Milan depuis le \n la croix avec épée du mérite de l'ordre souverain de Malte\n\nFaits d'armes faisant particulièrement honneur au régiment \n Siège de Sébastopol (1854)\n Bataille de Magenta (1859)\n Bataille de Camerone (1863)\n\nPersonnalités ayant servi au sein du régiment \n\n Eugene Bullard\n Capitaine Jean Danjou\n Joseph Arthur Dufaure du Bessol alors capitaine\n Siegfried Freytag, as de l'aviation allemande\n le général de brigade Peppino Garibaldi avec ses 5 frères, dont deux meurent lors des combats en Argonne en 1915\n Lord Kitchener of Khartoum\n Pierre de Serbie\n\nUn certain nombre de Compagnons de la Libération ont servi au RE :\n\n Gabriel Bablon\n Henri Bénévène\n Joseph Bakos\n Hermann Eckstein\n Georges Ungerman\n\nLe régiment aujourd'hui\n\nMissions \nLa mission principale du régiment est de soutenir le commandement de la Légion étrangère qui est chargé de la gestion administrative de toute la Légion, et des spécificités qui y sont rattachées.\n\nOrganisation \nLe étranger est articulé en trois compagnies d'effectifs très variables :\n\n La CCSR, ou compagnie de commandement et des services régimentaire, regroupe tous les services contribuant au bon fonctionnement de la vie quotidienne de l'unité (cuisines, infirmerie, ateliers mécaniques, pionniers, etc.) ;\n La CSLE ou compagnie des services de la Légion étrangère, compte quant à elle les services propres au fonctionnement de la Légion en général (division des ressources humaines, de la sécurité, histoire et patrimoine, communication, musique de la Légion étrangère, etc.) ;\n La CAPLE ou compagnie administrative de la Légion étrangère s'occupe plus particulièrement de l'accueil des candidats à l'engagement, de la sélection, de l'administration du personnel « hors corps » (grands malades, etc.). Elle comptait aussi en son sein l'équipe de cross jusqu'en 2012 avant que celle-ci ne disparaisse au profit d'une section du club sportif.\n\nLe régiment a la particularité d'avoir plusieurs emprises :\n l'Institution des invalides de la Légion étrangère (IILE) à Puyloubier (Bouches-du-Rhône) accueille les anciens dans une structure médicalisée leur permettant, pour les plus valides, de continuer à travailler ;\n le Centre d'hébergement et d'accueil de la Légion étrangère (CHALE) à La Ciotat (Bouches-du-Rhône) qui permet d'héberger les légionnaires en permission longue durée avec ou sans leurs familles ;\n le Centre de Convalescence et des permissionnaires de la Légion étrangère de La Malmousque (CCPLEM) à Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) qui accueille les légionnaires blessés et permissionnaires célibataires.\n la Maison du Légionnaire à Auriol (13) qui accueille des anciens légionnaires valides en pension complète. Cette Maison a été fondée en 1934 par le Général Rollet\n\nMatériels \nLe RE est un régiment à vocation administrative qui n'a pas de matériels majeurs.\n\nBibliographie \n Service d'Information et de Relations Publique de l'Armée de Terre (SIRPA Terre)\n Division communication et information de la Légion étrangère\n Camerone, Pierre Sergent, Éditions Fayard, 1980 – \n L'armée d'Afrique 1930-1962, Collectif, Éditions Lavauzelle, 1980.\n Histoire de la Légion, de Narvik à Kolwesi, Henri Le Mire, Éditions Albin Michel, 1978 – \n Le Étranger, Tibor Szecsko et Philippe Cart Tanneur, Éditions B.I.P, 1986 -\n\nNotes et références\n\nVoir aussi\n\nArticles connexes \n Légion étrangère\n Commandement de la Légion étrangère\n Pionniers de la Légion étrangère\n étranger de cavalerie\n étranger\n étranger de parachutistes\n étranger de génie\n étranger de génie\n étranger d'infanterie\n étranger d'infanterie\n de Légion étrangère\n Détachement de Légion étrangère de Mayotte\n Groupement du recrutement de la Légion étrangère\n\nLiens externes \n étranger (1RE)\n\nINF, 001\nCatégorie:Régiment décoré de la Légion d'honneur\nCatégorie:Régiment décoré de la croix de guerre 1939-1945\nCatégorie:Guerre d'Algérie\nCatégorie:Chevalier de l'ordre souverain de Malte" ] embeddings = model.encode(sentences) similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings) print(similarities.shape) # [4, 4]