Frontis-MA1-35B

An execution-grounded model for evolutionary machine learning engineering and AutoResearch

📄 Paper  •  🌐 Project  •  💻 Code  •  🤗 Models  •  🧩 Tasks  •  📚 SFT Traces

Introduction

Frontis-MA1-35B is the flagship open-weight research model released with OpenMLE, an execution-grounded system for studying meta-evolution in machine learning engineering (MLE).

Starting from Qwen3.6-35B-A3B, we apply execution-grounded supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning so that the model learns four reusable program-transformation operators:

• Draft — create a complete initial solution;
• Improve — refine a parent program using its score and execution evidence;
• Debug — repair invalid or failing code;
• Crossover — recombine useful elements from two parent solutions.

At inference time, OpenMLE-Evo composes these operators into a long-horizon search loop. Frontis-MA1 is therefore both a product of the OpenMLE training stack and the model that drives its evolutionary search.

Component composition. The Frontis-MA1 checkpoint contains the post-trained language-model weights used by OpenMLE. For a complete, base-compatible release, this repository also includes the unchanged vision encoder and MTP components from Qwen3.6-35B-A3B. OpenMLE post-training and the reported evaluations are text/code-only; they do not establish improved or fully validated visual capability or MTP decoding quality.

Highlights

• Execution-grounded post-training. SFT examples and RL rewards are constructed from programs executed in isolated MLE sandboxes.
• Trainable evolutionary operators. Draft, Improve, Debug, and Crossover provide a shared action space across training and test-time search.
• Linked research release. The model card connects the weights to the OpenMLE training code, search protocol, task environments, and evaluation boundary.
• Strong controlled model gain. Under the same OpenMLE-Evo harness on MLE-Bench Lite, Frontis-MA1-35B improves Medal Average from 39.39% to 60.61% and Human Rank from 0.5828 to 0.7647 over its base model.
• Composable search gain. With OpenMLE-Evo-Max, the model–harness system reaches 71.21% Medal Average and 0.8126 Human Rank under the paper's fixed evaluation protocol.

The reported scores measure model–harness systems, not standalone one-shot generation. Reproduction requires the same OpenMLE-Evo or OpenMLE-Evo-Max configuration, task environments, sandbox budget, and evaluation protocol.

Model family

Model	Base model	Release format	Status
Frontis-MA1-30B	Qwen3-30B-A3B-Thinking-2507	BF16 Transformers	Companion release
Frontis-MA1-35B	Qwen3.6-35B-A3B	BF16 Transformers	This repository
Frontis-MA1-35B-GGUF	Frontis-MA1-35B	Q4_K_M GGUF + F16 mmproj	Local deployment

Model details

Field	Value
Model family	Frontis-MA1
Architecture	Multimodal conditional-generation model with a hybrid-attention MoE text backbone
Parameters	35B total, approximately 3B activated
Layers	40
Experts	256 routed experts; 8 routed plus 1 shared expert activated per token
Weight precision	BF16
Native configuration context	262,144 tokens
Post-training SFT cutoff	32,768 tokens
Primary evaluated modality	Text and code
Vision encoder	Included; inherited unchanged from Qwen3.6-35B-A3B
MTP weights	Included; inherited unchanged from Qwen3.6-35B-A3B
License	CC BY-NC 4.0

The 262,144-token context length is inherited from the base-model configuration. OpenMLE post-training used a 32,768-token SFT cutoff; substantially longer contexts have not yet been validated to the same standard as the reported experiments.

Training

Frontis-MA1-35B uses full-parameter supervised fine-tuning followed by reinforcement learning from executable task feedback.

Supervised fine-tuning

• 26,259 released execution-grounded examples: 17,245 full responses and 9,014 trajectory steps;
• full-solution and trajectory-step supervision;
• BF16 full-parameter training on 8 NVIDIA H200 GPUs;
• global batch size 128;
• learning rate 3e-5 with cosine decay and 0.1 warmup fraction;
• three epochs;
• Qwen-compatible thinking-loss masking.

Reinforcement learning

• online generation and evaluation in isolated task sandboxes;
• operator mixture: Draft 0.50, Improve 0.17, Debug 0.17, Crossover 0.16;
• 16 prompts per rollout and 16 samples per prompt;
• maximum response length 24,576 tokens;
• GSPO with execution-grounded reward post-processing;
• Adam optimizer with learning rate 1e-6.

See the paper and OpenRSI code for the complete data-construction, training, search, and evaluation protocol.

_{Paper framework figure. Frontis-MA1 learns the same four atomic operators used by OpenMLE-Evo, first from executable SFT rollouts and then from online RL execution feedback.}

Benchmark results

The headline results are evaluated as model–harness systems, rather than as standalone one-shot generations. The controlled comparison that isolates the effect of post-training holds the OpenMLE-Evo harness fixed and changes only the model from Qwen3.6-35B-A3B to Frontis-MA1-35B.

MLE-Bench Lite protocol

Item	Setting
Benchmark	Official 22-task MLE-Bench Lite split
Independent runs	3 per OpenMLE-Evo configuration, unless stated otherwise
Sandbox budget	12 hours on 0.5 NVIDIA RTX 4090 equivalent per task
Equivalent compute	6 RTX 4090 GPU-hours per task
Execution	Generated programs are run and scored in isolated task sandboxes
OpenMLE-Evo-Max	MLE-Bench-disjoint task-agnostic priors plus asynchronous multi-GPU search
Budget comparison	OpenMLE-Evo-Max keeps the same total sandbox-compute budget

We report three aggregate metrics:

• Valid Rate is the mean number of the 22 tasks for which a run produces a valid submission, written as x/22.
• Medal Average is the mean fraction of tasks receiving any Kaggle medal.
• Human Rank is the fraction of human leaderboard participants surpassed by the submitted solution, averaged across tasks and runs.

All three metrics are higher-is-better.

Main results from the paper

_{Current paper main-results figure. The left panel shows all completed model–harness results on MLE-Bench Lite; the right panel compares model size with Medal Average. Orange denotes Frontis-MA1 with OpenMLE-Evo, cyan denotes other models with OpenMLE-Evo, hatching denotes OpenMLE-Evo-Max, and gray denotes general-purpose coding harnesses.}

Controlled 35B comparison

Model	Harness	Valid Rate ↑	Medal Average ↑	Human Rank ↑
Qwen3.6-35B-A3B	OpenMLE-Evo	19.67/22	39.39%	0.5828
Frontis-MA1-35B	OpenMLE-Evo	21.67/22	60.61%	0.7647
Frontis-MA1-35B	OpenMLE-Evo-Max	22.00/22	71.21%	0.8126

Comparison	Δ Valid Rate	Δ Medal Average	Δ Human Rank	What it measures
Frontis-MA1-35B vs. Qwen3.6-35B-A3B, both with OpenMLE-Evo	+2.00 tasks	+21.22 pp	+0.1819	Post-training gain under a fixed harness
OpenMLE-Evo-Max vs. OpenMLE-Evo, both with Frontis-MA1-35B	+0.33 task	+10.60 pp	+0.0479	Additional system-level search gain

The first comparison above is the primary evidence for the model improvement: the base and post-trained checkpoints are evaluated under the same standard OpenMLE-Evo harness. The second comparison holds the model fixed but changes the search system, so it should not be interpreted as a pure model gain.

Public-weight model comparison under OpenMLE-Evo

The following rows use the same OpenMLE-Evo harness, benchmark split, and sandbox-compute budget. This is the closest available comparison with strong public-weight models, although model scale, pretraining data, and architecture still differ.

Public-weight model	Valid Rate ↑	Medal Average ↑	Human Rank ↑
Kimi K2.6	21.67/22	66.67%	0.7859
GLM-5.2	19.67/22	62.12%	0.7069
Frontis-MA1-35B	21.67/22	60.61%	0.7647
MiniMax M3	22.00/22	59.09%	0.7994
Frontis-MA1-30B	21.67/22	53.03%	0.7055
DeepSeek-V4-Flash	21.33/22	51.52%	0.6957
Qwen3.6-35B-A3B	19.67/22	39.39%	0.5828
Qwen3-30B-A3B-Thinking-2507	17.33/22	34.85%	0.5573

These are model–harness results rather than standalone one-shot model scores. The full paper figure above additionally includes OpenMLE-Evo-Max and general-purpose coding-agent systems, whose harnesses are not directly interchangeable with this fixed-harness table.

Transfer to NatureBench Lite

We additionally evaluate transfer beyond competition-style MLE on a fixed 10-task NatureBench Lite subset. The subset spans all six NatureBench scientific domains, six represented input-modality families, and four ML task types. The evaluation retains the original task containers, hidden evaluator, validity rules, web-search-disabled setting, and a four-hour search budget per task.

NatureBench direction-normalizes each task's metric relative to the published result. We report:

• Match-SOTA (All M): the fraction of tasks with normalized gap g ≥ 0;
• Surpass-SOTA (All S): the fraction of tasks with g > 0.1.

Model	Harness	Surpass-SOTA ↑	Match-SOTA ↑
Frontis-MA1-35B	OpenMLE-Evo NatureBench adapter	30.0% (3/10)	70.0% (7/10)
Qwen3.6-35B-A3B	OpenMLE-Evo NatureBench adapter	20.0% (2/10)	50.0% (5/10)
Qwen3.6-35B-A3B	Original AIRA-Evo	10.0% (1/10)	20.0% (2/10)

Holding the NatureBench adapter fixed, Frontis-MA1-35B improves over its base model by 10 percentage points on Surpass-SOTA and 20 points on Match-SOTA. Holding the base model fixed, the adapted OpenMLE-Evo harness improves over original AIRA-Evo by 10 and 30 points, respectively. Because this study contains only ten tasks, it is evidence of focused transfer rather than a claim of general scientific autonomy or performance on the full 90-task benchmark.

Long-horizon search behavior

Two detailed MLE-Bench trajectories in the paper examine whether the system continues improving after it has already found an executable program.

Task	Validation Human Rank	Held-out Human Rank	Medal	Share of validation gain from late Improve/Crossover
leaf-classification	0.7713	0.9455	Bronze	85.0%
mlsp-2013-birds	0.7284	0.8889	Silver	91.9%

These task-level traces support the intended use of Frontis-MA1-35B inside a long-horizon evolutionary loop: Debug establishes executable solutions, while later Improve and Crossover operations account for most of the measured validation improvement in the two analyzed cases. They are mechanism case studies, not additional aggregate benchmark scores.

Usage

Qwen3.6 uses the newer qwen3_5_moe architecture. Install a recent Transformers build that includes this architecture; older releases such as Transformers 4.57.1 do not recognize the configuration. The upstream Qwen3.6 model currently recommends installing the latest transformers[serving].

vLLM

The paper's evaluated text/code path should be served in language-model-only mode:

vllm serve FrontisAI/Frontis-MA1-35B \
  --served-model-name Frontis-MA1-35B \
  --tensor-parallel-size 8 \
  --max-model-len 32768 \
  --reasoning-parser qwen3 \
  --language-model-only

Intended use

Frontis-MA1-35B is intended for:

• research on machine learning engineering and AutoResearch agents;
• generation and iterative improvement of ML experiment code;
• execution-grounded program search;
• use with OpenMLE-Evo or compatible sandboxed harnesses.

Generated code may be incorrect, insecure, destructive, or expensive to execute. Run it inside an isolated environment with explicit CPU, memory, GPU, network, filesystem, and time limits.

Limitations

• OpenMLE post-training and the reported evaluations cover text/code behavior; the inherited vision encoder and MTP components were not post-trained or evaluated by this work.
• The main evaluation centers on MLE-Bench Lite and does not establish general performance across all software-engineering or scientific-research tasks.
• The paper results depend on an external evolutionary search harness and sandbox feedback.
• Execution reward does not fully measure maintainability, robustness, security, or responsible data handling.
• Context lengths beyond the post-training cutoff require additional validation.
• Outputs may contain reasoning traces and should be handled according to downstream requirements.

Release artifacts

This repository is the canonical BF16 Transformers release. The Frontis-MA1-35B-GGUF repository provides the Q4_K_M local-deployment derivative and its required F16 multimodal projector.

Paper and citation

Frontis-MA1: Training an AI4AI Model towards Recursive Self-Improvement in Machine Learning Engineering

Preprint: arXiv:2607.28568.

License

Original Frontis-MA1 material is released under CC BY-NC 4.0 for attribution-required, non-commercial use. Commercial use is not granted.

The upstream Qwen Apache License 2.0 notice is preserved in LICENSE-UPSTREAM-APACHE-2.0 and NOTICE.

The license in this repository applies to the model weights, configuration files, and model documentation distributed here. Training and evaluation datasets and third-party software remain subject to their respective terms.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Qwen team and the open-source communities behind Transformers, SLIME, Ray, Megatron-LM, SGLang, MLE-Bench, and the broader executable MLE research ecosystem.